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外文翻译 - 英文

外文翻译 - 英文

The smart gridSmart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advancedcontrol method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently.The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow.China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power.Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communicationtechnology, computing technology, automationand intelligent control technology and physical grid highly integrated to form a new type of power grid, it can realize the observable (all the state of the equipment can monitor grid), can be controlled (able to control the power grid all the state of the equipment), fully automated (adaptive and self-healing) and system integrated optimization balance (power generation, transmission and distribution, and the optimization of the balance between electricity), so that the power system is more clean, efficient, safe and reliable.American electric power research institute: IntelliGrid is a composed of numerous automation system of power transmission and distribution power system, in a coordinated, effective and reliable way to achieve all of the power grid operation: have self-healing function;Rapid response to the electric power market and enterprise business requirements;Intelligent communication architecture, realizes the real-time, security, and flexible information flow, to provide users with reliable, economic power services. State grid electric power research institute, China: on the basis of the physical power grid (China's smart grid is based on high voltage network backbone network frame, different grid voltage level based on the coordinated development of strong power grid), the modern advanced sensor measurement technology, communication technology, information technology, computer technology and control technology and the physical power grid highly integrated to form a new type of power grid.It to fully meet user demand for electricity and optimize the allocation of resources, guarantee the safety, reliability and economy of power supply, meet environmental constraints, ens ure the quality of electric energy, to adapt to the development of power market, for the purpose of implementing the user reliable, economic, clean and interactive power supply and value-added services.BackgroundStrong smart grid development in the wor ld is still in its infancy, without a common precisely defined, its technology can be roughly divided into four areas: advanced Measurement system, advanced distribution operation, advanced transmission operation and advanced asset management.Advanced meas urement system main function is authorized to the user, make the system to establish a connection with load, enabling users to support the operationof the power grid;Advanced core distribution operation is an online real-time decision command, goal is to disaster prevention and control, realizing large cascading failure prevention;Advanced transmission operation main role is to emphasize congestion ma nagement and reduce the risk of the large-scale railway;Advanced asset management is installed in the system can provide the system parameters and equipments (assets) "health" condition of advanced sensor, and thereal-time information collected by integrat ion and resource management, modeling and simulation process, improve the operation and efficiency of power grid.The smart grid is an important application of Internet of things, and published in the journal of computer smart grid information system archit ecture research is carried on the detailed discussion on this, and the architecture of the smart grid information system are analyzed.The market shareThe establishment of the smart grid is a huge historical works.At present many complicated smart grid project is underway, but the gap is still great.For the provider of the smart grid technology, promote the development of facing the challenges of the distribution network system i s upgrading, automation and power distribution substation transportation, smart grid network and intelligent instruments.According to the latest report of parker investigators, smart grid technology market will increase from $2012 in 33 billion to $2020 in 73 billion, eight years, the market accumulated up to $494 billion.China smart grid industry market foresight and investment forward-looking strategic planning analysis, points out that in our country will be built during the "twelfth five-year""three vertical and three horizontal and one ring" of uhv ac lines, and 11 back to u hv dc transmission project construction, investment of 300 billion yuan.Although during the period of "much starker choices-and graver consequences-in" investment slowed slightly, the investment is 250 billion yuan.By 2015, a wide range of national power grid, long distance transmission capacity will reach 250 million kilowatts, power transmission of 1.15 trillion KWH per year, to support the new 145 million kilowatts of clean energy generation given and sent out, can satisfy the demand of morethan 1 million electric cars, a grid resource configuration optimization ability, economic efficiency, safety and intelligent levels will be fully promoted.The abroad application of analysisIn terms of power grid development foundation, national electricity dema nd tends to be saturated, the grid after years of rapid development, architecture tends to be stable, mature, have a more abundant supply of electric power transmission and distribution capacity.Germany has "E - Energy plan, a total investment of 140 million euros, from 2009 to 2012, four years, six sites across the country to the smart grid demonstration experiment.At the same time also for wind power and electric car empirical experiments, testing and management of power consumption of the Internet.Big companies such as Germany's Siemens, SAP and Swiss ABB are involved in this plan.To smart grid Siemens 2014 annual market scale will reach 30 billion euros, and plans to take a 20% market share, make sure order for 6 billion euros a year.The advanced nat ureCompared with the existing grid, smart grid, reflects the power flow, information flow and business flow marked characteristics of highly integration, its advancement and advantage mainly displays in:(1) has a strong foundation of grid system and te chnical support system, able to withstand all kinds of external disturbance and attacks, can adapt to large-scale clean energy and renewable energy access, strong sex of grid reinforced and ascend.(2) the information technology, sensor technology, automatic control technology organic combination with power grid infrastructure, a panoramic view of available power grid information, timely detection, foresee the possibility of failure.Fault occurs, the grid can be quickly isolate fault,realize self recovery,to avoid the occurrence of blackouts.(3) flexible ac/dc transmission, mesh factory coordination, intelligent scheduling, power storage, and distribution automation technology widespread application, makes the control of power grid operation more flexibl e,economic, and can adapt to a large number of distributed power supply, power grid and electric vehicle charging and discharging facility access.(4) communication, information, and the integrated use of modern management technology, will greatly improve the efficiency of power equipment, and reduce the loss of electrical power, making the operation of power grid is more economic and efficient.(5) the height of the real-time and non real-time information integration, sharing and utilization, to run the show management comprehensive, complete and fine grid operation state diagram, at the same time can provide decision support, control scheme and the corresponding response plans.(6) to establish a two-way interactive service mode, users can real-time understand the status of the power supply ability, power quality, price and power outage information, reasonable arrangement of electric equipment use;The electric power enterprise can obtain the user's electricity information in detail, to provide more value-added services.developmentaltrend"Twelfth five-year" period, the state grid will invest 500 billion yuan to build the connection of large ene rgy base and center of the "three horizontal three longitudinal" main load of ultra high voltage backbone network frame and 13 back to long branch, engineering, to form the core of the world first-class strong smart grid."Strong smart grid technology standards promulgated by the state grid system planning", has been clear about the strong smart grid technology standards roadmap, is the world's first used to guide the development of smart grid technology guiding standards.SGC planning is to built 2015 basic information, automation, interaction characteristics of strong smart grid, formed in north China, central China, east China, for the end to the northwest and northeast power grid for sending the three synchronous power grid, the grid resource allocati on ability, economic efficiency and safety level, technology level and improve intelligent level.(1) the smart grid is the inevitable developing trend ofpower grid technology.Such as communication, computer, automation technology has extensive applicati on in the power grid, and organic combination with traditional electric power technology, and greatly improve the intelligent level of the power grid.Sensor technology and information technology application in the power grid, the system state analysis and auxiliary decision provides the technical support, make it possible to grid self-healing.Scheduling technology, automation technology and the mature development of flexible transmission technology, for the development and utilization of renewable energy an d distributed power supply provides the basic guarantee.The improvement of the communication network and the popularization and application of user information collection technology, promote the two-way interaction with users of the grid.With the further development of various new technologies, application and highly integrated with the physical power grid, smart grid arises at the historic moment.(2) the development of smart grid is the inevitable choice of social and economic development.In order to ach ieve the development of clean energy, transport and given power grid must increase its flexibility and compatibility.To withstand the increasingly frequent natural disasters and interference, intelligent power grid must rely on means to improve its securit y defense andself-healing ability.In order to reduce operating costs, promote energy conservation and emissions reduction, power grid operation must be more economic and efficient, at the same time must to intelligent control of electric equipment, reduce electricity consumption as much as possible.Distributed generation and energy storage technology and the rapid development of electric cars, has changed the traditional mode of power supply, led power flow, information flow, business flow constantly fusion, in order to satisfy the demands of increasingly diverse users.PlanJapan plans to all the popularity of smart grid in 2030, officer of the people at the same time to promote the construction of overseas integrated smart grid.In the field of battery, Japanese firms' global market share goal is to strive to reach 50%, with about 10 trillion yen in the market.Japan's trade ministry has set up a "about the next generation of energy systems international standardizationresearch institute", the japan-american established in Okinawa and Hawaii for smart grid experimental project [6].Learns in the itu, in 2020 China will be built in high power grid with north China, east China, China as the center, northeast, northwest 750 kv uhv power grid as the sending, connecting each big coal base, large hydropower bases, big base for nuclear power, renewable energy base, the coordinated development of various grid strong smart grid.In north China, east China, China high voltage synchronous ZhuWangJia six "five longitudi nal and transverse" grid formation.The direction ofIn the green energy saving consciousness, driven by the smart grid to become the world's countries to develop a focus areas.The smart grid is the electric power network, is a self-healing, let consum ers to actively participate in, can recover from attacks and natural disasters in time, to accommodate all power generation and energy storage, can accept the new product, service and market, optimize asset utilization and operation efficiency, provide qua lity of power supply for digital economy.Smart grid based on integrated, high-speed bidirectional communication network foundation, aims to use advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipment, technology and advanced control methods, and adv anced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly, and the use of safe run efficiently.Its development is a gradual progressive evolution, is a radical change, is the product of the coordinated development of new and existing technologies, in ad dition to the network and smart meters also included the wider range.Grid construction in high voltage network backbone network frame, all levels of the coordinated development, informatization, automation, interaction into the characteristics of strong smart grid, improve network security, economy, adaptability and interactivity, strength is the foundation, intelligence is the key.meaningIts significance is embodied in the foll owing aspects:(1) has the strong ability of resources optimization allocation.After the completion of the smart grid in China, will implement the big water and electricity, coal, nuclear power, large-scale renewable energy across regions, long distance, large capacity, low loss, high efficiency, regional power exchange capacity improved significantly.