大学词汇学复习资料Chapter 2 Test

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英语词汇学试题复习参考（分章节）

英语词汇学试题复习参考（分章节）英语词汇学试题Introduction and Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarilythrough the use of _________construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. rootis traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. StylisticsEnglish is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semanticis the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effectsA. situationB. contextC. timeD. placeshares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.A. technicalB. artisticC. differentD. academic8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. JargonC. Dialectal wordsD. Argot9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A. JargonB. ArgotC. Dialectal wordsD. Slang10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.A. workersB. criminalsC. any personD. policemanare words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. ArgotB. SlangC. JargonD. Dialectal words12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. commonB. littleC. slightD. great13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings.A. newB. oldC. badD. good14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. newII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology,______,etymology, stylistics, ________.19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______./doc/152063694.html,nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words 4)characteristics of the basic word stock.A B21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail22. Collocbility( ) B. aught23. Jargon( ) C. por24. Argot ( ) D. uponwords( ) E. hypo26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart27. Aliens ( ) G. man28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh30. Empty words ( ) J. emirIV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary.31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )33. can-opener ( ) ( )35. bottom line ( ) ( )37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )( ) 40. take ( )V. Define the following terms.41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loans VI. Answer the following Questionsthe relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock Illustrate your points with examples.48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.VII. Analyze and comment on the following.49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirtKey to Exercises:I. 1. historical, usages 18. semantics, . vocabularyII.21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. the basic word stock; productivity32. the basic word stock; collocabilitybasic word stock; argotword stock; slang35. nonbasic word stock; jargon36. nonbasic word stock ;terminologyword stock; dialectal words38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms40. the basic word stock; polysemyV-----VI. (see the course book)VII. 49. Content words: earth, clould, run, walk, frequently, never, fiveFunctional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.50. Denizens: port, shirt,Aliens: bazaar, kowtowTranslation-loans: lama, masterpieceSemantic-loans:dream, pioneerChapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternativeanswers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, whichcan be grouped into the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D. 20002.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in greatnumbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islamism5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again byNorwegian and Danish Vikings. With theinvaders, many ________words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modernEnglish.A. 500B. 800C. 1000 .D. 9007.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continualflow of ______ words into English.A. FrenchB. GreekC. RomanD. Latin8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the lawcourts, and government and regained social status.A. 12thB. 13thC. 14th9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which arederived from the dead language.A. SanskritB. LatinC. RomanD. Greek12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.A. LatinB. HellenicC. Indian D . Germanic13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian allbelong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon14.The ________family consists of the four Northern EuropeanLanguages: Norwegian, Icelandic,Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or socialpower and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10th D. 13thII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of______.18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) tothe present _____ language.19.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be groupedinto an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______.20.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern English. III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of the words 2)history off English development 3) language family.A B21. Celtic ( )22. religious ( )( ) C. Persian24. French ( )25. Old English ( ) E. abbot( ) F. skirtEnglish ( ) G. sunu28. Modern English ( ) H. lernen29. Germanic family ( ) I. freight( ) J. NorwegianIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined.31. earth ( ) ( )33. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( )35. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( )37. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( )38. sun ( ) 40. diction ( )V. Define the following terms.41. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stemVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.46. Describe the characteristics of Old English .47. Describe the characteristics of Middle English.48. Describe the characteristics of Modern English.VII. Answer the following questions with examples.49. What are the three main sources of new words50. How does the modern English vocabulary developKey to exercises:I.II. English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic (1700-up to the present )III.21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. CIV.31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free rootroot( See the course book )VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are :(1)The rapid development of modern science and technology ,. astrobiology, greenrevolution ;(2)Social , economic and political changes; . Watergate, soy milk;(3)The influence of other cultures and language; . felafel, Nehru Jackets.50. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, . consideration, carefulness; (2) semantic change, . Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;. tofu, gongful. Chapter 3 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II（练习3）I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locativeprefixes2.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice,mis trust.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes3.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes4.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes5.The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________.A. number prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locativeprefixesare contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________./doc/152063694.html,s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames8. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________./doc/152063694.html,s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames, fore tell and post-election contain________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. locative prefixes10.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames11.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes12.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student andcontra flow are _____-.A.prefixes of degree or sizeB. prefixes of orientation and attitudeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes13.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________./doc/152063694.html,s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames14.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes15.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixesII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____., also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________.18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.19. _________ is the formation of new words by combiningparts of two words or a word plusa part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.A B21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes ( ) A. priceless22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.) ( ) C. engineer24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action, etc) （）D. darken25. De-adjective noun suffixes （）Ｅviolinist26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( )27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( )29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survivalIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy and write the full terms.( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( )36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) ( ) 40. perm ( )V.Define the following terms .41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45.suffixationVI. Answer the following questions with examples.46. What are the characteristics of compounds47. What are the main types of blendings48. What are the main types of compoundsVII. Analyze and comment on the following:49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation.(1) donate ----donation emote----emotion(2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter(4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words.(1) I’m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed.(5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers.Key to exercises :1. B2. C3. A4. B5. AII. 16. derivation , compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau)III. 22. I 23. H 24. J. Front clipping, earthquake32. Back clipping, stereophonicand back clipping, influenzaclipping, public house35. Initialisms, care of36. Acronyms, Victory Day37. Initialisms, tuberculosis38. Back clipping, discotheque39. Front clipping, helicopter40. Phrase clipping, permanent wavesV-VI. (See the course book). There are mainly four types of back-formation.(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others(4) From adjectives50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun(4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verbChapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting2._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the humanmind.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Context3.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.A. outsideB. withC. beyondD. inside4. Most English words can be said to be ________.A. non-motivatedB. motivatedC. connectedD. relatedis a(n) _______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. onomatopoeicallyD. etymologically6.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically7.In the sentence ‘ He is fond of pen ’ , pen is a ______ motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically8.Walkman is a _______motivated word.A. onomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically9.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexicalmeaning in particular.A. grammatical meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. arbitrary meaningunstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.A.Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affective meaning meaning indicates the speaker’s _______towards the person or thing in question.A. feeling .B. likingC. attitudeD. understanding12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.A. PrepositionsB. InterjectionsC. ExclamationsD. Explanations13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because ina sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.A.conceptual meaningB. grammatical meaningC. lexical meaningD. collocative meaningthe same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.A. only one wordB. two wordsC. more than threeD. different wordsis the relationship between language and the ______.A. speakersB. listenersC. worldD. specific countryII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______/doc/152063694.html,pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum totalof the morphemes combined.18. _______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.19. The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the historyof the word explains the meaning of the word.20. Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.A B21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body)27. Etymological motivation ( )28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and awordthe following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning.31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( )33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( )35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( )37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( )39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )III.Define the following terms .41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affective meaning IV.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short.46. What is reference 47. What is concept 48. What is senseV.Analyze and comment on the following.49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong.50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.Key to exercises:I. 1. CII.16. meanings motivation meaningIII.21. DIV.31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation35. Connotative meaning meaning37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative39. collocative meaning 40. appreciativeV-VI. See the course book.VI.49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation.(4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation.50. Associative meaning comprises four types:(1)Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by theconceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ‘female parent’, is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, etc..(2)Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylisticfeatures, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc.,all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.(3)Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thingin question. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones;notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.(4)Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don’t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field (练习5)of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages2.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and developmentof the semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional3._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and thesecondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning ofa word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenationimportant criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.A. PolysemantsB. SynonymsC. AntonymsD. Hyponyms7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and floweris _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, . bow/bau/; bow/beu/.A. HomophonesB. HomographsC. Perfect homonymsD. Antonyms9. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms10.The antonyms big and small are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms11.The antonyms husband and wife are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms/doc/152063694.html,position and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms13.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employedin a conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms14.From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with onlyone meaning . The first meaning is called ______.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. basic meaning15.Synchronically, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called_______.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. secondary meaningII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their____, the second principal consideration is ________.17.In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one ______whereas homonyms。

