西医英语,第8章免疫系统
医学英语综合教程第二版Unit8
医学英语综合教程第二版Unit8第一篇：医学英语综合教程第二版Unit 8诊断学接诊患者的一般方法成功的诊疗要求医生考虑患者常见的复杂的个人、家族因素的和经济条件，保持积极开放的医患关系。
诊断第一步是采集病史和查体，这两项很容易被疏漏和请人代劳。
问诊应实现三大功能：收集信息，对患者情绪给与适当的安慰、指导病人已对其行为产生有益的影响。
通过了解病人的顾虑（心理社会问题）、给予病人倾诉的空间（不要始终占据主动），患者的满意度可以提高。
要确定诊断手段必须遵循诊断检验选取的原则，这些原则确立的基础是检验的特点（敏感性和特异性）、发病率与患病率、可能给病人带来的危害、检验的必要性和性价比。
成功的治疗需要按病人的实际情况进行个体化设计并且得以与良好的医患关系的形成。
指导原则成功的诊疗需建立在“诚实、仁爱、公正、不以医术牟利、保障不以医术作恶”的伦理原则。
西医在重要的医疗决策中——例如绝症病人何时终止治疗等，越来越重视病人的意见。
总之，医生的作用不只是下诊断和开处方；医生具有移情能力，帮助患者及其家属分担重病和死亡带来的压力是更重要的。
“有时能治疗，常常缓解病痛，总是给以安慰”——这句五百年前的法国谚语今天仍然适用。
Francis Peabody也谈到：“治好病人的秘密是关心他们”。
健康维护和疾病预防防病壁纸并更重要。
预防医学分为一级、二级、三级预防。
一级预旨在去除和降低疾病的风险因子（例如，免疫接种，戒烟）。
二级预防推动疾病的早期检测或先兆状态（例如：常规的宫颈巴氏涂片已检测侵袭性癌或者宫颈部位的原位癌，或者结核菌素皮试以确定肺结核病人是否需要化学预防）。
三级预防措施目标是控制已发疾病（例如部分切除乳腺与化疗已清除或控制乳腺局部癌症）。
截至目前，一级预防是最有效最经济的疾病控制手段，然而大多数医生在（向病人宣教）可预防的疾病是做的仍然不够。
医生可以有效降低疾病风险因子，健康维护与疾病预防往往始于门诊。
活动不足与静态的生化方式常见慢性病患者死亡的原因中28%由静态的生活方式导致。
第八章_免疫系统
髓 质
交错突 细胞
(Thymic corpuscle epithelial
cell)：存在于胸腺小体
中。
胸腺小体(Thymic corpuscle)：
特异性的存在于胸腺髓质中，是 胸腺的特征性结构。小体内的胸 腺小体上皮细胞呈同心圆排列， 小体外周的细胞核清晰，胞质嗜 酸性；小体中央的细胞胞核消失， 变性解体。小体中央还可见巨噬 细胞和淋巴细胞等。
狗回肠
d. 特点: 淋巴小结的形态结构和数量经常处于动态变化之中[生
长发育程度、免疫机能状态、抗原刺激与否、抗原刺激程度等]， 是体液免疫应答的重要形态学标志。 孤立淋巴小结: 淋巴小结单独存在； 集合淋巴小结: 淋巴小结聚集成群。
III. 淋巴索(Lymphoid cord) 条
索状淋巴组织，富含B细胞， 周围常有丰富的血管和淋巴 管分布，例如淋巴结的髓索 和脾脏的脾索等。
a. 圆形或卵圆形的密集淋巴组织，与周围组织界限清楚; b. 主要含B细胞，少量T淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞; c. 类型：初级淋巴小结、次级淋巴小结[生发中心(Germinal center)]
猫淋巴结
小结帽 明区 暗区
狗淋巴结
生发中心(Germinal center)
是B细胞增殖和分化为浆 细胞的场所。
细胞表面。
内源性 抗原路径
外源性 抗原路径
MHC与抗原呈递
识别 MHCa/抗原肽x
不识别 MHC不同
不识别 抗原肽y不同
白细胞分化抗原[簇分化抗原(cluster of differentiation，CD)]是白 细胞（还包括血小板、血管内皮细胞等）在分化成熟为不同 谱系和分化不同阶段以及活化过程中，出现或消失的细胞表 面标记。
第八章免疫系统
第八章免疫系统免疫是机体对抗原物质产生的一种生物学反应，称为免疫应答。
