2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题、应用文写作归类

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对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题,完整版考研真题

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研招生目录，考研参考书，历年真题笔记贸大英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。

北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。

北京：清华大学出版社，2001。

3、中国日报（China Daily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。

5、金融时报官方网站：双语时评。

6、网站：/7、外贸、金融、经济学、世贸组织等英语专业术语。

8、张曦，《口语与口译300题》，上海交通大学出版社。

9、金焕荣，《商务英语翻译》，苏州大学出版社。

10、赵军锋，《商务英语口译》，高等教育出版社，2009.11、2015年度国家领导人出席的国际会议：演讲稿中英对照。

12、三笔、二笔相应题材的文章。

百科知识和汉语写作书目推荐1、卢晓江.《自然科学史十二讲》.中国轻工业出版社（2007）（矿大）2、叶朗.《中国文化读本》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社（2008）3、杨月蓉.《实用汉语语法与修辞》.重庆：西南师范大学出版社（1999）（北大）4、金元浦.《中国文化概论》.北京：中国人民大学出版社（2007）5、庄锡昌.《西方文化史》.北京：高等教育出版社（2011）6、林青松.《中国文学与中国文化知识应试指南》.南京：东南大学出版社（2005）7、张元忠.张东风.《经济应用文写作与评析》.武汉：华中科技大学出版社（2008）9、俞纪东.《经济写作》.上海：上海财经大学出版社10、张文.《外贸文秘写作全书》.中华工商联合出版社11、郑孝敏.《商务应用文》.东北财经大学出版社12、柯琳娟.《公司（企业）常用文书写作格式与范本》.企业管理出版社13、邵龙青.《财经应用写作》.东北财经大学出版社14、伟业管理咨询公司编著.《商务文书模板速查手册》.中国言实出版社（贸大）15、李玉珊.《商务文案写作》.高等教育出版社16、岳海翔.《商务文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社17、岳海翔.《企划文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社18、程裕祯.《中国文化要略》.外语教学与研究出版社19、朱维之，《外国文学史》（欧美卷），南开大学出版社。

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI考研真题,辅导班资料,模拟题

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研招生目录，考研参考书，历年真题笔记贸大英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。

北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。

北京：清华大学出版社，2001。

3、中国日报（China Daily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。

5、金融时报官方网站：双语时评。

6、网站：/7、外贸、金融、经济学、世贸组织等英语专业术语。

8、张曦，《口语与口译300题》，上海交通大学出版社。

9、金焕荣，《商务英语翻译》，苏州大学出版社。

10、赵军锋，《商务英语口译》，高等教育出版社，2009.11、2015年度国家领导人出席的国际会议：演讲稿中英对照。

12、三笔、二笔相应题材的文章。

2016年对外经济贸易大学英语翻译硕士MTI考研真题及答案——英语翻译基础【精选】

词汇翻译（30分）英译汉：从10个terms 里面挑5个translate and define them briefly in Chinese (共15分，一个3分）1 added value tax增值税增值税是以商品（含应税劳务）在流转过程中产生的增值额作为计税依据而征收的一种流转税。

从计税原理上说，增值税是对商品生产、流通、劳务服务中多个环节的新增价值或商品的附加值征收的一种流转税。

实行价外税，也就是由消费者负担，有增值才征税没增值不征税。

2 annual financial report年度财务报告年度财务报告是指年度终了对外提供的财务报告。

通常将半年度，季度和月度财务报告统称为中期财务会计报告。

年度财务报告作为综合反映企业单位年末财务状况、全年经营成果和现金流量的报告，在沟通企业单位管理层与财务会计报告使用者之间起着十分重要的桥梁作用。

3 bull market牛市，旺市；多头市场。

牛市，旺市指交易旺盛的市场形势，和"淡市'相对。

多头市场又称买空市场，是指股价的基本趋势持续上升时形成的投机者不断买进证券，需求大于供给的市场现象。

4 11 2016284 law of diminishing marginal returns 边际收益递减规律又称边际效益递减规律，或边际产量递减规律，指在短期生产过程中，在其他条件不变（如技术水平不变）的前提下，增加某种生产要素的投入，当该生产要素投入数量增加到一定程度以后，增加一单位该要素所带来的效益增加量是递减的，边际收益递减规律是以技术水平和其他生产要素的投入数量保持不变为条件的条件下进行讨论的一种规律。

