朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解(国土、人民与历史)
第1章国土、人民与历史1.1 复习笔记I. Geography and land1. Geography2. Weather3. Wildlife—unique flora and fauraII. Environmental issues1. Environmental problems2. Environmental responsibilityIII. The New Zealanders1. Population2. Language3. Human rights4. Standard of livingIV. Maoritanga1. Definition2. Legends about Maui3. Maori society4. Race relations5. Maori languageV. History1. First settlers of the Islands2. European navigators3. Maori and Pakeha4. The Post-war yearsI. Geography, and land（地理和国土）1. Geography（地理）(1)Three largest islands（三大岛屿）①Situated in the southwest Pacific Ocean, New Zealand is a long group of islands, which is made up of the North Island and the South Island.②Stewart Island is the third largest island.①新西兰是位于太平洋西南部的岛国，其中最大的两个岛屿是北岛与南岛。
②斯图尔特岛是新西兰的第三大岛。
(2)The North Island（北岛）①The North Island is famous for volcanoes and the thermal region.②Both Auckland, the country’s largest urban area, and Wellington, the capital, are located on the island.①北岛以火山及温泉区闻名于世。
②新西兰最大的城市奥克兰以及首都惠灵顿都位于北岛。
(3)The South Island（南岛）①The Southern Alps runs almost the full length of the South Island.②Mt. Cook, in the southern part of the Alps, is the highest mountain in New Zealand.①南阿尔卑斯山位于南岛。
②全国最高峰库克山位于阿尔卑斯山南部。
(4)Landform and forest（地形和森林）①There are fertile lowlands in both islands and rolling plains in South Canterbury and Hawkes Bay.②Now only about 30% of the country is forested, compared with 80% before the Maori arrived.①北岛和南岛均有肥沃的低地，在南坎特伯雷和霍克斯湾有起伏的平原。
②在毛利人到来之前，新西兰的森林覆盖率达80%，而现在的森林覆盖率只有大约30%。
2. Weather（天气）(1)New Zealand, in the southern temperate latitudes, has a maritime climate.(2)The prevailing wind is westerly; many parts of the country have extremes of wind and rain.(3)Many microclimates exist in particularly sheltered or exposed places.(1)新西兰位于南半球，属温带海洋性气候。
(2)新西兰主要风向为西风，大部分地区有强风及大雨。
(3)新西兰一些地区存在微气候。
3. Wildlife—unique flora and fauna（独特的动、植物群）(1)Many native birds and plants, insects, spiders and snails, and all native earth worms, are found only in New Zealand.(2)Large flightless birds include the Kakapo, a large parrot, and the kiwi, which means a New Zealander in colloquial English.(3)There are no snakes, but some other reptile species like the tuatara.(1)新西兰有许多独特的鸟类、植物、昆虫、蜘蛛、蜗牛以及蚯蚓。
(2)鹦与几维鸟是两种体型较大而无飞行能力的鸟类，前者是鹦鹉的一种，后者在英语口语中用来指新西兰人。
(3)新西兰没有蛇，但有其他爬行动物，比如斑点槭齿蜥。
II. Environmental issues（环境议题）1. Environmental problems（环境问题）(1)Biodiverdity（生物多样性）Introduced animals such as cats, dogs, ferrets and opossums have seriously affected native fauna and their habitat and some species are even extinct.外来动物如猫、狗、雪貂和负鼠科动物严重影响了当地动物群及其生存环境，有一些当地物种甚至灭绝。
(2) Pollution and flood damage（污染和洪水危害）There exists pollution of rivers and lakes in New Zealand. Also, clearing of forests and changed weather patterns have led to more flood damage.新西兰河流和湖泊受到一定污染，并且森林砍伐和气候变化导致的更多洪水灾害。
(3)Ozone depletion（臭氧消耗）The ozone hole does not cover New Zealand but, since 1980, year round ozone levels have declined by about 6% because of global ozone depletion.新西兰上空并没有臭氧空洞，但从20世纪80年代起，全球臭氧消耗导致新西兰全年臭氧浓度下降了约6%。
