第一章--为何学习金融市场与机构(英文习题及答案)
金融市场学双语题库及答案(第七章)米什金《金融市场与机构》
B) stocks.
C) bonds and commercial paper.
D) nonbank loans.
Answer: B
Topic: Chapter 7.1 Basic Facts About Financial Structure Throughout the World
C) Loans from banks and other financial intermediaries in the United States provide five times more financing of corporate activities than do stock markets.
Answer: E
Topic: Chapter 7.1 Basic Facts About Financial Structure Throughout the World
Question Status: Previous Edition
6) With regard to external sources of financing for nonfinancial businesses in the United States, which of the following are accurate statements?
3) Of the sources of external funds for nonfinancial businesses in the United States, bonds account for approximately ________ of the total.
A) 10%
B) 20%
金融市场与机构课后习题答案.doc
Chapter 1Role of Financial Markets and InstitutionsQuestions1. Explain the meaning of surplus units and deficit units. Provide an example of each.ANSWER: Surplus units provide funds to the financial markets while deficit units obtain funds from the financial markets. Surplus units include households with savings, while deficit units include firms or government agencies that borrow funds.2. Distinguish between primary and secondary markets.ANSWER: Primary markets are used for the issuance of new securities while secondary markets are used for the trading of existing securities.3. Distinguish between money and capital markets.ANSWER: Money markets facilitate the trading of short-term (money market) instruments while capital markets facilitate the trading of long-term (capital market) instruments.4. Distinguish between perfect and imperfect security markets.ANSWER: With perfect financial markets, all information about any securities for sale would be freely available to investors, information about surplus and deficit units would be freely available, and all securities could be unbundled into any size desired. In reality, markets are imperfect, so that surplus and deficit units do not have free access to information, and securities can not be unbundled as desired.5. Explain why the existence of imperfect markets creates a need for financial institutions.ANSWER: Financial intermediaries are needed to facilitate the exchange of funds between surplus and deficit units. They have the information to provide this service and can even repackage deposits to provide the amount of funds borrowers desire.6. Explain the meaning of efficient markets. Why might we expect markets to be efficient most of thetime?ANSWER: If markets are efficient then prices of securities available in these markets properly reflect all information. We should expect markets to be efficient because if they weren't, investors would capitalize on the discrepancy between what prices are and what they should be. This action would force market prices to represent the appropriate prices as perceived by the market.7. In recent years, several securities firms have been guilty of using inside information when purchasingsecurities, thereby achieving returns well above the norm (even when accounting for risk). Does this suggest that the security markets are not efficient? Explain.ANSWER: Efficiency is often defined with regard to publicly available information. In this case, markets can be efficient, but investors with inside information could possibly outperform the market on a consistent basis. A stronger version of efficiency would hypothesize that even access to inside information will not consistently outperform the market.12 Chapter 1/Role of Financial Markets and Institutions8. What was the purpose of the Securities Act of 1933? What was the purpose of the SecuritiesExchange Act of 1934? Do these laws prevent investors from making poor investment decisions?Explain.ANSWER: The Securities Act of 1933 was intended to assure complete disclosure of relevantfinancial information on publicly offered securities, and prevent fraudulent practices when selling these securities. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 extended the disclosure requirements tosecondary market issues. It also declared a variety of deceptive practices illegal, but does not prevent poor investments.9. If barriers to international securities markets are reduced, will a country's interest rate be more or lesssusceptible to foreign lending or borrowing activities? Explain.ANSWER: If international securities market barriers are reduced, a country's interest rate will likely become more susceptible to foreign lending and borrowing activities. Without barriers, funds will flow more freely in between countries. Funds would seek out countries where expected returns are high. Then, the amount of foreign funds invested in any country could adjust abruptly and affect interest rates.10. In what way could the international flow of funds cause a decline in interest rates?ANSWER: If a large volume of foreign funds was invested in the United States, it could placedownward pressure on U.S. interest rates. Without this supply of foreign funds, U.S. interest rates would have been higher.11. Distinguish between the functions of a broker and those of a dealer, and explain how each iscompensated.ANSWER: Brokers are commonly compensated with commissions on trades, while dealers are compensated on their positions in particular securities. Some dealers also provide brokerage services.12. Why is it necessary for securities to be somewhat standardized?ANSWER: Securities can be more easily traded when they are standardized because the specifics of the security transaction are well known. If securities were not standardized, transactions would be slowed considerably as participants would have to negotiate all the provisions.13. What are the functions of securities firms?ANSWER: Securities firms provide a variety of functions (such as underwriting and brokerage) that either enhance a borrower's ability to borrow funds or an investor’s abi lity to invest funds.14. Explain why some financial flows of funds cannot occur through the sale of standardized securities.ANSWER: Some financial flows, such as most commercial loans, must be provided on a personal basis, since the firms requesting loans have particular needs.15. If securities were not standardized, how would this affect the volume of financial transactionsconducted by brokers?ANSWER: If securities were not standardized, the volume of financial transactions conducted by brokers would be reduced, because the documentation would be greater.16. Commercial banks use some funds to purchase securities and other funds to make loans. Why are thesecurities more marketable than loans in the secondary market?ANSWER: Securities are more standardized than loans and therefore can be more easily sold in the secondary market. The excessive documentation on commercial loans limits a bank's ability to sell loans in the secondary market.17. How have the asset compositions of savings and loan associations differed from those of commercialbanks? Explain why and how this distinction may change over time.ANSWER: Savings and loan associations have traditionally concentrated in mortgage lending, while commercial banks have concentrated in commercial lending. Savings and loan associations are nowChapter 1/Role of Financial Markets and Institutions 3 allowed to diversify their asset portfolio to a greater degree and will likely increase theirconcentration in commercial loans (but not to the same degree as commercial banks.18. With regard to the profit motive, how are credit unions different from other financial institutions?ANSWER: Credit unions are non-profit financial institutions.19. Compare the main sources and uses of funds for finance companies, insurance companies, andpension funds.ANSWER: Finance companies sell securities to obtain funds, while insurance companies receive insurance premiums and pension funds receive employee/employer contributions. Finance companies use funds to provide direct loans to consumers and businesses. Insurance companies and pension funds purchase securities.20. What is the function of a mutual fund? Why are mutual funds popular among investors?ANSWER: A mutual fund sells shares to investors, pools the funds, and invests the funds in aportfolio of securities. Mutual funds are popular because they can help individuals diversify while using professional expertise to make investment decisions.21. How does a money market mutual fund differ from a stock or bond mutual fund?ANSWER: A money market mutual fund invests in money market securities, whereas other mutual funds normally invest in stocks or bonds.22. Classify the types of financial institutions mentioned in this chapter as either depository ornondepository. Explain the general difference between depository and nondepository institution sources of funds.ANSWER: Depository institutions include commercial banks, savings and loan associations, and credit unions. These institutions differ from nondepository institutions in that they accept deposits.Nondepository institutions include finance companies, insurance companies, pension funds, mutual funds, and money market funds.23. It is often stated that all types of financial institutions have begun to offer services that werepreviously offered only by certain types. Consequently, many financial institutions are becoming more similar in terms of their operations. Yet, the performance levels still differ significantly among types of financial institutions. Why?ANSWER: Even though financial institutions are becoming more similar, they often differ distinctly from each other in terms of sources and uses of funds. Therefore, their performance levels differ as well.24. Look in a recent business periodical for news about a recent financial transaction that involves twofinancial institutions. For this transaction, determine the following:a. How will each institution's balance sheet be affected?b. Will either institution receive immediate income from the transaction?c. Who is the ultimate user of funds?d. Who is the ultimate source of funds?ANSWER: This exercise will force students to understand how the balance sheet and incomestatement of a financial institution is affected by various transactions. When a financial institution simply acts as a middleman, income (fees or commissions) are earned, but the institution's asset portfolio is not significantly affected.25. Which types of financial institutions do you deal with? Explain whether you are acting as a surplusunit or a deficit unit in your relationship with each financial institution.ANSWER: This exercise allows students to realize that they constantly interact with financialinstitutions, and that they often play the role of a deficit unit (on car loans, tuition loans, etc.).4 Chapter 1/Role of Financial Markets and Institutions26. Explain how the privatization of companies in Europe can lead to the development of new securitiesmarkets.ANSWER: The privatization of companies will force these companies to finance with stocks and debt securities, instead of relying on the federal government for funds. Consequently, secondary markets for stocks and debt securities will be developed over time.Chapter 2Determination of Interest RatesQuestions1.Explain why interest rates changed as they did over the past year.ANSWER: This exercise should force students to consider how the factors that influence interest rates have changed over the last year, and assess how these changes could have affected interest rates.2. Explain what is meant by interest elasticity.ANSWER: Interest elasticity of supply represents a change in the quantity of loanable funds supplied in response to a change in interest rates. Interest elasticity of demand represents a change in thequantity of loanable funds demanded in response to a change in interest rates.3. Would you expect federal government demand for loanable funds to be more or less interest elasticthan household demand for loanable funds? Why?ANSWER: Federal government demand for loanable funds should be less interest elastic than the consumer demand for loanable funds, because the government's planned borrowings will likely occur regardless of the interest rate. Conversely, the quantity of loanable funds by consumers is moreresponsive to the interest rate level.4. If the federal government planned to expand the space program, how might this affect interest rates?ANSWER: An expanded space program would (a) force the federal government to increase its budget deficit, (b) possibly force any firms involved in facilitating the program to borrow more funds.Consequently, there is a greater demand for loanable funds. The additional spending could cause higher income and additional saving. Yet, this impact is not likely to be as great. The likely overall impact would therefore be upward pressure on interest rates.5. Explain why interest rates tend to decrease during recessionary periods.ANSWER: During a recession, firms and consumers reduce their amount of borrowing. The demand for loanable funds decreases and interest rates decrease as a result.6. Obtain or develop forecasts of economic growth and inflation. Use this information to forecastinterest rates one year from now.ANSWER: Open-ended question, intended to illustrate the ease of subjectively creating forecasts, but the difficulty in deciding the appropriate weight to be assigned to each influential factor.7. Jayhawk Forecasting Services analyzed several factors that could affect interest rates in the future.Most factors were expected to place downward pressure on interest rates. Jayhawk also felt that although the annual budget deficit was to be cut by 40 percent from the previous year, it would stillChapter 1/Role of Financial Markets and Institutions 5 be very large. Thus, Jayhawk believed that the deficit's impact would more than