5 angel investment天使投资是权益资本投资的一种形式，是指富有的个人出资协助具有专门技术或独特概念的原创项目或小型初创企业，进行一次性的前期投资。

它是风险投资的一种形式，在根据天使投资人的投资数量以及对被投资企业可能提供的综合资源进行投资。

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题,报录比

16年考研详解与指导风俗习惯30■媒人的最早产生，大约在（周代）。

31■嫁娶六礼：纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。

32.转房婚：形式主要是兄死，弟以嫂为妻；姐死，妹代姐为妻；父死，子以异母为妻。

在西南地区和东北地区的一些少数民族曾较长时间的流行过。

33■阿注婚：流行于云南的一支纳西族和一支普米族。

“阿注”是纳西语，意为“伴侣、朋友”。

只要不是同一母系血统的成员及其后裔，都可以互为阿注。

他们之间的性关系非常自由，到晩上，男阿注就到女阿注的专用放里过夜，天明赶回家去劳动，这种阿注关系时间可长可短，每人除一个长期阿注以外，还有许多临时阿注。

所生子女不知其父，都归母家。

34■抢夺婚：云南地区的景颇族、傣族、苗族欧曾实行过强夺婚，是男子通过强夺手段与女子成婚。

是一种民俗，民间的“抢夺婚”其实只是一种形式，在此之前，双方早已换过婚礼，选定成亲日子，但在迎亲那天，男方还是要组织一帮人，隐蔽在约定的地点，等新娘一到，一拥而上，捆绑回家，新娘则大呼救命，女方家人假追一通。

35■(父权）制度确立后，形成了_夫_妻制。

36■据《墨子》《荀子》记载，我国在（先秦）时代就有了火葬。

37■石棺葬：就是用石板或石块构筑成长方形的棺材，置于地面，即为墓地。

地区主要集中在东北的松花江流域、四川西部的岷江和金沙江流域以及云南境内的一些地方。

时间跨度起于商周，盛行于战国到两汶，延续到明代。

据近年来的学术研究，石棺葬起源于古人对石的崇拜。

38■悬棺葬：就是把棺木高悬于崖壁的木粧上或洞穴里。

这种悬棺葬在福建省武夷山、江西、四川等地都有发现，其中武夷山的悬棺已有3800年之久。

这些悬棺离地面有的几十米，有的上百米。

悬棺形似小船。

据认为，采用这一葬法的少数民族，迷信灵魂升天，认为把棺木放得越高，灵魂就越容易升天。

39■考古发掘最早的龙形在（河南省濮阳市仰韶文化遗址）。

40■龙与皇帝合而为_，始于（汶高祖刘邦）。

41■龟龙：比喻人中英杰。

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI考研参考书,考研招生目录,考研经验,复试分数线,历年真题

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研招生目录，考研参考书，历年真题笔记贸大英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。

北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。

北京：清华大学出版社，2001。

3、中国日报（China Daily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。

5、金融时报官方网站：双语时评。

6、网站：/7、外贸、金融、经济学、世贸组织等英语专业术语。

8、张曦，《口语与口译300题》，上海交通大学出版社。

9、金焕荣，《商务英语翻译》，苏州大学出版社。

10、赵军锋，《商务英语口译》，高等教育出版社，2009.11、2015年度国家领导人出席的国际会议：演讲稿中英对照。

12、三笔、二笔相应题材的文章。

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷.doc

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷.doc2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(总分：104.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：50，分数：100.00)1.《离骚》和( )中的《国风》并称为“风骚”，成为“文学”的代名词。

（分数：2.00）A.《春秋》B.《诗经》C.《周易》D.《礼记》2.中唐后期崛起两大诗歌流派，分别是以韩愈为代表的“韩孟诗派”和以白居易为代表的“元白诗派”。

请问，下列哪位诗人不属于“韩孟诗派”?( )。

（分数：2.00）A.柳宗元B.贾岛C.元稹D.姚合3.“身无彩凤双飞翼，心有灵犀一点通”是唐朝哪位诗人的名句?( )（分数：2.00）A.白居易B.李商隐C.王昌龄D.孟浩然4.《资治通鉴》是我国古代著名的历史著作，其作者是( )。

