英语精读笔记

1993

Passage One

L:

critical a.重要的，关键的；批评的，批判的starve v.饿；饿死

drastic a.极端的；有力度的；严厉的

mother tongue 母语

infant n.婴儿

capacity n.能力；容量

severe a.严重的；严厉的

nevertheless = nonetheless conj. 尽管如此insensitive to A 对A不敏感

signal n./v. 信号；发信号

Sb is programmed to do... 某人天生能做

neglect vt.忽略 negligence n. negligent a. ideal a./n.理想的；理想

stage n.阶段；舞台

eventually ad.最终

turn out to be 结果证明是

command n./v.命令；指挥；掌握

style n.风格

sight n.视觉；看到；视力

feel n.触觉

toy n.玩具

pattern n.模式，样式，方式；规律

incredible a.不可思议的，难以置信的

mixture n.混合；混合物

induce vt.诱导，引诱

grasp n./v.抓；抓住；掌握

respond to A 对A做出反应/回应

dull a.迟钝；枯燥 vt.使迟钝

discourage vt.使灰心

discouraged a.灰心的，沮丧的

verbal a.语言的

purpose n.目的

at once 突然；立刻

inadequately ad.不充分的，不够的 inadequate a.

intelligent a.聪明的

exceptionally ad.格外，特别

remarkable a.非凡，不寻常

owe A to B 把A归因于B；有了A是因为B

faculty n.能力；全体教师；系，院

inborn a.天生的

anything but

selective a.选择性的；选择的 select v.

definite a.明确的；具体的

necessarily ad.必然，必定

not necessarily 未必，不见得，不一定

S:

such A as B 像B这样的A

Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick.

分析：such severe lack as that ordered by Frederick

A：severe lack B: that ordered by Frederick，其中that指代前面的lack

介词as引导的介宾短语，作名词lack的后置定语，但因为lack作句子的主语，为了避免头重脚轻，名词和介宾短语被谓语动词exists分割开了。

翻译：今天，再不存在像Frederick下命令所造成的那种严重的匮乏。

What is special about man’s brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear”.

与猴子的大脑相比，关于人的大脑的特殊之处，是一个复杂的系统，这个系统能让一个小孩把，比如说，对一个玩具熊的视觉和触觉，与“toy-bear”这个单词的发音模式联系起来。

And even more incredible is the young brain’s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.

更不可思议的是，小孩的大脑有能力从他周围混杂的声音中选出语言的秩序，有能力进行分析，有能力以新的方式对词和句进行组合与重新组合。

W:

be incapable of 不能

Those saying no to books will be incapable of adapting to the information era. 那些不读书的人将不能适应信息时代。

be exposed to A 接触A

Via the Internet, we can be exposed to infinite information.

通过互联网，我们可以接触到无限的信息。

Passage Two

L:

giant a.巨大的 n.巨人

enterprise n.企业；事业；上进心

bureaucratic a.官僚的

management n.管理层；管理

machinery n.机器；体系

ventilate v.使通风 vent n.孔

psychologist n.心理学家

psychology n.心理学

blue-collar worker 蓝领工人

white-collar worker 白领工人

puppet n.傀儡；木偶

dance to the sth 随着sth的节奏起舞

automated = automatic a.自动的，自动化的

employee n.雇员 employer n.雇主；用人单位

confront vt.直面，面对

fundamental a.基本的

emotionally ad.情感，从感情上讲 emotional a. emotion n. intellectually ad.智力，从智力上讲 intellectual a.

productive a.有创造力的；多产的

ladder n.阶梯；梯子

insecure a.不安全的；不牢固的；有忧虑的

secure a. 安全的；牢固的；无忧虑的 security n.

promote vt.提拔；促进；促销

fall behind 落后

apply for sth 为了sth而申请，申请以得到sth

intelligence n.智力；情报，消息

as well as (作连词)和；(作介词)除了

submissive a.屈服的，顺从的，服从的 submission n. submit from that moment on 从那一刻起

superior n.上级 a.优越的，优秀的，上级的

subordinate n.下级 a.从属的，次一级的

sociability n.好交际，善于交际 sociable a.