offset the othereffects and therefore forecast interest rates to increase by 2 percent. Comment on Jayhawk's logic.ANSWER: A reduction in the deficit should free up some funds that had been used to support the government borrowings. Thus, there should be additional funds available to satisfy other borrowing needs. Given this situation plus the other information, Jayhawk should have forecasted lower interest rates.8. Should increasing money supply growth place upward or downward pressure on interest rates? Justifyyour answer.ANSWER: If one believes that higher money supply growth will not cause inflationary expectations, the additional supply of funds places downward pressure on interest rates. However, if one believes that inflation expectations do erupt as a result, demand for loanable funds will also increase, and interest rates could increase (if the increase in demand more than offsets the increase in supply).9. Consider a scenario where inflation is low and is not expected to rise in the future. In addition,assume that the Fed substantially increases the money supply. Explain how this would likely affect interest rates.ANSWER: Interest rates should decrease because the amount of loanable funds will increase withouta corresponding increase in the demand for loanable funds.10. What is the logic behind the Fisher effect's implied positive relationship between expected inflationand nominal interest rates?ANSWER: Investors require a positive real return, which suggests that they will only invest funds if the nominal interest rate is expected to exceed inflation. In this way, the purchasing power of invested funds increases over time. As inflation rises, nominal interest rates should rise as well since investors would require a nominal return that exceeds the inflation rate.11. What is the difference between the nominal interest rate and real interest rate?ANSWER: The nominal interest rate is the quoted interest rate, while the real interest rate is defined as the nominal interest rate minus the expected rate of inflation. The real interest rate represents the recent nominal interest rate minus the recent inflation rate.12. Estimate the real interest rate over the last year.ANSWER: This exercise forces students to measure last year's nominal interest rate and inflation rate.13. Review historical interest rates to determine how they react to recessionary periods. Explain thisreaction.ANSWER: In general, interest rates tend to decline in recessionary periods. This reaction occurs because the demand for loanable funds declines during the recessionary periods, which placesdownward pressure of interest rates.14. Why do forecasts of interest rates differ among experts?ANSWER: Various factors may influence interest rates, and changes in these factors will affectinterest rate movements. Experts disagree about how various factors will change. They also disagree about the specific influence these factors have on interest rates.15. During the stock market crash in October 1987, interest rates declined. Use the loanable fundsframework discussed in this chapter to explain why.ANSWER: The crash led to concerns of a possible recession. The demand for loanable funds declined, causing downward pressure on interest rates. In addition, investors shifted funds out of stocks and into money market securities, causing an increase in the supply of loanable funds.6 Chapter 1/Role of Financial Markets and Institutions16. If foreign investors expected that the U.S. dollar's value would weaken over the next few years, howmight this affect (a) the foreign supply of funds to the U.S. markets and (b) U.S. interest rates?Explain.ANSWER: The expectation of a weaker U.S. dollar can cause a lower foreign supply of funds to the U.S. markets, as foreign investors reduce their investment in the United States, because a weakened dollar over the investment horizon reduces the return to foreign investors. The reduced foreign supply of funds to U.S. markets places upward pressure on U.S. interest rates.17. A well-known economist recently suggested that lower interest rates will stimulate the economy. Yet,this chapter implied that a strong economy can cause high interest rates. Do these concepts conflict?Explain.ANSWER: The concepts do not conflict. There are feedback effects between interest rates andeconomic growth. Lower interest rates stimulate the economy because they encourage borrowing and therefore spending. Yet, a strong economy can cause an additional desire to borrow, which places upward pressure on interest rates.18. Assume that if the U.S. dollar strengthens, it can place downward pressure on U.S. inflation. Basedon this information, how might expectations of a strong dollar affect the demand for loanable funds in the United States and U.S. interest rates? Is there any reason to think that expectations of a strong dollar could also affect the supply of loanable funds? Explain.ANSWER: As a strong U.S. dollar dampens U.S. inflation, it can reduce the demand for loanable funds, and therefore reduce interest rates. The expectations of a strong dollar could also increase the supply of funds because it may encourage saving (there is less concern to purchase goods before prices rise when inflationary expectations are reduced). In addition, foreign investors may invest more funds in the United States if they expect the dollar to strengthen, because that could increase their return on investment.19. If financial market participants overestimate inflation in a particular period, will real interest rates berelatively high or low? Explain.ANSWER: If inflation is overestimated, the real interest rate will be relatively high. Investors had required a relatively high nominal interest rate because they expected inflation to be high (according to the Fisher effect).20. Why might you expect interest rate movements of various industrialized countries to be more highlycorrelated in recent years than in earlier years?ANSWER: Interest rates among countries are expected to be more highly correlated in recent years because financial markets are more geographically integrated. More international financial flows will occur to capitalize on higher interest rates in foreign countries, which affects the supply and demand conditions in each market. As funds leave a country with low interest rates, this places upwardpressure on that country's interest rates. The international flow of funds caused this type of reaction.21. In November 1989, the wall separating East and West Germany was removed. Some analysts say thatthis event led to an increase in German and U.S. interest rates. Offer a possible explanation as to why this event could have caused an increase in German and U.S. interest rates.ANSWER: The removal of the wall led to the reunification of East and West Germany, and resulted in economic expansion in Germany. This led to an increased demand for loanable funds from sources in Germany and in the United States, placing upward pressure on interest rates.22. In August 1990, the Persian Gulf crisis occurred, resulting in some significant reactions in financialmarkets. Why would the crisis be expected to place upward pressure on U.S. interest rates? Why might some investors expect the crisis to place downward pressure on U.S. interest rates?ANSWER: The Persian Gulf crisis placed upward pressure on U.S. interest rates because it (1)increased inflationary expectations in the United States as oil prices increased abruptly, and (2)increased the expected U.S. budget deficit as government expenditures were necessary to boostChapter 1/Role of Financial Markets and Institutions 7 military support. However, the crisis also caused some analysts to revise their forecasts of economic growth downward. In fact, some analysts predicted that a U.S. recession would occur. The slower economy reflects a reduced corporate demand for funds, which by itself places downward pressure on interest rates. If inflation was not a concern, the Fed may attempt to increase money supply growth to stimulate the economy. However, the inflationary pressure restricted the Fed from stimulating the economy (since any stimulative policy could cause higher inflation).23. Offer an argument for why the terrorist attack on the United States on September 11, 2001 couldplace downward pressure on U.S. interest rates. Offer an argument for why the terrorist attack could place upward pressure on U.S. interest rates.ANSWER: The terrorist attack could cause a reduction in spending related to travel (airlines, hotels), and would also reduce the expansion by those types of firms. This reflects a decline in the demand for loanable funds, and places downward pressure on interest rates. Conversely, the attack increases the amount of government borrowing needed to support a war, and therefore places upward pressure on interest rates.Interpreting Financial NewsInterpret the following comments made by Wall Street analysts and portfolio managers.a. “The flight of funds from bank deposits to U.S. stocks will pressure interest rates.”As the supply of loanable funds declines (due to bank deposit withdrawals), there will be upward pressure on interest rates.b. “Since Japanese interest rates have recently declined to very low levels, expect a reduction in U.S.interest rates.”As Japanese interest rates decline, Japanese savers invest more loanable funds in the UnitedStates, which places downward pressure on U.S. interest rates.c. “The cost of borrowing by U.S. firms is dictated by the degree to which the federal governmen tspends more than it taxes.”As the federal government spends more than it taxes, it borrows the difference; the greater theamount borrowed, the higher the pressure on U.S. interest rates.Managing in Financial MarketsAs the treasurer of a manufacturing company, your task is to forecast the direction of interest rates. You plan to borrow funds and may use the forecast of interest rates to determine whether you should obtain a loan with a fixed interest rate or a floating interest rate. The following information can be considered when assessing the future direction of interest rates:♦Economic growth has been high over the last two years, but you expect that it will be stagnant over the next year.♦Inflation has been 3 percent over each of the last few years, and you expect that it will be about the same over the next year.♦The federal government has announced major cuts in its spending, which should have a major impact on the budget deficit.♦The Federal Reserve is not expected to affect the existing supply of loanable funds over the next year. ♦The overall level of savings by households is not expected to change.a. Given the preceding information, determine how the demand for and the supply of loanable fundswould be affected (if at all), and determine the future direction of interest rates.The demand for loanable funds should decline in response to: (1) stagnant economic growth(because a relatively low level of borrowing will be needed), and (2) a major cut in government8 Chapter 1/Role of Financial Markets and Institutionsspending. The supply of loanable funds should remain unchanged because the savings level is not expected to change, and the Fed is not expected to affect the existing money supply. Given a large decline in the demand for loanable funds and no significant change in the supply of loanablefunds, U.S. interest rates should decline.b. You can obtain a one-year loan at a fixed-rate of 8 percent or a floating-rate loan that is currentlyat 8 percent but would be revised every month in accordance with general interest ratemovements. Which type of loan is more appropriate based on the information provided?Since interest rates are expected to decline, you should prefer the floating-rate loan. As interest rates decline, the rate charged on this type of loan would decline.c. Assume that Canadian interest rates have abruptly risen just as you have completed your forecastof future U.S. interest rates. Consequently, Canadian interest rates are now 2 percentage pointsabove U.S. interest rates. How might this specific situation place pressure on U.S. interest rates?Considering this situation along with the other information provided, would you change yourforecast of the future direction of U.S. interest rates?This situation could encourage U.S. individuals and firms to withdraw their savings from U.S.financial institutions and send their funds to Canada to earn a higher interest rate (although they would have to convert their U.S. dollars into Canadian dollars and are therefore exposed toexchange rate risk). To the extent that savings are withdrawn from U.S. financial institutions,there would be a reduction in the supply of loanable funds in the U.S. Consequently, this specific situation places upward pressure on the U.S. interest rates.While this specific situation places upward pressure on U.S. interest rates, the economic growth and the budget deficit are expected to place downward pressure on interest rates.Therefore, you would still forecast a decline in U.S. interest rates, unless you believe that theimpact of the Canadian situation would overwhelm the impact of the economic growth and thebudget deficit.Problems1.Suppose the real interest rate is 6 percent and the expected inflation is 2 percent. What would youexpect the nominal rate of interest to be?ANSWER:i = E(INF) + i ki = 2% + 6% = 8%2. Suppose that Treasury bills are currently paying 9 percent and the expected inflation is 3 percent.What is the real interest rate?ANSWER:i = E(INF) + i ki k = i – E(INF)i k = 9% – 3% = 6%Chapter 3Structure of Interest RatesChapter 1/Role of Financial Markets and Institutions 9Questions1.Identify the relevant characteristics of any security that can affect the security's yield.ANSWER:The relevant characteristics