(2) have a higher level of safe and stable operation.Grid stability and power supply reliability will be improved, the safety of the power grid close coord ination between all levels of line, have theability to against sudden events and serious fault, can effectively avoid the happening of a wide range of chain failure, improve power supply reliability, reduce the power loss.(3) to adapt and promote the dev elopment of clean energy.Grid will have wind turbines power prediction and dynamic modeling, low voltage across, and active reactive power control and regular units quickly adjust control mechanism, combined with the application of large capacity storage technology, the operation control of the clean energy interconnection capacity will significantly increased, and make clean energy the more economical, efficient and reliable way of energy supply.(4)implementing highly intelligent power grid scheduling.Co mpleted vertical integration, horizontal well versed in the smart grid scheduling technology support system, realize the grid online intelligent analysis, early warning and decision-making, and all kinds of new transmission technology and equipment of effi cient control and lean control of ac/dc hybrid power grid.(5)can satisfy the demands of electric cars and other new type electric power user services.Would be a perfect electric vehicle charging and discharging supporting infrastructure network, can meet the needs of the development of the electric car industry, to meet the needs of users, realize high interaction of electric vehicles and power grid.(6) realize high utilization and whole grid assets life cycle management.Can realize electric grid system of the whole life cycle management plan.Through smart grid scheduling and demand side management, power grid assets utilization hours, power grid assets efficiency improvedsignificantly.(7) to realize power convenient interaction between the user and the grid.Will form a smart electricity interactive platform, improving the demand side management, to provide users with high-quality electric power service.At the same time, the comprehensive utilization of the grid can be distributed power supply, intelli gent watt-hour meter, time-sharing electricity price policy and the electric vehicle charging and discharging mechanism, effectively balance electric load, reduce the peak valley load difference, reduce the power grid and power construction costs.(8)grid management informatization and the lean.Covering power grid will each link of communication network system, realize the power grid operation maintenance integrated regulation, data management, information grid spatial information services, and production and scheduling application integration, and other functions, to realize all-sided management informatization and the lean.(9) grid infrastructure of value-added service potential into full play.In power at the same time, the national strategy of "triple play" of services, to provide users with community advertising, network television, voice and other integrated services, such as water supply, heating, gas industry informatization, interactive platform support, expand the range of value-added services and improve the grid infrastructure and capacity, vigorously promote the development of smart city.(10)Gridto promote the rapid development of related industries.Electric power industry belongsto the capital-intensive and technology-intensive industry, has the characteristics of huge investment, long industrial chain.Construction of smart grid, which is beneficial to promote equipment manufacturing information and communication industry technology upgrade, for our country to occupy the high ground to lay the foundation in the field of electric power equipment manufacturing.Important significanceLife is convenientThe construction of strong smart grid, will promote the development of intelligent community, smart city, improve people's quality of life.(1) to make life more convenient.Home intelligent power system can not onlyrealize the real-time control of intelligent home appliances such as air conditioning, water heater and remote control;And can provide telecommunication network, Internet, radio and television network access services;Through intelligent watt-hour meter will also be able to achieve au tomatic meter reading and automatic transfer fee, and other functions.(2) to make life more low carbon.Smart grid can access to the small family unit such as wind power and photovoltaic roof, pushing forward the large-scale application of electric cars, so as to raise the proportion of clean energy consumption, reduce the pollution of the city.(3) to make life more economical.The smart grid can promote power user role transformation, both electricity and sell electricity twofold properties;To build a family for the user electricity integrated services platform, to help users choose the way of electricity, save energy, reduce the energy expense.Produce benefitThe development of a strong smart grid, the grid function gradually extended to promote the optim al allocation of energy resources, guarantee the safe and stable operation of power system, providing multiple open power service, promote the development of strategic emerging industries, and many other aspects.As China's important energy delivery and configuration platform, strong and smart grid from the investment construction to the operation of production process will be for the national economic development, energy production and use, environmental protection bring great benefits.(1)in power system.Can save system effective capacity;Reducing the system total power generation fuel cost;Improving the efficiency of grid equipment, reduce construction investment;Ascension grid transmission efficiency, reduce the line loss.(2)in terms of power customers.Can realize the bidirectional interaction, to provide convenient services;Improving terminal energy efficiency, save power consumption;To improve power supply reliability, and improve power quality.(3) in the aspect of energy saving and environment.Can improve the efficiency of energy utilization, energy conservation and emissions reduction benefit.To promote clean energy development, realize the alternative reductionbenefits;Promote the overall utilization of land resources, saving land usage.(4) other aspects.Can promote the economic development, jobs;To ensure the safety of energy supply;Coal for power transmission and improve the efficiency of energy conversion, reducing the transportation pressure.Propulsion system(1) can effectively improve t he security of power system and power supply e of strong smart grid "self-healing" function, can accurately and quickly isolate the fault components, and in the case of less manual intervention make the system quickly returned to normal, so as to improve the security and reliability of power supply system.(2) the power grid to realize the sustainable development.Strong smart grid technology innovation can promote the power grid construction, implementation technology, equipment, operation an d management of all aspects of ascension, to adapt to the electric power market demand, promote the scientific and sustainable development of power grid.(3) reduce the effective ing the power load characteristics in different regions of the ch aracteristics of big differences through the unification of the intelligent dispatching, the peakand peak shaving, such as networking benefit;At the same time through the time-sharing electricity price mechanism, and guide customers low power, reduce the peak load, so as to reduce the effective capacity.(4) to reduce the system power generation fuel costs.Construction of strong smart grid, which can meet the intensive development of coal base, optimization of power distribution in our country, thereby red ucing fuel transportation cost;At the same time, by reducing the peak valley load difference, can improve the efficiency of thermal power unit, reduce the coal consumption, reduce the cost.(5)improve the utilization efficiency of grid equipment.First of all, by improving the power load curve, reduce the peak valley is poor, improve the utilization efficiency of grid equipment;Second, by self diagnosis, extend the life of the grid infrastructure.(6) reduce the line loss.On the important basis of uhv transmission technology of strong smart grid, will greatly reduce the loss rate in the electric power transmission;Intelligent scheduling system, flexible transmission technology and real-time two-way interaction with customers, can optimize the tide distribut ion, reducing line loss;At the same time, the construction and application of distributed power supply, also reduce the network loss of power transmission over a long distance.Allocation of resourcesEnergy resources and energy demand in the reverse distribution in our country, more than 80% of the coal, water power and wind power resource distribution in the west, north, and more than 75% of the energy demand is concentrated in the eastern and central regions.Energy resources and energy demand unbalance d distribution of basic national conditions, demand of energy needs to be implemented nationwide resource optimizing configuration.The construction of strong smart grid, for optimal allocation of energy resources provides a good platform.Strong smart grid is completed, will form a strong structure and sending by the end of the power grid power grid, power capacity significantly strengthened, and the formation of the intensity, stiffness of uhv power transmission network, realize the big water and electricit y, coal, nuclear power, large-scale renewable energy across regions, long distance, large capacity, low loss, high efficiency transport capacity significantly increased power a wide range of energy resources optimization.Energy developmentThe development and utilization of clean energy such as wind power and solar energy to produce electricity is given priority to, in the form of the construction of strong smart grid can significantly improve the grid's ability to access, given and adjust clean energy, vigorously promote the development of clean energy.(1) smart grid, the application of advanced control technology and energy storage technology, perfect the grid-connected clean energy technology standards, improve the clean energy acceptance ability.Clean energy base, (2) the smart grid, rational planning of large-scale space truss structure and sending the power structure, application of uhv, flexible transmission technology, meet the requirements of the large-scale clean energy electricitytransmission.(3) the smart grid for large-scale intermittent clean energy to carry on the reasonable and economic operation, improve the operation performance of clean energy production.(4) intelligent with electric equipment, can achieve acceptance and coordinated cont rol of distributed energy, realize the friendly interaction with the user, the user to enjoy the advantages of new energy power.Energy conservation and emissions reductionStrong smart grid construction to promote energy conservation and emissions reduc tion,development of low carbon economy is of great significance: (1) to support large-scale clean energy unit net, accelerate the development of clean energy, promote our country the optimization of energy structure adjustment;(2) to guide users reasonable arrangement of electricity, reducing peak load, stable thermal power unit output, reduce power generation coal consumption;(3) promote ultra-high voltage, flexible transmission, promotion and application of advanced technology such as economic operation, reduce the transmission loss, improve power grid operation efficiency;(4) to realize the power grid to interact with users effectively, promote intelligent power technology, improve the efficiency of electricity;(5) to promote the electric car of large-scale application, promote the development of low-carbon economy, achieve emission reduction benefits.There are three milestones of the concept of smart grid development:The first is 2006, the United States "smart grid" put forward by the IBM solution.IBM smart grid is mainly to solve, improve reliability and safety of power grid from its release in China, the construction of the smart grid operations management innovation - the new train of thought on the development of China's power "the white paper can be seen that the scheme provides a larger framework, through to the electric power production, transmission, the optimization of all aspects of retail management, for the relevant enterprises to improve operation efficiency and reliability, reduce cost dep icts a blueprint.IBM is a marketing strategy.The second is the energy plan put forward by the Obama took office, in addition to the published plan, the United States will also focus on cost $120 billion a year circuit。