英语词汇学复习提纲

英语词汇学复习提纲英语词汇学复习提纲Chapter 1 Terms1. word2. vocabulary3. common words4. literary words5. colloquial words6. slang words7. technical words Questions1. What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock?2. How are English words classified?3. What are the differences between function words and content words?4. What are the main reasons for the rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary? Important statements 1. The histiory of the English langague begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons and the Jutes from about 450 AD.2. The Transitional period from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English, which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.3. In the early stages of Modern English the Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary.4. The heavy borrowing made the English vocabulary extremely rich and heterogeneous. Chapter 2 Terms1. morpheme2. Allomorphe3. free morpheme4. bound morpheme5. root6. affix7. hybrid Questions1. How are English morphemes classified?2. How are Englihs words classified on the morphemic level? Important Statements1. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes.2. The allomorphs of a morpheme do not differ in meaning or function but show a slight difference in sound.3. Morphemes are important in the word-building process because the two most central and productive word-formation processes, compounding and affixation, are related to morphemes. Chapter 3 Terms1. partial conversion2. complete conversion Questions1. What are the three major processes of word-formation?2. Whyare the criteria of a compound relative? Important Statements1. There are varioius ways of forming words, but by and large, the various processes can be classified on the basis of frequency of usage, into major or minor processes.2. Any rule of word formation is of limited productivity in the sense that not all words which result from the applicationn of the rule are acceptable; they are freely acceptable only when they have gained an institutional currency in the language.3. Prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the base. They do not genearlly alter the word-class of the base.4. Suffixes usually change the word-class of the base. Chapter 4 Terms1. blending2. back-formation3. clipp ing4. neoclassical formation Questions1. What are the differences between initialisms and acronyms? Important Statements1. On the whole, clipped words are used in less formal situations than their full-length equivalents.2. Most of the blends are related to daily life.3. The majority of backformed words are verbs.4. Reduplicatives are characterized by being rhymed or alliterated.5. The majority of neoclassical formations are scientific and technical.6. Genuine coinage is rare.7. Some new words are coined by analogy. Chapter 5 Terms1. motivation2. denotative meaning3. connotative meaning4. stylistic meaning5. affective meaning Questions1. What is the relationship between word form and its senses?2. What are the main types of word meaning? Important Statements1. The test of a genuinely onomatopeic word is its intelligibility to a foreigner who has no knowledge of the language in question.2. Denotative meaning is the central factor in linguistic communication.3. Lexical meaning is dominant in content words, whereas grammatical meaning is dominant in funciton words. Chapter 6 Terms1. radiation2. concatination3. prima ry meanin4. central meaning5. perfect homonyms6.homophones7. homographs Important Statements1. One-meaning words are very rare. They are very often scientific terms.2. It may be said that polysemy is the rule and monosemy is the exception.3. In some cases, the primary meaning and the central meaning coincide.4. Polysemic words and homonymous words are not only good candidates for humor, they can also produce other effects such as irony or heightened dramatic power. Chapter 7Terms1. complete synonyms2. relative synonyms3. hyponymy4. marked member5. unmarked member Questions1. In what respects do synonymous words differ? Important Statements1. An agreement in denotation is the most important criterion of synonymy.2. Two words aretotally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. It is important to note that two forces militate against complete synonymy: vagueness of word meaning,and connotative, stylistic and affective meanings that cluster around words.4. In most cases the native word is more spontaneous, more informal and unpretentious, whereas the foreign word is learned, abstract or even abstruse.5. In the double scale pattern of synonyms the native term usually sounds warmer and more homely than its foreign counterpart.6. In the triple scale pattern of synonyms the difference in tone between the English and the French words is often slight; the Latin word is generally more bookish.7. Synnonyms are useful for avoiding repetition and for achieving precision in meaning and variety in style.8. Lexical antonymy is often stronger than syntactic negation.9. This semantic category obviously overlaps with hyponymy: both are involved with forming relaionships between words in the same general area ofmeaning. For parctical purposes, in the case of hyponymy, one should pay attention to the question of which specific term to use, while in the case of semantic field, one’s attention should be turned toward the highly probable collocations the words of each semantic field have in common. Chapter 8 Terms1. linguistic context2. ambiguity Questions1. What are the different types of context?2. What are the functions of context in determination of word meaning? 3. What are the different types of ambiguity? Important Statements1. When we say that the context determines the sense we mean not that it imposes a sense but that it selects one that is already there.2. Words rarely can be equated on a one-to-one basis between two languages. Chapter 9 Terms1. historical cause of changes in word meaning2. social cause of changes in word meaning3. linguistic cause of changes in word meaning4. psychological cause of changes in word meaning5. metaphor6. metonymy Questions1. What are the mian causes of changes in word meaning?2. What are the tendencies in semantic change? Important Statements1. Usually a literal meaning of a word remains along with a new metaphorical one.2. Broading speaking, change of meaning refers tothe alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the additionnn of new meaning to established words. Chapter 10Terms Idiom Question What points should we attention to if we want to use idioms appropriately? Chapter 11 Questions1. What are three stages in the growth of American English?2. What are the characteristics of American English? Chapter 12Terms1. prescriptive dictionaries 2. descriptive。

自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第二章

第⼆章 Indo-European language family （Europe， the Near East， India） Balto –Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic Germanic Prussian Persian Portuguese Norwegian Lithuanian Hindi Spanish Icelandie Polish Italian Danish Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish Slovenian French English Russian German Albanian Armenian Celtic Hellenic Irish Greek Breton Scottish 2. History （时间，历史事件，特征） 1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50，000-60，000 words The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts， the language was Celtic. The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles， Saxons and Jutes and their language， Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. In the 9th century， many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech. 特点： highly inflected language complex endings or vowel changes （full ending） 2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， French Until 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin， the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas. Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today. As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English. 特点： fewer inflections leveled ending 3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700） late modern English（1700-up to now） The Renaissance， Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage. The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world. After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions and scientific achievements. More words are created by means of word-formation. thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements. more words are created by means of word-formation. in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language. science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% . mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use. 特点： ending are almost lost. 3. Three main sources new words 1.The rapid development of modern science and technology 2.Social， economic and political changes 3.The influence of other cultures and languages 4. Three modes of vocabulary development 1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials， namely roots， affixes and other elements.（This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.） 2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need. 3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time） 4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete） French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%， German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish 4%。

0832 英语词汇学第二章考点归纳Chapter 2 The development of the

Chapter 2 The development of the English Vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family comprise 8 branchesEastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-lranian, American and Albanian , Western set : Celtic , Italic, Hellenic, Germanic.The major modern languages of each branch(常见选择，填空)：Armenian Albanian each the only languageBalto-Slavic : Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish , Czech , Bulgarian , Slovenian and Russian, Hellenic:GreekItalic: Portuguese, Spanish , French z Italian , Romanian ( five Romance language ) Germanic : Norwegianjcelandic, Danish , Swedish . (Scandinavian Languages) Celtic: Scottish , Irish , Welsh , Breton A History Overview of the English VocabularyThe formation of English words (常见简答，填空)Old English (450-1150):CelticLatin of the Roman Legions (55-54B.C)Anglo-Saxon of theGermanic tribes (now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English )-religious terms brought by the introduction of Christianity (6th century) ----Scandinavian words of Norwegian and Danish vikings (the 9th century )Middle English (1150-1500): French of Normans (1066) --English came back (13th century).Modern English (1500-up to now ): Early Modern English (1500-1700) ：Latin and Greek were borrowed in the time of Renaissance .Late Modern English ( after 1700); absorbing words from all major language s of the world with the growth of colonization ( Mid-seventeenth)--- new words created about science and technology (after World War II)Characteristics of Old English (常见填空题)Old English was a highly inflected language , language of full endings .Characteristics of Middle English (常见填空题)Middle English is alanguage of leveled endings .Characteristics of Modern English (常见填空题)English has evolved froma synthetic language ( Old English) to the present analytic language .2.1Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary The main reasons for the development of Present-day English vocabulary are:(常见简单 , 选择)Generally, there are three main source of new words : the rapid development of modern science and technology; social , economic and political changes ; the influence of other cultures and languages.2.2Modes of Vocabulary Development The Main Modes of Vocabulary Development(常见填空，简答题)Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels : creation , semantic, change , borrowing.(1)Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials , namely roots ,affixes and other elements . In modern times , this is the most important way of vocabulary expansion .(2)Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet he new need . This does not increase the number of word forms but increases many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary .(3)Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times. Though still at work now, it can hardly compare with what it did in the past.。

