2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 13_短文写作
短文写作学员朋友们，大家好！今天我们来做一个关于英语短文写作的专题讲座，为即将参加高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试大学英（一）的学员参考。
建议大家在听本课程课之前，应当把基础班课程内容学习完毕，针对自己存在的写作问题步学习、了解本讲座的内容。
短文写作概述短文写作的一般要求能够理解所给出的语言情境，能够运用相关的语言知识完成所规定的写作任务。
能正确表达思想，内容基完整，语言基本通顺，意义连贯，无重大语言错误，用词基本恰当，符合文章的特定文体格式。
写作评分的标准评分标准分为五个档次。
首先根据短文书写的总体质量，而不是按照语言错误的数量扣分。
打分时，根据容要点、篇章结构和语言运用初步确定其所属的档次，然后再具体给分。
拼写、标点符号是语言准确性的一个字数明显不足分数要降低一个档次，书写质量较差也要降低一个档次。
英、美拼写皆可接受。
评分标准分为五个档次，每个档次六分（参见教学大纲）（1）第一档。
25-30分。
圆满地完成了试题规定的任务。
●清楚地表达了全部内容要点。
●运用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。
●语言运用较为准确、恰当。
（2）第二档。
19-24分。
完成了试题规定的任务。
●清楚地表达了全部或关键内容要点。
●运用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的基本要求。
●语言运用基本正确，虽有小错，但不影响理解。
（3）第三档。
13-18分。
基本完成了试题规定的任务。
●提及了关键内容要点（可能漏掉了个别内容）。
●运用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的最低要求。
●存在一些语言错误，但基本不影响理解。
（4）第四档。
7-12分。
完成了一部分试题规定的任务。
●遗漏或未能清楚表达内容要点，或者写了一些无关内容。
●语法结构和词汇的运用能力较差。
●语法错误较多，部分错误影响理解。
（5）第五档。
1-6分。
未完成试题规定的任务。
明显遗漏内容要点，或者写了一些无关内容，可能由于未任务所致。
●语法结构和词汇的运用能力很差。
●语法错误很多，严重影响理解。
短文写作指导短文写作任务内容写作内容广泛，涉及生活、一般常识和私人信件，体裁包括记叙文、说明文、描写文、议论文、应用文等英语短文写作趋势多以应用文类型为主。
高自考试题中最后部分为短文写作任务，一个小题，总计30分，要求考生写一篇100词左右的短文。
试卷题目，考生依据内容要求拓展成句进行写作。
短文写作相对英语考试中的其他考题来讲是比较难的题目，因为写作题是主观性题目，考查考生书面表达法知识和词汇运用的）能力。
试题皆为命题写作，限定了内容，短文字数也要求尽量写够100词。
所以考生必基础，有扎实基本功，才能顺利完成写作任务。
短文写作的最根本的基础是词汇量。
许多考生单词记忆的数量太少了，或者是不知道如何用词，开始动笔就会不知所措，所以先要学会熟练拼写单词，以背诵句子的方式来记忆单词。
掌握了一定量的词汇（words），有语法知识，才能把词汇写成句子（sentence）。
还应该注意到英文写作表达方式及格式与汉语的不同之处，免写病句。
句子是短文写作的重要组成部分，不要求文字多么华丽，意义多么深刻，只要将句子安排好顺序组落（paragraph），这就是短文（composition）的构成，呈金字塔状。
△短文写作，没什么捷径可走，必须多练，熟能生巧。
建议大家在备考时，每个星期至少用英语写一篇小短在每一篇中尽量换一个新话题，使用已经学到的词汇、词组、短句，句型和句式。
这样既可以强化记忆单词，可以实践语法的正确使用，尝试自己是否可以驾驭写作英文短文。
在实践中，将母语与英语渐渐的融为一体，己的写作风格。
短文写作注意事项考试题目已经给出，根据规定内容，考生写出句子组织段落，反映出综合运用所掌握的知识书面表达的能作时要注意表达规定内容完整全面，不能跑题；写句子时要注意符合语法要求，特别注意主谓一致、名词的单动词时态、冠词的用法、介词的搭配等问题；要尽量使用英文现成的句型、固定搭配和简单直接明了的短句子写病句。
下面就针对句子写作中的一些典型病句进行一下分析。
举例：例1：主谓一致问题：“人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么”。
病句： When one have money，he can do what he want to.[答疑编号506494130101：针对该题提问]改错： Once one has money，he can do what he wants（to do）.（名词的单复数例句：联合国1945年建立。
The United Nations was formed in 1945.）例2：逻辑关系问题：“当我十岁时，祖父去世了”。
病句：At the age of ten，my grandfather died.[答疑编号506494130102：针对该题提问]改错：When I was ten，my grandfather died.例3：词义和词性问题：“没有人能够否认金钱的重要性”。
病句：None can negative the importance of money.分析：negative系形容词,误作动词使用。
[答疑编号506494130103：针对该题提问]改错：None can deny the importance of money.（背单词时，了解词性也很重要。
“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用、形容词当副词用、名词当动词等。
词义的选取要根据语境、上下文。
例如：tender a. 温柔的，v.& n. 招投标；taxiway 出租车道，飞机跑道；terminal a.晚期的，n.计算机终端，公共汽车\轮船等总站，航站楼；sharp a. 锋利的，ad. 正，准时，急剧地；等等。
）例4：动词时态、语态和虚拟语气等问题：现在完成时与一般过去时的误用：“我们的学校发生了很大变化”。
病句：Our school took place great changes.[答疑编号506494130104：针对该题提问]改错：Great changes have taken place in our school.（分析：错误一：主语不应当用“我们学校”。
谓语动词“发生”是说明“变化”的。
错误二：发生变化的时间不确切，不用一般过去时态；用现在完成时态，只是为了表示状态和事实，不是为了说明变化发生的时间。
）例5：介词的正确使用问题：介词的使用主要是惯用法，英语中大部分习惯用语都是由介词与其他词搭配构成的。
如何正确使用介词？介词包括常用介词和介词短语，要做到两点：了解介词基本词意和记忆常用的固定搭词短语的意义。
例如：except, except for, besides, 三个介词的使用except , except for “除去”排除在外（不包括）句子中前后两个词语表示相等成分或同类事物时，用except , 否则用except for。
例如：I attended classes every day except Sunday.“除了星期天，我每天都去上课”。
The composition is well written except for a few spelling errors.“这篇文章还不错，除了拼写错外”。
除了一些拼写错误外, 这篇文章写得不错。
besides与except的区别及举例Our teacher invited five of us besides Tom.除了汤姆以外我们老师还邀请了我们五个人。
（除了…以外，还有… ...）例6：常用的句型：存在句型：最常用的 There be 句型，在这种结构中，there是引导词，没有实际意义。
be在句中作谓语态和数的变化。
例如：There was no school in the village at that time.或者：There was not a school in the village at that time.（注意：在否定句中，否定词用no，也可用not a或not any。
not a后接单数名词，not any后接复数名no后面的名词单复数都可以。
）There is （not） a common mistake among my students.There are many people rushing into the cities every year.There are many things （that） we can do to prevent traffic accidents.句中的主语后面可接多种修饰语，如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。
这无疑使该结构表现力，使句子表达内容更加丰富。
在运用这一结构时，考生最容易犯的错误是在there be之后又用了一个动谓语，使句子结构出现严重错误。
下面列举的两个病句，均属这样的典型错误，对此我们在写作中要格外注意个例句的错误比较有普遍性，在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用存在句型。
病句1：There are many people like to go to the movies. 许多人喜欢去电影院（看电影）。
[答疑编号506494130105：针对该题提问]改错：There are many people who like to go to the movies.病句2：There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.[答疑编号506494130106：针对该题提问]改错：There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy at the market.代词it的使用：用作形式主语、形式宾语等等例句：It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully.例句：We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that.习惯上的否定前置例句：“我认为他们不会推迟这次旅行的”。
I don't think （that） they will put off / postpone this trip.[答疑编号506494130201：针对该题提问]例句：“我认为你没有必要对她那么友好”。
I don't think （that） you need be so friendly to her.[答疑编号506494130202：针对该题提问]短文写作谋篇布局一篇短文通常可分为三个部分，即开头、正文和结尾。
自考高英上 lesson13
words and expressions
1. actuate
vt. a. 开劢(机器等)；驱劢，促劢；使劢作，使活劢，使运 转： to actuate a machine 开劢机器 The pump is actuated by a belt driven by an electric motor. 这台抽水机由电劢机皮带驱劢。 b. [通常用于被劢语态]驱使，激励： be actuated by envy 在妒忌心驱使下 be actuated by selfish motives 在自私劢机驱使下 n. actuation 冲动，驱使；刺激；行动
8. procure v. obtain by effort 取得，实现
to procure an agreement 达成协议 ~ a systematic theory How can he procure that rare stamp? 他是怎样得到 那张罕见邮票的？ The book is out of print and difficult to procure. 那 书已绝版，很难弄到手。 adj. procurable 可得到的；可实现的 n. procurement 采购；获得，取得
3. game n. v. adj.