外文翻译中英文对照

外文翻译中英文对照

Strengths优势All these private sector banks hold strong position on CRM part, they have professional, dedicated and well-trained employees.所以这些私人银行在客户管理部分都持支持态度,他们拥有专业的、细致的、训练有素的员工。

Private sector banks offer a wide range of banking and financial products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels such as ATMs, Internet-banking, mobile-banking, etc. 私有银行通过许多传递通道(如自动取款机、网上银行、手机银行等)提供大范围的银行和金融产品、金融服务进行合作并向客户零售。

The area could be Investment management banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management, retail loans such as home loans, personal loans, educational loans, car loans, consumer durable loans, credit cards, etc. 涉及的领域包括投资管理银行、生命和非生命保险、风险投资与资产管理、零售贷款(如家庭贷款、个人贷款、教育贷款、汽车贷款、耐用消费品贷款、信用卡等)。

Private sector banks focus on customization of products that are designed to meet the specific needs of customers. 私人银行主要致力于为一些特殊需求的客户进行设计和产品定制。

毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】

毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】

因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定,为统一起见,特做以下要求:1、每篇字数为1500字左右,共两篇;2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本,具体字号、字体已标注。

外文翻译(包含原文)(宋体四号加粗)外文翻译一(宋体四号加粗)作者:(宋体小四号加粗)Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team,Korean Film Council(小四号)出处:(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358~P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景(标题:宋体四号加粗)1996~现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四)在过去的十年间,韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。

上个世纪60年代,韩国电影迅速崛起,然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后,韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。

在这个时期,韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长,但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。

1996年,韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。

但是到了1998年,市场占有量增长到35。

8%,到2001年更是达到了50%。

虽然从1996年开始,韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中,但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。

虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录,但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。

当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时,2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。

姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。

从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》,康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。

毕业论文 外文翻译格式

毕业论文 外文翻译格式

毕业论文外文翻译格式毕业论文外文翻译格式在撰写毕业论文时,外文翻译是一个重要的环节。

无论是引用外文文献还是翻译相关内容,都需要遵循一定的格式和规范。

本文将介绍一些常见的外文翻译格式,并探讨其重要性和应用。

首先,对于引用外文文献的格式,最常见的是使用APA(American Psychological Association)格式。

这种格式要求在引用外文文献时,先列出作者的姓氏和名字的首字母,然后是出版年份、文章标题、期刊名称、卷号和页码。

例如:Smith, J. D. (2010). The impact of climate change on biodiversity. Environmental Science, 15(2), 145-156.在翻译外文文献时,需要注意保持原文的准确性和完整性。

尽量避免意译或添加自己的解释,以免歪曲原文的意思。

同时,还需要在翻译后的文献后面加上“译者”和“翻译日期”的信息,以便读者可以追溯翻译的来源和时间。

其次,对于翻译相关内容的格式,可以参考国际标准组织ISO(International Organization for Standardization)的格式。

这种格式要求在翻译相关内容时,先列出原文,然后是翻译后的文本。

例如:原文:The importance of effective communication in the workplace cannot be overstated.翻译:工作场所有效沟通的重要性不容忽视。

在翻译相关内容时,需要注意保持原文的意思和语气。

尽量使用准确的词汇和语法结构,以便读者能够理解和接受翻译后的内容。

同时,还需要在翻译后的文本后面加上“翻译者”和“翻译日期”的信息,以便读者可以追溯翻译的来源和时间。

此外,对于长篇外文文献的翻译,可以考虑将其分成若干章节,并在每个章节前面加上章节标题。

这样可以使读者更容易理解和阅读翻译后的内容。

外文翻译完整版

外文翻译完整版

毕业设计外文资料翻译原文题目:The Design and Retorfit of Buildings for Resistance to Blast-Induced Progressive Collapse 译文题目:建筑物的设计和改造抵抗由爆炸冲击引起的建筑物的连续倒塌院系名称:土木建筑学院专业班级:土木工程0303班学生姓名:吴建明学号:20034040332指导教师:白杨教师职称:讲师附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。