词汇学chapter 2

13
English Lexicology(I)
3.1 Free and Bound Morphemes
Types of bound morphemes
Affixes(词缀): Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.
3
English Lexicology(I)
1. Morphemes
A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units. Words are composed of morphemes. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes.
Content / lexical vs. grammatical morpheme on a semantic and syntactic basis
9
English Lexicology(I)

Lexicology2词汇学练习及答案

Lexicology2词汇学练习及答案Test of Lexicology 2I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.1. Which words belong to the functional words? ( A )A. prepositions, auxiliaries, conjunctionsB. articles, adjectives, pronounsC. adverbs, conjunctions, nounsD. prepositions, auxiliaries, verbs2. ___ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.（C ）A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds3. A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be( C).A．affixational B．derivational C．free D．bound4. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single ( C ) morpheme.A. formalB. concreteC. freeD. bound5. Which of the following is NOT true? ( B)A. A word is a sound unityB. A word has a given meaningC. A word is the smallest form of a languageD. A word can be used freely in a sentence6. The following words have derivational affixes Except________. ( D )A. subseaB. prewarC. postwarD. desks7. Which of the following is not a compound? ( B)A. swimming poolB. king-heartedC. greenhouseD. International8. The suffix “-tion” is a ____ suffix. ( D )A. adjectiveB. verbC. adverbD. noun9. From the sent ences “Hand in your papers.” and “She papered the room green.”, we can see such a means of word formation as________. ( C )A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. acronymy10. “mis-“ in “misunderstand” is a ____________ prefix. ( C )A．negative B. pejorative C. reversative D. locative11. Which of the following is not a major word-formation process? ( D)A. CompoundingB. DerivationC. ConversionD. Coinage12. “Anti-” in “antihero” means______. ( A )A. “against”B. “unconventional”C. “of or belonging to the hypothetical world of antimatter”D. “not”13. “-able” in “fashionable” is a(an) _____ suffix. ( D )A. denominalB. deadjectivalC. deverbalD. noun-formingII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions.1. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and ____derivational______affixes.2. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and ___affixes______.3. Words may fall into ___content _____words and functional words by notion.4. Generally, prefixes only modify the ___lexical meaning_____of the stem.5. Sometimes a word may undergo ____multiple______ conversion, which enables it to function as a member of several word-classes.6. Affixation can be subdivided into ____prefixation_________ and ____suffixation________. III. Term explanation/doc/5f2252356.html,pounding Compounding is a word-formation progress consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compoundword.2.Derivation Derivation is generally defined as word-formation process bywhich new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base. Derivation may be defined as process of forming new words by theadditional of word element, such as prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word.3.Conversion Conversion is a word formation process whereby a word of acertain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.4.Word-formation rules The rules of word-formation define the scope andmethod whereby speakers of a language may create new word.。