~ law 野生劢物保护法规 The faces of the two conspirators gave the game away! 两个同谋者的表情露出了马脚。 He must anticipate the maneuvers of the other lawyers and beat them at their own game. 他必须对其他律师的策略有所准备，从而将计就计戓胜他 们。 adj. gamy 勇敢的；味道强的；猎物多的 gamey 味道强的；勇敢的；多猎物的 n. gambling 赌博；投机
2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 12_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)
Unit 12 Technology：A Double－Edged SwordA FAMOUS QUOTEThere is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.——William Shake 世界上之事物本无善之分，思想使然。
——威廉·莎William Shakespeare（1564-1616）, English playwright and poet.Shakespeare is universally recognized as the greatest of English writers and one of the most extraordinary creators in hum history.The thirty-seven plays associated with his name, including the major tragedies Hamlet, Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, and his romances and comedies, Twelfth Night and A Midsummer Night' Dream among them, have been translated into many languages and have crossed all kinds of cultur divide.威廉·莎士比亚（1564-1616），英国剧作家和诗人。
莎士比亚是全世界公认的最伟大的英国作家和最不常的人类历史创造者之一。
有37部剧作与他的名字相关，其中包括四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《罗》和《麦克白》。
他的浪漫喜剧作品中有《第十二夜》和《仲夏夜之梦》等等。
这些作品都已经被翻译成多言并且跨越各种文化鸿沟。
Speaking ActivityClosing a ConversationSample DialogueRead the following conversation.Pay attention to how the speakers close their conversation.Steve: It's been fun talking to you.Jenny: It was really nice talking to you too.Steve: I've got to go now.But how about meeting up some time?Jenny: Yes.I'd like that.Steve: How about having dinner somewhere?Jenny: Why not? You name the date.Steve: OK.I'll call you so we can fix a time.Jenny: I look forward to that.Steve: Good.Jenny: All right.See you.Steve: See you.Bye.Guided PracticeDirections: You have just met someone at a party, but you have to leave the party early and goodbye to him/e your own information.You may use the following tips to help you.It's been fun talking to you.It was really nice talking to you.Nice talking to you too.I've got to go now.How about…？I look forward to that.All right.See you.Bye.New words1.privacy n.the state of being alone and not watched or disturbed by other people 隐私；私密2.feature v.to include a particular person or thing as a special feature 以……为特色；以…主要组成3.transparent adj.（of glass, plastic, etc.）allowing you to see through it 透明的4.isolate v.to separate somebody/something physically or socially from other people or thin （使）隔离，孤立5.coin v.to invent a new word or phrase that other people then begin to use 创造（新词语）6.cell n.a room for one or more prisoners in a prison or police station单间牢房；牢房7.unobserved adj.without being seen 不被看见（或发现）的8.behave v.to do things in a particular way 表现9.wired adj.connected to a system of computers 联机的10.metaphor n.a word or phrase used to describe somebody/something else, in a way that is different from its normal use 暗喻；隐喻11.surveillance n.the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place wh crime may be committed 监视12.enormous adj.extremely large 巨大的；庞大的；极大的13.ubiquitous adj.seeming to be everywhere or in several places at the same time 似乎无所不的；十分普遍的14.whereabouts n.the place where somebody/something is 下落；行踪15.track v.to find somebody/something by following the marks, signs, information, etc., tha they have left behind them 跟踪；追踪16.survey n.an investigation of the opinions, behaviour, etc.of a particular group of peopl which is usually done by asking them questions 民意调查；民意测验17.scale n.the size or extent of something, especially when compared with something else 规范围，程度18.exchange n.an act of giving something to somebody or doing something for somebody and receiving something in return 交换；互换；交流19.expand v.to become greater in size, number or importance 扩大，增加，增强20.decade n.a period of ten years 十年，十年期21.electronic adj.relating to computers or something that is done by computers 电子的22.profile n.a description of somebody/something that gives useful information 概述；简介23.cyberspace n.the imaginary place where electronic messages, etc.exist while they are bei sent between computers 网络空间24.grant v.to agree to give somebody what they ask for, especially formal or legal permissi do something （尤指正式地或法律上）同意，准予，允许25.damage n.harmful effect 损害；伤害promise v.to do something that is against your principles or does not reach standards you have set 违背（原则）；达不到（标准）27.increasingly adv.more and more all the time 越来越多地；不断增加地28.maintain v.to make something continue at the same level , standard, etc.维持；保持29.defend v.to protect somebody/something from attack 保护；保卫30.expose v.to show something that is usually hidden 暴露；显露；露出Phrases and Expressions1.or rather used to correct something you have said, or to give more accurate information 确说2.in addition （to） used when you want to mention another person or thing after somethin else 除……以外（还）3.apply for to make a formal request, usually in writing, for something such as a job, a pl at college, university, etc.（通常以书面形式）申请，请求4.beyond one's control impossible for someone to control 无法控制5.call （one's）attention to to make people notice and be concerned or think about somethin 起（某人）对……的注意Proper namesThe New York Times《纽约时报》Jeremy Bentham 杰里米?边沁（英国哲学家、法学家）Text A Privacy in Our High-Tech SocietyText APre－reading Questions1.Do you worry about safety on the Internet? What problems have you encountered on the inte2.How do you protect yourself in today's high-tech society?Privacy in Our High-Tech SocietyA recent New York Times "House and Home" article featured the story of a man who lived in a glass house.Every wall in his home was transparent; he had no walls to hide behind, not even in bathroom.Of course, he lived in an isolated area, so he didn't exactly have neighbors peering i watching his every move.But he had chosen to live without any physical privacy in a home that allowed every action to be seen.He had created his own panopticon, a place in which everything open to view.The term panopticon was coined by Jeremy Bentham in the late eighteenth century when he was describing an idea for how prisons should be designed.The prisoner's cells would be placed in a circle with a guard tower in the middle.All walls facing the center of the circle would be glas that way, every prisoner's cell would be in full view of the guards.The prisoners could do noth unobserved, but would not be able to see the guard tower.They would know they were being watche or rather, they would know that they could be being watched — but because they could not see t guard tower, they would never know when the guard was actually monitoring their actions.It is common knowledge that people behave differently when they know they are being watched act differently when we know someone is looking; we act differently when we think someone else be looking.In these situations, we are less likely to be ourselves; instead, we will act the wa think we should act when we are being observed by others.In our wired society, many talk of the panopticon as a metaphor for the future.But in many the panopticon is already here.Surveillance cameras are everywhere, and we often don't even kno actions are being recorded.In fact, the surveillance camera industry is enormous, and these cam keep getting smaller and smaller to make surveillance easier and more ubiquitous.In addition, w leave a record of everything we do online; our cyber-whereabouts can be tracked and that inform can be used for various purposes.Every time we use a credit card, make a major purchase, answer survey, apply for a loan, or join a mailing list, our actions are observed and recorded.And mos us have no idea just how much information about us has been recorded and how much data is avail to various sources.The scale of information gathering and the scale of exchange have both expan so rapidly in the last decade that there are now millions of electronic profiles of individuals existing in cyberspace, profiles that are bought and sold, traded, and often used for important decisions, such as whether or not to grant someone a loan.① However, that information is essentially beyond our control.We can do little to stop the information gathering and exchange can only hope to be able to control the damage if something goes wrong.With so much information floating about in cyberspace, and so much technology that can reco and observe, our privacy has been deeply compromised.There are those who argue that information be gathered for the social good.However, I find it truly amazing that anyone would want to live transparent house at any time, especially in an age when individual privacy is becoming increas difficult to maintain and defend.② Perhaps the story of the man who lived in a glass house isattempt to call our attention to the fact that the panopticon is already here, and that we are just as exposed as he is.Key Sentences1.The scale of information gathering and the scale of exchange have both expanded so rapidl the last decade that there are now millions of electronic profiles of individuals existing in cyberspace, profiles that are bought and sold, traded, and often used for important decisions, as whether or not to grant someone a loan.过去十年间，信息收集以及信息交换的规模迅速扩展，网络空间存有无数个人电子档案，这些档案被买卖易，经常用于重要决策，如是否给某人发放贷款等。
2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 07_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)
Unit 7 Attitude Is AltitudeA FAMOUS QUOTEAttitude is a little thing that makes a big difference.——Winston Churchill态度微不足道，却意义深远。
——温斯顿·丘吉尔Winston Churchill （1874—1965）, British statesman and author known for his leadership of United Kingdom during the Second World War and often described as the "savior of his country".H served as Prime Minister twice and is the only British Prime Minister to have received the Nobe Prize in Literature.温斯顿·丘吉尔（1874—1965），英国政治家及作家。