指导教师评语及成绩:签名: 2010年 4月 12日附件1:外文资料翻译译文译文标题(3号黑体,居中)×××××××××(小4号宋体,1.5倍行距)×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××…………。

(要求不少于3000汉字)建筑物的设计和改造抵抗由爆炸冲击引起的建筑物的连续倒塌1.简介在近现代史中,极端的爆炸事件推动了现有的设计方法和规范重新评估冲击荷载对建筑结构和它们的居住着的影响。

论文外文翻译指导日志

论文外文翻译指导日志

论文外文翻译指导日志
翻译要求:
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。

征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。

外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。

如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。

译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文。

主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。

一般来说,翻译的标准主要有两条:忠实和通顺。

忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息,也就是说,把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来,使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。

通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂,没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。

外文翻译范例

外文翻译范例

外文翻译范例在全球化日益加深的今天,外文翻译的重要性愈发凸显。

无论是学术研究、商务交流,还是文化传播,准确而流畅的外文翻译都起着至关重要的桥梁作用。

下面为大家呈现几个不同领域的外文翻译范例,以帮助大家更好地理解和掌握外文翻译的技巧与要点。

一、科技文献翻译原文:The development of artificial intelligence has brought about revolutionary changes in various fields, such as healthcare, finance, and transportation译文:人工智能的发展给医疗保健、金融和交通运输等各个领域带来了革命性的变化。

在这个范例中,翻译准确地传达了原文的意思。

“artificial intelligence”被准确地翻译为“人工智能”,“revolutionary changes”翻译为“革命性的变化”,“various fields”翻译为“各个领域”,用词准确、贴切,符合科技文献严谨、客观的语言风格。

二、商务合同翻译原文:This Agreement shall commence on the effective date and shall continue in force for a period of five years, unless earlier terminated in accordance with the provisions herein译文:本协议自生效日起生效,并将持续有效五年,除非根据本协议的规定提前终止。

商务合同的翻译需要格外注重准确性和专业性。

上述译文中,“commence”翻译为“生效”,“in force”翻译为“有效”,“terminated”翻译为“终止”,清晰准确地表达了合同条款的含义,避免了可能的歧义。

三、文学作品翻译原文:The sun was setting, painting the sky with hues of orange and pink, as if nature were a master artist at work译文:太阳正在西沉,把天空涂成了橙色和粉色,仿佛大自然是一位正在创作的艺术大师。