其生理功能是识别、清除抗原物质，如病原体及其产物、自身的衰老细胞和恶变的细胞等。
将执行免疫功能的组织结构统称为免疫系统(immune system)。
免疫系统由免疫细胞、淋巴组织、免疫器官组成。
免疫系统和其它系统一样，也受神经—内分泌系统的调节。
一、免疫细胞参与免疫应答的细胞主要有两大类，即淋巴细胞和抗原提呈细胞。
淋巴细胞是免疫系统中的核心成分，是参与特异免疫应答的主要细胞。
抗原提呈细胞具有捕获抗原的能力，在免疫应答中起重要作用。
此外，红细胞、有粒白细胞、肥大细胞、血小板等在一些免疫应答中亦具有一定的作用。
(一)淋巴细胞淋巴细胞在体内分布很广，普遍存在于血液、淋巴液、淋巴组织及免疫器官内．人类淋巴细胞主要来源于骨髓的淋巴干细胞。
近十几年来研究发现，淋巴细胞是机体内种类繁多、功能各异的一个复杂的细胞群体。
根据它们的发育过程、细胞膜表面标记、寿命长短及功能不同，将淋巴细胞分为T细胞、B细胞、K细胞和NK细胞四类。
1、T细胞(T淋巴细胞) 在循环血中，T细胞约占淋巴细胞总数75%。
T细胞来源于骨髓的淋巴干细胞，在胚胎时期到达胸腺，在胸腺微环境的培育下增殖、分化成具有免疫活性的小淋巴细胞，称胸腺依赖淋巴细胞(thymus dependent lymphocyte，，T细胞)。
该细胞经血液循环移至周围淋巴组织或免疫器官的胸腺依赖区定居，经抗原刺激后，T细胞再次分裂、分化，形成大量效应性T细胞和部分记忆T细胞。
效应性T细胞具有与相应抗原发生免疫应答的能力。
目前已知效应性T细胞至少可分为三个亚群：①辅助性T细胞，形状似小淋巴细胞，数量较多，它可协助T细胞或B细胞识别抗原，引起和增强免疫应答。
②抑制性T细胞，体积略大，数量较少，它能抑制免疫应答，与辅助性T细胞共同凋节免疫应答强弱。
②细胞毒性T细胞．与抑制性T细胞形态相似，它受抗原澈活后可大量增殖，是行使细胞免疫的主要效应细胞，其主要功能是直接杀伤靶细胞或分泌淋巴因子间接杀伤靶细胞。
西医英语,第8章免疫系统
• The immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys, and remembers each pathogen that enters the body. It does this by making specialized cells and antibodies that render the pathogens harmless.
Where the immune system is.
Yellow, primary lymphoid organs.
Blue, secondary lymphoid organs.
Major components barriers (e.g., skin); phagocytes; pattern recognition molecules
2.胸腺(Thymus gland)
1. The site of T cell differentiation, maturation 2. immune regulation
3.脾脏(Spleen)
• 1. Retention of lymphocyte [ T cells.B cells. NK • cells ] • 2. Important place to produce immune response • 3. The phagocytic cell
• Unlike the first line and second line defense the immune system differentiates among pathogens. • For each type of pathogen, the immune system produces cells that are specific for that particular pathogen.
