英美文学史及经典作品选读
《英美文学简史及名篇选读》课后练习参考答案
《英美文学简史及名篇选读》课后练习参考答案《英美文学简史及名篇选读》单元练参考答案Exercises of Chapter II. XXX.1. Angles；Saxons; Jutes2.Beowulf3.French；Latin; Old EnglishII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.D2.C3.B4.E5. AIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.B2.D3.B4.BExercises of Chapter III. XXX.1.Utopia2.Francis Bacon3.Hamlet;Othello;King Lear;Macbeth4.classical;human activities;XXXII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.Part I :1.D2.E3. B4. C5.APart II:6.L7.K8. I9.G10.F.11.H12. JIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.B2.D3.B4.B5.C6.CExercises of Chapter III1I. XXX.1. Charles I ; Parliament2. XXX ; XXX3. King Charles II；Restoration4.XXX XXX ; XXXII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.Part I :1.C2.D3.B4. APart II :1.H2.E3.F4.GIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.D2.C3.D4.B5.CExercises of Chapter IVI. XXX.1.Sentimentalism2.XXX XXX3.XXX FieldingII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.、XXX.DIII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.B2.C3.A4,E5.DExercises of Chapter VI. XXX.1798;Walter XXX’s XXX23.Walter XXXII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.B2.C3.E4.F5.G6.A7.DIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.D2.C3.C4.D5.BExercises of Chapter VII.XXX.1.1837；1901；remarkable；expansion；XXX contradiction between the rich and the poor; the conflicts between capitaland labour; the widespread unemployment; severe depression3.The Life of Charlotte Bronte4.Lewis Carroll；Oxford;Alice’XXX; Through theLooking-GrassII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.F2.A3.B4.C5.H6.E7.J8.K9.G10.L11.D12.IIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.D2.C3.B4.D5.B6.CExercises of Chapter VIII. XXX.1. XXX 19252. Stream of consciousness3. science fiction; XXX fiction4. Modernism5. XXX Joyce; Virginia Woolf;XXX FaulknerII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.B2.C3.G4.E5.F6.H7.D8.A3III. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.B2.A3.D4.D5.AExercises of Chapter VIIII. XXX.1. Booker Prize (The XXX); Full-length; English: UK2.Animal Farm；XXX Eighty-Four3. Elias Canetti; Doris Lessing; XXX; Harold PinterII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.B2.G3.C4.F5.H6.J7.A8.I9.E10.DIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.B2.D3.C4.D5.AExercises of Chapter IXI. XXX.1. XXX2. New England XXX3. believers ; divinity; intuition; reason4. Washington Irving; XXX;Nature;XXX’sWaldenII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.E2.B3.H4.F5.C6.G7.A8.DIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.B2.B3.D4.D5.C6.AExercises of Chapter XI. XXX.41. naturalism; realism2. International XXX3. industrialization ; XXX4. wit ; satire5. feministII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.C2.A3.B4.H5.F6.D7.E8.GIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.A2.B3.B4.D5.BExercises of Chapter XII. XXX.1. Lost Generation2.XXX O’XXXII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.Part I :1.B2.E3.D4.A5.C。
必读英美文学经典作品20本
必读英美文学经典作品20本American Literature1、The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Howthorne《红字》霍桑著小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。
因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。
2、The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain《哈克贝利.芬历险记》简称《赫克》是美国文学中的珍品,也是美国文化中的珍品。
十六年前【1984】 ,美国文坛为《赫克》出版一百周年举行了广泛的庆祝活动和学术讨论,也出版了一些研究马克吐温,特别是他的《赫克》的专著。
专门为一位大作家的一本名著而举行如此广泛的纪念和专门的研究,这在世界文坛上也是少有的盛事。
这是因为《赫克》的意义不一般. 美国著名作家海明威说, "一切现代美国文学来自一本书, 即马克吐温的《赫克尔贝里芬历险记》……这是我们所有书中最好的。
一切美国文学都来自这本书,在它之前,或在它之后,都不曾有过能与之媲美的作品。
3、The Portrait of a Lady by Henry James 《贵妇画像》亨利.詹姆斯著】美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的《贵妇画像》自问世以来一直受到文学评论界的关注，专家学者已从各个不同角度对女主人伊莎贝尔·阿切尔作了深入细致的研究。
本文试图从一个全新的视角，即跨文化交际角度，剖析伊莎贝尔在婚姻方面所作的选择。
文章指出她是该小说中跨文化交际的最大失败者，并对其失败原因作了分析。
希望在跨文化交际日益频繁的今天我们都能从伊莎贝尔的生活经历中得到某种启发。
4.Moby Dick by Herman Melville 《白鲸》麦尔维尔著小说描写了亚哈船长为了追逐并杀死白鲸莫比·迪克的经历，最终与白鲸同归于尽的故事。
自考 英美文学选读 书单