外文翻译原文

外文翻译原文

IntroductionLatvian legislation for forest protection belts Latvian legislation demands that forest protection belts are established around all cities and towns. The concept of protection belts originates from the Soviet Era and is maintained in Latvian legislation despite the radical changes to the political system after regaining indepen-dence in 1991. The legal background for the establish-ment of protection belts is as follows:•Law on Protection Belts (1997, 2002)•Forest Law (2000)•Law on Planning of Territorial Development (1998).Designating a greenbelt around the city of Riga, LatviaJanis DonisLatvian State Forestry Research Institute ‘Silava’, Salaspils, LatviaAbstract: Latvian legislation demands that forest protection belts are established around all cities and towns. The main goal of a protection belt is to provide suitable opportuni-ties for recreation to urban dwellers and to minimise any negative impacts caused by urban areas on the surrounding environment. Legislation states the main principles to be adopted, which include the maximum area of protection belts, their integration in terri-torial development plans and restrictions placed on forest management activities. The largest part of the forest area around Riga is owned by the municipality of Riga, which, as a result, has two competing interests: to satisfy the recreational needs of the inhabitants of Riga, and to maximise the income from its property. In order to compile sufficient background information to solve this problem, the Board of Forests of Riga Municipality initiated the preparation of a proposal for the designation of a new protection belt.The proposal was based on the development and application of a theoretical framework developed during the 1980s. The analysis of the recreational value of the forest (5 class-es of attractiveness) was carried out based on categories of forest type, dominant tree species, dominant age, stand density, distance from urban areas and the presence of at-tractive objects. Information was derived from forest inventory databases, digital forest maps and topographic maps. Additional information was digitised and processed using ArcView GIS 3.2. Local foresters were asked about the recreation factors unique to differ-ent locations, such as the number of visitors and the main recreation activities. From a recreational point of view and taking into account legal restrictions and development plans for the Riga region, it was proposed to create three types of zones in the forest: a protection belt, visually sensitive areas and non-restricted areas.Key words:greenbelt forest, recreational value, GIS, zoningThe Law on Protection Belts states that protection belts around cities (with forests as part of a green zone)have to be established (a) to provide suitable conditions for recreation and the improvement of the health of urban dwellers, and (b) to minimise the negative im-pact of urban areas on the surrounding environment.Urban For.Urban Green.2 (2003):031–0391618-8667/03/02/01-031 $ 15.00/0Address for correspondence:Latvian State Forestry Re-search Institute ‘Silava’, Rı¯gas iela 111, Salaspils, LV-2169,Latvia. E-mail: donis@silava.lv© Urban & Fischer Verlaghttp://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ufugRegulation nr 263 (19.06.2001) on the ‘Methodology for the establishment of forest protection belts around towns’issued by the Cabinet of Ministers (CM) states: (a) The area of a protection belt depends on the numberof inhabitants in the town: towns with up to 10,000 inhabitants should have a maximum of 100 ha of protection belt, those with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants a maximum of 1,500 ha, and towns with more than 100,000 inhabitants a maxi-mum of 15,000 ha;(b) the borders of protection belts have to be able to beidentifiable on the ground, using features such as roads, ditches, power lines, and so forth;(c) protection belts have to be recorded in the territorialplans of regions adjacent to the town or city; and (d) establishment of protection belts has to be agreedupon by local municipalities.According to law, protection belts should be man-aged using adapted silvicultural measures. Clear-cut-ting, for example, is prohibited in a protection belt to mitigate any negative impacts of the city on the sur-rounding environment. The Forest Law of 2000 and subsequent regulations including the Regulation on Cutting of Trees, and the Regulation on Nature Conser-vation in Forestry define clear-cuts as felled areas larg-er than 0.1 ha where the basal area is reduced below a critical level in one year. These regulations also state the permitted intensity and periodicity of selective cut-ting (30–50%, at least 5 years between entries).The third element of the legal framework relevant for protection belts in Latvia is the Law on Planning of Territorial Development (1998). It defines:(a) Principles and responsibilities of the different or-ganisations involved;(b) the contents of territorial plans;(c) the procedures for public hearing; and(d) the procedures for the acceptance of plans.The law also states that protection belts around towns have to be designated in territorial plans. Thus, the legislation gives very detailed descriptions of the restrictions to maximum area, activities and guidelines for delineation and so forth, while there are no ‘rules’for the choice of what areas are to be included in pro-tection belts. It is up to territorial planners to propose what areas to include and for negotiation among mu-nicipalities to approve the selection.Protection belt for the city of RigaRiga and the Riga region are situated in the Coastal Lowland of Latvia within the Gulf of Riga. The main landform types are the Baltic Ice Lake plain, the Litto-rina Sea plain and the Limnoglacial plain and bog plain. The total area of the administrative area of the City of Riga covers 307.2 km2, and that of the Riga re-gion 3,059 km2. In 2000 the city of Riga had 815,000 inhabitants, while an additional 145,000 people resided in the greater Riga region. During the last decade the number of inhabitants in Riga decreased by 10.5%and in Riga region by 5.3%. In the mid-1990s the main types of industry in Riga were food processing, timber and wood processing, metal fabricating and engineer-ing, while in the region agriculture and forestry, wood processing, pharmaceuticals, and the power industry were the main activities. Due to reduced industrial ac-tivities today, the main sources of pollution in Riga re-gion are road transport and households.The greater part of the Riga region is covered by for-est, i.e. 1,642 km2or 53%. About 26% of the land is used for agriculture, 4% is covered by bogs, and 4% by water. The Riga region also has a coastal dune zone of some 30 km along the Gulf of Riga. The main tree species to be found in the Riga region are Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.),birch (Betula spp.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karsten) (see Table 1). In the administrative area of the city of Riga, 57 km2 or about 19% of the land area is forest. Scots pine is the domi-nant species, covering approx. 46.9 km2(i.e. 88% of the total forest area).According to the legislation described before, a pro-tection belt around Riga city, with a maximum size of 15,000 ha, could be designated. Moreover, any propos-al has to be agreed upon among 24 local municipalities. The Riga region is divided into 24 administrative units: 7 towns and 17 pagasts or ‘parishes’.Riga municipality currently owns more than 55,600 ha of forests. Most are situated in the vicinity of Riga. Four forest administrative districts lie completely with-in Riga region and close to Riga city (see Fig. 1). The total area of these districts is 44,158 ha out of which forest stands cover 36,064 ha (82%). Thus the Riga municipality forests of those 4 districts cover only 17% of the total forest area of the Region. The dominant tree species in the municipally owned forests are Scots32J.Donis:Designating a greenbelt around the city of Riga,LatviaUrban For.Urban Green.2 (2003)Table 1.Tree species composition in the Riga region Dominant tree Area covered, ha Average age, years species––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Total Municipa-Total Municipa-lity*lity* Scots pine95,27627,3718581 Norway spruce20,8493,0175139Birch30,5585,1246056 Other10,438552––Total157,12136,0647369*Data only for the 4 forest districts of the Riga city munici-pality that are entirely situated within the Riga region.pine, birch and Norway spruce. These cover 76%, re-spectively 14% and 8% of the forest area. Other species cover less than 2% of the area.Until the re-establishment of Latvian independence almost all forestland was owned by the state but since then many areas have been returned to their former owners and are now privately owned. Current regula-tions state that until the designation of new boundaries for protection belts has been agreed upon, all forests of the previously existing and protected green zone have to remain protected whatever their functional role or ownership status. Consequently almost all forests of the Riga municipality located in the Riga region have management restrictions placed on them, and the same can be said for forests of other owners within the previ-ously existing green zone. Currently, therefore, on the one hand significant recreation opportunities for urban dwellers are provided, while on the other hand forest owners’rights to obtain income from timber harvest in the suburban areas continue to be restricted. Suburban municipalities also lose income because of reduced land taxes from land with management restrictions.The board of Forests of the Municipality of Riga there-fore initiated the preparation of a proposal to designate a new protection belt.Study to support protection belt designation The main objective of the study presented here has been to obtain background information in preparation for further discussions with local municipalities. Stud-ies in Latvia as well as elsewhere have revealed that recreational values of forests depend mainly on forest characteristics, location and level of pollution (Emsis et al. 1979; Emsis 1989; Holgen et al. 2000; Lindhagen & Hörnsten 2000; Rieps ˇas 1994; Su ¯na 1973, 1979). A very important aspect is the distance to the forest from places where people live (e.g. Rieps ˇas 1994). The abil-ity of a forest stand to purify the air by filtering or ab-sorbing dust, micro-organisms, and noxious gases de-pends on tree and shrub species composition, age, tree size and stand density (Emsis 1989). Stands purify the air most effectively at the time of maximum current an-nual volume increment, usually between 30 to 60 years of age in Latvian conditions, depending on species.Recreational value, on the other hand, increases with age (and tree size) and reaches its maximum consider-ably later. Taking into account the peculiarities of the dispersal of pollution as described by Laivin ‚s ˇ et al.(1993) and Za ¯lı¯tis (1993), selective cutting is prefer-able in the vicinity of a pollution source, especially ifJ.Donis:Designating a greenbelt around the city of Riga,Latvia 33Urban For.Urban Green.2 (2003)Fig. 1.Location ofthe Riga municipali-ty forests in the Riga region.the forest consists of a narrow strip between the pollu-tion source and housing. If the distance between a pol-lution source and housing exceeds several kilometres, a patch clear-cut system with stands of different ages is sufficient to provide a reduction in the negative impact of urban areas. Taking into account the fact that closer to residential areas it is more important to consider the visual qualities of the forest (e.g. Tyrväinen et al. 2003), this purification ability can generally be ignored when planning protection belts.MethodsThis study to support the designating of the Riga pro-tection belt used the following data sources for analysis (see Fig. 2): forest inventory databases, digital forest maps of the Riga municipal forests which are situated outside the administrative borders of the city (55,600 ha of which 44,158 ha located in the Riga region) (see Fig. 1), and corresponding topographic maps.The study and its developed proposal are based on an application of a theoretical approach developed during the 1980s by the Latvian State Forestry Research Insti-tute ‘Silava’(Emsis 1989) and the Lithuanian Forestry Research Institute (Riepsˇas 1994). According to the methodology developed by Emsis (1989), the first step in the process is to evaluate the recreational potential of the forest stands. This is carried out by analysing the following factors:• The tolerance of the forest ecosystem to different lev-els of anthropogenic (recreation) loading;• the status of forest ecosystems in terms of the damage or degradation as a result of recreational use;•the suitability of the landscape for non-utilitarian recreation (recreational value); and• the existing and potential levels of recreational loads.The second step involves evaluating the existing andexpected functional roles of the forest.The tolerance of the forest ecosystem to different levels of anthropogenic impact or loading is evaluated using a framework based on a combination of forest type, dominant tree species, dominant age group, soil type and relief, according to the stability of ecosystem. All stands are classified into one of five tolerance classes. The highest score is given to mature deciduous forests on mesotrophic and mesic soils on flat topogra-phy, while the lowest score is given to young pine stands on oligotrophic soils on steep slopes (forests on dunes).In this study ecosystem tolerance could not be evalu-ated, as it was primarily a desk using existing databas-es, and topographic relief maps were not available in digital form. The status of the forest ecosystem in rela-tion to damage or degradation was evaluated in terms of the degree of change in vegetation cover, under-growth, tree root exposure of the and level of littering, classified into three classes.Assessment of the recreational value of the forest stands was calculated using a formula developed by Riepsˇas (1994):Recreational value VR= (VS*kW*kS+VA)*kPWhere VSis stand suitability based on key internal at-tributes of the stand, such as species, age, stand densityand forest type. VSvalues range from 0 for young, high-density grey alder (Alnus incana L.) on wet peat soils, to 100 for average density mature pine stands ondry mineral soils. kwis a coefficient depending on the distance of the stand from watercourses, ranging from0.1 for stands further than 2 km from watercourses to1.0 for stands up to 500 m from watercourses. kSis a coefficient depending on the distance of the stand from urban areas, ranging from 0.1 for stands further than34J.Donis:Designating a greenbelt around the city of Riga,LatviaUrban For.Urban Green.2 (2003)Fig. 2.Structure of data sources used in data ana-lysis.80 km from Riga to 1.0 for stands within 30 km ofRiga. VA is an additional value depending on the pres-ence of attractive features, for example, 25 for forest stands up to 500 m from settlements, including summer cottages, or for areas intensively used for recreation ac-cording to information of local foresters. kP is a coeffi-cient depending on the level of environmental pollu-tion. Its value is 0 if the actual pollution level exceeds limit values, 0.5 if the level of environment pollution is between 50% and 100% of limit values, and 1 if the level of actual pollution is less than 50% of the limit values. In this study a coefficient of 1.0 was used, be-cause SO2and O3concentrations measured by Rigabackground measuring stations did not exceed 50% of the limit values (Fammler et al. 2000).The division of stands into classes of stand suitabili-ty is based on studies of visitors’preferences. Coeffi-cients kw, ksand VAare based on visitors’spatial distri-bution and show the ratio of the number of visitors in different zones. The evaluation of existing and expect-ed recreational loads was carried out by local foresters. They marked existing and potential recreation places on forest maps, including:•Small areas or sites for activities such as swimming, barbecuing, and so forth.