(完整word版)现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter2英语词汇的形态结构

现代英语词汇学概论复习资料1~7现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料Chapter 2 Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态结构⏹ 2.1 Morphemes词素/语素/ 形位⏹ 2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类2.1.1 The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念Morpheme: The smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language，not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.➢smallest: not divisible into smaller forms➢meaningful: carry meaning (lexical and grammatical)e.g. denationalizationdenationalization= de + nation + al + iz + ation➢ A morpheme is a two-facet language unit: sound and meaning➢ A morpheme is not identical with a syllable，either，since the latter has nothing to do with meaning.Allomorphs语素变体、词素变体:➢various shapes or forms of a morpheme➢do not differ in meaning or function➢conditioned by position or adjoining sounds➢Eg. -sbook→books /-s/pig→pigs /-z/horse → horses /-iz/➢Eg. im-，in-，i- perfect, responsible, logical, flexible perfect → imperfectresponsible→ irresponsiblelogical → illogicalflexible → inflexible➢Eg. –tion，-sioninvent →inventiondescribe →descriptionjustify →justificationmodernize→modernizationexpand →expansiondecide →decisionomit →omission2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类●Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes自由词素与粘着词素Free morpheme:➢one that can be uttered alone with meaning➢ A free morpheme is a word.E.g. green, red, write, faithBound morpheme:➢cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance➢appear with at least one other morpheme, free or boundE.g. receive re-ceiveQ：自由词素与粘着词素如何组词？E.g. green, greenhouse, greenness, disagreeable, receive, encyclopedia➢green (free)➢green-house (free + free)➢green-ness (free + bound)➢re-ceive (bound + bound)➢en-cyclo-pedia (bound + bound + bound)* A free morpheme is a word.●Roots and Affixes词根与词缀Root 词根: The basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.➢ 1. Free root (自由词根):A word consist of one free root (or one morpheme)is a simple word.Free roots provide the English language with a basis for the formation of new words.➢ 2. Bound root（粘着词根）:roots derived from foreign sources ,esp. from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes, such as tian and cieveEg.1)work, workable, worker, worked, working (free)2) contain, detain, retaintain= tenere (L) = to hold (bound)3) conceive, deceive, receiveceive= capere (L) = to take (bound)4) revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vividvit, viv = life / to live (bound)➢Vital:necessary in order to stay alive-al: pertaining to = have a connection withvital = having a connection with life Vivacious:adj. apprec. full of life and high spirits; lively-ous: full ofvivacous = full of life (energy)Vivid:producing sharp clear pictures in the mind; lifelike-id: having a certain qualityvivid = having a certain quality of lifeAffixes缀: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used when added to another morpheme.➢ 1. Inflectional affixes(屈折词缀): serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.特点：1.not to form a new word with new lexical meaning2. having only particular grammatical meaning3. only to be affixed to words of the same word-class (not to change the word-class)➢ E.g. Plural marker: pens, oxen, feetGenitive case: Jame’sVerbal endings: works, working, worked, bought, saidComparative and superlative degree: slower, slowest➢ 2. Derivational affixes（派生词缀）:to be added to another morpheme to derive a new word 特点：1. to derive a new word2. having a specific lexical meaning (some also affective meaning)3. some to be attached to words of different word classes➢Eg. Having pejorative or derogatory meaning-ism means“doctrine or point of view ”==socialismPro-means“on the side of ”==pro-com-munist⏹Mini-carmean-nessModern-izeSocial-ism Pro-communist De-codeDe-valueWash-able⏹mis-mal-absorptionpseudo-democratic hire-ling weak-ling child-ish派生词缀分类（derivational morphemes）: Prefixes and suffixes1) By linguistic origin:➢Native affixes➢Foreign affixes2) By productivity:➢Productive/living affixes➢Unproductive/dead affixes➢Summary➢ 2.Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态➢ 2.1 Morphemes词素➢ 1.The Definition of “Morphemes”词素的概念➢ 2. Allomorphs 词素变体➢ 2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类➢ 1. Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes➢自由词素与粘着词素➢ 2. Roots and Affixes 词根与词缀➢free root and bound root自由词根与粘着词根➢inflectional affixes and derivational affixes屈折词缀与派生词缀➢➢。