2. Environmental responsibility（环境责任）(1) New Zealanders are keen to take environmental responsibility on an individual basis, as well as nationally and internationally.(2)The Resource Management Act①The Resource Management Act came into effect in 1991, which reflects New Zealanders’ environmental awareness.②As the first environmental legislation in the world, it focuses on the effects of human activities on the environment.③Laws governing land, air and water resources are brought together to promote the sustainable management of national and physical resources.④Agenda 21 passed at the “Earth Summit” in 1992 was modeled after the Act.(1)无论是在个人，国家还是国际上，新西兰人环境保护意识强烈。
(2)资源管理法①资源管理法于1991年生效，反映了新西兰人强烈的环境意识。
②该法是世界上第一个环境立法，重点是检查人类活动对环境的影响。
③在资源管理法中，管理土地、空气以及水资源的法规被汇集在一起，用于促进对国家物质资源的可持续管理。
④1992年地球峰会通过的21世纪议程以该法为模板。
III. The New Zealanders（新西兰人）1. Population（人口）(1)Population distribution（人口分布）About 85% of New Zealanders live in cities and towns, and about 74% live in the North Island.约85%的新西兰人居住在城市或城镇，约74%的新西兰人居住在北岛。
(2)Components（构成）①About 80% of New Zealanders think they have European ancestry.②Maori, about 15% in 2001, is the next largest population group. The Ministry of Maori Development facilitates and supports Maori achievements in some key areas.③People from the Pacific Islands make up about 5% of the population. The Ministry of Pacific Island Affairs helps them to achieve their aspirations.④9% identified themselves as Asian in 2006, including significant groups of Chinese and India people.①约80%的新西兰人认为自己的祖先来自欧洲。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【课后习题】(爱尔兰地理、人文和历史)【圣才】
第11章爱尔兰地理、人文和历史Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. When referring to Ireland, people mean either the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland, a province of Great Britain. _____【答案】F【解析】当人们提到爱尔兰，他们指的是爱尔兰共和国，而不是属于英国一部分的北爱尔兰地区。
2. The area covering the Republic of Ireland is five times of that of Northern Ireland. _____【答案】T【解析】爱尔兰共和国的面积大约是北爱尔兰的五倍。
3. Most of the people in Northern Ireland are Catholics while the majority of the people in the Republic are Protestants. _____【答案】F【解析】爱尔兰公民多为天主教徒，而北爱尔兰以新教徒为主。
4. Ireland has an extreme weather and four distinct seasons. _____【答案】F【解析】爱尔兰为温带气候，不同季节气候变化不明显。
很少有极端气候，没有变化分明的四季。
5. The present population of the Irish Republic is about 4 million. _____【答案】T【解析】目前爱尔兰共和国的人口大约为四百万。
6. After the Great Famine, there was a rapid decline of population and many Irish people emigrated to other countries. _____【答案】T【解析】爱尔兰大饥荒发生在1845至1848年间，期间爱尔兰重要农作物马铃薯受灾减产，许多人被饿死，或死于营养不良造成的疾病。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【章节题库】(爱尔兰地理、人文和历史)【圣才出品】
第11章爱尔兰地理、人文和历史Ⅰ. Multiple choice.1. Which of the following peoples were the ancestors of the Irish?（首都师范大学2008研）A. The CeltsB. The RomansC. The DanesD. The Anglo-Saxons【答案】A【解析】爱尔兰人是凯尔特人的后代。
2. It is believed that Celtic invaders came to Ireland in the _____ century BC.A. 5thB. 6thC. 7thD. 8th【答案】B【解析】凯尔特人在公元前六世纪进入爱尔兰岛。
3. Who brought a legal system—the Brehon law, to the island of Ireland?A. ChristiansB. VikingsC. CeltsD. Normans【答案】C【解析】凯尔特人为爱尔兰带来了法律系统——布里恩法律。
4. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in _____.A. 1891B. 1900C. 1914D. 1916【答案】C【解析】“自治法案”最终于1914年通过。