are:1. default risk2. liquidity3. tax status4. maturity5. special provisions (such as a call feature)2. What effect does a high credit risk have on securities?ANSWER: Investors require a higher risk premium on securities with a high default risk.3. Discuss the relationship between the yield and liquidity of securities.ANSWER: The greater the liquidity of a security, the lower is the yield, other things being equal.4. Do investors in high-tax brackets or those in low-tax brackets benefit more from tax-exemptsecurities? Why?ANSWER: High-tax bracket investors benefit more from tax-exempt securities because their tax savings from avoiding taxes is greater.5. Do municipal bonds or corporate bonds offer a higher before-tax yield at a given point in time? Why?Which has the higher after-tax yield?ANSWER: Corporate bonds offer a higher before-tax yield, since they are taxable by the federal government. The municipal bonds may have a higher tax yield for investors subject to a high tax rate.For low-tax bracket investors, the corporate bonds would likely have a higher after-tax yield.6. If taxes did not exist, would Treasury bonds offer a higher or lower yield than municipal bonds withthe same maturity? Why?ANSWER: Treasury bonds would offer a lower yield than municipal bonds because they areperceived to be risk-free. If taxes did not exist, the required return on Treasury bonds would be lower than on municipal bonds.7. Explain how a yield curve would shift in response to a sudden expectation of rising interest rates,according to the pure expectations theory.ANSWER: The demand for short-term securities would increase, placing upward (downward)pressure on their prices (yields). The demand for long-term securities would decrease, placingdownward (upward) pressure on their prices (yields). If the yield curve was originally upward sloped, it would now have a steeper slope as a result of the expectation. If it was originally downward sloped, it would now be more horizontal (less steep), or may have even become upward sloping.8. What is the meaning of the forward rate in the context of the term structure of interest rates?ANSWER: The forward rate is the expected interest rate at a future point in time.9. Why might forward rates consistently overestimate future interest rates? How could such a bias beavoided?ANSWER: If forward rates are estimated without considering the liquidity premium, it mayoverestimate the future interest rates. If a liquidity premium is accounted for when estimating the forward rate, the bias can be eliminated.10. Assume there is a sudden expectation of lower interest rates in the future. What would be the effecton the shape of the yield curve? Explain.ANSWER: The demand for short-term securities would decrease, placing downward (upward)pressure on their prices (yields). The demand for long-term securities would increase, placing upward。
fabozzi_金融市场与金融机构基础课后答案.doc
CHAPTER 4THE U.S. FEDERAL RESERVEAND THE CREATION OF MONEYCENTRAL BANKS AND THEIR PURPOSEThe primary role of a central bank is to maintain the stability of the currency and money supply for a country or a group of countries. The role of central banks can be categorized as: (1) risk assessment, (2) risk reduction, (3) oversight of payment systems, (4) crisis management.One of the major ways a central bank accomplishes its goals is through monetary policy. For this reason, central banks are sometimes called monetary authority. In implementing monetary policy, central banks, acting as a reserve bank, require private banks to maintain and deposit the required reserves with the central bank. In times of financial crisis, central banks perform the role of lender of last resort for the banking system. Countries throughout the world may have central banks. Additionally, the European Central Bank is responsible for implementing monetary policy for the member countries of the European Union.There is widespread agreement that central banks should be independent of the government so that decisions of the central bank will not be influenced for short-term political purposes such as pursuing a monetary policy to expand the economy but at the expense of inflation.In implementing monetary and economic policies, the United States is a member of an informal network of nations. This group started in 1976 as the Group of 6, or G6: US, France, Germany, UK, Italy, and Japan. Thereafter, Canada joined to for the G7. In 1998, Russia joined to form the G8.THE CENTRAL BANK OF THE UNITED STATES: THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEMThe Federal Reserve System consists of 12 banking districts covering the entire country. Created in 1913, the Federal Reserve is the government agency responsible for the management of the US monetary and banking systems. It is independent of the political branches of government. The Fed is managed by a seven-member Board of Governors, who are appointed by the President and approved by Congress.The Fed's tools for monetary management have been made more difficult by financial innovations. The public's increasing acceptance of money market mutual funds has funneled a large amount of money into what are essentially interest-bearing checking accounts. Securitization permits commercial banks to change what once were illiquid consumer loans of several varieties into securities. Selling these securities gives the banks a source of funding that is outside the Fed's influence.INSTRUMENT OF MONETARY POLICY: HOW THE FED INFLUENCES THE SUPPLY OF MONEYThe Fed has three instruments at its disposal to affect the level of reserves.Reserve RequirementsUnder our fractional reserve banking system have to maintain specified fractional amounts of reserves against their deposits. The Fed can raise or lower these required reserve ratios, thereby permitting banks to decrease or increase their lending and investment portfolios. A bank's total reserves equal its required reserves plus any excess reserves.Open Market OperationsThe Fed's most powerful instrument is its authority to conduct open market operation. It buys and sells in open debt markets government securities for its own accounts. The Fed prefers to use Treasury bills because it can make its substantial transactions without seriously disrupting the prices or yields of bills.The Federal Open Market Committee, or FOMC, is the unit that decides on the general issues of changing the rate of growth in the money supply, by open market sales or purchases of securities. The implementation of policy through open market operations is the responsibility of the trading desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.Open Market Repurchase AgreementsThe Fed often employs variants of simple open market purchases and sales, these are called the repurchase agreement (or repo) and the reverse repo. In a repo, the Fed buys a particular amount of securities from a seller that agrees to repurchase the same number of securities for a higher price at some future time. In a reverse repo, the Fed sells securities and makes a commitment to buy them back at a higher price later.Discount RateA bank borrowing from the Fed is said to use the discount window. The discount rate is the rate charged to banks borrowing directly from the Fed. Raising the rate is designed to discourage such borrowing, while lowering should have the opposite effect.DIFFERENT KINDS OF MONEYMoney is that item which serves as a numeraire. In a basic sense money can be defined as anything that serves as a unit of account and medium of exchange. We measure prices in dollars and exchange dollars for goods. Hence coins, currency, and any items readily exchanged into dollars (checking deposits or NOW accounts) constitute our money supply.MONEY AND MONETARY AGGREGATESMonetary aggregates measure the amount of money available to the economy at any time. The monetary base is defined as currency in circulation (coins and federal reserve notes) and reserves in the banking system. The instruments that serve as a medium of exchange can be narrowly defined as Mi, which is currency and demand deposits. M2 is Mi plus time and savings accounts, and money market mutual funds. Finally, M3 is M? plus short-term Treasury liabilities. While all three aggregates are watched and monitored, Mi is the most common form of the money supply, with its trait as being the most liquid. The ratio of the money supply to the economy's income is known as the velocity of money.THE MONEY MULTIPIER: THE EXPANSION OF THE MONEY SUPPLYThe money multiplier effect arises from the fact that a small change in reserves can produce a large change in the money supply. Through our fractional reserve system, a small increase will allow an individual bank, to lend out the greater part of these additional funds. These loans subsequently become deposits in other banks allowing them to expand proportionately. So, while one bank can expand its loans (or deposits) by an amount 1% of reserves required, all banks in the system can do likewise. Thus, in a simple format total change in deposits can be stated as change in reserves divided by the reserve requirement, which is also the formula for perpetuity. For example, if the change in the level of reserves is $100 and the reserve requirement is 20%, the change in total deposits will be $500 for a multiplier of 5. Of course, major assumptions are that banks will fully loan out their excess reserves and that depositors will not withdraw any of these extra reserves. THE IMPACT OF INTEREST RATES ON THE MONEY SUPPLYHigh rates of interest may make keeping excess reserves costly, since unused funds represent loans not made and interest not earned. High rates of interest will also affect the public's demand for holding cash. If deposits pay competitive interest rates, customers will be more willing to hold such bank liabilities and less cash. Therefore, a higher rate of interest can actually spur growth of the money supply. More likely, however, it will deter borrowing and slow monetary growth.THE MONEY SUPPLY PROCESS IN AN OPEN ECONOMYIn the modern era, almost every country has an open economy. Foreign commercial and central banks hold dollar accounts in the United States. Their purchases and sales of these deposits can affect exchange rates of the dollar against their own currency. The Fed has responsibility for maintaining stability in exchange rates. A purchase of foreign exchange with dollars depreciates the dollar's value, but it also adds dollars to the accounts of foreign banks in this country, thus adding to the U.S. monetary base. Most central banks of large economies own or stand ready to own a large amount of each of the world's major currencies, which are considered international reserves. Sales of foreign exchange transactions have monetary base implication and hence consequences for the domestic money supply, emphasis is given to coordinating monetarypolicies among developed nations.ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 4(Questions are in bold print followed by answers.)1.What is the role of a central bank?The role of a central bank has several functions: risk assessment, risk reduction, oversight of payment systems, and crisis management. It can do this through monetary policies, and through the implementation of regulations.2.Why is it argued that a central bank should be independent of the government?Central banks should be independent of the short-term political interests and political influences generally in setting economic policies.3.Identify each participant and its role in the process by which the money supply changes and monetary policy is implemented.The Fed determines monetary policy and seeks to implement it through changes in reserves. It is up to the nation's banking system to act on changes in reserves thereby affecting deposits, which constitute the greater part of the M| definition of the money supply.4.Describe the structure of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System.The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System consists of 7 members who are appointed to staggered 14-year terms. The Board reviews discount operations and sets legal reserve requirements. In addition, all 7 members of the Board serve on the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), which determines the direction and magnitude of open-market operations. Such operations constitute the key instrument for implementing monetary policy.5.a・ Explain what is meant by the statement "the United States has a fractional reserve banking system."b. How are these items related: total reserves, required reserves, and excess reserves?a. A fractional reserve system requires that a fraction or percent of a bank's reserve be placedeither in currency in vault or with the Federal Reserve System.b.Total reserves are the amounts that banks hold in cash or at the Fed. Required reserves areamounts required by the Fed to meet some specific or legal reserve ratio to deposits. Excess reserves are bank reserves in currency and at the Fed which are in excess of legal requirements.Since these amounts are non-interest bearing, banks are often willing to lend these surplus funds to deficit banks at the Fed funds rate.5.What is the required reserve ratio, and how has the 1980 Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act constrained the Fed's control over the ratio?The required reserve ratio is the fraction of deposits a bank must hold as reserves. The DIDMCA constrained the Fed's control over the ratio by letting Congress set ranges of reserves for demand and time deposits.6.In what two forms can a bank hold its required reserves?A bank can hold its reserves in the form of currency in vault or in deposit at the Fed.8.a.What is an open market purchase by the Fed?b.Which unit of the Fed decides