自考英美文学选读书单全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：自考英美文学选读书单：自考英美文学选读一直是自考英美文学专业的核心课程之一，对学生的文学修养和英语水平提升起着非常重要的作用。
下面给大家推荐一份【自考英美文学选读】书单，希望对大家学习和备考有所帮助。
1. 《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）- 夏洛蒂·勃朗特（Charlotte Bronte）《简·爱》是英国文学史上的经典之作，描写了主人公简·爱的一生遭遇及成长历程。
小说通过简·爱的内心世界、对生活的思考和对爱情的追求，展示了女性独立、坚强和自由的形象，被誉为女性主义文学的杰作。
2. 《傲慢与偏见》（Pride and Prejudice）- 简·奥斯汀（Jane Austen）《傲慢与偏见》是英国文学史上的又一经典之作，讲述了伊丽莎白·班奇和达西先生之间的爱情故事。
小说通过调侃社会习俗、揭示人性弱点和倡导女性独立，展现了简·奥斯汀的精湛文学功底和对人性深刻洞察的能力。
3. 《了不起的盖茨比》（The Great Gatsby）- F·司各特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）《了不起的盖茨比》是美国文学史上的代表作之一，讲述了上世纪20年代美国高盛时期的繁荣与荒诞。
小说通过主人公盖茨比的爱情故事、社会地位和金钱的探讨，揭示了美国梦的虚幻和人性的贪婪，具有较高的文学价值和社会意义。
《呼啸山庄》是英国文学史上的经典之作，描绘了希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳之间的爱恨纠葛。
小说通过家族恩怨、爱情悲剧和人性探讨，展现了勃朗特姐妹的文学才华和对人性矛盾的深刻理解。
《去吧，告诉她们，我在这里》是美国文学史上的力作之一，讲述了黑人青年约翰尼的成长经历和对信仰的追求。
小说通过种族歧视、家庭纠葛和自我认同的挣扎，反映了美国社会的种族问题和对人类命运的深刻思考。
外研社英美文学简史及名篇选读教学课件英国文学u2
A nine-line stanza consisting of eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding line of iambic hexameter, rhyming ABABBCBCC , named after English poet Edmund Spenser.
Other definition:
During the 14th and 16th centuries an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance swept Europe. It was characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works. The sonnet and other Italian literary influences began to appear in English literature. (谢福之，2013:67）
2. Plot and theme of The Faerie Queene :
--12 books were to describe the 12 adventures (only finished 6). Each knight represents a virtue, as Holiness, Chastity, Friendship, Justice and Courtesy. It is written in a 9-line stanza form, named Spenserian Stanza.
(3) His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist，Shakespeare.
英美文学简史及名篇选读
Old ages (Angles-Saxons Period)●Period: 449AD Three tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes——1066 The Norman Conquest●Beowulf: the first English epic1. Three epics: (Beowulf; Paradise Lost; White Whale)2. Epic is a long narrative poem that records the adventure of a hero, whose exploits are important to the history of a nation.3. Features: alliteration; a lot of metaphors and understatementsMedieval ages:●Period: about1066——about1500●Three languages:1. French became official language used by the king and Norman lords.2. Latin was the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities.3. Old English was used only by common English people.●Romance: describes the adventure of a knight who devoted himself to the king, the church or the lord.Eg. the best of Arthurian romance: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight●Geoffrey Chaucer1. The father of English poetry2. The founder of English realism3. The forerunner of humanism4. The first writer to use current English language; use common English words;And be interred in the “Poets’ Corner” in Westminster Abbey.●The Canterbury Tales1. describes comprehensive realistic picture of English society of his time/ panorama(ordinary daily life)2. heroic couplets（英雄双韵体）: iambic pentameter(抑扬格五音步) which rhymes in pairs or couplets（双韵）●Scotland Ballad: a narrative poem written in four-line stanzas. Usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme.Eg. Get Up and Bar the Door by Robin HoodRenaissance (14-17.5): transition from medieval to modern worldItaly; literature(poetry and drama), painting, sculpture●Reasons:1. rediscovery of Roman and Greek culture2. discovery of geography and astrology3. religious reformation4. economic development●Reaching England slowly:1. separating from the Continent2. domestic unrest●Background1. The War of the Roses2. The Reformation3. The Enclosure Movement4. The Commercial Expansion●Two features1. literary spirit: humanism(keynote): human activities; Man is the measure of all things.2. literary form: classical literature especially drama: 5 acts and many scenes●Period(15.5——16——17.5)1. (beginning)Henry Ⅷ; (summit)Queen Elizabeth2. First period: imitation and assimilation(Petrarch)3. Second period: classical literature and Italy humanism●Status:1. Best representatives of humanist: William Shakespeare; Thomas More; Christopher Marlowe2. The most outstanding forms: poetry and poetic drama(William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson)3. The most famous dramatists: William Shakespeare; Christopher Marlowe; Ben Jonson●Trivial Figures:1. Wyatt introduced sonnet and Surrey introduced the blank verse to England.2. Francis Bacon: essayist; the founder of modern science; the founder of materialist philosophy; scientific method Advancement of Learning; New Instrument; Of Truth; Of Studies; Of Travel; Of Wisdom3. William Caxton: the first person to introduce printing4. Christopher Marlowe used the blank verse with mighty lines; “University Wits”;Tamburlaine the Great帖木儿大帝5. John Donne: metaphysical poetry6. Thomas More: Utopi a meaning “no place”7. Edmund Spenser: poet’s poet;Spenserian stanza: 8 lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding line of iambic hexameter; ABAB BCBC C The Fair QueenWilliam Shakespeare1. works: 37 plays, 2 long poems and 154 sonnets(126 friendships and 28 love)2. First period: different genresRomeo and Juliet3. Second period: comediesThe Merchant of Venice; Twelfth Night; A Midsummer Night’s Dream; As You Like It4. Third period: tragedies reflects social contradictions of the age(feudalism VS capitalism)Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth5. Fourth period: (Period of Romance)The Tempest; The Winter’s Tale6. Hamlet: soliloquy; blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter)7. sonnet: Italian sonnet and English sonnet(three quatrains and a couplet rhyming abab cdcd efef gg)The Seventeenth Century●Three events:Bourgeois revolution(civil war) between Charles Ⅷ and the parliamentOliver Cromwell built a commonwealthThe Restoration by Charles Ⅷ.●Two features:Two groups (Milton and Cavalier poets)+ Metaphysical poetLiterature in the Puritan Age expressed rage and sadness.●John Milton(Christian humanist)His creed: the freedom of manHis grand style: sublimity of thought and majesty of expressionHe has ambition to write an epic which English would “not willingly let die”.1. Lycidas2. (prose) Areopagitica《论出版自由》; A Defense of the English People3. Paradise Lost(Restoration in 1660); Paradise Regained(Christ); Samson Agonistes(Bible or Greek literature)●Paradise Lost: 12 books; from Old Testament-Genesis; blank verseThe theme is “Fall of Man”. It tells disobedience of men and the loss of Paradise with the prime cause Satan.His intention is to expose the way of Satan and to “justify the ways God to men”.He expresses implicitly the fundamental concerns of freedom and choice.●Paradise Regained: Man shall find grace.●Samson Agonistes: bring destruction upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.While his achievements in literature not only make him tower over all the other English writers of his time, but also exert a great influence on later ones.Trivial figures:1. John Donne: metaphysical poet; The Flea (conceit/metaphor); Songs and Sonnet2. John Bunyan: Christian allegory The Pilgrim’s Process-Vanity Fair3. John Dryden: critics An Essay of Dramatic PoesyThe Eighteenth Century: The Age of ReasonThis century is the most peaceful era in Great Britain.●Three reasons for the eighteenth century1. Glorious revolution helped the bourgeoisie come to power.2. Industrial revolution and fast-expanding colonization boosted the development of capitalism.3. The Enlightenment Movement focusing on reason flourished.