（分数：2.00）A.欧阳修C.司马光D.王安石5.“祸兮，福之所倚；福兮，祸之所伏”是( )的名言。

（分数：2.00）A.老子B.孔子C.墨子D.韩非子6.北魏贾思勰所著的( )一书，是我国古代重要的农学著作，共10卷，着重介绍了农林牧副渔各项技术知识，其中一些关于农学和生物学的知识在世界上保持领先地位达一千多年。

（分数：2.00）A.《农政全书》B.《齐民要术》C.《天工开物》D.《本草纲目》7.汉乐府民歌中，最长的叙事诗是( )。

（分数：2.00）A.《陌上桑》B.《孔雀东南飞》C.《长歌行》D.《木兰诗》8.汤显祖《牡丹亭》中的名句“良辰美景奈何天，赏心乐事谁家院”典出南北朝时期著名诗人( )的诗句“天下良辰、美景、赏心、乐事，四者难并”。

（分数：2.00）A.谢朓B.陶渊明C.谢灵运D.嵇康9.下列人物中，( )不属于儒家学者。

（分数：2.00）A.董仲舒C.周敦颐D.商鞅10.孙思邈被后人称为“药王”，其所著( )是一部临床实用百科全书。

（分数：2.00）A.《伤寒杂病论》B.《千金方》C.《黄帝内经》D.《本草纲目》11.《清明上河图》描绘的是( )前后的情况。

2016对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案

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2016年广外MTI初试真题回忆完整版

一、选择题1*30分难度较高，跟我们平时做的专四词汇不一样，感觉像是从外刊上直接摘抄下来的句子，有几句是从同一篇摘抄出来的。

考点语法点并不是很明晰，做这30道题我用了半个多小时……感觉广外这两年风格越来越偏向务实了。

二、阅读题4篇文章，共40分材料生词较多，内容也比较新颖，感觉还是从外刊上摘出来的文章。

但是题不难。

三、写作30分题目大概是“some people believe that if a couple have a regular job, they will have a more harmonious family relationship while others have totally different opinion.”让你针对此观点写一篇400词的作文。

一、词汇翻译【汉译英】1*151 大众创业万众创新popular／mass entrepreneurship and innovation（出自2015年政府工作报告）2 中澳自贸协定Free Trade Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the People‟s Republic of China3 一带一路the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road (the Belt and Road Initiative／the Land and Maritime Silk Road Initiative, B&R)4 城镇化urbanization5 世界反法西斯战争World's Anti-Fascist War (the Second World War)中国人民抗日战争China'sResistance Waragainst Japanese Aggression6 新常态New normal（出自2015年政府工作报告）7 命运共同体Community of Common Destiny8 经济发展快车道fast-track of economic growth（出自2015年政府工作报告）9 产能过剩overcapacity（出自2015年政府工作报告）10 多边贸易体系multilateral trading system11 千年发展目标the MillenniumDevelopmentGoals12 生态足迹Ecological Footprint13 董事总经理Managing Director14 商务部部长助理the assistant Minister of the Ministry of Commerce15 区域经济一体化regional economy integration【英译汉】1*151 United Nations Economic and Social Council联合国经济及社会理事会2 provice chancellor副校长3 the ASEAN Community (theAssociation Of Southeast Asian Nations)东南亚国家联盟共同体4 mutural but distinctive responsibility5 corrupt fugitive repatriation6 crowdfunding platform众筹平台7 global governance全球治理8 shale gas页岩气9 postdoctoral fellow博士后研究员10 social inclusiveness社会包容性11 multimodal transportation综合运输12 credit crunch信贷危机13 White House Chief of Staff白宫办公厅主任／白宫幕僚长14 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine诺贝尔生理学或医学奖15 Commonwealth of Nations英联邦二、篇章翻译2*60【英译汉】讲的是有关现金流的现象，有一些词注意一下cash outflow/inflow, negative（负）positive（正），和金融有关系，然后又说你自己本身就是一个project，教育就是你的投资等等。