fellow competitor 竞争对手

fellow students 同学

fellow workers 同事

fellow soldiers 战友

very a.(作名词前置定语，表示强调)

preindustrial a.工业化之前的

mode n.模式，形式

capitalism n.资本主义 capitalist a. 资本主义的n.资本家

outgrow vt.因长大而不再拥有；因长大而穿不上

transform A into B 把A变成B

transform sth from A into B 把sth从A变为B

industrialism n.工业化；工业社会

maximal a.最大量的，最大化的 maximum n.

consumption n.消费；消耗 consume vt.

humanist a./n.人文主义，人道主义，人本主义

potentiality = potential n.潜能

reason n.理性vt.推理

end n.目的；终点；末段

render vt. 让，使；演奏，表演；提出；提供；翻译

be in harmony with A 与A处于和谐状态

humble a.卑微

smooth a.平滑，光滑；顺利

genuine a.真正的

individuality = personality n.个性

resort to A = turn to A 求助于A，诉诸A

ancestor n.祖先

take A for granted 认为A是理所应当的，想当然

approval n.同意；批准 approve v.

suspicion n.怀疑 suspicious a. suspect v.

S：

They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.

他们生生死死，从来没有作为在情感上和智力上独立且富有创造力的人，去直面过人类生存的那些基本现实。

A is no less adj. than B. A和B一样adj. （强调对形容词的肯定）

A is no more adj. than B. A和B一样都不adj. （强调对形容词的否定）

A is no less poor than B. A和B一样穷。

A is no more rich than B. A和B一样都不富。

I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities — those of love and of reason — are the aims of all social arrangements.

我建议把我们的社会体系，从一种官僚管理的工业社会，变为一种人性化的工业社会，在官僚管理的工业社会中，最大量的生产和消费本身就是目的，而在人性化的工业社会中，人和人潜能的充分发展—爱与理性的潜能—是所有社会安排的目的。

W：

A is deprived of B. A被剥夺了B。/A失去了B。

Some children in disadvantaged circumstances are deprived of the chance to receive education.

有些穷人家的孩子失去了上学的机会。

A is likely to do ... A可能做...

Water shortage is likely to become worse. 水短缺可能会变得更严重。

be bored with A 对A感到厌烦

He is bored with the 9-5 lifestyle.

他很厌烦那种朝九晚五(早九点上班，下午五点下班，指普通人的生活)的生活方式。

It is a matter of ... 这是个...的问题

It is a matter of life and death. 这是个生与死的问题。

Passage Three

L：

courses of action 做法

publish vt.公布；出版

patent vt.为...申请专利n.专利

grant vt.授予

make/seal/strike a bargain

state n.州，国家；状态，情形

monopoly n.垄断；专用；专卖

terminate v.终止，终结

exceptional a.例外的，独特的；杰出的

circumstances n.环境

span n.跨度v.跨越

extension n.延长 extend v.

circuitry n.电路；循环，巡回环路；

reward n./v.回报，奖励

permanently ad.永久地，永远地 permanent a.

shelf n.架子

A attached/affiliated to

B 附属于B的A

Middle School Attached to Peking University 北大附中

literally ad.（常用于表示强调，无实际含义）

conduct vt.进行，实施；引导，指挥

live a.活的；实况的，现场的

a sure way 一个有效的方法

violation n.侵犯；违反 violate v.

plagiarize v.剽窃 plagiarism n.

likewise ad.相同地

invalidate vt.使无效

validate vt.使有效

further a.更进一步的

print n./v.印刷

technological a.技术的 technology n.

advance n./v.进步

presumption n.假设，假定 presume v.

those involved in sth 卷入sth的那些人，与sth有关系的那些人closely ad.密切的

A’s reduction to B = the reduction of A to B A向B的转化/转变

reduce A to B 使A转化为B

necessity n.必要；必要性 necessary a.

dedication n.贡献 dedicate vt.

availability n.可获得性，可用性；获得的可能性 available a.

magnetic a.磁的，磁性的 magnet n.磁铁

date back to 可以追溯到

original a.原创的，最初的 origin n.根源，起源

originate from 起源于

rear a./n.后面，后部

anticipate vt.预测，预计，预期 anticipation n.

cart n.马车；手推车

an approach to sth 做sth的方法

the application for sth 对sth的申请

the application of sth 对sth的使用

the access to sth 对sth的接近/获取/使用

publicize vt.宣传，广告

last vi. 持续

prior to = before 在...之前

unusually ad.不寻常地

TV station 电视台

recommend v.推荐；建议 recommendation n.