Immune Sys 2012 医学英语课件-免疫系统
CHAPTER 5 IMMUNE SYSTEMI. INTRODUCTION1. As we perform our everyday activities, we are exposed to different types of harmful agents that can cause disease or injury. Good thing we have a built-in mechanism to protect us from these agents. This mechanism is provided to us by our immune system.2. The immune system is a collection of structures, cells, and cell products that can fight external or internal agents harmful to the body. These components and other protective factors of the body will be the topic of this chapter.3. Immunology is the study of the normal functions and diseases of the immune system. Below are some of the most common words used in immunology:TERM DESCRIPTIONImmune (immun/o) An individual’s ability of being insusceptible to or being protected from a harmful agent, disease or some other condition.Immunity condition or state of being immune; also used to refer to the resistance of thebody to develop a certain diseasePathogen This refers to any agent that can cause disease, especially infectious ones. Antigen any foreign body or agent that can cause an immune reaction/response inside ourbodies. It could be infectious or non-infectious.II. FORMS OF IMMUNITY: INNATE AND ADAPTIVE1. The immune system has two levels of immunity – innate and adaptive. The two differs in the components and mechanisms by which they provide protection to the body.2. Innate immunity is provided by structures and cells that exist naturally in our bodies. This form of immunity is NONSPECIFIC and usually occurs immediately after the time of contact with the pathogen. Below are the components of this type of immunity.2.1. Physical and Chemical Barriers – These are structures or substances in the body that can offer some protection against pathogens.2.1.1. The skin is an important physical barrier that protects the entire body from external pathogens.2.1.2. The acid in the stomach serves as a natural killer or destroyer of pathogens that enter the digestive tract.2.2. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)– They act as phagocytes that ingest pathogens, and therefore, stop them from doing further injury in the body. (Please read on the functions of these cells in the chapter about the circulatory system – lymphatic system.)2.3. Natural killer cells – These are a type of lymphocytes that directly attack and cause destruction of virus-infected cells and cancer cells.2.4. The Complement System – This system contains protein substances (in the form of enzymes and antibodies) that either cause direct lysis (destruction) of the pathogens, or make them easily available for engulfment by phagocytes. (This is also considered part of adaptive immunity.)2.5. Natural microbial flora – This refers to the microbes (mostly bacteria) that naturally live naturally on/in any part of the body and do not cause any form of harm or disease unless some factors lead them to. In their natural habitats, they produce substances that help protect the body from other forms of pathogens. However, should it happen that they get into or invade other areas not their own, diseases may occur.3. Adaptive or acquired immunity is provided by lymphocytes of the body. This form of immunity is capable of providing body defenses that are SPECIFIC to certain pathogens/antigens. There are two types of this form of immunity.3.1. Cell – mediated immunity – This type is brought about by the activity of T lymphocytes. T – lymphocytes can attack cells (killer T cells), or help other immune cells improve their functions (helper T- cells). Cytokines are substances that helper T-cells produce and functions enhance the immune capabilities of other defense cells.3.2. Humoral – mediated immunity – This type is brought about by the activity ofB lymphocytes. B lymphocytes transform into plasma cells that are capable of producing antibodies.3.2.1. Antibodies are protein substances that can inactivate the action ofantigens. An antibody (immunoglobulin) is highly specific for its antigen, similar to a lock and its key.3.2.2. Antibodies are formed whenever antigens enter the body.3.2.3. There are types of antibodies (immunoglobulins) produced by plasmacells. Please see the table below for details.Type Description Where most commonly foundBlood and body fluidsIg G Most abundant antibody in the body; late responseantibody; signifies