对外经贸大学翻译硕士考研真题及答案解析

育明教育孙老师整理，来育明教育赠送资料，更多真题可咨询孙老师。

对外经济贸易大学2011年翻译硕士(MTI)真题翻译硕士英语Part1:Vocabulary and Grammar.（30P）01.The Space Age____in October1957when the first artificialsatellite was launched by the Soviet Union.A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedmenced02.John said that he didn’t quite____and asked me to repeat whatI had said.A.snatch upB.summon upC.catch onD.watch out03.When he tried to make a____,he found that the hotel that he wantedwas completely filled because of a convention.plaintB.claimC.reservationD.decision04.A budget of five dollars a day is totally____for a trip roundEurope.A.inadequateB.incapableC.incompatibleD.invalid05.In our highly technological society,the number of jobs for unskilledworkers is____.A.shrinkingB.obscuringC.alteringD.constraining06.The fuel of the continental missile is supposed to be___by thisdevice.A.ignitedB.lightedC.firedD.inspired07.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time____the last bus.A.to have caughtB.to catchC.catchingD.havingcaught08.Frankly speaking,your article is very good except for some____mistakes in grammar.A.obscureB.glaringC.trivialD.rare09.As it turned out to be a small house party,we____so formally.A.needn’t dress upB.did not need have dressed upC.did not need dress upD.needn’t have dressed up10.Certain species disappeared or became____as new forms arose that were better adapted to the Earth’s changing environment.A.feebleB.extinctC.massiveD.extinguished11.I apologize if I____you,but I assure you it was unintentional.A.offendB.had offendedC.should have offendedD. might have offended12.Franklin D.Roosevelt argued that the depression stemmed from the American economy’s____flaws.A.underliningB.vulnerableC.vulgarD. underlying13.Although a teenager,Fred could resist____what to do and what not to do.A.to be toldB.having been toldC.being toldD.to have been told14.I am afraid that you have to alter your____views in light of the tragic news that has just arrived.A.indifferentB.distressingC.optimisticD. pessimistic15.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage____avoided.A.is to beB.can beC.will beD.has been16.Stop shouting!I can’t hear the football____.A.judgmentB.interpretationmentaryD. explanation17.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true____it comes to classroom tests.A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when18.Every member of society has to make a____to struggle for the freedom of the country.A.pledgeB.warrantyC.resolveD.guarantee19.David tends to feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much____to those who compete well.A.prestigeB.regimeC.superiorityD.legislation20.The terrorists might have planted a bomb on a plane in Athens,set to____when itarrived in New York.A.go offB.get offe offD.carry off21.The younger person’s attraction to stereos cannot be explained only____familiarity with technology.A.in quest ofB.by means ofC.in terms ofD.by virtue of22.By signing the lease we made a___to pay a rent of$150a week.A.conceptionmissionmitmentD. confinementPart2:Identify Stylistic Problems.（18P）01.By the time Julia Roberts was23,she had won two academy award nominations,she had also become the world’s most popular female actress.A.run onma spliceC.correctD.fragment02.Since then,Roberts has appeared in fourteen films.Most recently,“My Best Friend’s Wedding”and“The Conspiracy Theory.”A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctma splice03.She didn’t plan to become an actress.She wanted to be six feet tall.She wanted to be a veterinarian.She wanted to be happy and make others happy.A.fragmentma spliceC.choppyD.correct04.Although Julia Roberts has had much professional success.In spite of her trouble with several failed relationships.A.fragmentB.choppyma spliceD.correct05.Julia Roberts lives in Manhattan,not far from the apartment she once shared with her sister in Greenwich Village.A.fragmentma spliceC.correctD.run on06.She came to New York when she was seventeen.Because her older sister lived there and she was influenced by her sister.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyma splice07.Roberts was raised in Georgia.Her parents ran a theater school there. Her sister and brother are also actors.The family was always short of money.A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctD.run on08.When Julia was four years old,her parents divorced.After eighteen years of marriage.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyD.correctPart3:Reading Comprehension（30P）Passage AMany United States companies have,unfortunately,made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work.Since 1980the United States International Trade Commission（ITC）has received about280complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments.Another340charge that foreign companies“dumped”their products in the United States at“less than fair value.”Even when no unfair practices are alleged,the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.Contrary to the general impression,this quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped.As corporations begin to function globally,they develop an intricate web of marketing,production,and research relationships.The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect.Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States.If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States Company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States Company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States,since they would be subject to duties.Perhaps the most brazen case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt,used to device roads.The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations.The“United States”company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate,while the“Canadian”companies included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.01.The passage is chiefly concerned with______.A.arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporationsB.warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequencesC.demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than United States firms receive from the United States governmentD.advocating the use of trade restrictions for“dumped”products but not for other imports02.It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the International Trade Commission is which of the following?A.A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.B.A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the United States.C.A foreign competitor is selling products in the United States at less than fair market value.D.The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the United States.03.The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?A.It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.B.It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C.It cites a specific ease that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph.D.It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.04.The passage warns of which of the following dangers?panies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition.panies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal costs that far exceed any possible gain.panies that are United States owned but operate internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate.panies that are not United States owned may seek legal protection from import competition under United States import relief laws.05.According to the passage,the International Trade Commission isinvolved in which of the following?A.Investigating allegations of unfair import competitionB.Granting subsidies to eompanies in the United States that have been injured by import competitionC.Recommending legislation to ensure fair tradeD.Identifying international corporations that wish to build plants in the United StatesPassage BSince the late1970s,in the face Of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries,manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting programs.（Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant.）However,from1978through1982,productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve;and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following,they ran25percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier,post-1945upturns.At the same time,it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting,the more they lost their competitive edge.With this paradox in mind,I recently visited25companies;it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.Manufacturing regularly observes a“40,40, 20”rule.Roughly4o percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure （decisions about the number,size,location,and capacity of facilities）and in approaches to materials.Another40percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology.The final20percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting.This rule does not imply that cost-cutting should not be tried.The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter,not harder—do produce results.But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people.As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers has shown,an industry can easily become prisoner of itsown investments in cost-cutting techniques,reducing its ability to develop new products.And managers under pressure to maximizecost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which they are measured.Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output.This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation,but it has created a penny-pinching,mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so,in part,by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach; within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies,successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs.There is hope for manufacturing,but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.01The author of the passage is primarily concerned with______.A.summarizing a thesisB.recommending a different approachparing points of viewD.making a series of predictions02It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturers mentioned in paragraph1expected that the measures they implemented would______.A.encourage innovationB.keep labor output constantC.increase their competitive advantageD.permit business upturns to be more easily predicted03.The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to ______.A.present a historical context for the author’s observationsB.anticipate challenges to the prescriptions that followC.clarify some disputed definitions of economic termsD.summarize a number of long-accepted explanations04.The author refers to Ahernathy’s study most probably in order to ______.A.qualify an observation about one rule governing manufacturingB.address possible objections to a recommendation about improving manufacturing competitivenessC.support an earlier assertion about method of increasing productivityD.suggest the centrality in the Unit States economy of a particular manufacturing industry05.The author’s attitude toward the culture in most factories is best described as______.A.cautiousB.criticalC.disinterestedD. respectfulPassage CIt can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product.There are threegroups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process.First, there is the market segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second,there is the program target—people in the market segment with the“best fit”characteristics for a specific product.Lots of people—may need trousers,but only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers.Finally,there is the program audience—all people who are actually exposedto the marketing program without regard to whether they need or want the product.These three groups are rarely identical.An exception occurs in cases where customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable.Such customers,allsharing a particular need,are likely to form a meaningful target,for example,all companies with a particular application of the product in question,such as high-speed fillers ofbottles at breweries.In such circumstances,direct selling（marketing that reaches only the program target）is likely to be economically justified,and highly specialized trade media existto expose members of the program target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program.Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different.Typically, there are many rather than few potential customers.Each represents a relatively small percentage of potential sales.Rarely do members of a particular market segment group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target.There are substantial differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics.Even with all the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer goods is rare,and mass marketing—-a marketing approach that aims at a wide audience-remains the only economically feasible mode.Unfortunately,there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target.Inevitably,people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.01.The passage suggests which of the following about highly specialized trade media?A.They should be used only when direct selling is not economically feasible.B.They can be used to exclude from the program audience people who are not part of the program target.C.They are used only for very expensive products.D.They are rarely used in the implementation of marketing programs for industrial products.02.The passage suggests which of the following about direct selling?A.It is used in the marketing of most industrial products.B.It is often used in cases where there is a large program target.C.It is not economically feasible for most marketing programs.D.It is used only for products for which there are many potential customers.03.The author mentions“trousers”in paragraph1most likely in order to______.A.make a comparison between the program target and the program audienceB.emphasize the similarities between the market segment and the program targetC.provide an example of the way three groups of consumers are affected by a marketing programD.clarify the distinction between the market segment and the program target04.“the product in question”in Line5,Paragraph2means______.A.“the product in the previous question”B.“the product under discussion”C.“the product on sale”D.“the product in doubt”05.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true for most consumer-goods markets?A.The program target and the program audience are not usually identical.B.The program audience and the market segment are usually identical.C.The market segment and the program target are usually identical.D.The program target is larger than the market segment.Cloze TestMost economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market.__16__.A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter,established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious.__17__.In fact,price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides,as an effortless consequence of its own development,the price-fixing that it requires.Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size.Hence,a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers.That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories.__18__.Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting,because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms;it is not.Moreover,those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United states.These economies employ intentional price-fixing,usually in an overt fashion.Formalprice-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements coveringthe members of an industry are common-place.__19__,the countries thathave avoided the first and used the second would have suffereddrastically in their economic development.There is no indication thatthey have.Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices.In the early1970’s,the Soviet Union began to give firms and industriessome of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informalevolution has accorded the capitalist system.__20__;rather,Sovietfirms have been given the power to fix prices.A.But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needsthat it has in common with the other large firms competing for the samecustomersB.Consequently,nothing seems good or normal that does not accord withthe requirements of the free marketC.Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a returnto the free market.But Soviet firms are no more subject to pricesestablished by a free market over which they exercise little influencethan are capitalist firmsD.Accordingly,it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing（the determination of prices by the seller）as both“normal”andhaving a valuable economic functionE.Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market andinefficient about price-fixing-o.Part4:Writing.（30P）Write an English essay of250-300words describing Maslow’s hierarchyof human needs and analyze this model with ONE example.Your writingwill be assessed for language,format,structure and content.育明教育考研专业课第一品牌，考研信息可咨询育明教育官网政治【学科概述】不用因为政治纷繁复杂的知识点而担心政治会不过线，只要肯下功夫，60分是很容易达到的。

