考研英语长难句阅读 100句
But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look in the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观察 到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到 的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
（二）单独成句
当一个限定性定语从句的结构较为复杂， 意义较为繁杂的时候，如果把它翻译在其 修饰的先行词的前面的话，会显得定语太 过于臃肿和复杂，而无法让评卷老师看的 清清楚楚，明明白白。所以这个时候我们 要把定语从句单独翻译出来, 放置于原来它 所修饰的词的后面当定语。
解决方法：从结构入手
五大基本句型： ①主+谓 I simled. ②主+谓+宾 I like you. ③主+谓+间宾+直宾 I give you my heart. ④主+谓+宾+宾补 You make me crazy. ⑤主+系+表 You are so pretty.
我们在分析句子的时候，先抓住句子的主 干，就可以掌握本句的主要意思。然后再 去分析其他的修饰成分，修饰成分包含： 定语、状语、补语，以及插入语。 Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 参考译文：多年以来，本身作为一个根本 革新源泉的工具和技术 在很大程度上已经 被历史学家和科学哲学家所忽视。
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常 由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等 担当。例如： 1. Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副词) 2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语) 3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式) 4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词) 5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因状语从句） 状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末 或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必 须后置。
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关 系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没 有what；关系副词有where, when, why, how 等。关系词常有3个作用： ①连接作用，引导定语从句。
②代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是 主句中的一部分或者整个主句。 ③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。
语法回顾
一、定语及定语从句
定语从句功能及位置
功能：定语从句相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词， 在句中作定语。 位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后。 例：Those who are willing to attend the party , sign your names here please.
2． 地点状语从句
常用引导词：where 特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
3． 原因状语从句
常用引导词：because, since, as, for 特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.
what
定语从句不用what引导，名词性从句用what引导 定语从句缺主语或宾语用which（先行词为物） 名词性从句缺主语或宾语用what 即： 【1】做疑问词，what是指“什么”例如：What‘s your name?，which是指“哪一个物体”Which pen do you want.。 【2】which一般可做定语从句连接词，例如：This is the pen which I want. what一般可做名词性从句的引导词。例如：What you said is true.
一、定语及定语从句
定语：左二右六 左二：限定词 和形容词 右六：介短、不定式短语、分词短语、形容词短语、 定语从句、同位语从句 The boy The cute boy The cute boy in blue jeans is my brother The cute boy wearing blue jeans The cute boy who is wearing blue jeans
4． 目的状语从句
常用引导词：so that, in order that 特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that， in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that
5． 结果状语从句
常用引导词：so … that, such … that, 特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,
状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。 一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、 原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方 式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语 结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。 状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句 的常用连接词
1． 时间状语从句 常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when
（三）融合法
把主句和定语从句融合成一个简单句，定 语从句译成谓语。 这种方法一般用于限制性定语从句，尤其 是“there be”句型中。 There is a girl downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有个女孩要见你。 There are many people who are interested in the new invention. 很多人对这项发明感兴趣。
定语的翻译方法
（一）前置定语——直来直去 ordinary things 普通的东西（事物）形容词 作定语 scientific revolution 科技革命，形容词作定语 Driving force 驱动力 现在分词作定语
（二）后置定语
1. 简单的后置定语——倒转乾坤 the information used 所使用的信息 the qualities to be measured 所要测定的特征。 2.复杂的后置定语——一拆为二 当一个单词或是词组的后置定语的意义和 结构较为复杂的时候，我们把它倒置放在要考虑把后置定语拆开单 独翻译，这种方法我们称之为：一拆为二
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 希腊人认为语言结构与思维过程有着某种关 系，这种观点在人们认识到语言的千差万别 之前就在欧洲扎了根。
长难句阅读与翻译
在表达一些较复杂的概念时，英、汉两种语言差别较大。 英语的特点是：利用各种修饰语，构成较长的简单句， 利用适当的连词将简单句构成更长的并列句或复合句，因此 科技英语中常使用长句子。 汉语的特点是：尽量分成几个简短的句子来说明某个概 念，不经常使用较长的句子。 汉语：中心词在后 英语：中心词在前
其中一些原因完全是社会需求的必然结果， 其它原因则是科学领域当中一些特定发展 的必然结果，科学在某种程度上是自我发 展的。
3.多重后置定语——后浪推前浪
the insights of great men of genius the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. 典型特征：
6． 条件状语从句
常用引导词：if, unless, 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that
100个考研真题中的长难句总结
100个真题中的长难句总结1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.[句子主干]Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…[语法难点]本句是典型的非限定性定语从句，难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定，并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。
分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句，一个是（which was）representing… ，另一个是(which was)detached…。
可见，定语从句的难点在于经常省略“引导词+be”的结构，从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。
[句子翻译] 对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。
这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。
[翻译技巧] 实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。
所以翻译时遇上定语从句，一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。
考研英语长难句总结
考研英语长难句总结一、定语从句1.The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.2.I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sittingCEOs first.3.In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patentedand not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.4.But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives ofthe founding generation.5.The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domesticsituations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.二、名词性从句1.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappychildless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.2.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and morediverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.3.What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast thingsare changing.4.But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warmingseriously.三、状语从句1.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Seniorwrites that ―the ve ry things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources ofintense gratification and delight.‖2.But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – forinstance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.3.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizationsplace their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.四、后置定语1.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all.2.Consumers passionate about a product may create ―earned‖ media by willingly promoting itto friends, and a company may leverage ―owned‖ media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.3.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.4.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in theinstitution of the traditional classical concert.5.Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lumptogether information from different research projects.6.It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suitsone to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.7.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed inschool and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg.五、伴随状语1.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.2.But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider theoriginal Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances.3.Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor U.S.economic performance.4.