on open market policy, and what unit implements thatpolicy?c.What is the immediate consequence of an open market purchase?a.An open market purchase by the Fed consists of the purchase of U.S. Treasury securities.b.The FOMC decides on open market policy and directs the Federal Reserve Bank of New Yorkto implement it through sales and purchases of these securities.c.The immediate consequence of an open market purchase is to supply the seller of the securitywith a check on the Federal Reserve System that he can deposit in his bank, therebyimmediately increasing the excess reserves and thus nation's money supply.7.Distinguish between an open market sale and a matched sale (which is the same as a matched sale-purchase transaction or a reverse repurchase agreement).A matched sale or reverse repo involves the sale of a Treasury security with an agreement to buy it back at a later date and at a higher price as the cost for borrowing the funds. This contrasts with an outright sale at some discounted or premium price.8.What is the discount rate, and to what type of action by a bank does it apply?The discount rate is the rate a bank pays to borrow a t the "discount window” of the Fed. Such borrowings are often undertaken to meet temporary liquidity needs. Bank needs are monitored and the Fed likes to state that borrowing from it is a "privilege and not a right.”IL Define the monetary base and M2The monetary base includes total bank reserves plus currency in the hands of the public. M2 = Mi (currency and demand deposits) + savings and time deposits.12.Describe the basic features of the money multiplier.The money multiplier is crucial to the concept of money creation and is analogous to the idea of the autonomous spending multiplier and formula for a perpetuity. It is the inverse of the required reserve ratio (1/rr). If the reserve ratio is .2 then the money supply will expand five times any increase in new deposits. The multiplier will be less if banks hold excess reserves or experience cash drains.13.Suppose the Fed were to inject $100 million of reserves into the banking system by an open market purchase of Treasury bills. If the required reserve ratio were 10%, what is the maximum increase in Mi that the new reserves would generate? Assume that banks make all the loans their reserves allow, that firms and individuals keep all their liquid assets in depository accounts, and no money is in the form of currency.The maximum increase in Mi will be $1 billion assuming no cash drains in the system, and banks are fully loaned up.14.Assume the situation from question 13, except now assume that banks hold a ratio of0.5% of excess reserves to deposits and the public keeps 20% of its liquid assets in the form of cash. Under these conditions, what is the money multiplier? Explain why this value of the multiplier is so much lower than the multiplier from question 13.Substitute the given values of currency ratio, required reserves ratio, and excess reserves ratio of 20%, 10% and 0.5% respectively into the formula given on page 94 of the textbook. Now we have a lower multiplier value of 3.9=1.20A 305. This is because public and banks do not deposit or lend, all they can.。
Fabozzi金融市场与金融机构基础课后答案
C H A P T E R6I N S U R A N C E C O M P A N I E STYPE OF INSURANCE COMPANIESInsurance companies sell insurance policies for a premium. They have two sources of income: underwriting income, and investment income.Life InsuranceThe life insurance company pays the beneficiary of the life insurance policy in the event of the death of the insured.Health InsuranceThe health insurance company pays the insured all or a portion of the medical treatment of the insured. Until the last decade, the major type of health insurance available was indemnity insurance. Due to the lack of constraints and incentives for cost savings, the medical service insured by indemnity insurance became very expensive. In response, various forms of managed health care have been developed. In general, these forms of managed health care put constraints on the choice of the provider by the insured and on the types of service provided by the provider.Property and Casualty InsuranceProperty and casualty (P&C) insurance companies insure the risk of damage to various types of property.Liability InsuranceThe risk insured against is litigation, or the risk of lawsuits against the insured due to actions by the insured or others. This is typically a third-party claim.Disability InsuranceDisability insurance insures against the inability of employed persons to earn an income. Typically, “own occ”disability insurance is written for professionals in white-collar occupations, and “any occ”for blue-collar workers. There are two types of policiesregarding the sustainability of the policy. First, guaranteed renewable is a term where the issuer has to sustain the policy for a specified period of time, but can change the premium rates for the entire class. The other type is noncancellable and guaranteed renewable whereby the issuer has no right to make any changes in any policy during the specified period.Long-Term Care InsuranceLong-term care insurance provides coverage for custodial care for the aged who are no longer able to care for themselves.Structured SettlementsStructured settlements are fixed, guaranteed periodic payments over a long period of time, typically resulting from a settlement on a disability policy or other type of policy.Investment Oriented ProductsA guaranteed investment contract or guaranteed income contract (or simply GIC), is a pure investment product. In a GIC, a life insurance company agrees, for a single premium, to pay the principal amount and a predetermined annual crediting rate over the life of the investment, all of which is paid at the maturity date. A life insurance company agrees in return for a premium to pay the principal amount and a predetermined annual crediting rate over the life of the investment. Effectively, a GIC is a zero coupon bond issued by a life insurance company and as such exposes the investor to the same credit risk. Some GICs require a single premium payment (bullet), others provide windows wherein deposits are accepted over time at the same interest rate. GICs are popular contracts for pension funds, since interest rate risk assumed by insurance company. But investors still have to worry about the credit risk of the insurance company.AnnuityAn annuity is often described as a mutual fund in an insurance wrapper. The income and realized gains are not taxable if not withdrawn from the annuity product. Thus, the “inside buildup”of returns receives a favorable tax treatment. Annuities can be either fixed, or variable. For a single payment or premium the insurance company will provide fixed payments for the life of the policyholder. It can also provide a “lump sum” payment to the retiree after a number of years of accumulating and investing premium payments.Monoline Insurance CompaniesMonoline insurers guarantee the timely repayment of the bond principal and interest when a bond insurer defaults on these payments. The insured securities have traditionally been municipal bonds, but they now include structured finance bonds, CDOs, CLOs, and asset-backed bonds. Monoline insurers have been rated AAA and must have this high rating tobe effective since they transfer their rating to the bond issue being insured.INSURANCE COMPANIES VERSUS TYPES OF PRODUCTSTraditionally, life and health products were coupled by an insurance company because of some of the similarities of the products. Property and casualty products were also provided by P&C companies. Companies that provide both types of insurances (life, health, property, casualty) are called multiline insurance companies. Investment products tend to be sold by life insurance companies.Recently, health insurance companies have separated from life insurance. This change has been due to mainly federal regulation of the health industry. Life insurance companies have focused on investment products. Also, disability insurance is now sold primarily by pure disability companies.FUNDAMENTALS OF INSURANCE INDUSTRYA fundamental aspect of the insurance industry results from the relationship between the revenues and costs. A company collects its premium income initially and invests these receipts in its portfolio. The payments on the insurance policy occur later and, depending on the type of insurance, in a perhaps very unpredictable manner. The payments are contingent on potential future events.An insurance policy is a binding contract for which the policyholder pays premium in exchange for the insurance company’s promise to pay specified amounts contingent on future events. The accepted policy is an asset for the owner and a liability for the insurance company.Life insurance and property and casualty insurance companies are financial intermediaries that, for a price, will make a payment if a certain event occurs. They function as risk bearers. The principal event that the life insurance company insures against is death: a life insurance company agrees to make either a lump sum payment to the beneficiary of the policy or make a series of payments. However, life insurance protection is not the only financial product sold by these companies. A major portion of the business of life insurance companies is now in the area of providing retirement benefits. The key distinction between life insurance and property and casualty insurance (P&C) companies is the difficulty of projecting whether a policyholder will be paid off and how much the payment will be.REGULATIONS OF INSURANCE INDUSTRYRegulation is primarily at the state level as a result of 1945 federal statute (McCarran-Ferguson Act). Model laws and regulations are developed by National Association of Insurance Commissioners(NAIC). Insurance companies are also rated by the rating agencies.To assure financial stability, insurance companies must maintain reserves or surplus, which are the excess of assets over liabilities. State statutory surplus requirements are called statutory surplus, which is distinguished from generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) surplus.STRUCTURE OF INSURANCE COMPANIESInsurance companies are really a composite of three companies. First there is the “home office”or actual insurance company. Second, there is the investment component, which invests the premium collected in the investment portfolio. This is the investment company. The third is the distribution component of the sales force. There are different typed of distribution forces. Finally there are also brokers who sell insurance products of many companies.Insurance companies are attracted by commercial bank customer contacts. As a result, commercial bank distribution of insurance company products has grown. This relationship is called bankassurance.FORMS OF INSURANCE COMPANIESThere are two forms of insurance companies: stock and mutual. A stock insurance company is similar in structure to any corporation or public company. Shares (of ownership) are owned by independent shareholders and are traded publicly. The shareholders care only about the performance of their shares that is the stock appreciation and the dividends. The insurance policies are simply the products or business of the company. In contrast, mutual insurance companies have no stock and no external owners. Their policyholders are also their owners. The owners, that is the policyholders, care primarily or even solely about the performance on their insurance policies, notably the company’s ability to pay on the policy. Since theses payments may occur considerably into the future, the policyholders view may be long term.Finally a new form of insurance company, which is a hybrid between a pure mutual and a pure stock company has been approved by some states and implemented by some insurance companies in these states since their introduction in 1996. This form is called a mutual holding company (MHC).INDIVIDUAL VERSUS GROUP INSURANCEInsurance products can be sold on individual and group bases. Also, in the P&C business, insurers can sell personal lines and commercial lines of insurance products.TYPES OF LIFE INSURANCEThere are two fundamentally different types of life insurance: term (life) insurance andcash value life insurance.Term InsuranceTerm policies pay off only on death. Three are no investment benefits and so the premiums are substantially lower than those on whole life policies. Most group policies are term policies. “Term” implies that coverage is available only during the premium-paying term of the contract.Cash Value or Permanent Life InsuranceThere is a broad classification of life insurance, which is cash value, or permanent or investment type life insurance. A common type of cash value life insurance is whole life insurance. This cash value can be withdrawn and can also be borrowed against by the owner of the policy. If the owner wishes to let the policy lapse, he or she can withdraw the cash value. A major advantage of this type of policy is that the inside buildup is not subject to tax, i.e., is taxed as either income or capital gains. Neither is the beneficiary subject to income tax.Guaranteed cash value life insurance: This insurance provides a cash value based on a minimum dividend paid on the policy. Additionally, the policy can be either participating or nonparticipating. For a nonparticipating policy, the minimum dividend and the minimum cash value on the policy are the guaranteed amounts. For the participating policy, the dividend paid on the policy is based on the realized actuarial experience of the company and its investment portfolio.Variable life insurance: Contrary to the guaranteed or fixed cash value policies based on the general account portfolio of the insurance