●Three literature trends:●Other writers:1. Sheridan：The School of Scandal●Daniel Defoe: describing the enterprising capitalist society; one of the forerunner of English realistic novelRobinson Crusoe (optimistic enterprising spirit)●Jonathan Swift: a master of pamphlet and the greatest satiristNovels: Gulliver’s Travels; Battles of the books (a satire of two-party state system); A Tale of a Tub (a satire of church)Pamphlet: A Modest Proposal (attacking the English government exploiting and draining Ireland of wealth and resources);●Henry Fielding: “father of the English novel”; Chaucer “father of the English poetry”One of founders of the English realism;giving a comprehensive picture of the life of 18th century England, from country to cityJoseph Andrew; The Story of Tom Jones, a Foundling; Amelia;●Tomas Gray: one of the leading figures of Sentimentalism; one of “Graveyard Poets”Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardPre-romanticism is to resist rationality and restraint, to call for passion and romance, and to return to medieval literature.●William Blake: Pre-romantic poet and painter; He wrote his poems in a plain, simple, and direct way.His poems often imply romantic spirit, natural sentiment and individual originality.Two collections of short lyrics: Songs of Innocence (beautiful nature, innocent children and harmonious world); Songs of Experience (more mature and gloomier darker in the theme and the tone)The Marriage between Heaven and Hell; Milton;Prophecy: The French Revolution; America●Robert Burns: Pre-romantic Scottish poet; a poet of peasants and common peopleHe was greatly influenced by Scottish folk songs.Expressing the feelings and daily life of working people and the optimism and dignity of common people Theme: fresh romantic spirit of friendship and loveA Red Red Rose; Farewell to ScotlandEnglish Literature in Romantic Age (1798-1832)●Duration: the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s joint work Lyric Ballads-the death of Walt Scott.●Reasons:1. Industrial Revolution and Enclosure Movement2. French Revolution and American Revolution●Features:1. As a violent struggle against the Enlightenment, romanticism focused on passion, individual and inner life.Romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of working class who were discontented with and opposed to the development of capitalism.Working class hailed the doctrine of “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity”.●Key poets and two novelists of Romantic movement:Novelists: Walt Scott (historical novelist) and Jane Austin (realistic female novelist)●William Wordsworth: “Laureate Poet”; poet of natureExperience: roaming in free area→touring in Europe and witnessing the French revolution→full of sympathy for the lives of common peopleLyric Ballads; Lucy Poems; in Two V olumes; The Excursion; The Prelude;She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud; The Solitary Reaper●George Gordon Lord Byron: “Byronic Heroes” who are man with fiery passion and unbending willHours of Idleness; Don Juan; Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage; The Age of Bronze；She Walks in BeautyPercy Bysshe Shelly: a master of poetry and politics; the first poet who sang for working class in Europe “Mad Shelly” for his sensitive nature and crazy rebellion against injusticeHis work reflected radical ideas and revolutionary optimism.A pamphlet against religion: The Necessity of Atheism;Odes: Ode to the Skylark; Ode to the West Wind (political lyrics with five stanzas of iambic pentameter) Four-act poetic drama: Prometheus UnboundA great theory of poetry: A Defense of PoetryPoems: Song to the Men of England; Queen Mab●John Keats: a poet of “pure poetry”; “art for art’s sake”; poems with sensual imaginary; surgeon→poetOde to a Nightingale; Ode to Melancholy; Ode to a Grecian Urn; To Autumn; Ode to PsycheThe Eve of St. Agnes●Walt Scott: Scottish historical novelist; the founder and master of the historical novel; lawyer→novelistTo combine historical fact with romantic imagination: Waverley; Ivanhoe●Jane Austen: the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middle-class peopleShe explored the independence of woman on marriage and brought the novel of family life to its highest point of perfection.Pride and Prejudice(Elizabeth Bennet and Darcy); Sense and Sensibility;English Literature of Modernization (WWⅠ and WWⅠ)●Features:1. The sun-never-set empire collapsed.2. There were various philosophical ideas:Marx and Engels’s theory of scientific socialismDarwin’s theory of evolutionEinstein’s theory of relativityFreud’s analytical psychology3. Irrational philosophy (非理性哲学) against realism: Arthur Schopenhauer→Nietzsche→Henry Bergson4. Modernism rose out of skepticism (Victorian values) and disillusion of capitalism (to explore).