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.5.But particularl y when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardlysuggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.六、形式主语1.But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience.2.To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is notnecessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.3.It is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments thatscience can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.4.It’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until w e know for sure.5.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable ofeconomic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.七、形式宾语1.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.2.At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front,to make it easier to remember their names.八、长主语1.The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director hasbeen the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.2.The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministersand political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.3.The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widelymisunderstood by economists and politicians alike.4.The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the onlyMadonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.九、同位语1.Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a jobdatabase on the Internet.2.But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased inheight by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.3.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court ineffect supported the medical principle of ―double effect‖, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.4.Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measurecreativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.十、并列结构1.Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies con cerned.2.Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning thePhilharmonic into ―a markedly different, more vibrant organization.‖3.For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists mustcompete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.4.Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectualdevelopment of these and all other societies.5.This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient,condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.十一、插入语1.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert iscomparatively little known.2.The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to theproper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.3.Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing thebravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.4.The Internet –and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercialpublishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality.5.I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life theactivity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems.十二、比较1.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like anopportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.2.Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating asmuch on technique as on outcome.3.In fact, the more new things we try — the more we step outside our comfort zone — the moreinherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.4.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.5.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct ourown change by consciously developing new habits.6.Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,‖ these were stores ―anyone couldenter, regardless of class or background.十三、倒装1.According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial Americawas ―s o much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.‖2.Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for otherthings.3.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased ―opportunities‖ forstress.4.Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a privateintelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas.十四、强调句1.It was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision.2.It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because theyspend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.十五、That1.As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led bymusicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.2.When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they couldin turn afford more education.。
考研英语外刊长难句
考研英语阅读理解部分通常包含了一些较长且较难的句子，这些句子可能涉及复杂的词汇、语法结构以及深奥的逻辑关系。
下面是一些例子，供你练习：1. 例句：- Upon entering the realm of quantum mechanics, scientists are confronted with a paradigm shift in which the classical notions of causality and determinism give way to the inherent probabilistic nature of subatomic particles.- 难点：quantum mechanics、paradigm shift、causality、determinism、probabilistic nature、subatomic particles。
2. 例句：- In the wake of the digital revolution, a burgeoning array of interconnected devices has permeated various facets of our daily lives, heralding an era where the boundaries between physical and virtual realities are increasingly blurred.- 难点：digital revolution、burgeoning array、interconnected devices、facets、heralding、boundaries、blurred、virtual realities。
3. 例句：- The discourse surrounding artificial intelligence is fraught with ethical quandaries, invoking debates over the potential ramifications of bestowing cognitive abilities upon machines and the moral responsibilities thataccompany such endeavors.- 难点：discourse、artificial intelligence、fraught、ethical quandaries、ramifications、bestowing、cognitive abilities、moral responsibilities、endeavors。
考研英语长难句解析100句（精典）
1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.[参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。
考研英语长难句 100句
考研英语长难句渣滓洞1．Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”2．You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.3．While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.4．When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell.5．They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of £83 per household.6．The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for thetime being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.7．The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC—including ordinary listeners and viewers—to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.8．The BBC “isn’t broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word “broke”, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?9．But it is the arrival of new satellite channels —funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subscriptions —which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.10．The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.11．Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsiblewealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.12．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “co mfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’meeting to dictate their orders to the management.13．