company, variable life insurance policies allow the policy owner to, within limits, allocate their premium payments to and among separate investment accounts maintained by the insurance company. Variable life insurance, which typically has common stock investment options, has grown quickly with the stock market rally of the 1990’s.Flexible premium policies—universal life insurance: The key element of universal life is the flexibility of the premium. The policy cash value is set up as the cash value fund to which the investment income is credited and from which the cost of term insurance for the insured is debited. This separation of the cash value from the pure insurance is called the unbundling of the traditional life insurance policy.Variable universal life insurance: Variable universal life insurance combines the features of variable life and universal life policies, i.e., the choice of separate account investment products and flexible premiums.Survivorship (Second to Die) InsuranceAn added dimension of the whole life policies is that two people are jointly insured and the policy pays the death benefit not when the first person dies, but when the second person dies. This is called survivorship insurance or second-to-die insurance.GENERAL ACCOUNT AND SEPARATE ACCOUNT PRODUCTSThe general account of an insurance company refers to the investment portfolio of the overall company. Insurance companies must support the guaranteed performance of their general account products to the extent of their solvency. These are called general account products.Other types of insurance products receive no guarantee from the insurance company’s general account, and their performance is not based on the performance of the insurer’s general account but solely on the performance of an account separate from the general account of the insurer. These products are called separate account products.PARTICIPATING POLICIESThe performance of some general account products is not affected by the performance of the general account portfolio. The policy performance may not participate in the investment performance of the insurer’s general account investment portfolio. Such a policy is nonparticipating policy. Other general insurance products participate in the performance of the company’s general account performance. Such a policy is called a participating policy. Both stock and mutual insurance companies write both general and separate account products, but most participating general account products are written in mutual companies.INSURANCE COMPANIES INVESTMENT STRATEGIESIn general the characteristics of insurance company investment portfolio should reflect their liabilities - the insurance products they underwrite. There are many differences among the various types of insurance policies. Among them are:▪The expected time at which the average payment will be made by the insurance company (Technically, the “duration” of the payments)▪The statistical or actuarial accuracy of estimates▪Other factorsThe key distinction between life insurance, property and casualty insurance companies lies in the difficulty of projecting whether or not a policyholder will be paid off and how muchthe payment will be. There are also differences in investment strategy between public (or stock) and mutual insurance companies of the same type. The major difference is that stock companies tend to have less common stock than mutual companies.Most insurance company assets consist of debt, both public and private. In fact, life insurers as a group are the largest holders of bonds. Since life insurers are effectively taxed at very low rates, there are no advantages to holding municipals. The reason for bond holdings are (1) to match maturities, since liabilities are often long-term and at a fixed rate, and (2) regulations require that bonds be booked at cost, while stocks must be written at market value.CHANGES IN THE INSURANCE INDUSTRYThere have been three major types of changes in the insurance industry in the last two decades: (1) deregulation of the financial system; (2) internationalization of the insurance industry; (3) demutulization.Deregulation of the Financial SystemIn 1933, Congress passed the Glass-Steagall Act, which separated commercial banking, investment banking, and insurance. This act resulted in the breakup of the House of Morgan into separate investment banking and commercial banking entities. . On November 12, 1999 the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLB), called the Financial Modernization Act of 1999, was signed into law. This act removed the 50 year old “anti-affiliation restrictions”among commercial banks, investments banks and insurance companies. The passage of this act has eliminated the barriers between insurance companies, commercial banks, and investment banks and various combinations of these types of companies will continue to evolve. Since then, however, Citigroup sold its insurance business (Travelers) to MetLife, and no other major combinations between banking and insurance have taken place.Internationalization of the Insurance IndustryGlobalization has occurred in many industries, including insurance industry. With respect to the U.S. globalization operates in two directions. First, U.S. insurance companies have both acquired and entered into agreements with international insurance companies and begun operations in other countries. Second, international insurance companies, mainly European, have become even more active in acquiring U.S. insurance and investment companies. The reasons are: (1) more rapid growth of the US financial business, (2) attractive demographics and income potential of the US market, and (3) less regulations.DemutualizationSince the mid-1990s, several insurance companies have changed from mutual to stock companies. Many industry observers believe that the recent demutualized insurance companies will either acquire other financial companies or will be acquired by other financial companies.EVOLUTION OF INSURANCE INVESTMENT AND RETIREMENT PRODUCTSEven prior to the Financial Modernization Act of 1999, there was an increasing overlap of insurance, investment and pension products and the distribution of those products. The passage of this Act has accelerated this convergence.Three decades ago there were three distinct types of products for individuals: insurance, savings/investment, and retirement. Retirement products include individual retirementaccounts. During the last two decades, many products have been developed that fit into two or even three of these categories. Products that are hybrid of retirement and investment products are 401k and Roth 401k.401(k) Plans and Roth 401(k) Plans401(k) plans are plans provided by an employer whereby an employee may elect to contribute pretax dollars to a qualified tax-deferred retirement plan.IRAs and Roth IRAsWhile a 401(k) is an employer-sponsored retirement program, the most common types of IRAs are personal tax-deferred retirement plans. Individually sponsored IRAs include traditional IRA, Roth IRA, and rollover IRA. Employer-sponsored IRA included Simplified Employee Pension (SEP) plans, and Savings Incentives Matching Plan for Employees (SIMPLE).ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 6(Questions are in bold print followed by answers.)1.a.What are the major sources of revenue for an insurance company?b.How are its profits determined?a.An insurance company's revenue is generated from two sources: (1) premium incomefor policies written during the year; (2) investment income resulting from the investment of both the reserves established to pay off future claims and the P&C's surplus (asset less liabilities).b.Profit is determined by subtracting from the revenue for the year (as defined above inquestion 1a) each of the following items: (1) claim expenses: funds that must be added to reserves for new claims for policies written during the year; (2) claim adjustment expenses: funds that must be added to reserves because of underestimates of actuarially projected claims from previous years; (3) taxes; (4) administrative and marketing expenses associated with issuing policies. If annual premiums exceed the sum of (1), (2) and (4), the difference is said to be the underwriting profit. An underwriting loss results otherwise.2. Name the major types of insurance and investment oriented products sold by insurance companies.The major types of insurance products sold are: Life insurance, Health insurance, Property and casualty insurance, Liability insurance, Disability insurance, long-term care insurance, GIC and annuities.3.a.What is a GIC?b.Does a GIC carry a “guarantee” like a government obligation?a. A guaranteed investment contract (GIC) guarantees a fixed interest incomecompounded over the life of the contract. It is like a zero-coupon bond issued by an insurance company, usually to pension funds. A GIC shifts the interest rate risk from a pension fund to the issuer.b.The guarantee is given only by the insurance company. There is no governmentbailout in case of insolvency of the issuer.4. What are some key differences between a mutual fund and an annuity?In a mutual fund, all income is taxable, and no guarantees are given in its performance. An annuity is an investment product often called a “mutual fund is in an insurance wrapper”. The wrapper is the guarantee by the insurance company. The company will pay the annuity holder.5. Why should a purchaser of life insurance be concerned about the credit rating of his or her insurance company?The credit rating of an insurance company is extremely important to the purchaser of the LIC product. The credit risk of insurance company has been prominent by the default of several major issues of GIC e.g. mutual Benefits and Executive Life in 1991.6.a.Does the SEC regulate all insurance companies?b.If not, who regulates them?a.No. The insurance industry is regulated by individual states and only the SEC regulatesthose insurance companies whose stock is publicly traded.b.State laws and NAIC, a voluntary association of state insurance commissioners.7. Does the insurance industry have a self-regulatory group and, if so, what is its role?Model laws and regulations are developed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), a voluntary association of the state insurance commissioners, for application on insurance companies in all states. An adoption of a model law or regulation by the NAIC is not, however, binding on any state. States typically use these as a model when writing their own laws and regulations.8. What is the statutory surplus and why is it an important measure for an insurance company?For an insurance company, surplus is simply total assets minus liabilities, or net worth. Due to state regulations the size of the surplus dictates the amount of common stock that an insurance company can hold and ultimately the amount of business it can write.9. What is bank assurance?“Banc assurance”means combining the activities of banking and insurance companies. Several factors could explain the growing interest in banc assurance in certain regions: (1) deregulation and increased competition are forcing banking and insurance firms to seek new markets and products, (2) a growth in savings, and (3) an increased demand for insurance with investment features.10.a.What is meant by “demutualization”?b.What are the perceived advantages of demutualization?a.Demutualization refers to changing structure of insurance companies from beingmutual companies stocks to ownership companies. This recent trend of demutualization in 1990’s is changing the landscape of insurance industry.b.The advantages of demutualization is more competition, transparency and pressure forbetter performance for the shareholders.11. Comment on the following quotation from Frank J. Jones, “An Overview of Institutional Fixed Income Strategies,” in Volume 1 of Professional Perspectives on Fixed Income Portfolio Management (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2000):An important impediment to the use of the total rate of return objective by stock life insurance companies is the role of equity analysts on Wall Street. . . . These equity analysts emphasize the stability of earnings and thereby prefer stable income to capital gains. Therefore, they consider only income and not capital gains, either realized or unrealized, in operating income—an important measure in their overall rating. While this practice of not considering capital gains may be appropriate for bonds, it certainly is inappropriate for common stock and provides a significant disincentive to life insurance companies for owning common stock in their portfolios. . . . this equity analyst practice does a disservice to policyholders of stock life insurance companies since their insurance companies end up having inferior asset allocations.The statement by Jones has elements of subjective judgment and has several dimensions. It begs the merit of stocks vs. mutual structure of ownership and the respective rates of returns for the shareholders. It may be true that equity analysts emphasize the stability of earnings at the cost of capital gains. But those capital gains are reflected in the current price of the stock. It is up to the shareholders to realize those gains. Thus, the total rate of return objective by stock life insurance companies is not a real impediment.12. What are term insurance, whole life insurance, variable life insurance, universal life insurance, and survivorship insurance?Term insurance is pure life. If the insured person dies while the policy is intact, the beneficiary receives the death benefit.Whole life insurance pays off a stated amount upon the death of the insured and accumulates a cash value that can be redeemed by the policyholder.Universal