previous infectionBlood and lymphIg M Early response antibody (first line); signifies arecent infectionIg A Provide mucosal immunity GIT, GUT, membranes &secretions (tears, saliva, breastmilk)Ig D An antigen receptor for B cells On B cellsIg E Related to allergic and parasitic reactions Tissues of the body3.3. Both types of adaptive immunity produce memory cells that go into action in the event of attacks caused by the same type of antigen.III. CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNITY1. Immunity can be classified in other ways. It could be active or passive; natural or artificial.2. Active immunity occurs when the body develops defenses against an antigen after being exposed to it. The immunity that results is said to be long-term.2.1. Natural active immunity occurs in the setting of an incidental contact with a pathogen, like an infection acquired from the environment.2.2. Artificial active immunity occurs after intentional administration of an antigen or part of an antigen, in the hope of developing resistance against it in the future. An example is vaccination for hepatitis B.3. Passive immunity occurs when an individual is provided with formed substances to protect him from an antigen. These substances have been produced by another source. This type of immunity is of short-term duration.3.1. Natural passive immunity is exemplified by the transfer of antibodies from the mother to her fetus during pregnancy.3.2. Artificial passive immunity is exemplified by the provision of an anti-toxin for tetanus right after an injury.IV. PROBLEMS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM1. Like other systems in the body, the immune system can also be affected by diseases. Commonly observed disease processes of the system include immunodeficiency and hypersensitivity.2. Immunodeficiency, in simple terms, is the condition wherein the immune system is either weak or has lost its ability to defend the body. Damage to any component of the immune system can lead to this condition.2.1. Agammaglobulinemia is the most common primary immunodeficiency disease. It is a genetic disorder that is characterized by the inability of B lymphocytes to produce immunoglobulins. It commonly affects males.2.2. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)is an agent that destroys some T cells of the body. This ultimately leads to the popular condition known as AIDS.3. Hypersensitivity is an excessively abnormal reaction experienced by an individual after being exposed to a certain stimulus. The white blood cells, in this case, are in a hyperactive state. Asthma is a common example of a hypersensitive reaction.3.1. Hypersensitive reactions are classified into 4 types. Please see the table below for details.Type Description ExamplesI - Immediate or Anaphylactic Mediated by IgE; reaction usually produces signs andsymptoms in 15-30 min.Asthma, Allergic rhinitisII – Cytotoxic Mediated by IgM & IgG; could happen to minutes tohours; involves direct assault and destruction of thetargeted cells Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia; pemphigusIII – Immune- complex Involves an antigen-antibody complex that deposits ontissues; variable duration (hours, days, weeks)Serum sicknessIV – Delayed Mediated by T cells & macrophages; the reaction isrelatively slowTuberculosis (TB)3.2. Autoimmunity refers to the phenomenon wherein the immune system mistakes parts of the body (cells and tissues included) for antigens. The immune system sees these parts of the body as foreign, and therefore, attacks them. It’s like the body is attacking itself (this is why we use the prefix “auto-” which means “self”).For further reading, please see the list of references included at the last part of this book.POST-READING LEARNING ACTIVITIESI. CHAPTER SUMMARYMake a summary of the chapter using a concept map or numbered outline. Make your summary concise and easily retrievable for future use. Use the space provided below for this purpose.II. COGNITIVE AND SKILL RELATED EXERCISESA. Writing Medical Terms - Identify the term briefly described in each item. Write the best answer. Be careful of your spelling.Brief Description Answer Brief Description Answer1. acute allergic reaction to an antigen 6. antibody-producing cells2. diseases wherein the immune system attacks the body’s own cells 7. defense cells that directly