The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.14．The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.15．Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial”thinking about things technological.16．Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage.17．A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it.18．Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.19．As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual,nonverbal process… The designer and the inventor … are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”20．Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”21．The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.22．“Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science.23．In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.24．On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.”And so it does―and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism /evolution debate.25．After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.26．Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.27．In Australia―where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part―other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.28．After a “c ooling off ” period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met.29．There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.30．Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.31．Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.32．It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers.33．The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.34．As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.35．The phrase “substance abuse”is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.36．We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.37．Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.38．Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.39．“Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?” Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”40．It’s a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.41．The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company’s rap music on the grounds of expression.42．“The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.43．During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.44．“I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”45．Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such a s “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.46．Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.47．This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.48．Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack.49．The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.50．Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.51．It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.52．The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left―all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.53．This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube.54．Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.55．What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.56．The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.57．There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction”, between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.58．New ways of organizing the workplace―all that re-engineering and downsizing―are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.59．Think of Gallileo’s 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton.60．Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meeti ngs such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.61．A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.62．Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia.63．The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.64．Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.65．This development―and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead―has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.66．Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too―and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.67．Often they chose―and still are choosing―somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.68．As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent―little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.69．Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.70．The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined.71．The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior.72．It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions orwhether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it.73．As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.74．While warnings are often appropriate and necessary ——the dangers of drug interactions, for example ——and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.75．As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything.76．In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.77．At the same time, the American Law Institute ——a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight ——issued new guidelines fortort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.78．If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.79．Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company ' s private intranet.80．In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.81．Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.82．The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web siteselling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.83．An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.84．An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.85．Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.86．Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.87．But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal , can be the difference between having a job and not.88．Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so——and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.89．NBAC will ask that Clinton 's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended in- definitely , and possibly that it be made law.90．The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.91．In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapirosuggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to at- tempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. "92．Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human offspring before birth）for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.93．The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.94．In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought.95．If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.96．It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.97．Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team. "98．It’s scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.99．For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which American had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to the next casualty.100．Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growingcompetition from overseas nations.。