5. The political party, Sinn Fein, was developed by _____.A. Isaac ButtB. Arthur GriffithC. Patrick PearseD. James Connolly【答案】B【解析】亚瑟·格里菲斯于1905至1908年间创办了新芬党。
6. Which of the following is the nickname of the Republic of Ireland?A. The Emerald Isle.B. The Diamond Isle.C. The Catholic Isle.D. The Treasure Isle.【答案】A【解析】爱尔兰地形南北高中问低，四周群山环绕，为茂密的森林覆盖，中央低陷部分绿地遍野，所以人们都习惯地称其为“绿宝石岛”（the Emerald Isle）。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第7章 英国教育体系【圣才出品】
第7章英国教育体系7.1 复习笔记I. Purpose of education1. T o teach “the three R’s”2. T o socialize childrenII. The relationship between education and social class1. Inequality in British education2. Good education Guarantees a careerIII. The influence of the Church on schooling1. In the past2. At present3. ChangesIV. Major changes to British education system1. Involvement of government2. The 1994 Education Act3. Introduction of comprehensive schools4. “The Great Education Debate”5. National Curriculum in 1989V. The present education system1. Education in the UK is compulsory.2. State sector and private sector schools3. Schooling stages and examsVI. Higher education1. Fund2. Founding Time3. Open university4. Degree titlesI. Purpose of education（教育目的）1. T o teach “the three R’s”（教授基础科目）①“The three R’s”—“reading,‘riting and ‘rithmetic” (reading, writing and arithmetic) .②That is to say, the purpose of school is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they need to become active members of society.①基础科目俗称“3R”，包括阅读、写作和算术。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 美国的起始)【圣才出品】
3.1复习笔记I.What is an American?1.A new race2.Current situationⅡ.Two immigration movements1.From Asia2.From Europe and AfricaⅢ.The Forces that led to the modern development of Europe(Europe in the16th and17th centuries)1.The growth of capitalism2.The Renaissance3.The Religious ReformationIV.The colonial Patterns1.The settlement in Virginia2.Puritanism3.Catholic Maryland4.Quaker PennsylvaniaV.The American Revolution(The War of Independence)1.The causes2.The eve3.The process4.The major leaders(The Founding Fathers)5.The significanceI.What is an American?（美国民族性）1.A new race（新的民族）(1)In1782,the French farmer J.Hector St.John de Crevecoeur,who settled in Pennsylvania,first asked this question in Letters from An American Farmer. (2)He thought the American was a new man who had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants,and who left behind him his ancient prejudices and manners and received new ones.Individuals were melted into a new race who acted upon new principles,entertained new ideas and form new opinions. The idea that America is a melting pot originated from his words.(1)赫克托·圣约翰·德克雷夫克尔于1782年著成《美国农人简史》，首次提出了美国民族性这一问题。
朱永涛英语国家社会与文化入门第3版配套题库含考研真题
朱永涛英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门第3版配套题库含考研真题本书是朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》（第3版）教材的配套题库，严格按照该教材的章⽬编排，共分42章（第⼀部分为英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚，共20章；第⼆部分为新西兰、美国、加拿⼤，共22章），精选与各章内容配套的考研真题和典型题进⾏详解，所选试题基本涵盖了每章的考点和难点。