英文专业词汇学考试复习资料全

Chapter 1 The Basic Con cepts of Words and Vocabulary1、The Definition of a WordLexicology focuses on the study of meanin gs and origi ns of words.Accord ing to sema nticists （语义学家），a word is a unit of meaning.A word is a mi ni mal （最小的）free form of a Ian guage that has a give n sound,meaningand syn tactic fun ctio n （句法功能）2、VocabularyAll the words in a Ian guage make up what is gen erally known as its vocabulary. _________3、Sound and MeaningThe relati on ship betwee n sound and meaning is no logic ______4、Sound and FormThere was more agreeme nt betwee n sound and form in Old En glish tha n in Moder n Engl i s h.With the developme nt of the Ian guage, more and more differe nces arose betwee n sound and form.5、Classificati on of Words6简答(1)、What is the relati on ship betwee n sound and meaning? Give examples to illustratei tThe relati on ship betwee n sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. _____________I n d i f f e r e n tIan guages, the same con cept can be show n by differe nt soun ds. a Woma n ,f o r e x a m p l e ,becomes “ Frau ” in German, Femme in French and “ fu nv ” in Chinese.O n t h e o t h e rhand, the same sound [mi:t] is used tomean“ meet,meat,mete”,deno ti ngd i f fe r e n tthi ngs.(2)、What are the four major reasons for the differe nces betwee n sound and form?The first reas on (he internal reas on) is that there are more phon emes （音素) t han l e t t e r s inEnglish-Another reas on is that the pronun ciati on has cha nged morer a p i d l y t h a n spelli ng over the years. The third reas ons that some of the differences more c r e a t e d b ythe early scribes. The fourth reas on is the borrowi ng.(3)、How are words classified in the course book?Words can be classified by differe nt criteria and for differe nt purposes.W o r d s may fallin to: the basic word stock and non basic vocabulary by use freque ncy; content words andfunctional words by no ti on; n ative words and borrowed words by origi n;si m p l e words,compo unds and derived words by morphology.(4)、What is the differenee between denizensand aliens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated ______________ (完全同化)in to the En glish Ian guage. But alie ns are borrowed words which have reta ined their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediatelyr e c o g nizable a s f o r e i g n in origi n.Chapter 2 The Developme nt of the En glish Vocabulary1、The Indo-European Language FamilyThe prehistoricIn do-Europea n pare nt Ian guage, thought to be a highly in fleeted（内部曲折2、 Three Phases of the Historical Developme nt The first peoples who in habited the land wereCelts.in flecti onal systems of Old En glish.Modern English ( 1500-present )In the early period of Moder n En glish, Europe saw a new upsurge of a r n i ng an c i eGreek and Roma n classics.It is estimated that about one fourth of modern English vocabulary come3、 Foreig n Eleme nts in the En glish VocabularyIn earlier stages of En glish, Lati n, Greek, French and Scandin avia n were the __ fourmajorcon tributors.The simulta neous existe nee of Fren ch, Lat in and En glish lasted for a cen tury. _________4、 Modes of Vocabulary Developme ntModer n En glish vocabulary develops through three cha nn els: creation, ________change(旧词新义)and borrow ing.Creation is the most importa nt way of vocabulary expa nsion.5、简答What are the characteristics of Old En glish?(1 )、 (2 )、 The sec ond Ian guage known in En glish was Lat in of the Roma n Legi ons. Old English (450-1150 )In the 9th century England was invaded by Norwegian and Middle English( 1150-1500 )The French in flue neeon En glish vocabulary s o fDanish Vikings.was one of the significant th Middle En glish period. The most importa ntfactof the Middle En glishperiodtwas the steady erosion h(3 )、Old English also known as the Anglo-Saxon, has a vocabulary of about 50000 to60000 words, which are almost monogen eous and en tirely Germa nic with only afew borrow ings from Lati n and Scandin avia n. Old En glish was a highly in flectedIanguage. It was a synthetic Ianguage (综合性语言) .(Modern English is ananal y t i c Ianguage )Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of En glish Words1、MorphemesThe minimal meaningful units in English are known as morphemes _____________ （词素）3、Morphs （形素）Morphemes are abstract un its, which are realized in speech by discrete un its known a smorphs.4、Allomorphs （词素变体）An allomorph refers to a memberof a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be furtherloss ofide ntity.7、简答（1 ）、What is the differenee between free morphemes and bound morphemes?Free morphemes which have complete meanings in themselves and can be useda s freegrammatical un its in sentences are in depe ndent of other morphemes, but bound morphemes which cannot occur as separate. Words are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.（2）、What is the differenee between derivational morphemes and inflectional mor p h e m es ?Derivatio nal morphemes are used to derive new words, but in flectio nalo r p h employed used to indicate nd f as grammatical markers.e m e s are the syntactic （句法）relati on ship betwee n words u n c t i o nChapter 4 Word FormatioThe most productive ways of creati ng new words are affixati on, compounding, and conversion.1、Affixationcalledderivatives.2、C ompounding （复合法）Example: workfare（work+welfare）In adjective-plus-noun compo un ds, the adjective eleme nt cannot takein fleet ional suffixes.Verb compo unds are created either though con vers ion or through back-formatio n.3、C on version （转类法）The conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs is the most productive. The con vers ion of two syllable nouns into verbs in volves a cha nge of stress. ____ Nouns fully con verted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns.4、Ble ndi ng （拼缀法）The overwhel ming majority of ble nds are nouns _____5、B ack-formation （逆身法）Back-formati on is con sidered to be the opposite process of suffixati on. ___________6简答（1 ）、What is the main differenee between prefixes and suffixes?Un like prefixes which primarily effect a sema ntic modificati on of the base, suffixeshave only a small semantic role, their primary function being to changes the grammaticalfunction of a base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slightmodification of meaning.