attack cancer and virus-infected cells3. surgical removal of the spleen 8. tumor of the lymph glands4. general term for defense cells that can engulf and digest unwanted materials 9. movement of defense cells through intact blood vessel walls5. cells that are capable of “remembering” antigens 10. defense cells that respond first to any injuryB. Word Analysis - Break each term into its component parts. Next, provide the meaning of each part. Lastly, write the formal definition of the term.e.g. extracardiac extra/cardi/acextra-= outside; cardi- = heart; -ac = adjective suffix1. interleukin2. immunoglobulin3. thymectomy4. monoclonal5. immunosuppressionC. Acronyms - Write out the full meanings of the following abbreviations/acronyms. (Hint: Search for those abbreviations that are related to the topic covered in this chapter.)1. ELISA2. SLE3. IgM4. PMN5. MCTDD. Diagramming Processes - Create a diagram showing the phenomena/mechanisms involved in the processes given below. Use short phrases and arrows for your diagram. You may make use of other symbols if deemed necessary. Provide a legend for the symbols that you would be using.1. type II hypersensitivity2. autoimmune mechanism (select a disease)E. Drawing/Illustration - Create illustrations/drawings for the items given below. Make your drawings as sensible and realistic as possible. LABEL your drawings properly.1. mature white blood cells of the body2. agglutination3. phagocytosis4. antigen presentationF. Application – Supply the needed answers.After transplant procedures, it is pretty common to given immunosuppressive drugs to eliminate or minimize the effects of graft-versus-host reaction. Glucocorticoids are one of the classes of drugs used for this purpose. Let us suppose you are planning to give glucocorticoids to your patient after kidney transplant. How are you going to explain to him the effects of these drugs on his immune system? Use a diagram for your answers.III. REFLECTION AND ATTITUDE BUILDING1. In what ways was this chapter relevant to you as a medical student, and, in your future career as a doctor? (Recall the details you have learned and exercises you did in this chapter.)2. Was this chapter able to encourage you to search greater meaning in your study of medicine? Why do you say so?3. Do you have suggestions on how to enhance further your learning of the topic given in this chapter? Kindly cite at least two of them.4. General Comments: Write as freely and as much as possible. You may write about the following: problems you encountered while studying this lesson, the teaching and learning methods used, or things not covered by the chapter but are relevant to you. Thank you very much.。
医学英语课件 免疫系统 Lymphatic and Immune System
Lymph vessels have thicker walls than those of lymph capillaries and, like veins, contain valves so that lymph flows in only one direction, toward the thoracic cavity. Collections of stationary lymph tissue, called lymph nodes[3], are located along the path of the lymph vessels,. These masses of lymph cells vessels are surrounded by a fibrous, connective tissue capsule
Lymph fluid is rich in two types of white blood cells: Lymphocytes and monocytes.
The liquid part of lymph is similar to blood plasma in that it contains water, salts, sugar and wastes of metabolism such as urea and creatinine, but less protein.
第8障 免疫系统器官
第8章免疫系统器官淋巴细胞来源初级淋巴器官胸腺结构功能胸腺激素法氏囊结构功能肠道黏膜集合淋巴结结构功能淋巴腺复合体骨髓次级淋巴器官淋巴结结构淋巴细胞循环种属差异对抗原应答反应血淋巴结脾脏白髄结构对抗原应答反应其他次级淋巴器官尽管抗原是由树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和B细胞捕获和加工的，获得性免疫应答实际上主要是由淋巴细胞完成的。
淋巴细胞是一种小而圆的细胞，主要存在于脾脏、淋巴结和胸腺等器官内（图8-1），因此将这些器官称为淋巴器官。
淋巴细胞表面有抗原受体，能对抗原作出识别和应答。
（因此也可认为它们是“抗原致敏”细胞。
）淋巴细胞最终可产生抗体及细胞介导的免疫应答。
淋巴器官为淋巴细胞、抗原递呈细胞和外来抗原之间相互作用提供了所需环境，同时也是淋巴细胞加工抗原的场所。
必须谨慎调节免疫应答过程。
淋巴细胞须经过选择，以使它们的受体只能结合外来抗原。
每个淋巴细胞的应答反应也需进行调节，使它们既能充分发挥功效但又不会对机体环境造成损害。
可根据功能的不同对淋巴器官进行分类。
淋巴器官的功能有：产生淋巴细胞；调节淋巴细胞生产；提供捕获、加工抗原的环境；增加加工过抗原与抗原致敏细胞间相互接触及作用的机会（图8-2）。
图8-1. 猪的主要淋巴组织。
图8-2. 淋巴器官是淋巴细胞群发生、发育及发挥功效的场所。
淋巴细胞的来源淋巴干细胞首先形成于胎儿网膜、肝脏和卵黄囊。
在胎儿晚期和成年动物，这些干细胞主要存在于骨髓中。
成年哺乳动物的骨髓具有多种功能。
骨髓是重要的造血器官，出生后一切血细胞，包括淋巴细胞均源于骨髓中干细胞。
在一些哺乳动物，如灵长类，骨髓还是一个初级淋巴器官（是新生淋巴细胞发育成熟的场所）。
与脾脏、肝脏和淋巴结一样，骨髓含有许多树突状细胞和巨噬细胞，可除去血液中的外来物质。
骨髓中还含有大量的抗体生成细胞，是抗体的主要产生来源。
由于这些多样功能，可将骨髓分为造血部分和脉管部分。
这两部分交替分布，像蛋糕片一样，呈楔形分布于长骨内。
第8章 免疫系统
4.战场上的先头部队和侦察兵
首先赶到现场的一般是巨噬细胞和中 性粒细胞，中性粒细胞是人体王国军 队中数量最多的，能占到一半以上 (50%~70%)。它们一般与细菌同归于 尽，我们伤口化脓感染的脓液，其实 主要就由中性粒细胞的尸体组成.