●George Bernard Shaw: great playwright secondary to Shakespeare; critic and polemicist (清朝)Fabian society; socialism; against “arts for arts’ sake” and for reflecting human lifeCashel Baryon’s Profession (novel);Early drama: Widowers’ Houses (unfair landlordism); Mrs. Warren’s Profession (prostitude; economic oppression of woman);Middle drama: The Doctor’s Dilemma: ignorance, incompetence, arrogance and bigotry of the medical profession Major Barbara; Pygmalion 卖花女; Saint Joan 圣女贞德（a satire of the rigid British social hierarchy and a commentary of woman independence）Later drama: Too True to be Good(难以置信);●John Galsworthy● James Joyce: Irish writerDubliners （a collection of short stories which reflect three aspects of life in politics, culture and religion ）； Ulysses (parodying the episodes of Homer’s Odyssey)Three exponents of the stream -of –consciousness: James Joyce, Virginia Woolf and Faulkner. ● Virginia Woolf : the central figure of Bloomsbury Group; forerunner of feminismThe Mark on the Wall （first ）; Mrs. Dalloway 达洛维夫人; To the Lighthouse 到灯塔去; A Room of one’s Own; The Waves (the climax of Virginia Woolf’s experiments through the novel form of stream of consciousness) ● D. H. Lawrence: a controversial figure because his frank treatment of sexThe Rainbow; Women in Love (Ursula and Birkin; Gudrun and Gerald); Lady Chatterley’s Lover (noblewoman’s love affair with a servant)William Butler Yeats: 叶芝 first writer to win the Noble Prize in Literature in Ireland When You Are Old (to Maud Gonne)three trilogiesfirst trilogyThe forstye SagaThe Man of Property 财主The Chancery 骑虎难下To let 出租second trilogyModern ComedyThe White MonkeyThe Sliver Spoon Swan Song third trilogyEnd of the ChapterMaid in WaitingThe Flowering Wilderness Over the riverEnglish Literature of Realization (Victorian Age 1832-1902Queen Victorian: 1837-1902;This period is the remarkable in the development of the country, marked by a great expansion of British Empire. 1832: the death of Walter Scott; The Reform ActSocial problems:1. the political power passed into hands of middle-class industrial capitalists2. the problem of women influenced by Industrial Revolution3. contradiction between the rich and the poor4. the conflicts between capital and labor5. the widespread unemployment6. the severe depression7. the system of workhouseEnglish critical realism: to describe traits of English society and criticize the capitalism from a democratic view Main figures: Charles Dickens; William Makepeace Thackeray; Charlotte Bronte; Mrs. Gaskell; George Eliot; Tomas HardyCharles Dickens: the greatest novelist in Victorian Age; the greatest representative of English critical realism First period (naïve optimism): Sketches by Boz博兹札记; Pickwick Papers; Oliver Twist; The Old Curiosity Shop Second period (A travel to America; hopelessness to democracy): David Copperfield; A Christmas CarolLast period (intensifying pessimism): Bleak House; Hard Times; A Tale of two Cities (London and Pairs); Great ExpectationBronte sisters:Charlotte Bronte; Emily Bronte; Ann BronteJane Eyre; Wuthering Heights; Agnes GreyTomas Hardy: semi-fictional region of Wessex; theme is the futility of man’s effort to struggle against cruel fate Tess of the d’Urbervilles (fatalism)Browning:Robert Browning; Mrs. BrowningMy Last Duchess; How do I Love Thee?Other writer:1. Mrs. Gaskell: The Life of Charlotte Bronte2. George Eliot: pseudonym of Mary Ann Events; Middlemarch3. Lewis Carroll: a university teacher in Oxford; Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland; Through the Looking-glass4. Robert Lewis Stevenson: travel a lot due to his weak lungs; Treasure Island5. Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest 不可儿戏6. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair (a satirical novel with title from Bunyan)7. Alfred Lord Tennyson: The EagleAmerican Literature of Romanticism (1820-1860) The American Renaissance●New England Transcendentalism: Emerson and Thoreaudivinity; individual’s intuition; feeling over reason●Washington Irving: father of American short story; comic fablesThe Sketch Book: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow; Rip V an Wrinkle; Life of George Washington●Nathaniel Hawthorne: Psychological fictions; symbolism; Calvinistic beliefThe Scarlet Letter; The Minister’s Black Veil; The Birthmark; Young Goodman Brown; The House of Seven Gables ●Edgar Allan Poe: father of detective stories; Gothic tales (horror and mystery); poetry for beauty: To Helen●Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: the most beloved American poet; great versatility;A Psalm of Life (the first American poem introduced to China); I Shot an Arrow (friendship)●Walt Whitman: the most influential poet in America; free verseLeaves of Grass: Democratic Bible/ National Epic; Drum Taps; O Captain! My Captain! To the StatesWhen Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d: Air his sorrow about the death of LincolnThere was a Child Went Forth: himself and AmericaCavalry Crossing a Ford: Civil WarSong of Myself: belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value●Harriet Beecher Stowe: abolitionistAnti-slavery novel: Uncle Tom’s Cabin●Other writers:1. James Fenimore Cooper: frontier adventuresLeatherstocking Tales: The Pioneers; The Last of Mohicans; The Prairie; The Path Finder; The Deerslayer2. Emerson: Nature;3. Thoreau: Walden (Nature is divine, and human can communicate with it by way of pure senses.)4. Rebecca Harding Davis: social realism4. Herman Melville: Moby-Dick; TypeeAmerican Literature of Realism (1860-1914 ) Civil War-WWⅠ●Three reasons for the coming of American Realism:1. The Civil War overturned the moral value of American, and people began to question the human nature and thebenevolence of God.2. After the Civil War, industrialization and mechanization flourished, giving rise to the affluent mid-class.3. The gap between poverty and wealth expanded.●Three characteristics of American Realism:1. Realists focused on the straightforward and objective description of real life2. Realists were interested in commonplace and depicted people from all social levels.3. American realism approached the harsh realities by experience.●Naturalism: Darwin’s evolutionary theory+ French novelist Emile ZolaTheodore Dreiser; Stephen Crane: A Red Badge of Courage;Jack London: Martin EdenKate Chopin: the forerunner of feminist authors; The Awakening●Three novelists: Mark Twain (lower class); Howells (middle class); Henry James (upper class)●Mark Twain(Samuel Langhorne Clemens):vernacular(colloquial); local colorist; father of American literature(William Faulkner);His writing features are strong local colors, colloquial speech and witty remarks.The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County; The Innocents Abroad; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; Life on Mississippi;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Huck and Jim looked for freedom; Hemingway: all modern American literature comes);The Gilded Age (Charles Warner; post-Civil War)●Henry James: the forerunner of “stream of consciousness”;the founder of psychological realismdescribe inner world by his psychological approach; international theme; cosmopolitan novelist; literary essayist First period: The American; Daisy Miller; The Portrait of a Lady; The Europeans;Second period: The Turn of a ScrewThird period: What Maisie Knows; The Golden Bowl; The Wings of the Dove; The AmbassadorsLiterary criticism: The Art of Fiction (The novel aims to present the life.)