（2 ）、What are the three main features of compounds?The three mai n features of compo unds are phono logical features, sema ntic feat u r e sandgrammatical features. The word stress of a compo und usually occurs on the first el e m e nt.Each compound should express a single idea just as one word. A compound tendsto playa sin gle grammatical role in a sentence.(3 )、What is back-formation? What are the characteristics of back-formation?Back-formatio n is the method of creati ng words by removi ng the supposedWords created through back-formation are verbs. Stylistically,back-formed words alargely in formal and some of them have not successfully gained curre ncy.(4)、What is acronymy? What is the differenee between initialisms and aernyms?Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letterso f c o m p o s i t e n ames of social and political orga ni zatio ns or phrases used as tech ni calt er ms. Wordsformed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms. Initialisms arepro noun c e d letter b y letter, but acronyms are pronounced as no rmal words7、论述题head of medical 'and the word “ care ”, and “ sitcom ”is formed by combining the head of ____________ “ si t u a t i on ”and that of “ comdey'.2、” Memo and “flu ”are clipped words. “Mem6 is formed by clipping the lack of“memoranduri”and “flu ”is formed clipping the front an ___________“ in flue nza ” .3、” TB”and “ NATC” are new words created through acronymy. “ TB" fromt uber cul osi s ________________________________________ i s an initialism, while “ NATO from “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ”isan acronym.Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis （成份分析法）1、R efereneeWords are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired refere nee.2、C oneept （概念）Meaning and con cept are closely conn ected but not ide ntical. ________Concept, which is beyond Ianguage, is the result of humancognition, reflectingt h e o b j e c t i v eworld in the huma n mind.3、S enseUni ike refere nee, sense deno tes the relati on ships in side the Ian guage. 4、Motivation （理据）Motivati on refers to the connection betwee n the lin guistic symbol and its _____6、简答（1 ）、What is referenee? What are the characteristics of referenee?Refere nee is the relati on ship betwee n Ian guage and theworld.By means ofre f e r e n ce,aspeaker in dicates which things in the world are being talked about. There f e r e n e e o f aword to a thing outside the Ianguage is arbitrary and conven tio nal.Althoughre f e r e nc e i sa kind of abstract ion,yet with the help of con text,it can refer to somethingde fi nit e（2 ）、What is conceptual meaning? What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning? Con _stable, con ceptual meaning forms the basis for com muni cati on as The same word gen erallyhas the same con ceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same speech com mun ity. （la ng uage ）.（3）、What is the differenee between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Con ceptual meaning known as cog nitive, deno tative, or desig native is the m ea ninggiven in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. But Associative meaning is the sec on dary meaning suppleme nted to the con ceptual meaning. It differs fromt hecon ceptual meaning because it is ope n-en ded and in determ in ate,liable to theinfluenceo fsuch factors as culture, experienee, religion, geographical region, classbackgro und educati on, etc..(4)、What is collocative meaning? What are the characteristics of collocative mea ning?Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the wordsw i t h w h i c h it co-occurs. It is again no ticeable that collocative meaning overlaps with c o n n o t a t i v e a n daffective meaning because i n a sense both conno tative and affective meanings a r erevealed by virtue of collocatio ns or contextualityChapter 6 Se nse Relatio ns （语义关系）Chapter 6 Se nse Relatio ns （语义关系）derived meaningsThe meaning of a more specific word is include in that of another more general word.简答What is the differe nee betwee n radiati on and con cate nati on （连锁型）？Un like radiati on where each of the derived meanings is directly conn ected to theprimary meaning, con cate nati on describes a process where each of the later meanings is related only to the precedi ng one like cha ins.Chapter 7 Chan ges in Word MeaningThe vocabulary is the most unstable element of a Ianguage as it is undergoing constantcha nges both in the sig n-shapes and sig n contents. _____1、Types of Change2、Causes of Change3、简答（1 ）、What is semantic transfer? What are the four main types of transfer?Some words which were used to desig nate/i ndicate one thi ng but latercha nged t o m e a n something else have experieneed the process of semantic transfer. The four main typescon cretemeanin gs, the tran sfer betwee n subjective and objective meanings and the syn e s t h e s i m .(2)、What are the two factors causing changes in meanings? Howare they classified?The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are the extra-linguisticfactors andthe linguistic factors. The extra-linguistic factors include the historicr e a s on, t h e classreas on and the psychological reas on. The lin guistic factors in clude short eni n g,borrow ing and an alogy. (类比)Chapter 8 Mea ning and Con text (语境)1、Types of Con textWithout context, there is no way to determ ine the meaning that the speaker intends t oconvey.Whenwe talk about con text, we usually thi nk of linguistic c on text, hardly awareo f t h e2、The Role of Con textAmbiguity often arises due to polysemy, homonymyand grammatical structure. Whenaword with multiple meanings is employed in in adequate con text, it createsa mb i g u i t y3、简答(1 )、what is the differe nce betwee n lin guistic con text and extra-li nguisticcon text?Lin guistic refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appearsa n d i t i s k n o w nas lin guistic con text or co-text may extend to embrace a paragraph, a wholec hap t e r a n deven the entire book. But extra-linguistic or non-1 inguistic con text referst o t h e participa nts, time, place, and eve n the whole cultural backgro und(2 )、What is the differe nce betwee n lexical con text and grammatical con text?Lexical con text refers to the words that co-occur with the word in questi on.The mea ningof the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words. Butg r a m m a t i c a lcon text refers to the structure which may in flue nce the mea ning of a polysema nt.4、论述题Read the sentence carefully. If you find any thi ng in appropriate, explain the r e a s ons a nd then improve the senten ce.a. He is a hard bus in essma n.Joh n ran the egg and spo on race.1、 The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by polysemy.2、 The word “ hard ” in this sentence can be understood as“ hardworking ” or“ difficult ” . The con text fails to n arrow dow n the meaning so that itis difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means. 3、 The ambiguity can be elimi nated by alteri ng the con text a little. Therewould be no misun dersta nding of the origi nal sentence if it is expa ndedas “ He is a hard bus in essma n to deal with ” , or “ He is a hard bus in essma n and he is often praised by his employer” .(participated or organized John ran the egg and spoon race and got second place. orJoh n ran the egg and spo on race and gain a larger nu mber of mon ey. )b. They saw her duck. The ball was attractive.1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by homonymy.2、The word “ ball ” in this sentence to“ roundobject to play in a game ” or a n arrow dow n thecan be understood as a noun, which referthe reader to decide what exactly thespeaker mea ns.3、 The ambiguity can be elimi nated by alteri ng the con text a little. It is clear if it isexpa nded as “ The ball was attractive with nice music and a lot of _____________ peoples ” , or “ Theball made of leather of different colors was attractive” .(kind of poultry or verb meaning” lower one ' s head or body quickly,dodgeThey saw her duck or swim ming in the river or They saw her duck herbody.)c 、The fish is ready to eat. I like Mary better tha n Jea n.1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by in adequateg r a m m a t ic a lstructure..2、 The sentence has two different interpretations. It may mean “ the fishi s c o o k ed orserved, so ready for people t o eat or a "the fishis readyto eat things ” .Th e con t ex t f a i l s w to n arrow down the meaning h a t so that e it is x difficult a for thec reader t to decide l ythe speaker mea ns.3、The sentence can be improved as “ Hownice the fish smell! The fish is ready t o eat. o r“ The fish is ready to eat things.dancing party .The con text fails tomeaning so that it is difficult for(I like Mary better than I like Jean or I like Mary better than Jean likes MaryI like Mary better than Jean does. or I like Mary better than I doJean.)iChapter 9 En glish Idioms1、 Characteristics of Idioms3、Stylistic Features（文体特征）Stylistically, idioms are gen erally felt to be in formal and some are _______col I oqui al i sms （口语体）and sla ng.4、Rhetorical Features4、简答（1 ）、 What are the characteristics of English idioms?The two main characteristics of English idioms are semantic unity and st r u c t u r a l s t a b i l i t y . Idioms each con sist of at least two or more con stitue nts, but each is a semanti cun ity.Thestructure of an idiom is to a large exte nd in variable. __________（2）、What are the rhetorical features of English idioms?The rhetorical features of English idioms include the phonetic manipulation,h el exi calman ipulati on and the sema ntic man ipulati on. The phon etic man ipulati on ncIu desalliterati on and rhyme （叠韵） .The lexical man ipulati on in cludese i t e r a t i on,r e p l e t i on and juxtapositi on. The sema ntic manipulati on in eludes (Figures of speech)S i m i l e Metaphor, Metonymy, Syn ecdoche, Personi ficati on. Euphemism.Chapter 10 En glish Dictio naries1、Types of Dictionaries2、T he main body of a dictionary is its definitions of words.3、D ictionaries（1 ）、Lon gma n Dictionary of Con temporary En glish-E nglish-Ch in ese（LDCE《朗文高级当代英语词典英汉双解》）Features: Clear Grammar Codes, Usage Notes, Lan guage Notes, Newwords（2 ）、Colli ns COBUILD En glish Dictio nary（CCE《〈柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》）Features: Defin iti on. Extra Colu mn, Freque ncy Marker, Pragmatics（词语用法说明）4、B ritish or AmericanAmerica n dict ion aries contain more en cyclopaedic in formatio n in the main bodyt h a n Britishone whereas British dictionaries, especially learner ' s dictionaries, embracemore gram mat i calin formati on.5、简答What is a dictio nary? What is the relati on ship betwee n a dictio nary and lexicology?A dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of English,with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology. It is closely related to lexicology because both deal with the same problems: the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary un its.。