•Recreation territories, defined as areas of 20 ha or more where people stay longer periods for walking, jogging, skiing or other forms of both active and pas-sive recreation.•Traditionally popular places for the collection of berries and mushrooms.•Recreational routes, including routes from public transport stops to recreation sites or recreation terri-tories, and between recreation sites and territories. For each recreation site and recreation territory data on the main seasons of use, the periods of use (week-days, weekends), and the average number of people in ‘rush-hours’during good weather conditions was col-lected or estimated.Data processing was carried out using ArcView GIS3.2a, Visual Fox pro and Microsoft Excel. VS values foreach stand were calculated from information in the for-est database using Visual Fox pro. Information collect-ed at a later stage from local foresters was digitised using separate themes (layers) in ArcView GIS 3.2a. Buffer zones along watercourses and water bodies, as well as residential areas, recreation sites and territoriesand recreation routes were created to get kW ,kSand VAvalues for each stand. Then VR values were calculatedfor each stand.A selection of recreation sites and territories was vis-ited by members of the project team in order to evalu-ate the state of the ecosystem with respect to wear and tear arising from different levels of recreational use. An evaluation of the existing functional role of each forest stand was carried out using the existing categories offorest protection. The anticipated future functional role was evaluated by annalysing the recreational value of stands, known expectations in terms of territorial de-velopment, and existing legal restrictions in order to find a compromise between recreation possibilities and other services of the forest. Next, a first draft of the protection belt was drawn according to experts’judge-ment. This draft included forests with high recreational value adjacent to residential areas and summer cot-tages, and larger tracts intensively used for recreation with medium to high recreational value.ResultsAccording to the original forest classification 65% of the total forest land area was designated as a commer-cial greenbelt forest, for which the main management goals are timber production and environmental consid-erations. The remaining 35% were designated as pro-tected (see Table 2). With regards to protected areas in Latvia: the main management goals of nature parks are nature conservation and recreation, including some ed-ucation. The goal for nature reserves is nature conser-vation, while that of the protected greenbelt forests is recreation.While interviewing local foresters it was revealed that they find it difficult to evaluate dispersed recreation loads (for example collection of berries, mushrooms). The assessments of foresters varied greatly and were considered to be unreliable. It was therefore decided to map only the places important for recreation, but not to use the inaccurate estimates of visitor numbers.In Latvia, special investigations have to be carried out in order to develop management objectives and principles for protected forests as part of the preparation of management plans. Pilot studies and visits to some of the recreation areas have revealed that the evaluation of the state of the forest ecosystem is useful only when de-veloping the detailed management plan. Even then, this is only the case for places identified by local foresters as recreation sites or territories, because otherwise it is too time consuming to carry out fieldwork which provides little useful additional information.Calculated VSvalues show that on average the forests studied have a medium suitability value for recreation (average score 47) (see Table 2). There are considerable differences between districts, with aver-age value ranging from 32 points in Olaine to 66 points in the Garkalne district. This indicates that the average stands in the Garkalne district are more suitable for recreation than those in other districts. If other aspects are taken into account, such as distance from wherepeople live, and VRvalues are calculated it can be seenJ.Donis:Designating a greenbelt around the city of Riga,Latvia35Urban For.Urban Green.2 (2003)that the districts are still ranked as follows: Garkalne,Jugla, Tireli and Olaine.Only 10% of the forest owned by Riga municipality within the Riga region were evaluated as having a high or very high recreational value. 12% had medium recreational value, while large areas used for the col-lection of berries and mushrooms were evaluated as having low or very low recreational value (60% of the total forest area) (see Table 3).More than 16% of the area is covered by bogs, for which according to the used methodology, recreational value was not evaluated at all. Some areas were recorded by the local foresters as important places for the collec-tion of berries. However, more valuable from a recre-ational point of view were those forests situated east and north-east of the city (Garkalne and Jugla districts),while the forests to the south (Olaine and Tireli districts)were found to have a lower recreational value (V R ).36J.Donis:Designating a greenbelt around the city of Riga,LatviaUrban For.Urban Green.2 (2003)Table 2.Distribution of forest by forest categories according to the original functional role Forest districtDataFormer forest category Total–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Commercial Nature Nature Protected greenbelt forests parks reserves greenbelt forestsGarkalneArea, ha521.27,698.78,219.9Average of V S *61.966.566.2Average of V R **59.350.751.4JuglaArea, ha 8,376.74,098.812,475.4Average of V S 45.656.949.1Average of V R 22.034.025.7OlaineArea, ha 11,765.4707.512,473.0Average of V S 31.941.032.6Average of V R 8.527.410.0TireliArea, ha 8,689.5257.91,025.01,016.910,989.3Average of V S 40.666.710.059.342.3Average of V R 17.055.3 1.044.920.6TotalArea, ha 28,831.6779.11,025.013,522.044,157.6Average of V S 39.863.510.061.647.1Average of V R16.357.91.043.725.9* V S Suitability value – based on stand parameters (0–100 points).** V R Recreation value (0–125 points) based on stand parameters, distance to the residential areas, water and other attractive objects.Table 3.Distribution of forest areas by classes of attractiveness and by designated functional role Designated zoneDataClass of attractiveness Total –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––n.a.Very low Low Medium High Very high 0<2525,1–5051–7575–100100<Protection belt Area, ha76.7560.12,266.42,222.7850.5743.66719.9Average of V R *0.012.036.063.390.0125.053.4Visually sensitive Area, ha 447.64,150.54,157.7853.4847.1179.810636.1Average of V R 0.07.837.460.996.7125.028.5Non-restricted Area, ha 6,664.715,389.12,548.61,090.5874.8234.026801.7Average of V R 0.0 5.234.761.197.2125.015.8TotalArea, ha 7,189.020,099.88,972.74,166.52,572.31,157.344157.6Average of V R0.06.236.362.294.6125.025.9*V R Recreation value (0–125 points) based on stand parameters, distance to the residential areas, water and other attractive objects.Areas along main roads and railways are known to be visually sensitive, because of the large number of peo-ple who can see them during travel. The same is true for forest in the vicinity of small villages. Taking into ac-count the fact that legislation prohibits clear-cuts in pro-tection belts – which is not always necessary in order to maintain the visual quality of the landscape – it was proposed, as part of the zoning strategy, to create so called visually sensitive areas. In these areas the forest owner (Riga municipality) is recommended to use more detailed landscape-planning techniques and to pay more attention to visual aspects during management.As a result of the study, seen from a recreational point of view and taking into account legal restrictions and so forth, it has been proposed to create three zoning categories: (1) protection belts, (2) visually-sensitive areas, and (3) non-restricted areas (see Fig. 3). The protection belt should include:• Forest with high recreational value adjacent to residen-tial areas and summer cottages, to form a 200–500 m wide belt.• Larger tracts of forestland intensively used for recre-ation.The zone of visually-sensitive areas should include:• Forests within the administrative borders of Riga mu-nicipality and in the vicinity of villages (up to 200–500 m distance).• Forests along roads of national and regional impor-tance, railways, watercourses and streams as a protec-tion belt of 100–300 m wide.• Places used for mushroom and berry collection in the original restricted protection belt.• Places that could become important for recreation in the near future.J.Donis:Designating a greenbelt around the city of Riga,Latvia 37Urban For.Urban Green.2 (2003)Table 4.Proposed distribution of forest categories in designated zones (in hectares)Designated zoneFormer forest category Grand Total––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Commercial Nature Nature Protected greenbelt forests parks reserves greenbelt forests Protection belt355.2779.15,585.76,719.9Visually sensitive areas 3,503.97,132.110,636.1Non-restricted areas 24,972.51,025.0*804.226,801.7Total 28,831.6779.11,025.013,522.044,157.6*Forests within nature reserves are not intended for recreation; their primary management goal is nature conservation.Fig. 3.Proposal for zon-ing of the Riga municipalforests in Riga region.The remaining areas should consequently be classi-fied as non-restricted areas.A revision of the first draft plan was made taking into account the known prospective development plans of Riga and Riga region. As a result, for forests owned by Riga municipality and located in Riga region the pro-posal is to include 6,720 ha in the protection belt (see Table 3). Moreover, it has been suggested to designate 10,636 ha as visually-sensitive areas, but to omit the re-maining 26,802 ha from zoning, as these do not need special management from a recreation point of view. Average recreational values of stands in this area range from 53 (medium), through 28 (low) to 15 points (very low) respectively.As a result, the major part of the forest remains in the same functional category as in the original allocation (see Table 4). As was mentioned above, the classifica-tion described here is only based on recreational as-pects, thus forests in nature reserves are misleadingly shown as non-restricted forests. Only 5,586 ha out of the 13,500 thousand ha of the originally protected greenbelt forests are proposed to be included in the protection belt, while 355 ha of the previous commer-cial greenbelt forests are proposed to be placed under stronger protection.DiscussionForests owned by Riga municipality within the Riga re-gion are divided over 13 rural municipalities. Accord-ing to legislation, revised draft proposals for zoning Riga city forests have to be accepted by Riga munici-pality, while the final decision is up to Riga and the sur-rounding municipalities. The study presented here has provided a tentative estimate of the recreational value and suitability of the forests for recreation and can be used as a starting point for political discussions. At the very beginning the intention was to divide the forests in two categories: the protection belt and the remainder of the forest. During the study it was concluded, however, that a third category would be needed, that of visually sensitive areas. Within this category more attention would have to be paid to the amenity of the landscape, but there would be no need to drastically restrict com-mercial forest management. As nature parks are also designated for recreation, it has been proposed to in-clude all forests of nature parks in the protection belt. It has to be noted that all the forests within the adminis-trative borders of cities, and as such not included in this study, are designated as protected. As a consequence, the forest area available for recreation to the inhabi-tants of Riga would increase to 12,500 ha.Unlike many other European cities, where timber ex-traction is of small importance (Konijnendijk 1999),Riga municipal forests have a considerable economic role. It is estimated that the allowable annual cut in suburban forests amounts to 169,800 m3or 81% of the annual increment (Dubrovskis et al. 2002). It should be kept in mind that income from logging is used for for-est regeneration and tending, forest fire protection and maintenance of recreation facilities.The objective of this study was not to evaluate the precision of the method nor possible errors occurring when applying it. This study revealed, however, the in-completeness of the methodology used. Bogs, which are very sensitive to recreation loads, are ascribed quite a high level of attractiveness from a recreation point of view (for the collection of wild berries), but according to the methodology they are not evaluated at all. All watercourses were assumed to be attractive sites, while the preliminary evaluation of recreation loads showed this not to be true. The use of watercourses is very vari-able and obviously depends on water quality and vege-tation structure of the edges or banks. Another aspect which was not taken into account was that amenity of a forest is not simply the sum of the amenity values of forest stands (Pukkala et al. 1995).It seems that the evaluation based on dominant species is appropriate for screening areas, but for more detailed management plans, species mixture, the number of forest layers, and principles of landscape architecture also have to be taken into account (Bell 1999; Bell & Nikodemus 2000). Various studies have shown that people prefer uneven-aged forests (e.g. Melluma et al. 1982) and uneven-aged stands (e.g. Riepsˇas 1994). The impacts of the screening effect show that there are, even in the visually-sensitive and commercial zones, considerable areas with high and very high recreational value. This is mainly because delineation of zonal boundaries is carried out using easily distinguishable natural lines, and often it is not worth including single stands of high recreational value in the protection belt if, as a consequence, re-strictions on management would be placed over whole compartments of 50 ha.For the preparation of specific management guide-lines detailed field inventories have to be carried out. This has not been done in this study, where more re-liance was placed on the experience of local foresters and existing databases. Detailed economical calcula-tions have yet to be carried out in order to evaluate the direct and indirect value of the forest. These will also assist in obtaining more background information to be used as part of a holistic approach and for development of a decision support system to resolve contradictions between different interest groups.After acceptance of the draft plan by the municipali-ty of Riga, the process of negotiation between Riga and its surrounding municipalities is currently ongoing.38J.Donis:Designating a greenbelt around the city of Riga,Latvia Urban For.Urban Green.2 (2003)。