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句100句精析
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句100句精析1、While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions,for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations,it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured、【译文】尽管警告常常就是适当而且必须得——比如对于药物相互作用得危险提出警告——许多警告还就是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出得，然而(我们) 并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告就是不就是确实可以使得生产者与销售者豁免责任。
【分析】在这个主从复合句中，it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured就是主句。
主句用了一个形式主语it，真正得主语就是that引导得从句，而that从句之后就是一个if引导得条件从句。
从句由两个部分组成，中间用and连接。
破折号之间得部分就是举例说明warnings得内容。
注意：many are required by state or federal regulations中得many就是指many warnings。
2、Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport 、【译文】由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易) 所引起得各种问题也会对社会造成新得压力。
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句句精析
考研英语历年真题阅读长难句句精析————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期:ﻩ考研英语历年真题阅读长难句10０句精析１.Ｗhｉｌe warningｓaｒe often apprｏｐrｉａte and necｅsｓary —tｈe ｄan ｇｅrs of drug intｅrａcｔions,fｏr example—aｎd many are requirｅｄby sｔａte or fedｅral rｅguｌations,it ｉsn't cleａr that tｈey acｔualｌｙproｔｅｃtｔhe manｕfactｕrｅrｓand sｅllers frｏmｌiabilｉtｙif a cusｔomer ｉｓｉnjurｅd.【译文】尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的——比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出警告——许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的,然而(我们）并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时,这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。
【分析】在这个主从复合句中,ｉt isn'ｔcｌear that thｅyａctｕalｌyｐroｔeｃt tｈe ｍanufａcturerｓaｎd ｓｅllers from lｉabｉlity if a customer ｉs inｊured是主句。
主句用了一个形式主语ｉt,真正的主语是that引导的从句，而that从句之后是一个ｉf 引导的条件从句。
从句由两个部分组成,中间用and连接。
破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容。
注意：ｍａnｙaｒｅrｅquｉrｅｄby sｔaｔe ｏrｆederａl regulaｔions中的many是指mａny warnings。
２.Aｄdｉtioｎal social stｒesses may ａlso occｕr becａｕsｅoｆthe populａtion eｘpｌoｓion ｏｒproblems aｒiｓiｎｇfrom masｓmigｒaｔｉon mｏvｅｍent ｓ—ｔheｍsｅlves made relａtivｅlｙeasy noｗadａys bｙｍoｄｅｒn mｅans ｏf tr ａｎsporｔ.【译文】由于人口猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易) 所引起的各种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。
考研英语长难句100句
考研英语长难句100句考研英语是所有考研科目中最难的一门，而长难句也是考研英语中最让人头疼的部分。
长难句不仅难以理解，而且难以记忆，因此考生们需要有一定的技巧来应对这些长难句。
下面列出了100个经典的考研英语长难句，希望对考生们有所帮助：1. The city, which was once a bustling metropolis, now lies in ruins.2. The book, whose author is unknown, has become a bestseller.3. The teacher, who has been teaching for over 20 years, is highly respected by her students.4. The company, which was founded in 1990, has grown intoa multinational corporation.5. The film, which was directed by Steven Spielberg, won several awards at the Cannes Film Festival.6. The team, which had won the championship last year, was defeated in the first round this year.7. The man, who had been missing for several days, was found alive and well.8. The project, which had been delayed for months, finally got underway.9. The painting, which was created by Picasso, is worth millions of dollars.10. The woman, who had just given birth, was exhausted but happy.11. The child, who had been lost in the woods, was found by a search party.12. The car, which had been parked illegally, was towed away by the police.13. The restaurant, which serves delicious food, is always crowded with customers.14. The company, which is known for its innovative products, has filed for bankruptcy.15. The book, which was written by a Nobel laureate, is considered a masterpiece of literature.16. The city, which is located on the coast, is a popular tourist destination.17. The building, which was built in the 19th century, isa historic landmark.18. The man, who had been drinking heavily, was arrested for drunk driving.19. The project, which was funded by the government, is aimed at reducing poverty in rural areas.20. The movie, which was based on a true story, has inspired many people.21. The woman, who had just retired, was looking forward to traveling around the world.22. The team, which had been training hard for months, was confident of winning the championship.23. The company, which had been struggling to survive, was acquired by a larger corporation.24. The city, which had been hit by a severe earthquake, was in a state of emergency.25. The book, which had been banned in several countries, was finally published in China.26. The man, who had been diagnosed with cancer, decided to fight the disease with all his strength.27. The project, which had been approved by the government, was expected to create thousands of jobs.28. The movie, which had been released in over 50 countries, was a box office success.29. The woman, who had been studying abroad for several years, returned to her hometown.30. The team, which had been working on the project for months, finally completed it on time.cleared of all charges.32. The city, which had been plagued by crime, saw a significant reduction in crime rates.33. The book, which had been translated into 20 languages, was a bestseller around the world.34. The man, who had been living in poverty, won the lottery and became a millionaire overnight.35. The project, which had been criticized by environmentalists, was eventually scrapped.36. The movie, which had been directed by a famous Hollywood director, received mixed reviews from critics.37. The woman, who had been abused by her husband, finally found the courage to leave him.38. The team, which had been working overtime for weeks, was rewarded with a bonus.39. The company, which had been struggling to attract customers, launched a new marketing campaign.40. The city, which had been devastated by a hurricane, received aid from other countries.41. The book, which had been adapted into a movie, was a box office success.guilty and sentenced to life in prison.43. The project, which had been delayed due to budget constraints, was finally completed.44. The movie, which had been nominated for several awards, won the Best Picture Oscar.45. The woman, who had been suffering from a rare disease, was cured by a new treatment.46. The team, which had been struggling to win games, finally turned things around and won the championship.47. The company, which had been criticized for its labor practices, improved its working conditions.48. The city, which had been experiencing a population boom, faced challenges in providing services to its residents.49. The book, which had been published anonymously, was later revealed to have been written by a famous author.50. The man, who had been struggling with addiction, finally overcame his demons and got his life back on track.51. The project, which had been opposed by local residents, was eventually abandoned.52. The movie, which had been shot on location in a remote area, faced many logistical challenges.53. The woman, who had been living in poverty, was givena job and a place to live by a charitable organization.54. The team, which had been underestimated by its opponents, surprised everyone by winning the