●Emily Dickinson(——): great poet with 1775 poemsTheme: love, religion, death and immortality in physical, psychological and emotional termsnature (more than 500)：Nature’ inscrutability(不可预测) and indifference to human beingsSuccess; I’m Nobody; I Died for Beauty;I Like to See it Lap the Miles (Train is the part of nature like an animal.)I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died(the moment of death)This is my Letter to the World (her anxiety about her communication with the outside world)Because I Could Not Stop for Death (personification of Death and Immortality)Her poems are usually based on her experiences, her sorrows and joys.●Theodore Dreiser:Naturalism: Darwin’s idea; The world is like a juggle; Man is a “victim of forces over which he has no control”.Sister Carrie; An American Tragedy: real criminal cases; “Trilogy of Desire”: Financier; The Titan; The Stoic●Robert Frost: living in New England; Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for four times; Congressional Gold MedalA link between the 19-century American literature and Modernism with traditional form and modern themeHis work is distinguished by its simple style, colloquial speech and metaphorical images.A Boy’s Will (the development of a boy from egoism to maturity full of characteristics of New England)North of Boston “a book of people in New England”New Hampshire-Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (continue to proceed after having a break)The Road Not Taken (Different way of life)After Apple Picking (a sense of completeness yet hopelessness)American Literature of Modernism (1914-1915) WWⅠ - WWⅠ●Reasons for modernism:1. Two wars cost many lives and destructed much property.2. Philosophical ideas such as Einstein’s theory of relativity and Freud’s analytical psychology flourished.3. The establishment of Nobel Prize in literature has promoted the development of literature.●Feature for modernism: to express disillusionment with tradition and interest in new technologies and visions●Feature of the Lost Generation: to express their loss, despair and disillusionment●Figures of the Lost Generation: Ernest Hemingway and Fitzgerald●Ezra Pound: imagism (A visual image and concrete instances can be poetic and abstract.)Confucius; Shih-Ching; In a Station of the Metro● E. E. Comings: an avant-garde poet with typographical style (scattered words); mimic Ezra Pound’s imagismIn Just-●Wallace Stevens: gifted nonprofessional poet; power of imagination and description of concrete objects Anecdote of the Jar: jar (imagination and creation); hill (bewildering and chaotic world)●Williams Carlos Williams: variable foot; meter(格律：stressed) and lineation (分行：line breaks and stanzas) The Red Wheelbarrow●William Faulkner: composite stream of consciousness(free form); Southern Renaissance-The fugitive Yoknapakawpha county;The Sound and the Fury(four characters; no capitalization and punctuation); A Rose for Emily;●T. S. Eliot: an innovative poet, playwright and criticPoems using a lot of mythology, allusion, symbolism and disconnected images;New Criticism focusing on regarding work as an independent of both author and reader;Poems: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock; The Waste Land (disillusionment of spirit of the former generation); The Hollow Men; For Quartets Play: Murder in Cathedral●Ernest Hemingway: Lost generation(disillusioned and confused); iceberg theoryEconomical and understated(terse) writing styleCoded heroes have “grace under pressure” and “despairing courage”.A Farewell to Arms; Green Hills of Africa; The Snows of Kilimanjaro; For Whom the Bell Tolls;A Clean, well-Lighted Place (nihilism and existentialism)● F. Scott. Fitzgerald: chronicler of the Jazz Age of America(1918-1929 Roaring Twenties); Lost GenerationStyle: satire and criticism of the worship of hedonism and moneyThe Great Gatsby: aspiration and desire, innocence and hypocrisy, idealism and decadence(堕落), illusion and disillusionTender is the Night；The Side of Paradise●Eugene O’Nell: one of the greatest playwright in America; the first dramatist to win the Nobel