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年龄,性别,和心理卫生服务的利用不足:求助态度的影响分析C. S. MACKENZIE, W. L. GEKOSKI, & V. J. KNOX摘要本研究的目的是探讨年龄和性别的差异对个体寻求专业求助态度的影响,并且去验证在心理健康服务低下的中老年人和男性中,是否是由于消极的态度而影响了他们寻求专业求助的意向。

本研究的方法是向206名社区成年居民发放了一份关于测量其专业求助态度,精神病症状,之前的求助经历和求助意向的问卷。

在该样本中,年长者和女性更倾向于积极的求助态度,虽然年龄因素和性别因素与婚姻状况和受教育程度相互作用,且在求助态度的不同维度上影响不同。

性别和年龄也影响个体寻求专业心理帮助的意向。

相比于男性,女性表示更乐意去向心理健康专家去寻求帮助,这也许是由于她们在心理问题上抱着积极开放的态度,求助态度上的年龄差异所不能解释的一个发现是,年长者比年轻者表示更乐意去向初级心理保健医生寻求心理帮助。

本研究显示,与心理开放有关的消极的态度也许促成了男性对心理健康服务的利用不足。

专业求助态度可能是年长人寻求初级心理保健医生而非心理健康专家障碍。

该结果表明需要采取教育措施去提高男性寻求专业心理求助的态度与增强年长者向专业心理机构寻求帮助的意愿。

前言在美国北部及其之外的大范围的流行病学调查(Bland,Newman, & Orn, 1997; Henderson, 2002;Kessler et al., 1994; Norquist & Regier, 1996)清楚的显示,个体的心理健康需求尚未得到充分的满足。

该研究预计大概有30%-50%的有心理疾病的人在他们的一生中会经历一次精神障碍,而在过去的一年中经历精神障碍的可能是15%-30%,而与心理健康问题的高发生率相反,个体寻求专业心理帮助的比例却不高。

在1990年,大概有65%—80%被诊断为有心理问题的个体没有接受专业心理帮助。

尽管有数据表明专业心理健康服务的利用率在上升,大多数有心理障碍的个体仍然未接受治疗(Kessler et al., 2005)。

有多种群体尤其不愿意接受专业心理帮助,目前的研究重点在年长者和男性。

为了理解这些群体心理服务利用率低的现象,研究者们投入了大量的关注去探讨各种个人因素、人际关系因素以及专业因素的原因(e.g., Bartels, 2003; Rhodes,Goering, To, & Williams, 2002)。