life pays a dividend that is tied to market interest rates. Essentially, the cash value of a universal life policy builds and is used to buy term insurance.Variable life insurance provides a death benefit that depends on the market value of the investment at the time of the insured’s death. The premiums are typically invested in common stock; hence such policies are referred to as equity-linked policies. While the death benefits are variable, there is a guaranteed minimum death benefit that the insurer agrees to pay regardless of the market value of the portfolio.Universal Life Insurance: the main element of the universal life insurance is the flexibility of premium for the policyholder. It separates term insurance from cash value element of the policy.13. Why are all participating policies written in an insurance company’s general account?All participating policies by the insurance company are written in the general account. The general account of an insurance company refers to the investment portfolio of the overall company. Such products “Written by the company itself”are said to have a “general account guarantee” i.e. they are a liability of the insurance company. The rating agencies provide a credit rating based on products written by or guaranteed by the general account.14. Whose liabilities are harder to predict, life insurers or property and casualty insurers? Explain why.Property and casualty insurers P&Cs. Life insurance actuaries can predict death rates among various age groups based upon historical data. With P&Cs, the timing and amount of payoffs are almost random by nature. Past experience provides little predictive assistance. Homeowner claims are just as likely to arise in the first year of a policy or ten years later. Even then, the dollar amount of damage claims can be small or for the entire value of the policy.15. How does the Financial Modernization Act of 1999 affect the insurance industry?The Financial Modernization Act of 1999 will affect significantly the insurance industry in several ways. Even before this act, there was an increase overlap of insurance, investment, pension products and the distribution of products. The passage of this act has accelerated this convergence. This act has eliminated the barriers between insurance companies, commercial banks, and investment banks and various combinations will continue to evolve.。
《金融英语》习题答案unit1-10
“高职高专商务英语专业规划教材”Unit 1 Financial Market Research练习参考答案I.Read through the text and answer the following questions.1.A financial market is a mechanism that allows people to easily buy andsell (trade) financial securities (such as stocks and bonds), commodities (such as precious metals or agricultural goods), and other fungible items of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect the efficient-market hypothesis.2.The raising of capital ;the transfer of risk and international trade3.Capital markets,commodity markets,money markets, derivative markets,insurance markets and foreign exchange markets .4.Financial markets fit in the relationship between lenders andborrowers.5.Individuals, companies, governments, municipalities and publiccorporations.II. Paraphrase the following expressions or abbreviations and translate them into ChineseCheck the answers from the Special Term Lists.III. Fill in the blanks with the proper wordsThe global financial crisis, brewing for a while, really started to show its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems.On the one hand many people are concerned that those responsible for the financial problems are the ones being bailed out, while on the other hand, a global financial meltdown will affect the livelihoods of almost everyone in an increasingly inter-connected world. The problem could have been avoided, if ideologues supporting the current economics models weren’t so vocal, influential and inconsiderate of others’ viewpoints and concerns.IV.Translation.1.金融市场包括很多方面，包括资本市场，华尔街，甚至是市场本身。
第一章--为何学习金融市场与机构(英文习题及答案)
Chapter 1 Why Study Financial Markets and Institutions?1.1 Single Choice1)Financial markets and institutionsA)involve the movement of huge quantities of money.B)affect the profits of businesses.C)affect the types of goods and services produced in an economy.D)do all of the above.E)do only A and B of the above.2)Financial market activities affectA) personal wealth.B) spending decisions by individuals and business firms.C) the economy's location in the business cycle.D) all of the above.3) Markets in which funds are transferred from those who have excess funds available to those who have a shortage of available funds are calledA) commodity markets.B) funds markets.C) derivative exchange markets.D) financial markets.4) The price paid for the rental of borrowed funds (usually expressedas a percentage of the rental of $100 per year) is commonly referred to as theA) inflation rate.B) exchange rate.C) interest rate.D) aggregate price level.5) The bond markets are important becauseA) they are easily the most widely followed financial markets in the United States.B) they are the markets where interest rates are determined.C) they are the markets where foreign exchange rates are determined.D) all of the above.6) Interest rates are important to financial institutions since an interest rate increase _________ the cost of acquiring funds and _________ the income from assets.A) decreases; decreasesB) increases; increasesC) decreases; increasesD) increases; decreases7) Typically, increasing interest ratesA) discourages individuals from saving.B) discourages corporate investments.C) encourages corporate expansion.D) encourages corporate borrowing.E) none of the above.8) Compared to interest rates on long-term U.S. government bonds, interest rates on _________ fluctuate more and are lower on average.A) medium-quality corporate bondsB) low-quality corporate bondsC) high-quality corporate bondsD) three-month Treasury billsE) none of the above9) Compared to interest rates on long-term U.S. government bonds, interest rates on three-month Treasury bills fluctuate _________ and are _________ on average.A) more; lowerB) less; lowerC) more; higherD) less; higher10) The stock market is important becauseA) it is where interest rates are determined.B) it is the most widely followed financial market in the UnitedStates.C) it is where foreign exchange rates are determined.D) all of the above.11) Stock prices since the 1950s have beenA) relatively stable, trending upward at a steady pace.B) relatively stable, trending downward at a moderate rate.C) extremely volatile.D) unstable, trending downward at a moderate rate.12) The largest one-day drop in the history of the American stock markets occurred inA) 1929.B) 1987.C) 2000.D) 2001.13) A rising stock market index due to higher share pricesA) increases people's wealth and as a result may increase their willingness to spend.B) increases the amount of funds that business firms can raise by selling newly issued stock.C) decreases the amount of funds that business firms can raise by selling newly issued stock.D) both A and B of the above.14) A declining stock market index due to lower share pricesA) reduces people's wealth and as a result may reduce their willingness to spend.B) increases people's wealth and as a result may increase their willingness to spend.C) decreases the amount of funds that business firms can raise by selling newly issued stock.D) both A and C of the above.E) both B and C of the above.15) Changes in stock pricesA) affect people's wealth and their willingness to spend.B) affect firms' decisions to sell stock to finance investment spending.C) are characterized by considerable fluctuations.D) all of the above.E) only A and B of the above.16) (I) Debt markets are often referred to generically as the bond market. (II) A bond is a security that is a claim on the earnings and assets of a corporation.A) (I) is true, (II) false.B) (I) is false, (II) true.C) Both are true.D) Both are false.17) (I) A bond is a debt security that promises to make payments periodically for a specified period of time. (II) A stock is a security that is a claim on the earnings and assets of a corporation.A) (I) is true, (II) false.B) (I) is false, (II) true.C) Both are true.D) Both are false.18) The price of one country's currency in terms of another's is calledA) the exchange rate.B) the interest rate.C) the Dow Jones industrial average.D) none of the above.19) A stronger dollar benefits _________ and hurts _________A) American businesses; American consumers.B) American businesses; foreign businesses.C) American consumers; American businesses.D) foreign businesses; American consumers.20) A weaker dollar benefits _________ and hurts _________A) American businesses; American consumers.B) American businesses; foreign consumers.C) American consumers; American businesses.D) foreign businesses; American consumers.21)From 1980 to early 1985 the dollar _________ in value, thereby benefiting American _________A) appreciated; businesses.B) appreciated; consumers.C) depreciated; businesses.D) depreciated; consumers.22) Money is defined asA) anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods and services or in the repayment of debt.B) bills of exchange.C) a riskless repository of spending power.D) all of the above.E) only A and B of the above.23) The organization responsible for the conduct of monetary policy in the United States is theA) Comptroller of the Currency.B) U.S. Treasury.C) Federal Reserve System.D) Bureau of Monetary Affairs.24) The central bank of the United States isA) Citicorp.B) The Fed.C) Bank of America.D) The Treasury.E) none of the above.25) Monetary policy is chiefly concerned withA) how much money businesses earn.B) the level of interest rates and the nation's money supply.C) how much money people pay in taxes.D) whether people have saved enough money for retirement.26) Economists group commercial banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, mutual funds, mutual savings banks, insurance companies, pension funds, and finance companies together under the heading financial intermediaries. Financial intermediariesA) act as middlemen, borrowing funds from those who have saved andlending these funds to others.B) produce nothing of value and are therefore a drain on society's resources.C) help promote a more efficient and dynamic economy.D) do all of the above.E) do only A and C of the above.27) Economists group commercial banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, mutual funds, mutual savings banks, insurance companies, pension funds, and finance companies together under the heading financial intermediaries. Financial intermediariesA) act as middlemen, borrowing funds from those who have saved and lending these funds to others.B) play an important role in determining the quantity of money in the economy.C) help promote a more efficient and dynamic economy.D) do all of the above.E) do only A and C of the above.28) Banks are important to the study of money and the economy because theyA) provide a channel for linking those who want to save with thosewho want to invest.B) have been a source of rapid financial innovation that is expanding the alternatives available to those wanting to invest their money.C) are the only financial institution to play a role in determining the quantity of money in the economy.D) do all of the above.E) do only A and B of the above.29) Banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, and credit unionsA) are no longer important players in financial intermediation.B) have been providing services only to small depositors since deregulation.C) have been adept at innovating in response to changes in the regulatory environment.D) all of the above.E) only A and C of the above.30) (I) Banks are financial intermediaries that accept deposits and make loans. (II) The term "banks" includes firms such as commercial banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, credit unions, insurance companies, and pension funds. A) (I) is true, (II) false.B) (I) is false, (II) true.C) Both are true.D) Both are false.31) ____ was the stock market's worst one-day drop in history in the 1980s.A) Black FridayB) Black MondayC) Blackout DayD) none of the above32) The largest financial intermediaries areA) insurance companies.B) finance companies.C) banks.D) all of the above.33) In recent yearsA) interest rates have remained constant.B) success of financial institutions have reached levels unprecedented since the Great Depression.C) stock markets have crashed.D) all of the above.34) A securityA) is a claim or price of property that is subject to ownership.B) promises that payments will be made periodically for a specified period of time.C) is the price paid for the usage of funds.D) is a claim on the issuer's future income.35) ____ are considered a financial institutions.A) BanksB) Insurance companiesC) Finance companiesD) Investment banks36) Monetary policy affectsA) interest rates.B) inflation.C) business cycles.D) all of the above.答案：1-5：DDDCB 6-10：BBDAB 11-15：CBDDD 16-20：ACACA 21-25：BACBB 26-30：EDECA 31-36：BCCDDD。
金融市场与金融机构(chapter)
of the demand curve ,and the supply
curve ,at point 1,with an equilibrium federal rate of iff. *
Market equilibrium
市场均衡发生在准备金的需求数量 d 和供给数量相等时，即Rs =R。因 此均衡产生于需求曲线和供给曲线 位于点1的交点处，均衡联邦基金 利率为iff*
Demand curve
因此，对银行准备金的需求数量等于法定 准备金加上超额准备金，超额准备金是应对存 款流出的保险金额，而持有这些超额准备金的 成本就是其机会成本，即这些银行准备金借出 所能赚取的利率，它等于联邦基金利率。因此随 着联邦基金利率降低，持有超额准备金的机会 成本也将降低，当其他条件保持不变时，对银 行准备金的需求数量将会增加。银行准备金的 需求曲线向下移动。
Discount lending
A lower discount rate, with the federal funds rate held constant,leads to a greater quantity of reserves supplied and shifts the s s supply curve to the right from R1 to R2.The result is that the equilibrium moves from point 1 to point 2,lowering the federal funds 1 2 rate from iff to iff.