S:

Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent.

因为在一个专利终止后，它会永久保持公开性，所以专利局下属图书馆的书架上，有数以百万计的创意的细节，这些细节任何人可以免费使用，并且，如果它们的时间超过半个世纪，有时甚至可以再以它们去申请专利。

advise sb that 给某人以...建议

Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one su re way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s right is to plagiarize a dead patent.

的确，任何人想要避免对有效专利进行调查所产生的高昂成本，专利专家们会给他一个建议，即避免侵犯任何其他发明者权利的一个有效方式就是，盗用一个失效的专利。

It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money.

正是它们向商业实践的转化才产生了新闻和钱，这种转化，要么是因为必要，要么是因为贡献，再要么是因为新技术能够被获得。

1994

Passage One

L:

organize vt.组织

private a.私人的，个人的

market-oriented a.以市场为导向的

largely ad. 主要地，在很大程度上

marketplace n.市场

strive to do 努力做

profit n.利润

in competition with sb 在与sb的竞争中

motive n.动机

operate v.起作用；运行；操作

competitive a.竞争的；竞争性的；竞争激烈的

individual a./n.个体的；个体

consumer n.消费者

desire n./v.愿望；欲望

maximize vt.最大化

resources n.资源

mechanism n.构造，结构；体制，机制

in response to sth 作为对sth的反应/回应

relative a.相对的；比较，相当

demand n./v.需求；要求

supply n./v.供应；提供

in short supply 供应不足

relative to A 与A相比较/相对应；与A有关

bid v./n.竞标，投标

be bid up （指价格等）被抬升

eliminate v.去除，消除；淘汰

commodity =goods n.商品

in turn 反过来

permit sb to do 允许sb做

regulate v.调整

own = possess vt.拥有

productive resources 生产资料

property n.财产

hire = employ vt.雇；雇佣

gain control over A 获得对A的控制

natural resources 自然资源

concept n.概念

embrace vt.包括；拥抱

contract n.合同 v.收缩

be satisfied with A 对A满意

overstate v.夸大；多报

understate v.轻描淡写；少报

purchase v./n.购买

purchasing power 购买力

mechanized a.机械化的

A is characterized by B. A的特点是B。

The Chinese people are characterized by modesty. 中国人的特点是谦虚。

A concerned = A involved 所涉及到的A

those involved 所涉及到的那些人，相关人士

manpower n.人力

work vi.起作用，发挥作用

Passage Two

L:

at least 最少，至少

at most 最多，至多

issue v.发放；发出n.问题

credit n./v.信用；信誉；信贷；相信；表扬，赞扬；面子，荣誉；学分credit card 信用卡

at home 在家；在国内

across the country 在全国

as well = too 也

withdraw v.抽回；收回；提取 withdrawal n.

deposit v./n.存放；沉淀

scatter v.分散

location n.方位；地方

locate v.定位；找到

branch n.分行，分支机构，分公司

on the horizon 即将出现

while conj.当...的时候；尽管，虽然；而，然而convenience n. 方便，便利 convenient a. electronic a.电子的

cash register 现金出纳机，现金记录仪

a wide range of 许多

keep track of 跟踪，随时了解

list n.名单，清单

item n.项目；物品

order v./n.订购；订单

efficient a.有效率的，高效的

personnel n.人员；人事部门

staff n.人员，职员 v.定员；是...的职员assignment n.分配，分派，安排 assign v. accordingly ad.因此，据此

identify v.识别，辨认

preferred customer 首选的顾客

promotion(al) campaign 促销活动

rely on 依赖

manufacturer n.生产商 manufacture n./v.生产analyze v.分析 analysis

computer-analyzed a.经过计算机分析的

marketing n.营销

emphasize v.强调；重视 emphasis n.

develop products 开发产品

stock n.供应；库存；股票

in stock 库存中的

raw a.生的；未加工的

raw material 原材料

process n.过程 v.加工，处理

numerous a.众多的

commercial a.商业的 n.商业广告

utilities n.公用事业企业

processor n.加工者，处理者

obtain v.获得

cash v.把...兑换成现金

pay in cash 用现金支付

make an order of sth = order 订购

automation n.自动化

S:

allow sb to do 允许sb做；使sb有可能做/能够做

This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving.

这些信息，通过表现哪些货物正被出售以及它们的出售速度，从而使商人们能够随时了解货物清单。

At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.