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI考研参考书,考研招生目录,考研经验,考研真题,考研最新消息

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研招生目录，考研参考书，历年真题笔记贸大英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。

北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。

北京：清华大学出版社，2001。

3、中国日报（China Daily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。

5、金融时报官方网站：双语时评。

6、网站：/7、外贸、金融、经济学、世贸组织等英语专业术语。

8、张曦，《口语与口译300题》，上海交通大学出版社。

9、金焕荣，《商务英语翻译》，苏州大学出版社。

10、赵军锋，《商务英语口译》，高等教育出版社，2009.11、2015年度国家领导人出席的国际会议：演讲稿中英对照。

12、三笔、二笔相应题材的文章。

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2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题，辅导讲义，考研参考书357英语翻译基础第一部分短语翻译加解释七个选五个翻译加解释E-Cbarries to entrycar poolingspecial drawing rightscurrent accountquotaexport credittertiary industryC-E全面二孩灵猫六国跨太平洋伙伴合作协定一带一路首次公开募股国际收支平衡表投资组合理论第二部分E-C世界银行集团的风险管理C-E第一部分三个古文句子翻译1.百川汇海阔风正好扬帆（后半句不大确定了）2.同心合意，庶几有成3.急人之急，雪中送炭，是中国所推崇的处世之道第二部分，篇章翻译是关于RCEP的，貌似是李克强的一个讲话。