Demand curve
federal funds rate
Rs
1 i
Rd
Quantity of ResAs we saw in the preceding section,when discount lending increases, the quantity of reserves supplied to the banking system also increases. when banks borrow from the Fed,their principal benefit is the earnings from lending these funds out at the federal funds rate . Thus holding everything else constant, when the federal funds rate increases, banks will borrow more from the Fed,and the resulting rise in discount lending means t hat the quantity of reserves supplied rise. For this reason ,the supply curve for reserves,slopes upward.
金融市场与机构课后答案chapter01
Chapter1Role of Financial Markets and Institutions OutlineOverview of Financial MarketsMoney Versus Capital MarketsPrimary Versus Secondary MarketsOrganized Versus Over-the-Counter MarketsSecurities Traded in Financial MarketsMoney Market SecuritiesCapital Market SecuritiesDerivative SecuritiesValuation of Securities in Financial MarketsMarket Pricing of SecuritiesMarket EfficiencyFinancial Market RegulationDisclosureOther RegulationsFinancial Market GlobalizationRole of the Foreign Exchange MarketForeign Exchange RatesRole of Financial Institutions in Financial MarketsRole of Depository InstitutionsRole of Nondepository InstitutionsComparison of Roles Among Financial InstitutionsOverview of Financial InstitutionsCompetition Between Financial InstitutionsConsolidation of Financial Institutions12E Chapter1/Role of Financial Markets and InstitutionsGlobal Expansion by Financial InstitutionsKey Concepts1.Explain the role of financial intermediaries in transferring funds from surplus units to deficit units.2.Introduce the types of financial markets available and their functions.3.Introduce the various financial institutions that facilitate the flow of funds.4.Provide a preview of the course outline.Emphasize the linkages between the various sections of thecourse.Questions1.Explain the meaning of surplus units and deficit units.Provide an example of each.ANSWER:Surplus units provide funds to the financial markets while deficit units obtain funds from the financial markets.Surplus units include households with savings,while deficit units include firms or government agencies that borrow funds.2.Distinguish between primary and secondary markets.ANSWER:Primary markets are used for the issuance of new securities while secondary markets are used for the trading of existing securities.3.Distinguish between money and capital markets.ANSWER:Money markets facilitate the trading of short-term(money market)instruments while capital markets facilitate the trading of long-term(capital market)instruments.4.Distinguish between perfect and imperfect security markets.ANSWER:With perfect financial markets,all information about any securities for sale would be freely available to investors,information about surplus and deficit units would be freely available, and all securities could be unbundled into any size desired.In reality,markets are imperfect,so that surplus and deficit units do not have free access to information,and securities can not be unbundled as desired.5.Explain why the existence of imperfect markets creates a need for financial institutions.ANSWER:Financial intermediaries are needed to facilitate the exchange of funds between surplus and deficit units.They have the information to provide this service and can even repackage deposits to provide the amount of funds borrowers desire.6.Explain the meaning of efficient markets.Why might we expect markets to be efficient most of thetime?ANSWER:If markets are efficient then prices of securities available in these markets properly reflect all information.We should expect markets to be efficient because if they weren't,investors would capitalize on the discrepancy between what prices are and what they should be.This action would force market prices to represent the appropriate prices as perceived by the market.7.In recent years,several securities firms have been guilty of using inside information when purchasingsecurities,thereby achieving returns well above the norm(even when accounting for risk).Does this suggest that the security markets are not efficient?Explain.ANSWER:Efficiency is often defined with regard to publicly available information.In this case, markets can be efficient,but investors with inside information could possibly outperform the market on a consistent basis.A stronger version of efficiency would hypothesize that even access to inside information will not consistently outperform the market.Chapter1/Role of Financial Markets and Institutions E3 8.What was the purpose of the Securities Act of1933?What was the purpose of the SecuritiesExchange Act of1934?Do these laws prevent investors from making poor investment decisions?Explain.ANSWER:The Securities Act of1933was intended to assure complete disclosure of relevantfinancial information on publicly offered securities,and prevent fraudulent practices when selling these securities.The Securities Exchange Act of1934extended the disclosure requirements tosecondary market issues.It also declared a variety of deceptive practices illegal,but does not prevent poor investments.9.If barriers to international securities markets are reduced,will a country's interest rate be more or lesssusceptible to foreign lending or borrowing activities?Explain.ANSWER:If international securities market barriers are reduced,a country's interest rate will likely become more susceptible to foreign lending and borrowing activities.Without barriers,funds will flow more freely in between countries.Funds would seek out countries where expected returns are high.Then,the amount of foreign funds invested in any country could adjust abruptly and affect interest rates.10.In what way could the international flow of funds cause a decline in interest rates?ANSWER:If a large volume of foreign funds was invested in the United States,it could placedownward pressure on U.S.interest rates.Without this supply of foreign funds,U.S.interest rates would have been higher.11.Distinguish between the functions of a broker and those of a dealer,and explain how each iscompensated.ANSWER:Brokers are commonly compensated with commissions on trades,while dealers arecompensated on their positions in particular securities.Some dealers also provide brokerage services.12.Why is it necessary for securities to be somewhat standardized?ANSWER:Securities can be more easily traded when they are standardized because the specifics of the security transaction are well known.If securities were not standardized,transactions would be slowed considerably as participants would have to negotiate all the provisions.13.What are the functions of securities firms?ANSWER:Securities firms provide a variety of functions(such as underwriting and brokerage)that either enhance a borrower's ability to borrow funds or an investor’s ability to invest funds.14.Explain why some financial flows of funds cannot occur through the sale of standardized securities.ANSWER:Some financial flows,such as most commercial loans,must be provided on a personal basis,since the firms requesting loans have particular needs.15.If securities were not standardized,how would this affect the volume of financial transactionsconducted by brokers?ANSWER:If securities were not standardized,the volume of financial transactions conducted by brokers would be reduced,because the documentation would be greater.mercial banks use some funds to purchase securities and other funds to make loans.Why are thesecurities more marketable than loans in the secondary market?ANSWER:Securities are more standardized than loans and therefore can be more easily sold in the secondary market.The excessive documentation on commercial loans limits a bank's ability to sell loans in the secondary market.17.How have the asset compositions of savings and loan associations differed from those of commercialbanks?Explain why and how this distinction may change over time.ANSWER:Savings and loan associations have traditionally concentrated in mortgage lending,while commercial banks have concentrated in commercial lending.Savings and loan associations are now4E Chapter1/Role of Financial Markets and Institutionsallowed to diversify their asset portfolio to a greater degree and will likely increase theirconcentration in commercial loans(but not to the same degree as commercial banks.18.With regard to the profit motive,how are credit unions different from other financial institutions?ANSWER:Credit unions are non-profit financial institutions.pare the main sources and uses of funds for finance companies,insurance companies,andpension funds.ANSWER:Finance companies sell securities to obtain funds,while insurance companies receive insurance premiums and pension funds receive employee/employer contributions.Finance companies use funds to provide direct loans to consumers and businesses.Insurance companies and pension funds purchase securities.20.What is the function of a mutual fund?Why are mutual funds popular among investors?ANSWER:A mutual fund sells shares to investors,pools the funds,and invests the funds in aportfolio of securities.Mutual funds are popular because they can help individuals diversify while using professional expertise to make investment decisions.21.How does a money market mutual fund differ from a stock or bond mutual fund?ANSWER:A money market mutual fund invests in money market securities,whereas other mutual funds normally invest in stocks or bonds.22.Classify the types of financial institutions mentioned in this chapter as either depository ornondepository.Explain the general difference between depository and nondepository institution sources of funds.ANSWER:Depository institutions include commercial banks,savings and loan associations,and credit unions.These institutions differ from nondepository institutions in that they accept deposits.Nondepository institutions include finance companies,insurance companies,pension funds,mutual funds,and money market funds.23.It is often stated that all types of financial institutions have begun to offer services that werepreviously offered only by certain types.Consequently,many financial institutions are becoming more similar in terms of their operations.Yet,the performance levels still differ significantly among types of financial institutions.Why?ANSWER:Even though financial institutions are becoming more similar,they often differ distinctly from each other in terms of sources and uses of funds.Therefore,their performance levels differ as well.24.Look in a recent business periodical for news about a recent financial transaction that involves twofinancial institutions.For this transaction,determine the following:a.How will each institution's balance sheet be affected?b.Will either institution receive immediate income from the transaction?c.Who is the ultimate user of funds?d.Who is the ultimate source of funds?ANSWER:This exercise will force students to understand how the balance sheet and incomestatement of a financial institution is affected by various transactions.When a financial institution simply acts as a middleman,income(fees or commissions)are earned,but the institution's asset portfolio is not significantly affected.25.Which types of financial institutions do you deal with?Explain whether you are acting as a surplusunit or a deficit unit in your relationship with each financial institution.ANSWER:This exercise allows students to realize that they constantly interact with financialinstitutions,and that they often play the role of a deficit unit(on car loans,tuition loans,etc.).Chapter1/Role of Financial Markets and Institutions E5 26.Explain how the privatization of companies in Europe can lead to the development of new securitiesmarkets.ANSWER:The privatization of companies will force these companies to finance with stocks and debt securities,instead of relying on the federal government for funds.Consequently,secondary markets for stocks and debt securities will be developed over time.Interpreting Financial News“Interpreting Financial News”tests your ability to comprehend common statements made by Wall Street analysts and portfolio managers who participate in the financial markets.Interpret the following statements made by Wall Street analysts and portfolio managers.a.