同时，这些电脑记录哪几个小时最忙，以及哪些员工效率最高，据此能使企业做出相应的人事安排。

W:

enjoy great trust from sb 得到sb的信任

It is now more convenient to do ... than before. 现在做...比以前更加方便。

With cell phones, it is now more convenient to communicate than before.

有了手机，现在通讯比以前更加方便。

approaches to sth 或approaches to doing sth 做sth的方法

approaches to learning English 学英语的方法

Sth can do much more than do ... sth的作用不仅仅是...

The Internet can do much more than providing us with information.

互联网的作用不仅仅是给我们提供信息。

Passage Three

exceptional children 智障儿童

in some significant way 在某个重要的方面

be adapted to A 适应A

adapt A to B 让A适应B

focus on 聚焦于，集中于

environment n.环境

leading actor 主演

capture v./n.抓住；捕获

capture one’s attention吸引某人的注意力

be aware of 意识到

supporting player 配角

scenery n.风景；舞台背景

be the key to sth 是sth的关键

pass on 传承

prejudice n./v.偏见

central values 核心价值观

democratic a.民主的 democracy n.

phrase n.短语，表达

founder n.建立者，创建者 found vt.

denote = mean v.意味着，意思是

the right of sb to do sb做...的权利

the right of sb to sth sb得到sth的权利

confirm vt.确认；证实

appropriate a.合适的

modify v.修饰；修改，改变

program n./v.计划，项目；节目，节目单；程序；课程instruction n.教导，教学；指令；说明 instruct v. cite vt.引用 citation n.

normal a.正常的 norm n.标准；规范

receive much concern 得到很多关注

necessity n.必要，必要性

state vt.陈述，表明 statement n.

exert vt.施加，运用

The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

在过去三十年，在公共教育方面所表现出的、对智障儿童的巨大兴趣，表明了我们社会中的一种强烈情感，即所有公民，不管他们的特殊状况是什么，都应该得到充分发展他们能力的机会。

W:

A weighs much heavier than B. A比B重要的多。

Health weighs much heavier than wealth. 健康比财富重要的多。

fully develop one’s potentials充分发展/发挥一个人的潜能/潜力

A good job is one which can fully develop our potentials.

一个好的工作是能够充分发挥我们的潜能的工作。

deserve special consideration 应该得到特殊关照/照顾

Those in disadvantaged circumstances should deserve special consideration.

弱势群体应该得到特殊关照。

A exerts great influence over B. A对B有巨大的影响。

College life exerts great influence over everyone’s values.

大学生生活对每个人的价值观都有巨大的影响。

A has much to do with B. A与B有很大关系。

Global warming has much to do with human activities. 全球变暖与人类的活动有很大关系。

Passage Four

L:

by the end of 到(某一时间段)结束时

in detail 详细地

arise v.(arose, arisen)出现，产生

micro a.微小的

microbiologist n.微生物学家

expert on sth sth方面的专家

caution vt.警告 n.小心，谨慎

once conj. 一旦；一次

cure n.治疗方法，治疗 v.治愈

infection n.感染；传染 infectious a. infect v.

survive v.生存；保留；在...之后还活着/存在 survival n. institute n.机构；学院

estimate v./n.估计

figure n.数字，数目

statistics n.数据

discouraging a.令人沮丧的

as many as 多达

variety n.变体；多样

in existence （作名词后置定语）现存的

make great progress 取得巨大的进步

cosmic = universal a.宇宙的 cosmos = universe n.宇宙

radiation n.辐射 radiate v.

diet n.饮食

activate vt.激活

cell n.细胞

mysterious a.神秘的 mystery n.迷

likelihood = possibility n.可能性 likely a.可能的

initiate vt.使进入；使开始，着手 initiation n.

evolutionary a. 进化的；进化论的 evolution n. evolve v. point out 指出

prospect n.前景

determine v.确定；决定

counteract v.对抗；抵消

disclose v.揭示；揭露

indicate v.表明

imply v.暗示 implication n.

in operation 起作用；在运行

so long as = as long as 只要

turn off 关；关闭

ever-present 永远存在的

W:

suffer from a disease 患病，得病

those suffering from swine flu 得了猪流感的人

There is still a long way to go before ... 在...之前还有很长的路要走。There is still a long way to go before everyone becomes aware of the problem. 在人们意识到这个问题之前，还有很长的路要走。