历史上，我国清朝的顺治皇帝就死于天花； 英国的伊丽莎白一世女王几乎因天花丧生； 英国女王玛丽二世、法国国王路易十五也死 于天花
一个挤奶女工说她这辈子都不会得天 花，因为她挤奶时由于接触了牛的乳 房，得了一种很轻微的病——牛痘。 爱德华· 琴纳花了28年的时间，对天 花的预防做了系统的研究，还深入奶 场，对挤奶女工进行广泛的调查。 1796年，他把一个挤奶女工臂上牛 痘的浆液接种到一个小男孩身上，六 周后又往这个小男孩身上接种了天花 病毒，奇迹出现了，小男孩安然无恙。 到1798年，琴纳已积累了23例成功 的病例，于是出了一本名叫《调查》 的小册子来介绍他的方法。
5.辅助性T细胞的作用
辅助性T细胞也出身于骨髓，它的主 要作用是识别人体的各种敌人及异物。 和辅助性T细胞一起在胸腺的还有细 胞毒性T细胞和抑制性T细胞。
6.细胞毒性T细胞
细胞毒性T细胞是人体的检察官，任 务是时刻密切地监视人体王国的各个 成员；
细胞毒性T细胞——穿孔蛋白的深水 炸弹； 细胞毒性T细胞平时懒洋洋的，接到 辅助性T细胞的战斗指令(主要是白介 素-2及干扰素)才充满活力，才肯干活！
2.乙肝病毒
人类想了个绝妙的办法：培养一些乙 肝病毒,想办法让它们对人体没什么攻 击力，人类把这群无能的入侵者注射 到体内，这下人体的免疫部队就受到 了欺骗，产生出专门对付乙肝病毒的 一支特异作战部队。
免疫系统
生殖道的淋巴小结等。
• 特点：
1.富含捕捉和处理抗原的巨噬细胞、树突状细胞。 2.起源于胚胎晚期的中胚层，并持续地存在于动 物的一生。 3.部分切除对免疫功能影响不明显。
• 特点： 1.在胚胎发育早期出现，青春期后退化为淋巴 上皮结构 2.具有诱导淋巴细胞增殖分化为免疫活性细胞 的功能 3.新生初期切除动物这类器官，可造成免疫缺 陷、功能低下甚至丧失。
• （一）骨髓 • 骨髓（bone marrow）是重要的中枢免
疫器官，位于骨髓腔中。
• 骨髓的功能 • （1）体内重要的造血器官 • （2）是各种免疫细胞发生和分化的场所
主要分泌IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-10 介导体液免疫 （促进B增殖、分化、成熟）
Th3
分泌TGF-，发挥免疫负调节
（5）有丝分裂原受体
植物血凝素（PHA）受体
刀豆蛋白A（conA）受体 美洲商陆（PWM）受体 淋巴细胞转化试验 （6）其它表面分子 细胞因子受体和诱导凋亡的FasL，分别与相应 的细胞因子和Fas相结合。
•
• 2、法氏囊的免疫功能
•
（1）法氏囊是B细胞分化和成熟的场所 来自 骨髓的淋巴干细胞在法氏囊内诱导分化为成熟的B 细胞，然后经淋巴和血液循环迁移到外周淋巴器 官，参与体液免疫。
（2）可作为外周淋巴器官，直接捕捉抗原和 合成抗体。 （3）在哺乳动物，法氏囊的功能由骨髓替代。
• •
• 二、外周免疫器官（Peripheral immune organ）—免疫细胞分布及进行免疫应答的 场所
[基础医学]免疫系统电子版本
2.1 分化来源：
哺乳动物第三咽囊、内胚层分化— —二叶形，胸腔前纵隔内，人胸骨 后方。马、牛、狗、鼠等。可伸展 至颈部直达甲状腺。鸟类沿颈部静 脉一则呈多叶排列。
2.2 大小：
视年龄不同而异，就胸腺与体重的相 对大小——初生时最大，绝对大小— —青春期的最大。青春期成年后停止 增殖，老年退化委缩，皮、髓质—— 为脂舫组织替代。长期生病可使胸腺 提前萎缩，幅射损伤。
[基础医学]免疫系统
免疫系统 （immune system）
由具有免疫功能的器官、组织、 细胞、免疫效应分子及有关基因 组成。
免疫系统是生物，特别是脊椎动物和 人类所必备的防御功能。
这种免疫系统的功能是由长期生物进 化和适应发展生成的。