Prize in Literature The Hairy Ape: dehumanization (非人性化) and oppression of capitalism, disillusion and loss of the working class The Emperor Jones●Other writers:1. Sinclair Lewis: novelist; the first American to win the Nobel Prize in LiteratureMain Street: criticism of capitalism and materialism after World War ⅧBabbitt: (babbittry: narrow-minded, complacent and bourgeois )2. Pearl S. Buck: an American having lived in China; the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in LiteratureGood Earth: peasant life of China3. Gertrude stein: hosting a Pairs Salon for famous writers4.Margaret Mitchell：Gone with the Windngston Hughes: Harlem Renaissance 哈莱姆(New Negro Movement); the earliest innovator of Jazz poetry Dream（Martin Luther King-I Have a Dream）6. Richard Wright:a black writer focusing on racism; The Native Son6. John Steinbeck: plight of working class and migrant workers in rural areas in Great DepressionThe Grapes of Wrath: economic and social plight of farmers; Of Mice and Men。
英美文学简史及名篇选读
英美文学简史及名篇选读英美文学简史及名篇选读英美文学历史悠久，兼收并蓄，蕴含着丰富的文化底蕴和独特的文学风格。
本文将从文学发展、主要作家及其代表作，以及作品内容等方面，介绍英美文学的发展史和一些著名的文学代表作品。
一、英美文学的发展英美文学的历史可以追溯到古代，但是现代英美文学发展以文艺复兴时期开始，并在18世纪达到顶峰。
19世纪和20世纪，英美文学经历了象征主义、现代主义和后现代主义等派别的影响，作家的风格也日渐多样化。
二、英美文学的主要作家及其代表作1.威廉·莎士比亚威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最著名的作家之一，他的作品包括诸如《麦克白》、《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等经典作品，在当时非常受欢迎。
2.詹姆斯·乔伊斯詹姆斯·乔伊斯是20世纪最具代表性的小说家之一，其作品以《尤利西斯》和《都柏林人》最为知名，他以流露出来的内心世界和音乐般的语言呈现了人性和命运。
3.欧内斯特·海明威欧内斯特·海明威是20世纪最著名的小说家之一，他的作品以《老人与海》和《太阳照常升起》最为著名。
他以简练而概括的语言，描绘出战争和人性的无边悲剧。
他的作品经常强调男子汉的美德和荣誉感，深受广大男性读者的喜爱。
4.弗朗西斯·司各特·菲茨杰拉德弗朗西斯·司各特·菲茨杰拉德是20世纪最著名的小说家之一，他的代表作品有《了不起的盖茨比》、《钻石大亨》等。
他的作品描绘了20世纪初美国精神和道德的沉沦，抨击了金钱至上的社会价值观。
5.托马斯·品钦托马斯·品钦是20世纪最具代表性的诗人之一，他创作的诗歌以《地狱直到最后一分钟》尤为著名，其风格多以梦幻、神秘和超自然的元素为主。
三、英美文学的代表作1.《为食神授》——乔纳森·斯威夫这是一部富有讽刺意味的小说，反映了社会弊病和人性的扭曲，同时又通过讽刺和幽默的手法进行了批判。
英美文学简史及名篇选读 English Literature in the Renaissance
• Art and Archite如ct文u学re、历史、哲学和艺术。
文艺复兴时期涌现了许多艺术大师，如达·芬奇、拉斐尔、米开朗基
罗等，他们以创新的绘画技巧、逼真的人物形象和透视原理为人类艺
• Science and Expl术or史a作tio出n了重大贡献。建筑方面，文艺复兴建筑采用了古罗马和古希
像是说决不屈从於羁绊的窒碍。
Full jolly knight he seemd , and faire did sitt ,
快乐的骑士在马上英姿飒爽，
As one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt .善於比武，也能在战场与敌人激烈交锋。
Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
please read the general introduction (para 1-2) and find out the social background of Renaissance
The Hundred Years’ War with France (1336-1453) The War of the Roses (Lancaster vs York, 1455-1483) The discovery of America and the new sea routes (1497-1498) The Religious Reformation (1509-1547) The Enclosure Movement (16th century) The reign of King Henry VIII (1509-1547) The reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1588-1603)
英美文学简史及名篇选读第二十二军规
英美文学简史及名篇选读第二十二军规《第二十二条军规》外国文学作品简析:美国作家海勒(1923—)的代表作，也是“黑色幽默”派小说的经典作品。
小说主要描写第二次世界大战期间驻守在地中海某基地上一支美国空军中队内部的腐败现象。
将军们勾心斗角，互相倾轧，下命令往往互相矛盾、莫名其妙;校官们为了邀功求升迁，不顾士兵死活，一次又一次地增加飞行次数。
尤其可恶的是，伙食管理员米洛竟办起了一个国际性的大公司，用飞机在国与国之间贩运食品牟取暴利。
他一方面同自己的军队签订合同轰炸德军桥梁，另一方面又同德军签约炮打本国飞机，双方官兵血肉横飞，他自己则大发横财。
面对着这个疯狂世界，主人公上尉轰炸员尤索林无法忍受，只好舍弃一切，逃往瑞典。
主人公尤索林是一个充满对死的恐惧、对生的渴望的下级军官形象。
他不能忍受空军中队的腐败现象，渴望离开战场平安地生活下去。
他怀疑别人都想暗害他，怀疑整个世界都疯了，可是大家却反过来认为他是疯子。
根据第二十二条军规，他既然被认为是疯子，就可以停止飞行，但要求停止飞行又必须由本人提出申请，能够提出申请的人就意味着他神智正常。
另外，第二十二条军规规定飞满32架次的人可以不再执行任务，但尤索林飞满32架次时，定额却又一再增加。
他恍然大悟了，第二十二条军规原来是一个被执法者按照自己的需要随心所欲地解释，从而置人于死地的圈套，是使他惶惶不可终日，求生愿望无法实现的根本原因。
小说借美国军队讽喻整个美国社会，借揭露第二十二条军规的实质来抨击践踏人权、迫害百姓的资产阶级官僚体制。
《第二十二条军规》没有首尾相接的、完整的故事情节。
它采取超现实的荒诞笔法描写现实世界的荒唐，用夸张的手法把生活漫画化，让幽默的笑声隐含着绝望和悲伤。
在人物塑造上作者运用“反英雄”的写法，把主人公尤索林塑造成卑微猥琐、行为怪癖、贪生怕死的胆小鬼形象。
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英美文学史及经典作品选读
英美文学史及经典作品选读在西方文学史上扮演着重要的一页，它蕴含无穷的精神内核，抹尽浓墨重彩地表现了它历久弥新的文化内涵。
伊利亚特·弗兰克福尔曼被称为现代英国小说家中最杰出的一位，他在《呼啸山庄》中深刻揭示了封建社会存在的种种弊端和矛盾；而《雾都孤儿》以沉痛的语言抒发了孤独的心灵之酸楚，在小说史上留下了深远的影响。
再说说海明威，他以其独特的文字风格著称，他在《老人与海》中写出了一个穷困潦倒而又勇敢自强、坚强不屈的乔治·艾斯特勒，他是一个无奈而又可嘉的精神和生命的抗争者，强烈地弥漫着勇敢、自信、自由、正义的精神，影响深远。
此外，作家中的另一重要代表——爱德华·艾略特以《费城的故事》最为人所熟知，它深具仪式感的叙述风格，将一个空前绝后的“城市故事”写尽，非常出彩，在历史文学发展史上留下了巨大影响。
总而言之，英美文学史及其经典作品宣传着正义正气、自由自强的生活理念，充满着文化和审美的力量，在当今社会文化史中彰显出绵长的影子。