211翻译硕士英语单选20题考的基本上都是词义辨析改错10题不是很难阅读四篇第一篇用机器鸟赶鸽子T/F/NG第二篇关于学习英语的（FT中文网原文）四选一第三篇关于Creation的选headings的题目第四篇关于Uber的文章（没记错的话也是FT中文网的文章）选句子填空写作图表作文给了两个图，第一个是FDI的图，第二个China's trade with Georfia（记不清是不是这个国家了）通过这两个图标分析说明中国在这个地区建立自由贸易区的可行性。

百科福之祸所依是谁说的2015诺贝尔文学奖武汉的意义法国西班牙分界线孙思邈写的书获得普利策奖和诺贝尔文学奖的唯一女作家狄更斯的小说晏殊的昨夜西风凋碧树中东地区矛盾冲突的原因二十四节气育明教育夏老师扣扣2017年英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。

北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。

北京：清华大学出版社，2001。

3、中国日报（China Daily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。

5、金融时报官方网站：双语时评。

6、网站：/7、外贸、金融、经济学、世贸组织等英语专业术语。

8、张曦，《口语与口译300题》，上海交通大学出版社。

9、金焕荣，《商务英语翻译》，苏州大学出版社。

10、赵军锋，《商务英语口译》，高等教育出版社，2009.11、2015年度国家领导人出席的国际会议：演讲稿中英对照。

12、三笔、二笔相应题材的文章。

2017年百科知识和汉语写作书目推荐1、卢晓江.《自然科学史十二讲》.中国轻工业出版社（2007）（矿大）2、叶朗.《中国文化读本》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社（2008）3、杨月蓉.《实用汉语语法与修辞》.重庆：西南师范大学出版社（1999）（北大）4、金元浦.《中国文化概论》.北京：中国人民大学出版社（2007）5、庄锡昌.《西方文化史》.北京：高等教育出版社（2011）6、林青松.《中国文学与中国文化知识应试指南》.南京：东南大学出版社（2005）7、张元忠.张东风.《经济应用文写作与评析》.武汉：华中科技大学出版社（2008）9、俞纪东.《经济写作》.上海：上海财经大学出版社10、张文.《外贸文秘写作全书》.中华工商联合出版社11、郑孝敏.《商务应用文》.东北财经大学出版社12、柯琳娟.《公司（企业）常用文书写作格式与范本》.企业管理出版社13、邵龙青.《财经应用写作》.东北财经大学出版社14、伟业管理咨询公司编著.《商务文书模板速查手册》.中国言实出版社（贸大）15、李玉珊.《商务文案写作》.高等教育出版社16、岳海翔.《商务文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社17、岳海翔.《企划文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社18、程裕祯.《中国文化要略》.外语教学与研究出版社19、朱维之，《外国文学史》（欧美卷），南开大学出版社。

20、《高中语文基础知识手册》，文学与文化部分。

21、张岱年，《中国文化概论》。

北京：北京师范大学出版社，2004、2010。

22、夏晓鸣，《应用文写作》。

上海：复旦大学出版社，201023、《不可不知的2000/3000/5000个常识》24、李国正主编的《百科知识考点精编与真题解析》25、世界历史地理及年度国际国内重大事件，包括文学及经济类畅销书籍，与名著有关的影视剧作，年鉴、周年纪念日等。