本研究将专业求助态度作为一直个人因素继续探讨其对上述群体低求助行为的影响,探讨是否消极的专业求助态度对专业求助行为有负面影响。

本研究有两个研究目标:去证明是否年长者和男性比年轻人和女性有抱有更消极的心理求助态度以及在这些低求助群体中寻求专业求助态度的影响。

年龄和性别在专业求助态度上的差异相比于男性一直显示比女性对专业心理求助抱有更少的积极态度(Addis &Mahalik, 2003;Ang, Lim, & Tan, 2004; Morgan, Ness, & Robinson,2003; Vogel & Wester, 2003),年龄因素对专业求助态度的影响并不很清楚。

年长者常被认为对专业心理求助抱有消极的态度并且对心理疾病相关耻辱感十分敏感(e.g., Estes, 1995; Lebowitz &Niederehe, 1992)。

然而,与人们的经验相反,很多研究显示年长对专业心理求助抱有普遍积极的态度(Currin, Schneider, Hayslip, & Kooken,1998; Robb, Haley, Becker, Polivka, & Chwa,2003); perhaps even more so than younger adults’(Berger, Levant, McMillan, Kelleher, & Sellers,2005; Rokke & Scogin, 1995; Sirey et al., 2001)。

本研究想重复前人在性别差异对专业求助态度影响的研究,并探讨年长者是否和年轻者一样对专业求助抱有同等的或更加积极的态度。

本研究从两个方面扩大了前人关于年龄和性别在专业求助态度上差异的调查。

首先,我们对态度的调查比前人的研究更加细致。

通常对专业求助态度的测量要么是自编一些没有进行信效度检验的项目,要么就是使用Fisher的来访者专业求助态度量表(Fischer & Turner,1970),由于该量表的分量表有较差的信度,故只能大致的测量专业求助态度。

而本研究使用新开发的专业求助态度量表,该量表从三个维度测量求助态度:心理开放度,反应了个体对承认自己有心理问题的开放的态度以及寻求专业帮助去解决他们的可能性;求助偏好,反应了寻求专业求助的意愿和能力;病耻感知觉度,反映了个体关心生活中重要他人对自己寻求专业心理求助的反应的程度(Mackenzie, Knox, Gekoski,& Macaulay, 2004)。

第二,我们不仅研究性别和年龄因素对专业求助态度的直接影响,我们还探讨上述因素与婚姻状况和受教育程度程度的相互作用,这些是在以往的相关研究中没有涉及到的。

专业求助意向的预测个体的专业求助意向最能直接决定与预测其专业求助行为(Ajzen, 1985; Sutton, 1998)。

不同的研究就女性是否与积极的专业求助意向有关联得出不同的结论(Deane & Todd, 1996; Morganet al., 2003)(Kelly & Achter, 1995;Vogel & Wester, 2003)。

但是由于大部分相关研究的样本是取自大学生,故关于年龄差异对专业求助意向的文献十分少,最近的一项研究发现年长者和年轻者在专业求助意愿上没有差别(Segal, Mincic, Coolidge, &O’Riley, 2005)。

另外,有研究发现,年长者十分接受心理问题的药物和心理治疗(Landreville, Landry, Baillargeon,Guerette, & Matteau, 2001),并且对寻求专业心理服务特别是向初级保健医生讨论自己的心理困扰(Arean, Alvidrez, Barrera,Robinson, & Hicks, 2002)。

专业求助态度强有力的控制着并且能预测求助意向(Cepeda-Benito & Short, 1998;Kelly & Achter, 1995; Morgan et al., 2003; Vogel &Wester, 2003)。

咨询经历和心理困扰是否能影响专业求助意向,各种研究结果不一(e.g., Cepeda-Benito & Short, 1998; Morganet al., 2003,Arean et al., 2002;Vogel & Wester, 2003)。

以往研究通常使用专业求助意向量表(Cash, Begley, McCown, & Weise, 1975)来测量求助意向,而本研究在其基础之上,分别测量个体对两个不同的心理咨询服务的提供者:初级保健医生和心理健康专家的求助意向。

这个差异十分重要,因为即使心理障碍在普通的医疗部门很少被识别并且倘若被非精神科的医生治疗,效果很不好,(Howard et al., 1996;Seligman, 1995; Wang, Berglund, & Kessler, 2000)仍然有相当比例存在心理问题的年幼者和年老者接受初级保健医生的治疗(Bartels, 2003; Klap, Tschantz Unroe, &Unutzer, 2003; Norquist & Regier, 1996)。

由于个体心理健康需求被初级保健医生和心理健康专家满足的潜在差异,探讨个体对这二者选择的影响因素是十分必要的。

由于各种各样的原因,当年长者或者男性遇到心理困扰时,他们尤其不愿意去寻求专业心理帮助。

由于消极的专业求助态度被认为与其低的专业求助行为有关,故这一观点在性别因素上得到了普遍的支持,但在年龄因素上却暂且被反对。

本研究通过社区居民样本探讨年龄和性别对专业心理求助态度的三个因子的影响。

我们也将探讨是否个体的专业求助态度影响其对初级保健医生和心理健康专家的求助意向。

方法被试和程序本研究在加拿大安大略的一个小城市的火车站进行数据采集。

被试为正在等待乘客或者火车的,不同年龄阶段的社区成年居民,这将提高他们满足研究参与要求的可能性。

在连续的4周里,一个主要的研究者走近一个独自一人,并且貌似在等人的成年居民,让他们参加一个关于调查专业求助态度的研究。

本研究努力控制样本在性别和年龄上的均衡性。

参与者被承诺调查的保密性,同意参加的个体会得到一个可以立刻完成或者通过其中一个已经资付邮费的信封寄回的问卷包。

一共165名男性和157名女性被我们请求参与调查,而其中120(72.7%)名男性和126(80.2%)名女性同意参与。

而在同意参与的个体中,回收问卷共260份(160名男性和100名女性)。

4个被试由于人口学资料不完整或者不满十八岁而被排除,故总体的回收率是64.6%。

样本包括105名男性和99名女性,年龄18岁到89岁,平均46.1岁(SD=17.7岁)。

24.5%为60岁以上,有56%为女性。

在婚姻状况方面,35.9%为单身,45.2%已婚或者同居,而17.5%之前结婚。

至于受教育程度,36.1%有小于或等于高中学历,40.6%有大专学历,23.3%有硕士学历。

与加拿大第2001次人口普查数据相比,我们的样本比例在婚姻状况与之相似,但更高的教育程度。

此外,92.7%的参与者是白人,而加拿大白人比例占86.6%,这表明本样本缺少种族多样性。

测量调查问卷的第一部分包括项目的目的、完成问题的指导和人口统计信息的要求。

第二部分包括过去和未来使用的心理健康服务的问题。

参与者被询问与哪些人讨论过心理问题:a)初级保健医生;b)心理健康专家(即心理学家,精神科医生和社会工作者c)牧师d)家人或朋友,之后假设被试在将来遇到十分重大的心理问题,他们愿意和谁一起讨论,或者宁愿自己解决,要求被试按7点评分量表从非常不愿意到非常愿意在以上四个选项中评分(被试没有被询问自己是否过去自己处理过心理问题,因为我们认为任何人都有过这种经历)。

第三部分包括专业求助态度和精神症状量表。

专业求助态度的测量:使用寻求专业服务态度量表(IASMHS; Mackenzie et al.,2004),本研究使用并改进了该量表的部分内容。

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