“The price of IBM will not be affected by the announcement that its earnings have increased asexpected.”The earnings level was anticipated by investors,so that IBM’s stock price already reflected this anticipation.b.“The lending operations at Bank of America should benefit from strong economic growth.”High economic growth encourages expansion by firms,which results in a strong demand forloans provided by Bank of America.c.“The brokerage and underwriting performance at Merrill Lynch should benefit from strongeconomic growth.”High economic growth may result in a large volume of stock transactions in which Merrill Lynch may serve as a broker.Also,Merrill Lynch underwriters new securities that are issued whenfirms raise funds to support expansion;firms are more willing to issue new securities to expand during periods of high economic growth.Managing in Financial MarketsAs a financial manager of a large firm,you plan to borrow$70million over the next year.a.What are the more likely alternatives for you to borrow$70million?You could attempt to borrow$70million from commercial banks,savings institutions,or finance companies in the form of commercial loans.Alternatively,you may issue debt securities.b.Assuming that you decide to issue debt securities,describe the types of financial institutions thatmay purchase these securities.Financial institutions such as mutual funds,pension funds,and insurance companies commonly purchase debt securities that are issued by firms.Other financial institutions such as commercial banks and savings institutions may also purchase debt securities.c.How do individuals indirectly provide the financing for your firm when they maintain deposits atdepository institutions,invest in mutual funds,purchase insurance policies,or invest in pensions?Individuals provide funds to financial institutions in the form of bank deposits,investment inmutual funds,purchases of insurance policies,or investment in pensions.The financialinstitutions may channel the funds toward the purchase of debt securities(and even equitysecurities)that were issued by large corporations,such as the one where you work.。
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Chapter 1 Why Study Financial Markets and Institutions?1.1 Single Choice1)Financial markets and institutionsA)involve the movement of huge quantities of money.B)affect the profits of businesses.C)affect the types of goods and services produced in an economy.D)do all of the above.E)do only A and B of the above.2)Financial market activities affectA) personal wealth.B) spending decisions by individuals and business firms.C) the economy's location in the business cycle.D) all of the above.3) Markets in which funds are transferred from those who have excess funds available to those who have a shortage of available funds are calledA) commodity markets.B) funds markets.C) derivative exchange markets.D) financial markets.4) The price paid for the rental of borrowed funds (usually expressed as a percentage of the rental of $100 per year) is commonly referred to as theA) inflation rate.B) exchange rate.C) interest rate.D) aggregate price level.5) The bond markets are important becauseA) they are easily the most widely followed financial markets in the United States.B) they are the markets where interest rates are determined.C) they are the markets where foreign exchange rates are determined.D) all of the above.6) Interest rates are important to financial institutions since an interest rate increase _________ the cost of acquiring funds and _________ the income from assets.A) decreases; decreasesB) increases; increasesC) decreases; increasesD) increases; decreases7) Typically, increasing interest ratesA) discourages individuals from saving.B) discourages corporate investments.C) encourages corporate expansion.D) encourages corporate borrowing.E) none of the above.8) Compared to interest rates on long-term U.S. government bonds, interest rates on _________ fluctuate more and are lower on average.A) medium-quality corporate bondsB) low-quality corporate bondsC) high-quality corporate bondsD) three-month Treasury billsE) none of the above9) Compared to interest rates on long-term U.S. government bonds, interest rates on three-month Treasury bills fluctuate _________ and are _________ on average.A) more; lowerB) less; lowerC) more; higherD) less; higher10) The stock market is important becauseA) it is where interest rates are determined.B) it is the most widely followed financial market in the United States.C) it is where foreign exchange rates are determined.D) all of the above.11) Stock prices since the 1950s have beenA) relatively stable, trending upward at a steady pace.B) relatively stable, trending downward at a moderate rate.C) extremely volatile.D) unstable, trending downward at a moderate rate.12) The largest one-day drop in the history of the American stock markets occurred inA) 1929.B) 1987.C) 2000.D) 2001.13) A rising stock market index due to higher share pricesA) increases people's wealth and as a result may increase their willingness to spend.B) increases the amount of funds that business firms can raise by selling newly issued stock.C) decreases the amount of funds that business firms can raise by selling newly issued stock.D) both A and B of the above.14) A declining stock market index due to lower share pricesA) reduces people's wealth and as a result may reduce their willingness to spend.B) increases people's wealth and as a result may increase their willingness to spend.C) decreases the amount of funds that business firms can raise by selling newly issued stock.D) both A and C of the above.E) both B and C of the above.15) Changes in stock pricesA) affect people's wealth and their willingness to spend.B) affect firms' decisions to sell stock to finance investment spending.C) are characterized by considerable fluctuations.D) all of the above.E) only A and B of the above.16) (I) Debt markets are often referred to generically as the bond market. (II) A bond is a security that is a claim on the earnings and assets of a corporation.A) (I) is true, (II) false.B) (I) is false, (II) true.C) Both are true.D) Both are false.17) (I) A bond is a debt security that promises to make payments periodically for a specified period of time. (II) A stock is a security that is a claim on the earnings and assets of a corporation.A) (I) is true, (II) false.B) (I) is false, (II) true.C) Both are true.D) Both are false.18) The price of one country's currency in terms of another's is calledA) the exchange rate.B) the interest rate.C) the Dow Jones industrial average.D) none of the above.19) A stronger dollar benefits _________ and hurts _________A) American businesses; American consumers.B) American businesses; foreign businesses.C) American consumers; American businesses.D) foreign businesses; American consumers.20) A weaker dollar benefits _________ and hurts _________A) American businesses; American consumers.B) American businesses; foreign consumers.C) American consumers; American businesses.D) foreign businesses; American consumers.21)From 1980 to early 1985 the dollar _________ in value, thereby benefiting American _________A) appreciated; businesses.B) appreciated; consumers.C) depreciated; businesses.D) depreciated; consumers.22) Money is defined asA) anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods and services or in the repayment of debt.B) bills of exchange.C) a riskless repository of spending power.D) all of the above.E) only A and B of the above.23) The organization responsible for the conduct of monetary policy in the United States is theA) Comptroller of the Currency.B) U.S. Treasury.C) Federal Reserve System.D) Bureau of Monetary Affairs.24) The central bank of the United States isA) Citicorp.B) The Fed.C) Bank of America.D) The Treasury.E) none of the above.25) Monetary policy is chiefly concerned withA) how much money businesses earn.B) the level of interest rates and the nation's money supply.C) how much money people pay in taxes.D) whether people have saved enough money for retirement.26) Economists group commercial banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, mutual funds, mutual savings banks, insurance companies, pension funds, and finance companies together under the heading financial intermediaries. Financial intermediariesA) act as middlemen, borrowing funds from those who have saved and lending these funds to others.B) produce nothing of value and are therefore a drain on society's resources.C) help promote a more efficient and dynamic economy.D) do all of the above.E) do only A and C of the above.27) Economists group commercial banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, mutual funds, mutual savings banks, insurance companies, pension funds, and finance companies together under the heading financial intermediaries. Financial intermediariesA) act as middlemen, borrowing funds from those who have saved and lending these funds to others.B) play an important role in determining the quantity of money in the economy.C) help promote a more efficient and dynamic economy.D) do all of the above.E) do only A and C of the above.28) Banks are important to the study of money and the economy because theyA) provide a channel for linking those who want to save with those who want to invest.B) have been a source of rapid financial innovation that is expanding the alternatives available to those wanting to invest their money.C) are the only financial institution to play a role in determining the quantity of money in the economy.D) do all of the above.E) do only A and B of the above.29) Banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, and credit unionsA) are no longer important players in financial intermediation.B) have been providing services only to small depositors since deregulation.C) have been adept at innovating in response to changes in the regulatory environment.D) all of the above.E) only A and C of the above.30) (I) Banks are financial intermediaries that accept deposits and make loans. (II) The term "banks" includes firms such as commercial banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, credit unions, insurance companies, and pension funds. A) (I) is true, (II) false.B) (I) is false, (II) true.C) Both are true.D) Both are false.31) ____ was the stock market's worst one-day drop in history in the 1980s.A) Black FridayB) Black MondayC) Blackout DayD) none of the above32) The largest financial intermediaries areA) insurance companies.B) finance companies.C) banks.D) all of the above.33) In recent yearsA) interest rates have remained constant.B) success of financial institutions have reached levels unprecedented since the Great Depression.C) stock markets have crashed.D) all of the above.34) A securityA) is a claim or price of property that is subject to ownership.B) promises that payments will be made periodically for a specified period of time.C) is the price paid for the usage of funds.D) is a claim on the issuer's future income.35) ____ are considered a financial institutions.A) BanksB) Insurance companiesC) Finance companiesD) Investment banks36) Monetary policy affectsA) interest rates.B) inflation.C) business cycles.D) all of the above.答案：1-5：DDDCB 6-10：BBDAB 11-15：CBDDD 16-20：ACACA 21-25：BACBB 26-30：EDECA 31-36：BCCDDD。