championship.55. The company, which had been accused of polluting the environment, took steps to reduce its carbon footprint.56. The city, which had been in the midst of an economic downturn, saw signs of recovery.57. The book, which had been translated into Chinese, wasa bestseller in China.58. The man, who had been stranded on a deserted island, was rescued by a passing ship.59. The project, which had been praised for its innovative design, won an award.60. The movie, which had been adapted from a popular novel, was criticized for deviating from the original story.61. The woman, who had been a victim of domestic violence, sought help from a support group.62. The team, which had been plagued by injuries, struggled to stay competitive.63. The company, which had been accused of discrimination, implemented diversity and inclusion policies.64. The city, which had been known for its high crime rates, saw a decline in violent crime.65. The book, which had been banned by the government, was smuggled into the country and distributed illegally.66. The man, who had been diagnosed with a terminal illness, decided to make the most of his remaining time.67. The project, which had been funded by a private foundation, had a significant impact on the local community.68. The movie, which had been filmed in black and white, was praised for its artistic vision.69. The woman, who had been a victim of sexual harassment, filed a complaint with her employer.70. The team, which had been struggling to find a sponsor, finally secured one and was able to compete in the tournament.71. The company, which had been embroiled in a scandal, hired a public relations firm to improve its image.72. The city, which had been hit by a severe drought, implemented water conservation measures.73. The book, which had been written by a controversial author, sparked a heated debate.74. The man, who had been working as a journalist, was imprisoned for reporting on government corruption.75. The project, which had been praised for its social impact, received funding from a philanthropic organization.76. The movie, which had been directed by a first-time filmmaker, received critical acclaim.77. The woman, who had been living with a disability, became an advocate for disability rights.78. The team, which had been struggling to win games, madea comeback and reached the playoffs.79. The company, which had been accused of price gouging, lowered its prices in response to public pressure.80. The city, which had been hit by a natural disaster, received aid from the international community.81. The book, which had been published in multiple volumes, became a literary sensation.82. The man, who had been a victim of police brutality, filed a lawsuit against the police department.83. The project, which had been funded by a government grant, had a significant impact on the local economy.84. The movie, which had been produced by a major studio, was criticized for its lack of originality.85. The woman, who had been a victim of human trafficking, was rescued by law enforcement.86. The team, which had been considered an underdog, surprised everyone by winning the championship.87. The company, which had been struggling to stay afloat, filed for bankruptcy.88. The city, which had been experiencing a housing crisis, implemented policies to increase affordable housing.89. The book, which had been adapted into a TV series, wasa ratings success.90. The man, who had been wrongly convicted of a crime, was exonerated after new evidence came to light.91. The project, which had been criticized for its high cost, was eventually completed within budget.92. The movie, which had been directed by a foreign filmmaker, was praised for its cultural significance.93. The woman, who had been a victim of cyberbullying, sought help from a mental health professional.94. The team, which had been struggling to attract fans, launched a marketing campaign to increase its visibility.95. The company, which had been accused of insider trading, faced legal action from the Securities and Exchange Commission.96. The city, which had been experiencing a spike in crime, increased police presence in high-crime areas.97. The book, which had been written by a reclusive author, became a cult classic.98. The man, who had been a victim of a hit-and-run accident, was left with permanent injuries.99. The project, which had been praised for its sustainable design, received a LEED certification.100. The movie, which had been released in 3D, was a technological breakthrough in filmmaking.这些长难句不仅涵盖了不同的主题和语境，而且涉及不同的语法结构，例如定语从句、状语从句、主语从句等等。
考研英语长难句100句
考研英语长难句100句1.Looking beyond the 10-year period，the botanists estimate that some 3，000 native plant species may become extinct in the foreseeable future—more than 10 percent of the approximately 25，000 species of plants in the United States.在展望10年后的情况时植物学家们估计，在未来可预见到的时间内，3 000种本地植物——占美国近25 000种植物的10%——将可能灭绝。
2.The annual migrations of wildfowl and many other animals certainly cannot be regarded as a form of exploration，because such movements are actually only shifts from one habitat to another for the purpose of avoiding seasonal climatic variations.野生禽类和许多其他动物每年的迁徙，当然不能被看做是一种探险行为，因为，这些迁徙活动实际上只是从一个栖息地转移到另一个栖息地，以躲避气候的季节性变化。
3.Proponents of G-M foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits：it speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics;can be used to introduce traits that a product wouldn’t traditionally have;can improve the nutritional value of products;and can produce cheaper and more environmentally friendly fertilizers.转基因食物的倡导者指出，用生物技术生产食物有很多益处：它能加速作物和牲畜的生长速度，并使它们具有所要求的特点;它可以给食物增添以往不具备的特征;可以改进食物的营养价值;可以生产出廉价、环保效果更好的肥料。
考研英语长难句100句(已校准)
1. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem.2. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.3. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes.4. At the same time,people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity.5. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don't get the nod also may wish to move on.6. everyone needs to find their extra— their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.7. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it and not grasp music itself.8. Scientists jumped to the rescue with Some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.9. A moralist, satirist,and social reformer, Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of Englishsociety.10. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living.11. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .12. we need them to imagine the united states as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever.13. The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment.14. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug's efficacy.15. Dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.16. He adds humbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.17. Many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess.18. Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly.19. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.20. And perhaps faintly，they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques。