英国文学史常耀信(一)
英国文学简史及作品选读大纲目录
《英国文学史及作品选读》教学大纲一、课程说明1. 课程代码：1070138212. 课程中文名称：英国文学史及作品选读3. 课程英文名称：History and Selected Readings of English Literature4. 课程总学时数：325. 课程学分数：26. 授课对象：英语专业学生三年级7. 本课程的性质、地位和作用本课程为面向英语专业高年级学生开设的一门专业选修课，在学科体系中居重要地位。
要求学生以先修英语阅读、综合英语、英美文化和英美概况等课程为基础。
通过教学，使学生对英国文学有一个概观了解，同时初步培养学生对英国文学作品的鉴赏能力，增强学生对西方文学及文化的了解。
该课程有助于增强学生的语言基本功，丰富学生的人文知识、充实学生的文化修养，提高学生的精神素质。
二、教学基本要求1. 本课程的目的、任务英国文学史及文学作品包含着历史的记忆和哲学的睿智，是英语语言艺术的结晶。
本课程旨在介绍英国文学各个时期的主要文化思潮，文学流派，主要作家及其代表作，使学生对英国文学的发展脉络有一个大概的了解和认识，提高他们对文学作品的阅读鉴赏能力，并能掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。
要求学生在阅读和分析英国文学作品的基础上了解英国的历史、社会、政治等方面的情况及传统，促进学生对西方文学及文化的了解，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性，培养学生对作品的洞察批判能力，从而丰富提升学生人文素养。
2. 本课程的教学要求了解英国文学的发展概况，熟悉发展过程中出现的历史事件，文学思潮，文学流派；熟悉具体作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色和所属流派；能读懂代表作家的经典作品，并能分析评介作品的主题思想，人物形象，篇章结构、语言特点、修辞手法、文体风格；能掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法，对重要的文学术语有相当的了解并能在文学批评中加以运用。
本课程以代表作家的经典作品的主题思想、人物形象、文体风格、语言特点及其在文学史上的地位与影响为教学重点。
常耀信《英国文学简史》考研思考题
常耀信《英国文学简史》考研思考题英国文学史研究思考题1 Define the major features of a literary genre—epic, allegory, romance, drama or novel and trace its development with reference to at least three British writers in different literary periods.2 Discuss the different ways in which the Bible, Greek mythology, and the Arthurian legend had influenced English and American and world writers.3 Beowulf is thematically concerned with Germanic society and the Christian values and its formal features such as alliteration and kenning have been an influence over later writers. Discuss.4 The Arthurian legends took a long time and the efforts of many writers of different ages to grow and become finalized. Discuss with special reference to such writers such as Geoffrey of Monmouth, Layaman, Wace of Jersey, and Malory.5 Chaucer sees literature as an agent to moral education discuss with support from his works such as The Canterbury Tales. Your answers may include different views of the function of literature as expressed by other authors of different periods.6 The Canterbury Tales presents a social portrait of the 14th century England. Discuss.7 Some “other worlds”are portrayed in a number of medieval and later English works such as some tales from The Canterbury Tales, Utopia, The Faerie Queen, Pilgrim’s Progress, and Gulliver’s Travels. How do these other- cultures help to achieve the themes of these works. Your answer may include an example or two from these works of other literary periods.8 Although the pre-Elizabeth period (roughly 1400 through the beginning of the Elizabethan period) did not produce many great writers, a lot happened to be conductiveto the growth of humanism and the flowering of the Renaissance in the Elizabethan period. Discuss with supportive evidence from one or both the periods under discussion.9 In the history of English literature there has been a long line of critics who helped mold the critical standard of their times like literary dictators with their different tastes and values. Discuss with references to at least three of the following: Jonson, Dryden, Johnson, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Arnold, Pater, and T S Eliot.10 Some writers’genius lies in the reworking of some existing materials, but they make their sources infinitely better. Discuss with references to Shakespeare or Chaucer. You may glean additional support from other literary period.11 Define tragedy and discuss with reference to Marlowe and Shakespeare. You may glean additional support from other literary period and cultures.12 Shakespeare has been said to possess the Midas touch. Discuss.13 Samuel Johnson says in his Preface to Shakespeare that Shakespeare has no heroes. Do you agree? Discuss with reference Shakespeare’ major wo rks.14 Shakespeare’s tragedies all contain a tragic recognition,a moment of terrible enlightenment. Discuss with reference to Othello, Hamlet, and one or two other tragedies.15 Choose two or three passages from Shakespeare’s plays that you consider memorable, and explain your reasons why you think so, mentioning their relevance to achieving the thematicconcerns of the play as well as their relevance to life.16 Define 16th century humanism and discuss its representation in Elizabethan literature with reference to some of the major works of Marlowe, Shakespeare, and some other Elizabethan writers.17 Define Metaphysical poetry. Discuss its critical fortunes and its historical influence, and explain what is meant by a metaphysical conceit with evidence from the metaphysical poets and from poets writing in other literary period.18 Paradise Lost has sparked off some discussions about the Fall. Some argued that Milton seems to see it as fortunate, but others see it differently about Milton’s treatments of t he subject. You may get additional support from other cultures such as American literature.19 Milton seems to have written his own life story into his major works like Paradise Lost and Samson Agonistes. Discuss with emphasis on the analysis of Satan and Samson.20 The neoclassicism of Dryden and Pope was the natural corollary of the development of English literature from the Renaissance through the beginning of the 18th century. Discuss the difference between the works and theories of Dryden, Pope and Elizabethan exuberance and the eventual cooling down in Pope.21 Gulliver’s Travels may prove that Jonathan Swift was a misanthrope, discuss.22 Despite the staunch efforts of such influential neo-classical as Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson, the 18th century poetry still slowly but steadily moved away from their control veered in a radical different direction. Discuss with a brief analysis of the following poets: Thomson, Cowper, Gray,Goldsmith, and Crabbe, the poems of Ossian, Bishop Percy, Burns, and Blake.23 The genre novel appeared in the 18th century with some novelists like Henry Fielding practicing and theorizing about it. Discuss the basic features and theories of the 18th century novel that impacted novel writing in the Victorianperiod. Be sure to mention also such writers such as Sterne and Smollett.24 Poets of different periods use images of nature to convey different messages. Discuss with support from the works of different ages such as the 18th century and the Romantic period.25 Wordsworth was said to be a limited genius in a special—his—period of the time in history. Discuss with reference to the works of Coleridge and Keats as well as Wordsworth.26 Discuss the symbolism of The Rime of Ancient Mariner, keeping in mind the moral of the poem ( if it has any ) and the fact that the mariner is an archetypal figure.27 The French revolution had exercised a visible influence on some British writers such as Blake, Wordsworth, and Shelley. Discuss.28 What would Samuel Johnson have said about Lyrical Ballads, its preface and its poems if he had a chance to do so?29 In the late 18th century and all through 19th century, women writers began to write for self-expression as well as on life in general. Include in your essay such writers as Wollstonecraft, Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot, and Elizabeth Browning.30 In both thematic and formal terms, Wuthering Heights appears to be an oddity in the literary and social milieu of the Victorian period. Discuss with reference to prevailing Victorianvalues and include, preferably, with a look at the book’s critical fortunes.31The theories of evolution were important to Victorian writers. Discuss with reference to Tennyson, Meredith, Butler, and Hardy.32 Define the Utilitarianism (Benthamism) and discuss its historical importance in the Victorian literature with the following writers such as Dickens, Tennyson, Carlyle, and Mill.33 Victorian writers were regarded as prophets, who were supposed to have some messages for the public. Special reference should be made to the works of such writers as Tennyson, Browning, Arnold, Dickens, Charlotte Bronte, and George Eliot.34 Some people see Charles Dickens as a social historian. Discuss.35 Victorian writers reacted against feminism differently. Discuss with reference to at least two of the following: Tennyson, Ruskin, Hardy, and Mill.36 The idea of progress is dealt with in the works of some Victorian writers such as Tennyson, George Eliot, Arnold, Carlyle, Meredith, and Arnold. Discuss.37 The Victorian middle class features prominently in the works of such writers as George Eliot, Trollop, Dickens, Browning, and Meredith. Discuss.38In Memoriam both the elegiac tradition and possesses poetic resources independent of that tradition.39 Although his poetic innovation seemed to place him outside of the Victorian literary milieu, Browning is in final analysis a typical Victorian poet. Discuss.40 The artistic value of writers changes with time. For instate,Tennyson was regarded as a teacher and a prophet in his own day, but his reputation rests on a different basis today. Such is the case with Robert Browning. Discuss.41 In the 19th century, some intellectually thinking minds felt keenly the loss of faith happening in their day. Discuss with reference to the works of some of the followings: Coleridge, Arnold, Tennyson, and Hopkins.42 Victorian writers tend to reveal a “divided self” in their works or the opposing forces within them to help enrich their creativity. Discuss with reference to Arnold,Wilde, Ruskin, and Tennyson.43 The three major long poems that came out of the Victorian period, The Ring and the Book, Idylls of King, and The Wreck of the Deutschland, while representing Victorian approaches to the presence evils in the world, all tried to justify “the ways of God to men”. Discuss.44 Both George Eliot and Thomas Hardy are philosophically oriented novelists. Discuss their similarities and differences.45 Discuss the late Victorian aesthetic movement with reference to its literary and cultural origins, its aesthetic credos in theory and practices, and its manifestations in literature. The authors who contributed to the movement should include, among others, Ruskin, Pater, Morris, Rossetti, Swinburne, Wilde, and Moore.46 Dickens, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy shared in their art and thought something “ Victorian”, but they each reflecteda different phrase of the period. Discuss.47 Why were the Georgians popular in the first years of the late 19th century and again in the 1950s? When the first anthology of the Georgian poets appeared in 1916, D H Lawrenceand Robert Frost were also included. How well did they or did they not fit in there.48 Discuss the different ways in which the poets of early 20th century wrote about war with reference to the works of Rupert Brooke, Edward Thomas, and the war poets such as Wilfred Owen.49 In her famous essay entitled The Modern Novel, Virginia Woolf places labels the Edwardians on the writers such as Arnold Benett. Discuss the historical significance of Mrs Woolf’s statement with reference to the distinction between these and writers such as Viginia Woolf and James Joyce.50 Discuss the major contribution of Jame Joyce toEnglish and world literature. Be sure to include an analysis of his major works.51 D H Lawrence both drew from and reacted against Frued’s psychoanalysis. Discuss with reference to his novles and poems.52 Yeats had a long varied career. Discuss with reference to the representative works of his differenrt phases. Be sure to include in your answer an analysis of his mythic-symbolic system and its importance to his poetry.53 There has been long line of distinguished writers who, Irish either by birth or upbringing or both, have made a unique contribution to English literature. Discuss with reference to at least three of the following writers—Sheridian, Swift, Shaw, Wilde, Yeats, Joyce, Auden, Dylan Thomas, and Beckett.54 The poetic scene of the 1930s was a colorful one. Discuss with supportive evidence from the works of such diverse poets as Auden, Thomas, and Empson.55 The novelists who lived and wrote in the 1930s and through the war most revealed a satirical edge in their works.Discuss with reference to ar least three of the following—Graham Greene, Orwell, Jorcy Cary, Evely Waugh, Huxley, Elizabeth Browen.56 Different generations of English writers have theorized about novel-writing. Discuss briefly the criticalhistory of the novel from Henry Filding through the present.57 Different generations of poets in different cultures have theories about poetry. Discuss briefly the critical history of poetry with a look at the major theories of Plato, Aristltle, Chaucer, Dryden, Pope, Samuel Johnson, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, Keats, Emerson, Poe, and T S Eiot.。
英国文学史作家作品(常耀信)
鸡尾酒会
.
..
.奥登
夜间漫步
*
迪伦·托马斯
蕨山
请别柔声的对人生道晚安
*
威廉·燕卜森
诗歌
酝酿中的风暴
朦胧的七种类型
奥尔德斯·赫胥黎·
克鲁姆庄园
旋律与对立
勇敢新世界
乔治·奥威尔
动物农场
伊芙林·沃
衰落
邪恶的躯体
一把尘土
格雷厄姆·格林
权利与荣耀
物质的心
人类要素
克里斯托弗·伊舍伍德
.诺里斯先生换火车
:’仲夏夜之梦威尼斯商人如愿第十二夜;
:哈姆雷特王子复仇记;奥塞罗李尔王;麦克白;
():波里克利斯;辛白林;’冬天的故事;暴风风雨;
弗朗西斯·培根
随笔集
学问的演进
新工具
新大西洋岛
本·琼森
福尔蓬奈或狐狸
炼金术士
巴托罗缪市集
个性互异
詹姆斯王
翻译
.
约翰·邓恩
跳骚
:离别辞：节哀
歌
祷告
约翰•弥尔顿
失乐园
复乐园
威弗利
简•奥斯丁
傲慢与偏见
理智与情感
爱玛
曼斯菲尔德庄园
好事多磨
诺桑觉寺
乔治·戈登·拜伦
唐•璜
波西•比希•雪莱
钦契
专制者的面具
西风云雀颂
诗辩
解放了的普罗米修斯
约翰·济兹
恩底弥翁
伊莎贝拉
圣爱尼节前夜
希腊古瓮颂
夜莺颂
秋颂
.
托马斯·卡莱尔
:再造的裁缝
过去与现在
约翰·斯图亚特·米尔
功利主义
论自由
英语专业考研都考什么内容
英语专业考研都考什么内容我是英语专业的，现在大二，以后打算考研，毕竟工作不好找…… 想问下英语专业考研都考些什么内容……或者英语专业考什么专业比拟好考，考什么内容……首先要定学校，不同的学校考研的内容是不一样的，因为考研专业课是各个学校自主命题的。
所以，你要先确定几个理想学校，这样复习的时候才有针对性。
而且，有一些学校会列出参考书目，这些根本上就是考试的大体范围了，但也有一些试题会超出范围，因为毕竟是参考范围，而不是范围。
但是，因为教育部现在有要求院校不可以自己指定参考书目了，所以很多学校的这个就没了。
那也不要着急，看他以前三年的参考书目，根本上不会变化太大（除非领导班子或是主要学科带头人有变化，比方北京交大就把新院长的著作加进了参考书目）。
第二，就是选定专业，每个专业方向的参考书目有时候也是不一样的，甚至不是一张试卷。
英语专业考研主要分为以下方向，外国语言学与应用语言学，英语语言文学，英语国家研究等。
其中，商务英语、翻译理论与实践等热门方向是划入到三大方向里面的，属于分支，所以考试的时候，只有复试中才会有所侧重，初试时不用担忧。
第三，推荐几本参考书目，这些书是极为流行的教材或是著作，范围很全，观点主流，考试的时候不管是不是在参考书目里，都可以用的着。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》；戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》；常耀信《英国文学史》、《美国文学史》；还有一些考研的辅导书也可以看看。
第四，英语考其他专业的话，一般数学很有劣势了，那推荐几个热门的而且可以扬长避短的专业吧：1、法律类专业：法律硕士是当前的一个大热门，许多非法学专业的学生在考。
而且，如果真的可以进入法律行业开展的话，现在可以说是前途比拟不错。
但是，需要注意，必须要考进人大北大政法之类的名校，一般学校的法律硕士社会认可度超低。
还可以直接考法学硕士，但是难度会很大。
2、新闻传播类：这一类我有许多朋友考了，也不错，可以进报社、电视台或是广告营销公司之类的。
英国文学史常耀信重点知识
英国文学史常耀信重点知识《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene”13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。
朱利安·巴恩斯在中国的译介与研究评析
朱利安·巴恩斯在中国的译介与研究评析作者：何朝辉甘细梅来源：《湖北经济学院学报·人文社科版》2022年第06期摘要：朱利安·巴恩斯是当代英国最优秀的作家之一。
与国外的巴恩斯研究相比，国内的巴恩斯研究成果相对较少，发展相对滞后。
从20世纪80年代的零星介绍，90年代的个别研究，到21世纪前十年的初步发展，以及2011年之后在作品的翻译出版和学术研究等方面的进一步发展，国内巴恩斯作品的译介与研究在数量和质量方面都取得了一定的成就。
但国内巴恩斯研究仍然存在数量不多、质量不高、作品研究的不平衡、选题重复以及整体性研究缺失等问题，亟应引起读者的关注和重视，以促进巴恩斯研究在中国的更大发展和繁荣。
關键词：朱利安·巴恩斯;作品研究;研究现状;研究展望朱利安·巴恩斯（Julian Barnes，1946- ）是当代英国最杰出的作家之一，评论界常常把他和马丁·艾米斯（Martin Amis，1949- ）、伊恩·麦克尤恩（Ian McEwan，1948- ）并称为当代英国文坛的三剑客。
早在1980年代，巴恩斯就凭借《福楼拜的鹦鹉》（Flaubert’s Parrot，1984）和《10 1/2章世界史》（A History of the World in 10 1/2 Chapters，1989）等小说跻身英国一流作家之列。
2011年，凭借一本篇幅短小但内涵极其丰富的小说《终结的感觉》（The Sense of an Ending），巴恩斯第四次进入布克文学奖的决选名单，并最终摘得这一桂冠，使他的文学声誉再上一个台阶，由此掀起了对巴恩斯作品研究的热潮。
在受到国内外的不断关注与持续研究的同时，巴恩斯也斩获了各种各样的文学奖项。
除了四次获得布克文学奖提名并在最后一次得奖之外，他先后获得过英国、法国、美国、意大利和澳大利亚等国颁发的各种文学奖项与各种荣誉称号。
【免费下载】英国文学史作家作品常耀信
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常耀信《美国文学简史》（第3版）【章节题库（含名校考研真题）】（第1章殖民地时期的美国）【圣才出品
常耀信《美国⽂学简史》（第3版）【章节题库（含名校考研真题）】（第1章殖民地时期的美国）【圣才出品第1章殖民地时期的美国I.Fill in the blanks.1.Hard work,thrift,piety and sobriety,these were the_____values that dominated much of the early American writing.【答案】Puritan【解析】清教主义，起源于英国，在北美殖民地得以实践与发展。
清教徒强调艰苦奋⽃、勤俭节约、虔诚和淡泊。
这些价值观也影响了早期的美国⽂学。
2.The most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature was_____.【答案】American Puritanism【解析】美国⽂化源于清教⽂化，由清教徒移民时传⼊北美。
美国主流价值观都可以追溯到殖民地时期⼀统天下的清教主义，并且清教思想对美国⽂学有着根深蒂固的影响。
3.The term“Puritan”was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members of the Church of_____.【答案】England【解析】清教徒（Puritan），是指要求清除英国国教Church of England中天主教残余的改⾰派。
其字词于16世纪60年代开始使⽤，源于拉丁⽂的Purus，意为“清洁”。
4.Many Puritans wrote verse,but the works of two writers,Anne Bradstreet and_____,rose to the level of real poetry.【答案】Edward Taylor【解析】美国殖民时期最著名的诗⼈是安·布莱德斯特律和爱德华·泰勒。
metaphor used in A Valediction Forbidding Mourning
Metaphor used in A Valediction: Forbidding MourningAs one of the seventeenth century poets, John Donne, the precursor of the metaphysical poetry, is well known for his unexpected metaphor, usually called conceit. Sometimes the employing of distinctive metaphor makes his poems obscure and bizarre. However, it is witty and ingenious metaphor that turns abstract concept into concrete one and attracts readers to go deep into the theme. In the poem A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne reveals his insights on the condition of human love and its relationship to the soul by employing unexpected metaphors. He metaphorically eulogizes spiritual love and soul unit of lovers in spite of physical distance.At the beginning of the poem, Donne shows the parallel between a positive way to meet death and a positive way to separate from lovers. When the virtuous man died, he whispered his soul to go. The death of the man and the departure of the lovers are not the ending but the beginning of a new cycle. The common lover usually sorrowful when they depart from each other, but the poet and his lover will "make no noise, no tear-floods, nor sigh-tempes t move”. Here Donne compares the death of the virtuous man with the departure of the lovers. They share some similarities in two points: on the first level, it refers to the separation of the dying man from the world or his intimate people in the world and the separation of the lovers; on the second level, it refers to the separation of body from soul. The soul of the dying man is apart from his body to get the union with another world, heaven or God. As for the lovers, they can achieve the spiritual union after their souls are separated from bodies. Although they separate physically, their souls still get together. In the third and fourth lines of the first stanza, the sad friends are incapable of detecting the exact moment of death. This may be resulted fr om their anxiety and affection, but “it is obviously the first and literal meaning” (Allen, 1953:70). In fact, it implies that the sad friends do not understand the spiritual world of the virtuous man, or laity cannot understand the spiritual love between the poetry and his lover. “……man at the moment of death, lovers at the moment of spiritual union……beyond the understanding of the “laity”who have not had these ultimate experiences” (Allen, 1953:70). So the poet does not want the laity to know their spiritual love because this will profane the joy of love.In the three stanzas there is a complex comparative relationship. The element of the earth is introduced. It is acknowledged that earthquakes are omens of misfortune because of their potential to bring inevitable devastation to the land. The departure of secular lovers is likened to “moving of th’earth”---the earthquake. The secular lovers feel sorrowful when they are separated as if men are fearful about the damages of earthquakes. Here it refers to the physical love of secular lovers. However, when it comes to the poet and his lover, spiritual love between them is viewed in a different light by employing the “trepidation of the spheres”, which metaphorically refers to the departure of the poet and his lover. The “trepidation of the spheres” cannot bring harms to the land as the spheres are extremely far away from the earth. It implies that separation between the poet and his lover cannot bring sorrow to them in that there is a great gap between spiritu al love and physical love of secular lovers. “Trepidation, though a much more violent motion than an earthquake, is neither destructive norsinister” (M. Logan 1248). The “trepidation of the spheres” is more violent than “moving of th’earth” implies that spiritual love is greater than physical love.In the last three stanzas the poet turns his concentration from spiritual love to physical love. Donne’s most famous metaphysical conceit is introduced.The two separate lovers are likened to the legs of “geometer’s compass” (Yang 240). The image is said to be “the ingenious and playful though nonsensical conceit” (Chen 224). “The metaphor is apt if the readers take into account the fact that the compass is a emblem of firmness and perfection of love”(Chang 78). Without the firmness of the fixed point, he would be unable to complete the journey and make the circle just. We can see that the poet takes compass as the symbol of the perfection of his love. He proves the point by drawing the circle with the compass. The legs of the compass move together as the two souls in love do, and part and unite as one of these “roams” to draw but always “come home” on finishing its job. The last stanza also emphasizes the position of women. Men “obliquely run”. Donne compares his wife as standing and leaning firm in center and himself as the roaming leg eager to get back to the end of the circle. The poem ends with the image of a circle, implying the union of two souls in a love relationship. This perfection is attained by parting at the beginning of the circle and reuniting at the point where the curves reconnect. The circle in the “Valediction” represents the journey during which two lovers endure the trial of separation, as they support each other spiritually, and eventually merge in a physically and spiritually perfect union.To sum up, in A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne expresses his deep understanding on love in his metaphysical wring style. Instead of physical love, he emphasizes spiritual love. Although two l overs’ bodies are separated due to long distance, they can also achieve spiritual union. Donne employs surprising metaphor effectively to convey his ideas, not only thought-evoking, but also striking.Works CitedGeorge, M. Logan. The Norton Anthology of English Literature from 1600 to 1700.York: W.W. Norton, 2006.Tate, Allen. Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800. Jr, Detroit: Gale Research, 1989. 常耀信(Chang Yaoxin). 英国文学简史. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008.陈嘉(Chen Jia). 英国文学史. 北京：商务印书馆，1999.杨周翰(Yang Zhouhan). 英国文学名篇选注. 北京：商务印书馆，1983.浅谈《别离辞：节哀》中的隐喻修辞作为一个诗人,约翰·多恩于十七世纪,玄学派诗歌的先导,他以令人意想不到的隐喻修辞的运用而著称,这种隐喻通常被称为幻想。
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英国文学史I.Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages历史：Britons(Celts): Britain- land of Britons: a tribe of society: Celts（亚瑟王传奇Arthurian legends）↓Romans(凯撒Caesar): rule 400 years [55B.C.--78A.D.]In 43A.D. Britain became a Roman province.Influence: 1.Britons was trampled down as slaves or cultivators of the land2. Buildings of Roman style for Roman conquerors,Towns built, as London(1,2,3)3.Highways or Roman roads for military purposes4.Christianity introduced↓Anglo-Saxons(449-1066):(pirates海盗came from Northern Europe) : 7th England- land of Anglos * Old Englishpeople: EnglishLand: Angle-landLanguage:Anglo-Saxon =>Old EnglishReligion: heathen (异教徒) people, believing in old mythology of Northern Europe.=>Christianized in the 7th century.(P2) 597ADThe Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.↓Normans (1066-1485) MEDIEV AL PERIODEdward the Confessor died in 1066, childlessHarold Godwinson: the richest and most powerful English aristocrat, challenged by two other neighboring rulersDuke William invaded England , 14 October, 1066William defeated Harold at HastingsDuke William ----- William the Conqueror--- Norman ConquestInfluence:1.The establishment of the feudal system: William the Conqueror grabbed Anglo-Saxon land by force and gave it to his nobles and followers.封建制度建立2.The 1381 Peasant Uprising农名起义3.The Completion of the Domesday Book 土地调查册（末日审判书）4.The launching of the Crusades十字军东征5.The signing of the Magna Cater in 1215签署大宪章6.The war with the France / the Hundred Years’ War(1377-1453)7.The black death8.Renaissance in Italy↓90ys later, give place to the Angevin kings, Henry II↓1399, the house of LancasterOE文学：Terms:1. Epic2. Old English3. Romance4. Ballads*Old English Literary feature:1) secular(非宗教的) poetry, non religious poems but with Christian coloring;2) created collectively and orally;3) based on history, legend or events of the time;4) for entertainment;5) for the minstrels吟游诗人as a paying profession;6) unknown writers, earliest manuscript was written down by the monks in the 10th century.* 2 groups: pagan poetry : Beowulfreligious poetry* Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.Epic Feature:narrative, long poem;people of high social position;their heroic deeds - nation&people;作品：<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons1. a folk legend brought to England by the Anglo Saxons from their primitive Northern Europe.2. passed down from mouth to mouth.3. appear in 6th, recorded in 8th, existing manuscript is in 10th century.Structure:3 fighting & funeral1. the fight with the monster- Grendel2. the fight with Grendel’s mother3. combat with the Fire DragonCharacter of Beowulf:Beowulf is a grand hero:1) brave deeds2) faithful to his people*reflects the features of the tribal society of ancient times.Artistic features:1. Using alliteration is the most important feature in Beowulf.Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P52. Using metaphor隐喻and understatement for ironical humorDefinition of understatement: Understatement: a figure of speech which contains an expression of less strength than what would be expected.theme:The values, beliefs and longings of the primitive Anglo-saxon people.Overcoming of the hostiles forces of nature by man’s indomitable will and perseveranceHope: evil should be punished and the righteous should be rewarded.ME. 文学：Background:1.Political & social: feudalism2.Religiously：catholic churchnguage:3 co-existedFrench: nobles,king & lordsLatin: scholars, clergymen in churchOld E: common people- English subject (臣民）At the end of 14th.c , intermingled, English became the dominant againTerms:1. Romance （浪漫传奇）*long, verse/prose, life & adventures of a noble hero(knight)* structure: loose,episodic* language: simple ,straight forward* 3 major subjects: --- matter of France--- matter of Rome--- matter of Britain ( king Arthur &his round-table knights)* theme:loyalty to king & lord ( feudal morality区分epic), corner-stone of feudal moralitynothing to do with common peopleBy noble or poets patronized by noble*King Arthur and his round –table KnightsArthur: legendary British leader, in medieval romances , against Saxons(Romans) in the late 5th and early 6th. “The Once and Future King (永恒之王）”500~600 Arthur appeared in some verse / 12th, 15th. appeared in books*Sir Gawain and the Green KnightChivalry code:/ knightly values:Loyalty ,Bravery, honesty, knightly piety, courtly manners, notion of honor, nobility2.Ballads* story told in song, 4-line stanzas,2nd & 4th lines rhymed,oral ,sung or recited by unlettered people,folk lit.Its stylistic features: simplicity & rhymeIts subjects:1) border ballads2) child's collection: Robin Hood3) love theme4) sea ballads5) domestic life2.Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。