在第二次世界大战期间展示了其领导才能，带领英得胜利。
常常被称之为“国家的拯救者”。
他（曾于1940－1945年及1951－1955年期间）两度出任英国首相且是1953年诺贝尔文学奖得主，他是诺贝尔文学奖获得者中唯一的一个英国首相。
Speaking ActivityAsking for and Giving DirectionsSample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers ask for and give directi Steve: Excuse me. I was wondering if you could help me ?Jenny: Sure! What's up?Steve: I'm trying to find this office. Do you know where it is?Jenny: Yes. You need to go up this street and then turn right.Steve: At the lights on the corner?Jenny: Right. Then go down that street, and it's in the middle of the block.Steve: You mean the one next to the hotel?Jenny: Yes. The office is on the first floor.Steve: Got it. Thank you!Jenny: No problem!Guided PracticeDirections: Talk about the directions to the train station in your city with your partner. your own information. You may use the following tips to help you.I was wondering if you could…I'm trying to find…Do you know where…？You mean…go up/down this streetmake a…turnturn…at the lights on the cornerIt's…Text ANew Words1、motivator n. somebody who makes one want to do something, especially something that invo hard work and effort 鼓动者2、employee n. a person who, is paid to work for somebody 受雇者；雇员3、positive adj. thing about what is good in a situation 积极乐观的4、situation n. all the circumstances and, things that are happening at a particular time aa particular place 情况；形势；局面5、curious adj. having a strong desire to know about something 求知欲强的；好奇的6、mood n. the way you are feeling at a particular time 情绪；心情7、victim n. a person who has been attacked, injured or killed as the- result of a crime, a disease, an accident etc. 受害者；牺牲品8、complain v. to say that you are annoyed, unhappy or not satisfied about somebody/somethi 怨；埋怨；发牢骚9、protest v. to say or do something to show that you disagree with or disapprove of someth especially publicly （尤指公开）反对；抗议10、junk n. thing that are considered useless or of little value 无用的东西；无价值的东西11、reflect v. to think carefully and deeply about something 认真思考；沉思12、company n. a business organization that makes money by producing or selling goods or services 公司；商行13、involve v. if a situation, an event or an activity involves somebody/something, they ta part in it or are affected by it 牵涉；牵连14、accident n. an unpleasant event that happens unexpectedly and causes injury or damage事意外遭遇15、communications n. methods of sending information, especially telephones, radio, compute etc. 通信；交通联系16、surgery n. medical treatment of injuries or diseases that involves cutting open a perso body and often removing or replacing some parts 外科手术17、intensive care n. continuous care and attention, often using, special equipment, for pe in hospital who are very seriously ill or injured （医院的）特别护理；重症监护18、release v. to let somebody/something come out of a place where they have been kept or trapped 释放；放出；放走19、scar n. a mark that is left on the skin after a wound has healed 伤疤；伤痕20、decline v. to refuse politely to accept or to do something 谢绝；婉言拒绝21、scared adj. frightened of something or afraid that something bad might happen 害怕的；恐的；畏惧的22、consciousness n. the state of being able to use your senses and mental powers to unders what is happening 清醒状态；知觉23、paramedic n. a person whose job is to help people who are sick or injured, but who is n doctor or a nurse 护理人员；医务辅助人员24、wheel v. to move somebody/something that is in or on something that has wheels 用有轮之动25、emergency room n. he part of a hospital where people who need urgent treatment are take 院）急诊室26、burly adj. （of a man or a man's body） big, strong and heavy 高大强壮的；魁梧的27、allergic adj. having an allergy to something （对……）变应的，过敏的28、gravity n. ①the force that attracts objects in space towards each other, and that on t earth pulls them towards the centre of the planet, so that things fall to the ground when they dropped 重力；地球引力②serious behaviour, speech or appearance 严肃；庄严29、laughter n. the act or sound of laughing 笑；笑声30、attitude n. the way that you think and feel about somebody/something; the way that you behave towards somebody/something that shows how you think and feel 态度；看法Phrases and Expressions1、cut away to remove something from something by cutting 切除；砍掉；剪去2、reflect on to think carefully and deeply about something 对……沉思3、involve…in… to make somebody experience something, especially something unpleasant 把…涉到……4、take action to begin to do something to solve a particular problem 采取行动5、be allergic to① to have an allergy to something 对……过敏；厌恶②（in formal, humoro to have a strong dislike of something/somebody 对…十分反感；厌恶6、tanks to used to say that something has happened because of somebody/ something 幸亏；由因为Text A A MotivatorPre-reading Questions1. What kinds of situation cause you most stress? How do you try to react to them?2. Among all the people you know, who has the attitude to life that you most admire?A MotivatorHe was a natural motivator.If an employee was having a bad day, Michael was there telling the employee how he could lo the positive side of the situation. Observing this style really made me curious, so one day I w up to Michael and asked him, "I don't get it! You can't be a positive person all of the time. H you manage to be so positive all the time?" ①Michael replied, "Each morning I wake up and say to myself, 'You have two choices today. Yo choose to be in a good mood or you can choose to be in a bad mood.' I choose to be in a good mo Each time something bad happens, I can choose to be a victim or I can choose to learn from it. choose to learn from it. Every time someone comes to me complaining, I can choose to accept the complaining or I can point out the positive side of life. I choose to point out the positive si life. ""I don't think it's as easy as that," I protested. ②"Yes, it is," Michael said. "Life is all about choices. When you cut away all the junk, eve situation is a choice. You choose how you react to situations. You choose how people affect you mood. It's your choice how you live your life." I reflected on what Michael said.③Soon after, I left the company to start my own business. We lost touch, but I often thought about him when I was faced with difficult choices.④Several years later, I heard that Michael was involved in a serious accident, falling some feet from a communications tower. After 18 hours of surgery and weeks of intensive care, he was released from the hospital with rods placed in his back.⑤I saw him about six months after the accident. When I asked him how he was, he replied, "If were any better, I'd be twins. ⑥Do you want to see my scars?" I declined to see his wounds, bu did ask him what had gone through his mind as the accident took place.⑦"The first thing was the well-being of my soon-to-be-born daughter," Michael replied."Then, lay on the ground, I remembered that I had two choices: I could choose to live or I could choos die. I chose to live." "Weren't you scared? Did you lose consciousness?" I asked.Michael continued, "…the paramedics were great. They kept telling me I was going to be fin But when they wheeled me into the emergency room and I saw the expressions on the faces of the doctors and nurses, I got really scared. In their eyes, I read, 'he's a dead man.' I knew I nee to take action.""What did you do?"I asked."Well, there was a big burly nurse shouting questions at me," said Michael. "She asked if I allergic to anything. 'Yes,' I replied. The doctors and nurses stopped working as they waited f reply. I took a deep breath and yelled…'Gravity. 'Over their laughter, I told them, I am choosing to live. Operate on me as if I am alive, noif I'm dead. '"Michael lived, thanks to the skill of his doctors, but also because of his amazing attitude learned from him that every day we have the choice to live fully. Attitude, after all, is everything.Therefore do not worry about tomorrow, for tomorrow will take care of itself. Each day has enough trouble of its own. After all, today is the tomorrow you worried about yesterday.⑧Key Sentences1. Observing this style really made me curious, so one day I went up to Michael and asked h "I don't get it! You can't be a positive person all of the time. How do you manage to be so pos all the time?"他的这种方式着实让我好奇，所以有一天我找到迈克尔问：“我真弄不明白。
2014年10月自考《英语一》讲义 Unit 09_(含课文、生词表、课后练习及答案)
Unit 9 Making Every Minute CountA FAMOUS QUOTEA man who dares to waste one hour of time has not discovered the value of life.——Charles 胆敢浪费一小时的人还没有发现生命的价值。
——查尔斯·Charles Darwin （1809-1882）, British naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection and the survival of the fittest. This theory forms the basis for the modern evolutionary studies. Darwin’s most famous books are The Origin of Species and The Descent of 查尔斯·达尔文（1809-1882），英国生物学家，通过物竞天择说和适者生存说发展了进化论。
这一理论成奠定了现代进化论研究的基础。
达尔文最著名的两本著作是：《物种起源》和《人类的由来》。
Speaking ActivityAsking for InformationSample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers ask for more informationHostess: Pompas Restaurant. How may I help you?Ron: I'd like to reserve a table for dinner.Hostess: How large a group are you expecting?Ron: Six couples.Hostess: Would you like to reserve a private dining room?Ron: That sounds like a good idea.Hostess: All right. May I have your name, sir?Ron: My name is Ron Kollitz. K-O-L-L-I-T-Z.Hostess: What time will you be arriving?Ron: Around 7:30 pm.Hostess: All right, Mr. Kollitz. We've reserved a private dining room for you at 7:30 pm. T you for calling Pompas.Ron: Thank you very much.Guided PracticeDirections: Imagine a situation where you need to book a dinner table for a company. Use yo own information. You may use the following tips to help you.How may I help you?How large…?Would you like to…?May I have your name, sir?What time…?Thank you for…Text ANew Words1、share v. to tell other people about an idea, secret, problem etc. 分享；告诉2、volunteer n. a person who does a job without being paid for it 志愿者3、surprised adj. feeling or showing surprise 惊奇的；惊讶的4、stare v. to look at somebody/something for a long time 盯着看；注视5、insult v. to say or do something that offends somebody 侮辱；冒犯6、senior moment n. an occasion when somebody forgets something, or does not think clearly （thought to be typical of what happens when people get older）尊长表现（老年人失忆、忘事、糊涂型状况）7、imply v. to suggest that something is true or that you feel or think something, without saying so directly 暗示8、permit v. to allow somebody to do something or to allow something to happen 允许；准许9、explain v. to tell somebody about something in a way that makes it easy to understand 解说明10、experience n. an event or activity that affects you in some way 经历11、powerful adj. having a strong effect on your mind or body 有强烈作用的12、near-death experience n. an occasion when you almost die 濒死经历13、confess v. to admit something that you feel ashamed or embarrassed about 承认14、one's last breath n. the last moment of a person's life 最后一口气；临终15、down adj. sad or depressed 沮丧；情绪低落Phrases and Expressions1、drop in on to pay an informal visit to a person 顺便访问2、from time to time occasionally but not regularly 不时；偶尔3、a bit slightly or to a small degree 有点儿4、in a sense in one way 从某种意义上说5、clear ... up to solve or explain something 解释；解答6、not that I know of used to say that you think the answer is "no", judging from the information you have. 据我所知没有7、bring sb. to their knees to defeat somebody, especially in a war 打败某人Text A The Most Exciting Thing EverPre-reading Questions1.What is the most exciting thing you have done recently?2.What methods do you use to cheer yourself up when you have a bad time?The Most Exciting Thing Ever"The last thing I did was the most exciting thing ever!" he said.I couldn't wait to hear what it was. "I can't imagine what you might have done — but whate it was you must share it with me," I said.①I was visiting the senior center where I'm a regular volunteer, and I'd dropped in on this gentleman from time to time. At this moment he looked at me with a somewhat surprised look on h face. We stared at each other, and I became a bit uncomfortable. Had I misunderstood what he ha said? Had he said something else, and had I insulted him?"Oh, I'm sorry. Did I misunderstand you?" I finally said."What did I say?" he replied.I thought, maybe he was having a senior moment."Didn't you just say, the last thing I did was the most exciting thing ever?" I repeated."Yes, I did.""Well, what was it? What was the most exciting thing you ever did?" I asked."Oh, I see," he replied. "You're waiting for me to tell you that I won something or accompl some great thing, right?""Well, yes. Isn't that what you implied?" I asked."In a sense, yes. But permit me to clear things up," he said. "You look like a healthy man are you?" he asked."Basically. I mean I have problems, but nothing life-threatening that I know of.""Then you might not understand this," he said. And, placing his arm around my shoulder, he explained. "About a year ago I nearly died. I had a heart attack that almost ended my life. It an experience that brought me to my knees and lifted me back up again. It was then that I reall began to see how valuable every moment of my life is."②He stood in front of me and, placing his hands on my shoulders, said, "Every last thing I d the most exciting thing I have ever done. It's one more moment, day, week, month past the day I almost died. To me, that's exciting!"How very powerful that thought was. Ever since, I have always believed that everyone should a near-death experience so that they can appreciate life more.,③ I confess I've never had one.I lived through something similar when my son and wife both had cancer. Nearly losing them cert changed the way I look at life. Now, when my last breath does finally come, I will see the real value of "the last thing I did."Feeling down? Thinking you have nothing to be excited about in your life? Think again. Try appreciating life so very much that the last thing you do will be the most exciting thing you e do.④Key Sentences1.I couldn't wait to hear what it was. "I can't imagine what you might have done — but wha it was you must share it with me," I said.我急切地想听听那件事是什么。
大学英语自学教程上UNIT13
大学英语自学教程上UNIT13[00:04.60]Insurance[00:06.07]保险[00:07.55]An insurance agent called me this morning.[00:09.98]今天早上一们保险代理人给我打电话,[00:12.41]This particular agent wanted to discuss my automobile1 coverage,[00:15.58]想和我讨论给我汽车承保的问题,[00:18.76]but the next agent to call might be interested in my life insurance program[00:22.39]而下一位打电话来的保险代理人[00:26.02]my health insurance,or fire protection for my home and furniture.[00:29.81]则对我的寿险,健康险,我的住宅和家具的防火险感兴趣.[00:33.59]The American consumer often feels constantly disturbed by insurance agents[00:38.57]美国消费都时常感觉到不断受到保险代理人的打扰.[00:43.55]Many agents selling many different policies[00:46.52]很多推销各种不同保险的代理人[00:49.50]call us by phone and sometimes even come to our doors.[00:53.22]给我们打电话,有时甚至还直闯我们的家门.[00:56.95]These insurance agents are always friendiy, well dressed,[01:00.63]这些保险代理人通常都彬彬有礼,衣冠楚楚,[01:04.31]and eager to be of help.[01:06.59]一副乐于效劳的样子.[01:08.86]Yet few Americans really enjoy visiting with these eager helpful men and women.[01:13.55]然而没有几个美国人真正喜欢这些[01:18.24]We are not happy when they call us;[01:20.81]迫切要帮助我们的男男女女的拜访[01:23.38]we are on guard when they visit our homes[01:26.32]我们也怀有戒心.[01:29.26]They are never really our friends;at best, they are a necessary evil.[01:32.98]他们从来就不是我们真正的朋友,充其量也不过是我们不愿见到而又缺少不了的人.[01:36.71]Three reasons why we are unwilling2to discuss insurance can be suggested[01:40.68]我们不愿意谈论保险,有三条理由.[01:44.65]First of all, insurance is expensive.[01:47.78]首先,保险太贵.[01:50.92]A young father who purchases a fairly small life insurance policy[01:54.44]一位年青的父亲买了一分数额挺小的保单,[01:57.97]agrees to pay a sum of $200 every year for 40 years-a total of $ 8,000.[02:04.04]同意40年内每年支付200美元共8000美元.[02:10.12]Many college students pay $ 800 to $1,000 per year for car insurance.[02:15.25]很多大学生每年花800美元到1000美元给汽车投保.[02:20.38]In effect,they pay as much for the insurance as they do for the car itself[02:24.61]事实上,他们买保险的钱和汽车的钱一样多.[02:28.85]Health insurance that pays for modern medical miracles[02:32.23]美国人为健康保险,[02:35.61]often costs Americans as much as $2,000 everyyear.[02:39.39]每年因采用现代医学的各种特效成果而支付的健康保险也多达2000美元.[02:43.16]Adequate insurance is expensive;[02:45.80]购买足够的保险昂贵,[02:48.44]it is a major item for most families,[02:51.47]是大部分家庭的一笔主要支出.[02:54.50]Insuranee also reminds us that we live in an unsafe world[02:58.91]保险还提醒我们是生活在一个不安全的世界里.[03:03.33]We are human and we must face the possibilities of illness,injury[03:07.96]我们是人,必须面对疾病,受伤,[03:12.60]death, and financial loss.[03:15.12]死亡和经济损失的种种可能性.[03:17.64]Our rational minds recognize the many unfortunate events that can occur,[03:21.67]理智使我们认识到很多不幸事件会发生,[03:25.69]but in our hearts we hope that we might be spared.[03:29.62]但在心里我们却希望能得以幸免.[03:33.55]Serious injury or death is not a pleasant subjectto discuss or even consider.[03:38.44]严重受伤或死亡并不是我们高兴谈论或甚至愿意考虑的问题.[03:43.32]We are afraid; we would rather talk about football or the weather[03:47.89]我们觉得害怕,因此更愿意谈谈足球,天气[03:52.46]or what we had for lunch.[03:54.95]或午饭吃了什么.[03:57.43]Finally, insurance is a difficult, complex subject.[04:01.36]最后,保险是一个困难,复杂的话题.[04:05.29]No one understands it completely and only a few insurance professionals[04:09.82]没有人完全明白它,只有少数的专业保险人员[04:14.35]really feel comfortable in a discussion[04:16.99]能真正游刃有余地谈论投保汽车,[04:19.63]of automobile, life,and major medical coverages.[04:22.71]人寿和主要的医疗险别.[04:25.80]We feel inadequate3 and try to hide our ignorance by avoiding discussions of insurance.[04:30.77]我们感到知之不足,所以想逃避谈论保险,以掩饰我们的无知. 04:35.75]Yet these three reasons for not discussing insurance provide three excellent reasons:[04:40.99]然而,这三个不谈论保险的理由恰恰是[04:46.22]why we should learn more about it.[04:48.55]为什么我们应该更多地了解保险的极好理由.[04:50.87]Insurance is expensive.[04:53.41]保险很贵,[04:55.94]In a lifetime,many of us spend as much on insurance as we do on the purchase of a home.[05:00.66]我们很多人一生中花在买保险上的钱和买房的钱一样多.[05:05.37]If we are to spend our money, intelligently,[05:08.15]如果我们想花钱花得明智,[05:10.94]we need information about the products and services available.[05:14.27]就需要了解关于现有产品及服务的信息[05:17.60]We don't depend entirely4 on salespeople5 when we buy a car [05:21.18]我们并不完全依赖销售人员.[05:24.75]a house, or a suit of clothes.[05:27.59]当我们买车,购房,添置衣物时,[05:30.42]Neither should we depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurance.[05:34.15]同样,买保险时我们也不应完全依赖代理人.[05:37.87]We need a basic knowledge of insurance coverages if we are to be intelligent consumers.[05:42.19]如果想做明智的消费者,我们就须掌握保险险别的基本知识.[05:46.51]The intelligent consumer look problems in the face.[05:50.20]聪明的顾客能正视问题.[05:53.88]Although accident, illness, and death are not pleasant subjects,[05:57.67]虽然事故,疾病和死亡不是令人愉快的事情,[06:01.46]each of us knows we face these possibilities.[06:04.70]但每个人都知道我们面临着这些可能性.[06:07.93]It is better that we plan for these situations by finding means to deal with them[06:12.01]我们对联这些情形作出计划,找到应付它们的方法,[06:16.08]than to just hope that they will somehow go away.[06:19.27]这就比仅仅希望这些厄运能远离我们要好得多.[06:22.46]Although insurance can be complex,[06:25.33]虽然保险是复杂的,[06:28.21]its basic conceptsare neither difficult nor impossible to learn.[06:31.93]但其基本概念并不困难,也并非学不会.[06:35.65]Quite the opposite.[06:37.78]相反,[06:39.91]Insurance fundamentals can be understood by those willing to study them.[06:43.94]那些愿意学习的人就能理解保险的基本原理.[06:47.98]Serious study provides knowledge.[06:50.96]经过认真的学习才能得到知识.[06:53.94]The study of insurance is an effectiveproven method of dealing6 with the insurance ignorance faced [06:58.91]学习保险是解决许多美国家庭面临的保险无知的一种办法,[07:03.89]by many American families.[07:06.32]这种办法是行之有效和经过实践验证了的.[07:08.75]Text B[07:11.62]What Is Money and What Are Its Functions?[07:14.25]什么是货币及它有些什么功能[07:16.87]Money is something you've been familiar with through out your life.[07:19.41]货币是你一生都熟悉的东西.[07:21.94]In fact, you may already consider yourself an expert on the subject.[07:24.97]事实上,你也许已经认为自己是这个问题的专家了.[07:28.00]You regularly use money to measure the value of things you own.[07:30.82]你经常用货币衡量你拥有的财产.[07:33.64]You also have some of it in your pocket and in bank accounts.[07:36.37]你在口袋里,银行账户上也有一定数量的货币.[07:39.10]It might surprise you to learn[07:40.88]如果你听说经济学家[07:42.65]that there's a great deal of disagreement among economists7 about what money is and how to measure it.[07:46.43]关于什么是货币及如何衡量它有许多争议,你可能会很惊讶.[07:50.20]Money serves a number of functions,[07:52.24]货币有很多功能,[07:54.28]and any definition of money must consider all of its functions.[07:57.17]任何关于货币的定义都必须考虑它所有的功能 .[08:00.05]The four major functions of money[08:02.02]货币的四大功能是:[08:04.00]are as a medium of exchangea standard of value, [08:05.98]交换的媒介,价值的标准,[08:07.97]a standard of deferred8payment, and a store of value.[08:11.94]延期付款的标准和价值的储存手段.[08:15.91]A Medium of Exchange.[08:17.63]交换的媒介.[08:19.36]As a generally accepted medium of exchange,[08:21.64]作为一个被广泛接受的交换媒介,[08:23.93]money rules out the need for barter9,[08:25.90]货币排除了物物交换,[08:27.87]the direct exchange of one item for another.[08:30.25]即一个物品与另一个物品直接交换的必要性.[08:32.63]Barter is a very inconvenient10means of trading [08:35.11]易货是一种非常不便的贸易手段,[08:37.59]because it requires the double coincidence of wants.[08:40.08]因为它要求买卖双方的要求完全吻合.[08:42.58]A seller with a good or service to offer[08:44.94]一个卖都有某商品出售或服务提供,[08:47.31]must search for a buyerwho has exactly what the seller desires.[08:50.55]必须寻找恰好有他希望要的东西方的买者.[08:53.79]For example, if a baker11 wants meat,[08:56.07]例如,面包师想要肉,[08:58.36]he must search for a person[09:00.42]就要在以货易货制度下[09:02.48]who sells meatand wants bread under a barter system.[09:05.28]找一个卖肉眼并且需要面包的人.[09:08.08]Because money is generally accepted as payment for any purchase,[09:10.80]因为货币被广泛接受为任何买卖的支付手段,[09:13.53]a baker who sells bread for money[09:15.42]卖面包挣钱的面包师傅可以[09:17.30]can use the money to buy meator anything else he wants.[09:20.22]拿钱买肉或别的他想要的任何东西.[09:23.15]A Standard of Value.[09:24.88]价值的标准.[09:26.62]Money provides a unit of account[09:28.66]货币作为衡量价值的标准,[09:30.70]that serves as a standard to measure value[09:32.97]可作为记帐的单位.[09:35.24]The value of an item is a measure of what a person will sacrifice to obtain it[09:38.57]某一物品的价值可用一个人为获得该物品需要支付货币的多少不衡量.[09:41.90]How much is a two week vacation in Hawaii worth to you?[09:44.39]到夏威夷度假两个星期你要花费多少?[09:46.87]If you're like most people,[09:48.50]如果你和大多数人一样,[09:50.13]you'll probably respond to such a question[09:52.10]就可能这样回答问题,[09:54.08]by valuing the vacation in dollars--[09:56.36]即以货币计算这个度假的开销----[09:58.65]say $2,000--rather than in terms of other things (like your car).[10:02.28]比如说2000美元,而不是用别的东西,如你的汽车作为计算单位.[10:05.91]Whether or not you're conscious of it,[10:08.04]不管你意识到与否,[10:10.17]you're constantly valuing items in dollars.[10:12.44]你经常有货币确定物品的价值.[10:14.71]As a standard of value,[10:16.40]作为价值的标准[10:18.08]money allows the addition of values of many different itemsas automobiles12, repairs,[10:22.16]货币使我们可以累加许多不同物品,如汽车,修理,[10:26.23]and all other goods and services.[10:28.31]和所有别的物品以及服务等的价值.[10:30.39]The concept of GNP is useless[10:32.57]没有如美元这样的货币单位作为价值的标准,[10:34.75]without a standard of valuesuch as the dollar.[10:37.13]国民生产总值的概念是毫无用处的.[10:39.50]A Standard of Deferred Payment.[10:41.88]延期付款的标准.[10:44.26]Many contracts involve promises to pay sums of money in the future.[10:47.38]很多合同涉及到将来付款的承诺.[10:50.50]The unit of account for deferred payment of debts is also money.[10:53.28]延期偿清债务的结算单位也是货币.[10:56.07]If you borrow money to buy a car,[10:58.00]如果你借钱买车,[10:59.93]the loan contract specifies13 how much you must pay back every month[11:02.80]贷款协议明确规定每月你必须偿还的钱数[11:05.68]and the number of months required to satisfy your obligation.[11:08.32]以及要求你履行债务的月数.[11:10.95]However, money serves its function as a standard of deferred paymerit[11:14.04]但是,只有某货币的购买力在整个一段时间内保持相对稳定,[11:17.12]only if its purchasing power remains14fairly constant over time.[11:20.40]该货币才能起到延期付款的功能.[11:23.68]If the price level rises,[11:25.41]如果物价上涨,[11:27.15]the future purchasing power of moneyover time will go down.[11:29.93]货币的购买力在将来一段时间后就会下降.[11:32.72]Similarly,a decrease in the price level will increase the futurepurchasing power of money,[11:36.49]同样,物价下跌,未来的货币购买力就要增加.[11:40.26]A Store of Value.[11:41.84]价值的储存手段.[11:43.43]Money can also serve as a store of value[11:45.71]货币还可以作为一种价值的储存手段,[11:48.00]that can he quickly converted to goods and services.[11:50.33]它能迅速转换成商品及服务.[11:52.67]Money as the actual medium of exchange is completely liquid,[11:55.55]货币作为实际的交换媒介完全是可变的,[11:58.42]meaning it can immediately be converted to goodsand services[12:01.06]意思是它可以马上被转换为商品和服务, [12:03.70]without any inconvenience or cost.[12:05.67]没有任何不便也无须花费.[12:07.64]Other assets that serve as stores of value must first be sold[12:10.72]别的作为价值储存的资产必须先出售[12:13.81]to be converted into a generally accepted medium of exchange.[12:16.64]转换成一种能广泛接受的交换媒体.[12:19.47]There are often costs and inconvenience associatedwith liquidating15 other assets.[12:23.05]这些资产变现时总须花费,也不方便.[12:26.63]Holding money as a store of value[12:28.51]因此,持币作为价值储存手段[12:30.39]thus can reduce the transaction costsinvolved in everyday business.[12:33.62]可以减少日常商务活动中的交易成本.。
2014年10月自考《英语(一)》考前题库和答案
Ⅰ. 阅读理解Reading comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the best answer to each question.Passage OneFor a clearer picture of what the student knows, most teachers use another kind of examination in addition to objective tests. They use “essay” tests, which require students to write long answers to broad, general questions such as the following: “mention several ways in which Benjamin Franklin has influenced the thinking of people in his own country and in other parts of the world.”One advantage of the essay test is that it reduces the element of luck. The students can’t get a high score just by making a lucky guess. Another advantage is that it shows the examiner more about the student’s ability to put facts together into a meaningful whole. It should show how deeply he has thought about the subject. Sometimes, though, essay tests have disadvantages, too. Some students are able to write rather good answers without really knowing much about the subject, while other students who actually know the material have trouble expressing their ideas in the essay form.Besides, in an essay test the student’s score may depend upon the examiner’s feelings at the time of reading the answer. If he is feeling tired or bored, the student may receive a lower score than he should. Another examiner reading the same answer might give it much higher mark. Because of this, the objective test gives each student a fairer chance, and of course it is easier and quicker to score.Whether an objective test or an essay test is used, problems arise. When some objective questions are used along with some essay questions, however, a fairly clear picture of the student’s knowledge can usually be obtained.1. What many have been discussed in the previous paragraphs?A. the essay testB. how teachers test their studentsC. how students write their essaysD. the objective test2. The essay test is preferred because _________.A. it shows more about the student’s understanding of the subjectB. it tests the student’s knowledge of the material as well as his expression of ideasC. it gives each student a fairer chanceD. its scoring may be influenced by the examiner’s feelings3. The third “this” (line 4, paragraph 3) refers to the fact that _________.A. students may receive a lower score in any essay testB. another examiner usually give the answer a higher markC. different examiners may give the same essay different scoresD. the objective test gives each student a fairer chance4. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the objective test is not true?A. it is more objective than the essay test in terms of scoring.B. it allows the students to guess the correct answer without really knowing the materialC. it shows the student’s ability to think about difficult problemsD. it is easy and quick to score5. According to the author, an idea test should be__________A. an objective testB. an essay testC. a combination of the twoD. something newPassage TwoIn reading the world’s great literature on human excellence and personal success, I’ve found that to launch ourselves into a life of true success we need to satisfy one basic condition: pursue our vision with stubborn (顽强的) consistency. The biggest difference between people who succeed and those who don’t is not usually talent but persistence.On my way to work one morning, I met Rudy Ruettiger, who is now a motivational speaker. He has grown up in Joliet, listening to stories about Notre Dame and dreaming of one day playing football there. Friends told him he wasn’t a good enough student to be admitted. So he gave up his dream and went to work in a power plant.Then a friend is killed in an accident at work. Shocked, Rudy suddenly realized that life is too short not to pursue your dreams.In 1972, at the age of 23, he enrolled at Holy Cross Junior College in South Bend, Ind. He got good enough grades to transfer to Notre Dame, where he finally made the football team as a member of the “scout team”, the players who help the team prepare for games.Rudy was living his dream, almost. But he wasn’t