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Chapter2: Test
I. Multiple choices
1.More than one variant, which can realize some morphemes according to the position in a word, are termed .
A. phonemes
B. allomorphs
C. morphs
D. phones
2. In the words "recollection, idealistic, and ex-prisoner", "re-, -ion, -ist, -ic, ex-, and -er" are .
A. prefixes
B. suffixes
C. free morphemes
D. bound morphemes
3. is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning but has to be used in combination with other morphemes to make words.
A. Free root
B. Bound root
C. Morpheme
D. Bound morpheme
4. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as .
A. morphemes
B. derivational morphemes
C. inflectional morphemes
D. suffixes
5. is the basic form of a word, which can't be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
A. Stem
B. Root
C. Morpheme
D. Affix
6. A may consist of a single morpheme as in "iron" or of two morphemes as in a compound like "handcuff".
A. stem, root, root
B. root, stem, stem
C. stem, stem, root
D. root, root, stem
II. Fill in the blanks. The first letter of each word is given.
1. One of the variants realizing a morpheme is called
a .
2. Morphemes can be classified into f morphemes and b morphemes.
3. Bound morphemes include b roots and
a .
4. Affixes can be grouped into d and i . III. Define the following terms.
1. morpheme:a minimal meaningful unit of a language.
2.allomorph: one of the variants that realize a morpheme.
3.bound morpheme:a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme.
4.free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone.
5. affix: a morpheme attached to a stem or root.
6. inflectional affix:an affix that indicates grammatical relationships.
7.derivational affix: an affix that forms new words with a stem or root.
8. root:what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.
9. stem:a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
IV. Answer the following questions.
1. Morphemes are realized by allomorphs. Illustrate this point on the basis of the knowledge obtained from this chapter.
1. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {—s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in matches /iz/. It can be realized by the change of an internal vowel as by zero morph as in “deer—deer, fish—fish”. The same is true of the past tense marker {—ed}, which is realized by /t/ after a verb ending with /p, k/ as in worked, helped; by /d/ after vowels and sounds like/m, n,η, l/ as in tri ed, warmed and by /id/ after /t, d/ as in wanted, landed, etc. This is also
applicable to affixational morphemes. The prefix {in-} has allomorphs such as / im, ir, il/depending on the first sound of the base to which the prefix is added.
2. What are the inflectional affixes frequently used in English? Discuss the meaning each of them indicates. II.
-(e)s— plural number
-(e)s—third- person singular present tense
-(e)d— past tense
-ing— progressive aspect
-er— comparative degree
-est— superlative degree
-'s— possessive case。