⽬录：第⼀部分 英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚第1章 英国简介（1）第2章 英国简介（2）第3章 英国政府第4章 政治、阶级和社会第5章 英国经济第6章 英国⽂学第7章 英国教育体系第8章 英国的外交关系第9章 英国媒体第10章 英国的体育运动、节假⽇第11章 爱尔兰地理、⼈⽂和历史第12章 爱尔兰政治和经济第13章 爱尔兰的⽂化：爱尔兰⼈的⽣活现状第14章 爱尔兰的⽂化：语⾔，⽂学和艺术第15章 澳⼤利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族第16章 澳⼤利亚的⽂化⽣活第17章 ⼯作和家庭⽣活第18章 澳⼤利亚是⼀个⾃由民主的社会第19章 澳⼤利亚的今天第20章 从种族主义到多元⽂化主义第⼆部分 新西兰、美国、加拿⼤第1章 国⼟、⼈民与历史第2章 政治制度、教育与经济第3章 美国的起始第4章 美国的政治制度第5章 美国经济第6章 美国的宗教第7章 美国⽂学第8章 美国的教育第9章 20世纪60年代的社会运动第10章 美国的社会问题第11章 美国⼈的⽣活⽅式：寻找⼀个可靠的概括第12章 美国的妇⼥解放运动第13章 美国的科技第14章 ⼆战后美国外交政策第15章 美国的体育运动与风景名胜第16章 美国的流⾏⽂化：电影和⾳乐第17章 国家与⼈民第18章 加拿⼤政府与政治第19章 加拿⼤——“⽂化镶嵌画”第20章 加拿⼤经济第21章 加拿⼤⽂学第22章 加拿⼤的国际关系第⼀部分 英国、爱尔兰、澳⼤利亚第1章 英国简介（1）Ⅰ. Multiple choice.1. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?[北⼆外2008研]A. The Anglo-Saxons.B. The Vikings.C. The Normans.D. The Romans.【答案】A【解析】盎格鲁-撒克逊⼈是⽇⽿曼民族的分⽀，于五世纪中期由北欧⼊侵⼤不列颠，成为现今英格兰⼈的祖先。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解（20世纪60年代的社会运动）【圣才出品】
朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》笔记和考研真题详解（20世纪60年代的社会运动）【圣才出品】第9章20世纪60年代的社会运动9.1 复习笔记I. Introduction1. Greensboro “Sit-in”2. Three kinds of social movementsII. About the social movements1. The causes2. The members3. What is a social movement?III. The Civil Rights Movement1. The process2. Organizations3. Direct Action Tactics4. ChangesIV. The Youth Movement/ Anti-War Movement1. Free Speech Movement2. “C ounterculture”3. The Anti-War MovementV. Women’s Liberation Movement1. The beginning2. NOWI. The beginning（开端）1. Greensboro “Sit-in”（格林斯博罗静坐）(1)On February 1, 1960, the waitress did not provide coffee for 4 black students in a store in Greensboro, North Carolina, because of the segregation law. The students continued to sit at the lunch counter to protest.(2)Day after day, additional students came.(3)T his quiet “sit-in” by black students in Greensboro began the civil rights movement in the 1960s, the first of several social movements during that decade.(1)1960年2⽉1⽇，在北卡罗莱纳州格林斯博罗的⼀家商店，服务员拒绝为4名⿊⼈学⽣提供咖啡。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 从种族主义到多元文化主义)【圣
20.1复习笔记I.Immigration in history1.The19th century2.White Australia Policy19013.Post World WarⅡperiod4.Multiculturalism from19735.Migration todayⅡ.Struggle of the Aboriginality1.The relationships between the colonizers and the Peoples of the Dreaming2.The Aboriginal Protection Act of19093.Day of Mourning and Protest4.The1946Stockmen’s Strike5.Strike of the Gurindji people in the1960s6.Freedom Rides in the1960s7.The Mabo Decision8.The Wik Decision9.Social inequality today10.Aboriginal culture todayⅢ.History Wars,Sorry Speech and Close the Gap programmes1.History Wars2.The Sorry Speech3.Close the Gap programmesI.Immigration in history（澳大利亚移民史）Since the1788European settlement,migration has accounted for up to50%of Australia’s population increase.自1788年第一批欧洲移民来到澳大利亚时起，澳大利亚的人口增长有一半来自移民。
1.The19th century（19世纪移民）(1)The gold rush（淘金热）The gold rush in the1850s attracted many free migrants,especially from China and Germany.19世纪50年代的澳大利亚淘金热吸引了大量自由移民者，其中以中国和德国人居多。
英国社会文化考研朱永涛《英语国家社会文化入门》复习笔记