（平时关注网站、报刊）十一、索赔函格式：索赔函的结构一般由标题、编号、受书者、正文、附件、签署等六部分组成。

标题①标题的形式比较灵活，既可以根据实际情况写成包括索赔事由文种的完全标题样式，如：《关于××的索赔函》。

②也可以简明扼要地写成不包括索赔事由而只写文种的简单标题形式，如：《索赔函》。

编号编号是为了联系与备查用，写在右上角。

一般由年号、代字、顺序号组成。

受函者写受理索赔者的全称。

正文①缘起：提出引起争议的合同及其争议的原因。

②索赔理由：具体指出合同项下的违约事实及根据。

③索赔要求和意见：根据合同及有关国家的商法、惯例，向违约方提出要求赔偿的意见或其他权利。

附件为解决争议，以有关的说明材料、证明材料、来往的函电作为附件。

签署要写明索赔者所在地和全称及致函的日期。

范文：十二、招标函格式1.标题。

由招标单位名称、招标项目名称和文种三部分构成：如《XX大学修建图书馆楼的招标通告》。

由招标单位名称和招标文种构成：如((x x集团招标公告》。

只写招标文种：如《招标公告》、《招标书》。

2.正文。

一般用条文式，有的也可用表格式。

(1)引言。

应写明招标目的、依据以及招标项目的名称。

如《XX里住宅小区建筑安装工程施工招标通告))：“本公司负责组织建设的XX里住宅小区工程的施工任务，经XX市城乡建设委员会批准，实行公开招标，择优选定承包单位，现将招标有关事项通告如下：”。

(2)主体。

这是招标公告的核心。

要详细写明招标的内容、要求及有关事项。

一般采用横式并列结构，将有关要求逐项说明，有的还需妥列表。

具体包括了如下几个方面。

①招标内容。

如标明工程名称、建筑面积、设计要求、承包方式、交工日期等。

如《XX里住宅小区建筑安装工程施工招标通告》：“工程名称和地址:X X里住宅小区，坐落于XX市东城区内城东北角。

工程主要内容：总建筑面积10.7万平方米，其中14至18层大模外挂板住宅楼7座，计7.85万平方米，砖混结构6层住宅楼5座，计2.25万平方米，其余为配套附属建筑，也是砖混结构。

工程质量要求应符合国家施工验收规范。

承包方式：全部包工包料(建设单位提供三材指标)”。

又如《XX大学修建图书馆的招标通告))：“工程名称：XX 大学图书馆楼。

建筑面积:X X平方米。

施工地址:X市X路X号。

设计及要求：见附件(略)。

交工日期：1989年2月”。

②招标范围。

投标单位资格及应提交的文件，如：凡持有一二级建筑安装企业营业执照的单位皆可报名参加投标。

报名时应提交下列文件：A.投标单位概况表；B.技术等级证书(复制件)C.工商营业执照(复制件)；D.外地建筑企业在本市参加投标许可证。

③招标程序。

包括内容：A.报名及资格审查；B.领取招标文件；C.招标交底会(交代要求及有关说明)；D.接受标书；E.开标；F.交招标文件押金或购买招标文件。

④招投标双方的权利和义务、双方签订合同的原则、组织领导以及其他事项等。

(3)结尾。

应写明招标单位名称、地址、电话、电报、邮政编码等。

范文：招标书我校福建工程学院经济管理实验中心将对150台电脑进行集中招标采购，欢迎具备相应资质和供货能力的生产商或供应商参加投标。

一、招标公告1、招标编号：fjut201105152、招标项目名称及数量：标项一：综合物流实验室台式机90台标项二：各行政办公室、教研室用台式机10台标项三：教师用笔记本电脑50台3、投标人必须符合下列条件：（1）具有独立承担民事责任的能力；（2）具有良好的商业信誉和健全的财务会计制度；（3）具有履行合同所必需的设备和专业技术能力；（4）有依法缴纳税收和社会保障资金的良好记录；（5）参加政府采购活动前三年内，在经营活动中没有重大违法记录；（6）具有工商行政管理部门核发的“企业法人营业执照”，注册资金50万元（含50万元，以下同）以上。

4、评标方法和原则：在全部满足招标文件实质性要求前提下,以提出最低报价的投标人作为中标候选人或中标人。

5、招标文件发售时间：2011年5月16日至2011年5月22日上午8:30-11:30，下午14:00-17:00（北京时间）。

6、招标文件发售地点：福建工程学院经管系系楼301室7、招标文件售价：人民币200元，文件售后不退。

8、投标保证金：投标人在开标前向招标人交纳投标保证金5000元。

9、投标文件投送及开标地点：福建工程学院经管系系楼301室10、标书投送截止时间：2011年6月13日上午10：00（北京时间）。

11、联系电话：0123456联系人：某某。