是构成体液、细胞免疫的物质基础。 主宰机体免疫功能，是执行体液、细 胞免疫的功能的机构。
再循环的途径有三：
从淋巴结和淋巴集结间：淋巴细胞由淋巴结的 毛细胞血管后静脉穿过内皮细胞缓慢移动进入 淋巴结髓窦（这个缓慢流经的区域称为浊流 区），进而由输出淋巴管流入胸导管，再进入 血流。
从血液流经脾脏；淋巴细胞经血流穿过细胞间 隙，进入外周小动脉鞘到边缘窦，再经静脉系 统进入血流。
外周血管：淋巴细胞在外周血循环中流动，穿 过毛细血管壁到达局部组织，最后进入淋巴液。
包括淋巴结、脾和肠道相关淋巴组 织等。由于这些免疫器官除脾脏外， 广泛分布于全身。
其中的免疫细胞来自中枢免疫器官， 且要经过抗原的刺激才能增殖，实 现免疫应答，所以称为外周免疫器 官。
外周免疫器官在胚胎发育过程中比 中枢免疫器官迟。
外周免疫器官是免疫活性细胞定居 和增殖的场所，也是这些细胞产生 抗体及发育成致敏淋巴细胞以及发 挥免疫应答的重要部位。
淋巴细胞在各淋巴组织和淋巴器官 中一定的定位分布特异性取决于淋 巴细胞表面黏附分子种类及高内皮 细胞小静脉（HEV）表达的相应黏 附分子受体。
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• Second-Line Defenses - If a pathogen is able to get past the body's first line of defense, and an infection starts, the body can rely on it's second line of defense. This will result in what is called an……….
• Third-Line Defenses - Sometimes the second line of defense is still not enough and the pathogen is then heading for the body's last line of defense, the immune system.
Immunity
alina
Contents
• • • • • • •
1. Briefly introduction of vaccination 2. Three lines 3. Defination about immunity 4. Compnents 5. Classification 6. Function 7. How to Improve immunity
• • • • • • •
Lymphocytes 淋巴细胞 Macrophages 巨噬细胞 Phagocytes 吞噬细胞 Cell-mediated immunity 细胞介导免疫 NK < natural killer >cells 自然杀手细胞 T cell B cell
免疫系统的组成与结构
• Inflammatory response causes • Redness - due to capillary dilation resulting in increased blood flow • Heat - due to capillary dilation resulting in increased blood flow • Swelling – due to passage of plasma from the blood stream into the damaged tissue • Pain – due mainly to tissue destruction and, to a lesser extent, swelling.
What is immunity?
• Immunity is the body's ability to fight off harmful micro-organisms –PATHOGENS- that invade it. • The immune system produces antibodies or cells that can deactivate pathogens. • Fungi, protozoans, bacteria, and viruses are all potential pathogens.
Lymphocytes; antigen-specific receptors; antibodies
Function
• 1, immune defense Anti-infection immunity • 免疫防御 • 2, immune homeostasis • 免疫稳定
clearance of damaged and ageing cells
• Unlike the first line and second line defense the immune system differentiates among pathogens. • For each type of pathogen, the immune system produces cells that are specific for that particularne system is.
Yellow, primary lymphoid organs.
Blue, secondary lymphoid organs.
Major components barriers (e.g., skin); phagocytes; pattern recognition molecules
（二）免疫细胞【 immune cells】
• 1. T cells : mature in the thymus gland directly attacking cell-mediated immunity • 2.B cells : Lymphoid tissue; produce antibodies , inactivate antigen ; antibody-based immunity or humoral immunity; 3. NK cells : natural killer cells
• 3,Immune surveillance Clearance of the mutant and infected cells • 免疫监视
How to Improve an Immune System
• • • • • • • • • • • 1. Start with a healthy diet Varied diet ; Limit salt, sugar and fat. plenty of water 2. Find a good multi-vitamin and multi-mineral tablet. 3. Get some exercise every day. 4. Make time for genuine relaxation. 5. Adopt a habit of meditation. 6. Sleep at least eight to 10 hours per night 7. avoid sun exposure. 8. Keep warm .>36,5.
第二节 免疫系统
3、NK细胞
最主要功能为非特异性杀伤靶细胞。
4、单核吞噬细胞 • 包括血液中的单核细胞和组织中的巨噬细胞。
NK
5、其他免疫细胞
中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞和血小板等。
Classification
固有免疫(天然免疫/非特异性免疫) Innate Immunity(natural/nonspecific) 适应性免疫(获得性免疫/特异性免疫） Adaptive Immunity(acquired/specific）
• 观察到得过牛痘的挤 奶女工不会得天花 • 8岁男孩身上接种 “牛痘cowpox”预 防天花取得成功 • Vaccine was invented (latin vacca means ”cow”)
The three- line • defenses
•
• First-Line Defenses /Innate Immune SystemThe body's first line of defense against pathogens uses mostly physical and chemical barriers such as • Skin – acts as a barrier to invasion • Sweat – has chemicals which can kill different pathogens. • Tears - have lysozyme which has powerful digestive abilities that render antigens harmless. • Saliva – also has lysozyme. • Mucus - can trap pathogens, which are then sneezed, coughed, washed away, or destroyed by chemicals. • Stomach Acid – destroys pathogens
• The immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys, and remembers each pathogen that enters the body. It does this by making specialized cells and antibodies that render the pathogens harmless.
Key words
Innate immunity 固 有免疫 Adaptive immunity 适应性免疫 Lymphiod organs 淋巴器官 Lymph nodes 淋巴结 Immune molecules 免疫分子 Antibody (Ab) 抗体 Complement 补体 TCR T细胞识别受体 BCR B细胞识别受体
1.骨髓(bone marrow)
• 1, A place where all types of blood cells and immune cells produce • 2. The site of B cell differentiation, maturation
• 3. Humoral immune response
牛痘接种 （vaccination with cowpox）
James Philips was the first case vaccinated with cowpox by Dr. Edward Jenner on May 17, 1796
1798: Edward Jenner – 接种牛痘苗
2.胸腺(Thymus gland)
1. The site of T cell differentiation, maturation 2. immune regulation