英国社会文化考研朱永涛《英语国家社会文化入门》复习笔记一、（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚）英国第1章英国简介（1）1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Name and constituents1. Full name2. ConstituentsⅡ. Effects of its imperial past1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations2. Its role as a European nation3. Economic influence4. A multiracial nationⅢ. Differences in society1. Race difference2. Class difference3. Region differenceⅣ. Introduction to England1. Physical features2. History of invasionsⅤ. Introduction to Scotland1. Physical features2. History3. Retaining strong Scottish identityⅥ. Introduction to Wales1. Physical features2. A history features campaigns for independence from UKI. Name and constituents（全称和组成）1. Full name（全称）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2. Constituents（组成部分）(1)The island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales(2)Northern Ireland(1)大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士(2)北爱尔兰Ⅱ. Effects of its imperial past（殖民时期的影响）1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations（促成英联邦的成立）The Commonwealth of Nations is a loose and voluntary organization with members mainly being former colonies of the British Empire.英联邦是一个以自愿加入为基础的组织，成员国多为前大英帝国殖民地。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解(澳大利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族)
第15章澳大利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族15.1 复习笔记I. Natural features of the land1. Location2. Size3. Constituents4. Distinctive fauna5. Landscape6. Distinctive physical featuresII. The people1. The indigenous people2. The later settlersIII. Dreamtime and Dreaming1. What is “Dreamtime”?2. What is “the Dreaming”?IV. British colonization1. T erra nullius2. Exploitation of the land3. The impact of colonization4. The policies of segregation and exclusion5. The policy of assimilationI. Natural features of the land（自然特征）1. Location（地理位置）The continent of Australia lies between equatorial South East Asia and the Antarctic.澳大利亚大陆位于赤道东南亚和南极洲之间。
2. Size（面积）Australia is the largest island and the smallest, flattest and driest continent in the world.澳大利亚是世界上面积最大的岛屿，同时也是世界上面积最小最平坦和最干燥的大陆。
3. Constituents（组成）(1)The mainland is the main constituent of Australia.(2)It also includes T asmania, an island just to the south, the Torres Straits Islands off the northern coast of the mainland and a small number of islands in the Pacific and the Indian Oceans.(1)澳大利亚大陆是澳大利亚的主要组成部分。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第3章英国政府【圣才出品】
朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册-第3章英国政府【圣才出品】第3章英国政府3.1 复习笔记I. Monarchy in history1. Origin2. Divine right of the King3. One short ousted period4. Magna CartaII. The history of Parliament1. Origin2. History3. Acquisition of powerIII. The birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet1. Birth of Cabinet2. Birth of Prime MinisterIV. The British government and Constitution1. Government system2. The ConstitutionV. Parliament Today1. Functions2. Status3. InstitutionsI. Monarchy in history（历史上的皇室）1. Origin（起源）(1) It dates back to the Saxons who ruled from the 5th century AD until the NormanConquest in 1066.(2) King Albert united the England under his rule in 829.(1) 皇室起源于公元五世纪⾄1066年诺曼征服前统治英格兰的撒克逊⼈。
(2) 国王阿伯特在829年统⼀了英格兰岛。
2. Divine right of the King（君权神授）(1) It held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.(2) This ancient doctrine was where the power of the Monarchy largely derivedfrom.(1) “君权神授”指国王的权利是上帝赐予的，⽽不是来源于国王的⽀持者。