allowed to suit up for the games themselves. The next year, after Rudy requested it, the coach told Rudy he could put on his uniform for the season’s final game. And there he sat, on the Notre Dame bench during the game.A student started shouting, “ We want Rudy！” soon others joined in. Finally, at the age of 27, with 27 seconds left to play, Rudy Ruettiger was sent onto the field and made the final tackle (拦截). So his team won the game.When I met Rudy 17 year later, it was in the parking lot outside Notre Dame stadium (体育场)， where a camera crew was filming scenes for Rudy, a motion picture about his life. His story illustrate that there is no limit to where your dreams can take you.6. The writer believes that the key to achieving success is __________A. developing one’s talentB. seizing opportunityC. having wide visionD. sticking to one’s goal7. According to the passage, Rudy once gave up his dream of playing football for Notre Dame because _________.A. his friend was killed thereB. his foot was injured in an accidentC. he lacked confidence in himselfD. he failed in the entrance examination8. Rudy quit his job in the power plant because _________A. his friend encouraged him toB. his outlook on life changedC. he was disappointed in his futureD. he was shocked by his friend’s death9. Rudy was transferred to Notre Dame _______.A. as a good studentB. as a good playerC. with the help of a coachD. with the help of a friend10. A camera crew was making a movie about Rudy’s life because __________.A. Rudy was the oldest player at Notre dameB. Rudy succeeded in realizing his dreamC. Rudy was the best speaker at Notre dameD. Rudy succeeded in developing his abilityPassage ThreeTrees are useful to man in three very important ways : they provide him with wood and other products; they give him shade; and they help to prevent droughts(干旱) and floods. Unfortunately, man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important.Two thousand years ago a rich and powerful country cut down trees to build warships , with which to gain itself an empire(帝国). It gained the empire, but, without its trees, its soil became hard and poor. When the empire fell to pieces, the home country found itself faced by flood and starvation. Even though a government realizes the importance of a plentiful supply of trees, it is difficult for it to persuade villagers to see this. The villagers want wood to cook their food with; and they can earn money by selling wood. They are usually too lazy to plant and look after the trees. So, unless the government has a good system of control, or can educate the people, the forests will slowly disappear. This does not only mean that the villagers’children and grandchildren will have fewer trees.The results are even more serious, for where there are trees their roots break the soil upallowing the rain to sink in, and also bind the soil, thus preventing its being washed away easily but there are no trees, the rain falls on hard ground and flows away from the surface, causing flood.11. What is the most important function of trees?A.Providing fuel.B.Offering shade.C. Preventing natural disaster.D. Providing wood.12. What eventually happened to the empire in the paragraph?A. Its people died of hungerB. It fell into pieces.C. It became a giant empire.D. It built many ships with wood.13. It is implied in the passage that the villagers________.A. want a plentiful supply of treesB. want firewood badlyC.just want to get moneyD.don’t realize the importance of trees14. The role of the tree is to _______.A. loosen oilB. keep soil in positionC. harden soilD. both A and B15. What is the passage mainly concerned with?A. The benefits of trees.B. Trees and soil protection.C. The various uses of trees.D. Different attitudes toward trees.Passage FourFor the first nineteen months of her life, Helen Keller was like other pretty, happy babies in every way. Then a sudden illness destroyed her sight and hearing. Because she could not hear what other people were saying, the child could not learn to speak. For the next seven years, she lived in a world of darkness, without sounds or words.The person who changed Helen’s world was her teacher, Anne Sullivan, who entered her life on March 3rd, 1887. Miss Sullivan had accepted a job which seemed impossible. She had agreed to teach a blind child who had never learned to act like a human being, because no one had ever been able to guide（指导）her in any way. No one could control her. She acted like a young animal, rushing wildly around, throwing things, and hitting anyone whom she could reach. Who could believe that such a child could be taught?But Anne Sullivan was a very special kind of teacher. She had been blind during part of herown childhood and had learned to read Braille, a system of writing that uses raised dots which can be left by the fingers of a blind person. She had learned to see again after several operations（练习）, but she had never forgotten the experience of being blind.Miss Sullivan understood Helen. She loved her and believed she could teach her.16. Helen Keller was born pretty and happy__________.A. for nine yearsB. for nearly nineteen monthsC. for ninety daysD. for nineteen days17. Her sight and hearing were destroyed because of __________.A. a sudden illnessB. a sudden fallC. being hitD. her wildness18. Miss Sullivan had accepted a job _________.A. which was easyB. which was interestingC. which was very difficultD. which was possible19. Helen never learned to act like a human being because _______.A. she had not met a person like AnneB. she was born wildC. she was mad after the illnessD. no one wanted to teach her20. Miss Sullivan could teach Helen because she ________.A. was cleverB. understood HelenC. was not afraid of HelenD. was strong enough to control HelenPassage FiveWhen young people get their first real job, they may face a lot of new, confusing situations. They may find that everything is different from the way things were at school. It is also possible that they will feel uncomfortable and insecure in both professional and social situations. Eventually, they realize that university classes can’t be the only preparation for all of the different situation that arise in the working world.Perhaps the best way to learn how to behave in the working world is to identify a worker you admire and observe his behavior. In doing so, you will be able to see what it is that you admire in this person. For example, you will observe how he acts in a crisis. Perhaps ever more important, you will be able to see what his approach to day-to-day situations is.While you are observing your colleague, you should be asking yourself whether his behavior is like yours and how you can learn from his responses to a variety of situations. By watching and learning from a model, you will probably begin to identify and adopt good working habits.21．The young people just graduate from school may not behave well in the working world, because_________.A．hat they learned in university classes in not adequate for their new lifeB．they were not well educatedC．the society is too complicated to adopt toD．they failed to work hard at school22. In the last line of the first paragraph, the word “arise” means______.A.bring aboute into beingC.occur toD.cause to happen23. The best way to learn how to behave in the working world is_______.A.to find a worker and follow him closelyB.to find a person you admire and make friends with himC.to find a person you respect and watch carefully how he acts in different situationsD.to make a acquaintance of a model you admire24. In the last line of the second paragraph, the word “approach” means________.A.means of enteringB.speaking to someone for the first timeC.way of coming nearer toD.manner of doing something25. The passage could be best entitled ________.A.“Learn from a Model”B.“Learn, Learn and Learn again”C.“Learn For ever”D.“One is Never Too Old to Learn”Passage SixIt was once believed that a person was in great danger when he sneezed ---people imagined that the soul could escape from the body at the moment of sneezing. “God bless you”was a prayer for assistance in keeping the soul where it belonged.The German word Gesundheit (good heath) is a variation of this prayer; the Irish deiseal and the Italian felicita are similar prayers. The Hindus say a word that means “live,” and when a Mohammedan sneezes, he praises God.The Zulus of South Africa, far from being afraid of sneezes, believe that a sneeze signifies a friendly spirit’s belongs. Whenever a child sneezes, they shout “Grow!”hoping the friendly spirit that stimulated the sneeze will help the child grow tall and strong. The ancient Hebrews also believed that a sneeze was good---a sneeze indicates life; the dead never sneeze.The Japanese say that if you sneeze once, someone is saying good saying about you; if you sneeze twice, bad thing are being said about you; if you sneeze three times, you have caught a cold.26. People once thought that anyone who sneezed was_________.A. sickB. in dangerC. in good healthD. evil27. “God bless you” was said in order to ________.A. make children grow tall and strongB. insure good healthC. keep the soul in the bodyD. prevent someone from saying evil things about the sneezer.28. Gesundheit is a sneezing prayer most likeA. the Zulu prayerB. “God bless you”C. the Japanese prayerD. a warning29. The Zulu believe that a sneezing prayer is caused by ________.A. a good spiritB. a bad spiritC. illnessD. children30. It would be reasonable to conclude that ________.A. many people say prayers when they sneezeB. a prayer keeps the soul where it belongsC. all people were afraid of sneezesD. the moment of sneezing is very dangerousPassage SevenAs prices and building costs keep rising, the "do-it-yourself"(DIY)trend（趋势）in the U.S. continues to grow." We needed furniture（家具）for our living room," says John Ross," and we just didn't have enough money to buy it. So we decided to try making a few tables and chairs." John got married six months ago, and like many young people these days, they are struggling to make a home at a time when the cost of living is very high. The Roses took a 2-week course for $ 280 at a night school. Now they build all their furniture and make repairs around the house. Jim Hatfield has three boys and his wife died. He has a full-time job at home as well as in a shoe making factory. Last month, he received a car repair bill for $ 420."I was deeply upset about it. Now I've finished a car repair course, I should be able to fix the car by myself." John and Jim are not unusual people. Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so the can fight the high cost of living. If you want to become a "do-it-yourselfer", you can go to DIY classes. And for those who don't have time to take a course, there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.31. We can learn from the text that many newly married people_____.A. find it hard to pay for what they needB. have to learn to make their own furnitureC. take DIY courses run by the governmentD. seldom go to a department store to buy things32. John and his wife went to evening classes to learn how to_____.A. run a DIY shopB. make or repair thingsC. save time and moneyD. improve the quality of life33. When the writer says that Jim has a full-time job at home, he means Jim_____.A. makes shoes in his homeB. does extra work at nightC. does his own car and home repairsD. keeps house and looks after his children34. Jim Hatfield decided to become a do-it yourselfer when_____.A. his car repairs cost too muchB. the car repair class was not helpfulC. he could no possible do two jobsD. he had to raise the children all by himself35. What would be the best title for the text?A. The Joy of DIYB. You Can Do It Too!C. Welcome to Our DIY Course!D. Ross and Hatfield: Believers in DIY.Passage EightToday, roller skating is easy and fun. But a long time ago, it wasn't easy at all. Before 1750, the idea of skating didn't exist. That changed because of a man named Joseph Merlin. Merlin's work was making musical instruments. In his spare time he liked to play the violin. Joseph Merlin was a man of ideas and dreams. People called him a dreamer. One day Merlin an invitation to attend a fancy dress ball（化装舞会）. He was very pleased and a little excited. As the day of the party came near, Merlin began to think how to make a grand entrance at the party. He had an idea. He thought he would get a lot of attention if he could skate into the room. Merlin tried different ways to make himself roll. Finally, he decided to put two wheels under each shoe. These were the first roller skates. Merlin was were proud of his invention and dreamed of arriving at the party on wheels while playing the violin. On the night of party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates. He rolled on and on. Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hangingon the wall. Down feel the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlin's grand entrance for a long time!36. The text is mainly about_____.A. a strange manB. an unusual partyC. how roller skating beganD. how people enjoyed themselves in the 18th century37. People thought Merlin was a dreamer because he_____.A. often gave others surprisesB. was a gifted musicianC. invented the roller skatesD. was full of imagination38. Merlin put wheels under his shoes in order to_____.A. impress the party guestsB. arrive at the party soonerC. test his inventionD. show his skill in walking on wheels39. What was the main problem of the first skating shoes?A. they were two tires.B. there were no brakes.C. they looked bad.D. they were hard to use.40. What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last sentence?A. The roller skates needed further improvement.B. The party guests took Merlin for a fool.C. Merlin succeeded beyond expectation.D. Merlin got himself into trouble.Passage NineAfter a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the previous day. The rest that you get while sleeping enables your body to prepare itself for the next day.There are four levels of sleep, each being a little deeper than the one before. As you sleep, your muscles relax little by little. Your heart beats more slowly, and your brain slows down. After you reach the fourth level, your body shifts back and forth from one level of sleep to the other.Although your mind slows down, from time to time you will dream. Scientists who study sleep state that when dreaming occurs, your eyeballs begin to move more quickly (although your eyelids are closed). This stage of sleep is called REM, which stands for rapid eye movement.If you have trouble falling asleep, some people recommend breathing very slowly and verydeeply. Other people believe that drinking warm milk will help make you drowsy.. There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep!41. A good title for this passage is ___.A. SleepB. Good HealthC. DreamsD. Work and Rest42. The word “drowsy” in the last paragr aph means ___.A. sickB. stand upC. asleepD. a little sleepy43. This passage suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you ___.A. dream more oftenB. have poor healthC. nervousD. breathe quickly44. During REM, ___.A. your eyes move quicklyB. you dreamC. you are restlessD. both A and B45. The average number of hours of sleep that an adult needs is ___.A. approximately six hoursB. around ten hoursC. about eight hoursD. not stated herePassage TenObviously television has both advantages and disadvantages.In the first place, television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also a comparatively cheap one. With a TV set in the family people don’t have to pay for exp ensive seats at the theatre, the cinema, or the opera. All they have to do is to push a button or turn a knob, and they can see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind. Some people, however, think that this is where the danger lies. The television viewers need do nothing. He does not even have to use his legs if he has a remote control. He makes no choice, does no exercises, and makes no judgment. He is completely passive and has everything presented to him without any effort on his part.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events and the latest developments in science and politics. The most distant countries and the strangest customs are brought right into one’s sitting room. It could be argued that the radio performs this se rvice as well; but on television everything is much more living, much more real. Yet here again there is a danger. The television screen itself has a terrible, almost physical charm for us. We get so used to looking at the movements on it, so dependent on its pictures that it begins to control our lives. People are often heard to say that their television sets have broken down and that they have suddenly found that they have far more time to do things and that they have actually begun to talk to each other again. It makes one think, doesn’t it?There are many other arguments for and against television. We must realize that television itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses that it is put to that determine its value to society.46. What is the major function of paragraph 1?A. To arouse the reader’s concernB. To introduce the theme of the whole passageC. To summarize the whole passageD. To state the primary uses of TV47. Television, as a source of entertainment, is ___.A. not very convenientB. very expensiveC. quite dangerousD. relatively cheap48. Why are some people against TV?A. Because TV programs are not interesting.B. Because TV viewers are totally passive.C. Because TV prices are very high.D. Because TV has both advantages and disadvantages.49. One of the most obvious advantages of TV is that ___.A. it keeps us informedB. it is very cheapC. it enables us to have a restD. it controls our lives50. According to the passage, whether TV is good or not depends on ___.A. its qualityB. people’s attitude towards itC. how we use itD. when we use itPassage ElevenTo us it seems so natural to put up an umbrella to keep the water off when it rains. But actually the umbrella was not invented as protection against rain. It was first used as a shade against the sun.Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient times. Probably the first to use it were the Chinese, way back in the eleventh century B.C...We know that the umbrella was also used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing connected with its use; it became a symbol of honor and authority. In the Far East In ancient times, the umbrella was allowed to be used only by royal people or by those in high office.In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade. And the umbrella was in common use in ancient Greece. But it is believed that the first persons in Europe to use the umbrellas as protection against the rain were the ancient Romans.During the Middle Ages, the use of the umbrella practically disappeared. Then it appeared again in Italy in 16th century. And again it became a symbol of power and authority.Umbrellas have not changed much in style during all this time, though they have become much lighter in weight. It wasn’t until the twentieth century that women’s umbrellas began to be made in a variety of colors.51. The first use of umbrella was as ______.A. protection against rainB. a shade against the sunC. a symbol of powerD. a symbol of honor52. ______were regarded as the people who first used umbrellas.A. RomansB. GreeksC. ChineseD. Europeans53. The umbrella was used only by royal people or those in high office ______.A. in European in the eighteenth centuryB. in ancient Egypt and BabylonC. in the Far East in ancient timesD. during the Milddle Ages54. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. Women enjoy using umbrella with varies kinds of colorsB. The inventor of the umbrella is unknownC. Once ordinary people had no right to use umbrellasD. Umbrellas were popular and cheap in the ancient times55. Which of the following may be the best title for the passage?A. When Was the Umbrella InventedB. The Role of Umbrella in HistoryC. The Colors and Shapes of UmbrellaD. Who Needed Umbrella FirstPassage TwelveA scientist who wants to predict the way in which consumers (消费者) will spend their money must study consumer behavior. He must obtain data both on the resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending.If an economist were asked which of three groups borrow most —people with rising incomes, Stable incomes, or decreasing incomes —he would probably answer, those with decreasing incomes. Actually years 1947— 1950, the answer was: people with rising incomes.People with decreasing incomes were next and people with stable incomes borrowed the least. This shows us that traditional assumptions(假设) about earning and spending are not always reliable. Another traditional assumption is that if people who have money expect prices to go up they will hasten to buy. If they expect prices to go down, they will postpone buying. But research surveys have shown that this is not always true. The expectations of price increases may not stimulate buying.One typical attitude was expresser by the wife of a mechanic in an interview at a time of rising prices. “In a few months,” she said, “we’ll have pay more for meat and milk; we’ll have less to spend on other things. “Her family had been planning to buy a new car but they postponed this purchase. Furthermore, the rise in prices that has already taken place may be disliked and buyer’s resistance may be produced. This is shown by the following typical comment: “I just don’t pay these prices; they are too high.”The investigations mentioned above were carried out in America; condition most helpful to spending appears to be price stability. If prices have been stable and people consider that they are reasonable, they are likely to buy. Thus, it appears that the common business policy of maintaining stable prices is based on a correct understanding of consumer psychology(心理学).56. According to the passage, if one wants to predict the way spend their money, he should ______.A. rely on traditional assumptions about earning and spendingB. try to encourage or discourage consumers to spend moneyC. carry out investigations on consumer behavior and get data on consumers incomes and money spending motivesD. do researches in consumer psychology in a laboratory57. According to paragraph 2, one traditional assumption is that people with ______ incomes borrow most.A. averageB. stableC. decreasingD. rising58.According to paragraph 2, research surveys have proved that ______.A. price increases always stimulate people to hasten to buy thingsB. rising prices may make people put off their purchase of certain thingsC. women are more sensitive to the rising in prices than menD. the expectations of price increases often make buyers feel angry59. From the results of the surveys, the writer of this article ______.A. concludes that the saving and spending patterns in Great Britain are better than those in AmericaB. concludes that the consumers always expect prices to remain stableC. concludes that maintaining stable prices is a correct business policyD. does not draw any conclusion60. Which of the following statements is always TRUE according to the surveys mentioned in the passage?A. Consumers will put off buying things if they expect prices to decrease.B. Consumers will spend their money quickly if they expect prices to increaseC. The price condition has an influence on consumer behaviorD. Traditional assumptions about earning and spending are reliable.Ⅱ词汇与结构Vocabulary & Structure (20 points)Directions: In this section there are twenty incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1. The department is also deeply _________ in various improvement schemes.A. connectedB. includedC. involvedD. implied2. The boy had a ________ escape when he ran across the road in front of the bus.A. closeB. shortC. narrowD. fine。
自考英语(一)短文写作
自考英语（一）短文写作根据高等教育自学考试00012英语（一）的历年真题整理了九篇作文模板，帮助大家提高英语写作水平。
1. 电子信件-描述事件-致歉类邮件假设你昨天因故未能参加英国朋友Tom 的生日聚会。
请你给他写一封英文电子信件致歉，内容包括：1.你的歉意。
2.未能按时参加的原因。
3.你打算采用的补救措施。
请以Li Ke 署名。
Dear Tom , I am writing this letter to apologize for my absence of your birthday party last weekend . Due to a n important class meeting that day . Therefore, I'd like to treat you to dinner for apology , starting from this Saturday evening.I will be very thankful if you can forgive me . As to the dinner , I am glad for your coming . I look forward to your reply. Please allow me to say sorry to you again. Yours, Li Ke 亲爱的汤姆：我写这封信是想向你道歉，我上周缺席了你的生日派对，由于那天有一场重要的班会。
因此，我想要请你吃饭来道歉，时间是本周六晚上。
如果你能够原谅我，我将会非常感激，关于这顿晚餐，你能来的话我会非常高兴。
期待你的回信。
请允许我再次向你致歉。
此致李克亲爱的汤姆 be 动词+动词ing 表目的 表原因 表所属我写这封信 是向你道欺,因为我上周缺席了你的生日派对名词短语 would like to sth由于那天有一场重要的班会 因此 我想要表起始 招待你 请你吃饭来道歉(时间)是本周六晚上开始 将来时 连词：表转折 至于，关于 n.到来 如果你能原谅我 关于这顿餐 你能来我会很高兴 我将会非常感激 我期待你的回信 请允许我再次向你致歉此致 李克2. 电子信件-描述事件-活动介绍假设你在教师节与同学一起返回校探望了老师，而你的英国朋友Tom 对中国文化很感兴趣，请你给Tom 写一封英文电子信件分享该活动，内容包括：1.活动目的。
2014年10月自学考试英语一讲义 Unit 01_(含课文、生词表、课后练习与答案)
Unit 1 Foreign Language LearningA FAMOUS QUOTEA man who does not know a foreign language is ignorant of his own.——Johann Wolfgang von Goethe一个不懂得外语的人，也不会真正了解自己的母语。
——约翰·沃尔夫冈··歌德Johann Wolfgang von Goethe （1749-1832）, German poet, novelist, playwright, statesman and scientist. Goethe is one of the great figures in the history of German literature and best know his two-part poetic drama Faust, which he started around the age of twenty-three and didn't fin till shortly before his death sixty years later.约翰·沃尔夫冈··歌德享年83岁，德国诗人、剧作家、政治家和科学家。
他是德国历史上最伟大的人一。
他的最著名的上下两部诗剧《浮士德》，从23岁开始创作直至他临终前完成，耗时近六十年。
Speaking ActivityStarting a ConversationSample DialogueRead the following conversation. Pay attention to how the speakers greet and introduce each other.Steve: Hi. I don't think we've met. My name's Steve.Jenny: Hi, Steve. Nice to meet you. My name's Juanita, but everybody calls me Jenny.Steve: It's a pleasure to meet you, Jenny.Jenny: Sorry, what was your name again?Steve: Steve.Jenny: So Steve, what do you do for a living?Steve: I work at the public library. How about you?Jenny: I'm a university student.Steve: That's great. So, where do you study?Jenny: Carnegie Mellon University. CMU is a global research university recognized for world class arts and technology programs. It's the best university in the world for my major.Steve: Great for you! It was really nice meeting you.Jenny: Yeah. It was a pleasure meeting you too.注：卡基·梅隆大学成立于1990年，位于美国宾州的匹兹堡，是一所研究型的私立大学，也是美国的重学之一。
2014年考研《英语一》小作文范文及点评
Honorable president,I’m writing this letter to express my views concerning about how to improve the health status among our university students. My suggestions are as follows.Firstly, we should pay more attention to the physical conditions of the undergraduates rather than their academic performances. Secondly, adequate PE lessons should be guaranteed in their course systems. Finally, we hope that our university should regularly organize various extracurricular activities. Through the implementation of the above methods, I am convinced that the health conditions of our college students could be enhanced considerably.I am looking forward to your reply and I will appreciate your consideration for my proposals.Yours sincerely,Xxx本篇考研英语一的小作文是考研常见的建议信，题材涉及大学校园生活，考生应该比较熟悉，难度不大。
需要注意的是小作文重在语句的精炼，在信中要清晰明了地表达观点、列明论点。
自考英语一课文翻译
Unit1Text A 「课文译文」怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。
”大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。
对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。
他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。
语言学习不同于其他学习。
许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。
相反，一些人学习语言很成功，但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。
语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议：“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”，“每天练习说这种语言”，“与说这种语言的人住在一起”，“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”，“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”，“放松地去学习语言。
”然而，成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢？语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。
首先，成功的语言学习者独立学习。
他们不依赖书本和老师，而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。
他们不是等待老师来解释，而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。
他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论，从而做出正确的猜测。
如果猜错，他们就再猜一遍。
他们都努力从错误中学习。
成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。
因此，成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。
他们找到（说）这种语言的人进行练习，出错时请这些人纠正。
他们不失时机地进行交流，不怕重复所听到的话，也不怕说出离奇的话，他们不在乎出错，并乐于反复尝试。
当交流困难时，他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。
对他们来说，更重要的是学习用这种语言思考，而不是知道每个词的意思。
最后，成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。
他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。
他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。
他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易，因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。
你是什么样的语言学习者？如果你是一位成功的语言学习者，那么你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。