Passage Five

L:

discovery n.发现 discover v.

blind vt.使失明；使晕眩；使未能意识到

dramatic a.戏剧化的；戏剧的

Sir n.爵士

legend n.传奇；传说

Legend has it that ... 据传说

mold n./v.霉菌；铸模；铸造；塑造

penicillin n.青霉素

experiment with A 用A做实验

antibacterial a.抗菌的

substance n.物质

innovation n.创新 innovate v. innovative a.

laborious a.充满艰辛的

trial n.尝试；审理 try v.

soccer n.足球

shot n.射门；投篮；弹丸

have sth done sth被（别人）做

have one’s hair cut理发

have their shots blocked 射门被阻挡

score v.得分

prime a.主要的

work on sth 忙于，从事

consciously ad.有意识的 conscious a.

ordinary people, the average person, common people 普通人

fanciful a.不切实际的；时尚的，前卫的

abstraction n.抽象；抽象的事物

solid possibilities 有根据并可能实现的事

virtue n.美德；优点

authority n.权威；权威人士；当局；政府

seemingly ad.表面上

plastic garbage bags 塑料垃圾袋

how come = why 为什么

think of 想到

proposition n.观点，理论

set out 出发；开始

search for = look for 寻找

alternate a.另外的；非常规的

in the long run = in the long term 长远来说

be bound to do 肯定，必定

challenging a.有挑战的

challenge v./n.挑战；质疑

dead end 死胡同

ignorant of A 对A一无所知

come up with 想出，拿出

by accident 偶然，不经意间

distinguish/tell A from B 区分A和B

possess vt.拥有

present v.给；介绍；描述

quote v.引用 quotation n.

assertion n.断言，坚持声称 assert v. assertive a.

diligent a.勤奋的 diligence n.

be reluctant to do 不情愿做

be devoted to A 致力于A

be concerned about A 关心A；担心A

S:

Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,

原句省略的词汇用划线表示：Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things in the way in which they have always been done,

创造性思维可能仅仅意味着一种意识，即，采用事情一向被做时所用的方式去做事情，并没有特别的好处。

创造性思维可能仅仅意味着一种意识，即，用人们常用的做事方式做事情，并没有特别的好处。

Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.

有高度创造力的人的确是伴随着一个不同的鼓手敲出的节奏前行的。

1995

Passage One

L:

know of/about 了解

serve to do = help to do 有助于

assist v.协助 assistance n.

assistant a.协助的 n.助手

distribution n.销售；分配，分发

thereby = therefore 因此

establish v.建立，确立；证实

home market 国内市场

provide for 为...做准备

draw one’s attention to A让某人注意A

draw attention to A 让人们注意A

enormously ad.非常，极其

enormous a.巨大的

ensure v.保证

lower vt.降低

tube = underway n.地铁

guarantee n./v.保证

apart from 除了

act n.法令，法案

parliament n.(英国、澳大利亚的)国会

govern v.统治，管理，控制

term n.术语，用语；关系；条件，条款；时期

regular a.规则的；规律的；经常的；固定的

promote a product 推销产品

fail to do 未能；无法

live up to sth 达到sth(期望，承诺等)

mislead = misguide v.误导

mercifully ad.幸亏，好在，幸运的是

merciful a.仁慈的，宽大的

inferior a.次的，劣的，低的

article n.物品；文章；条目，条款；冠词

consistently ad.一贯地；始终如一地，一致地；向来，历来 consistent a.

represent vt.代表

force n.因素；力量

touch on = mention 提到，提及

personality n.名人；个性

declare v.宣布 declaration n.

persuade v.说服 persuasion n.

persuasive a.有说服作用的；有说服力的

inform sb of sth 让sb知道sth；向sb告知sth

draw distinction 做区分

excessively ad.过分的，过度的 excessive a.

fine a.细微的

seek to do = try to do 试图做

message n.信息

merely = only ad.仅仅，只

confine vt.限制，局限

subtly ad.细微，微妙

boring = dull a.乏味

money consuming 花钱的

secure vt.获得

fame n.名声

precise a.精确地

pass one’s judgment on A某人表达对A的判断

nothing but 正是，就是

partial a.片面的；部分的

win sb over 争取sb

S:

If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.

如果广告的内容仅仅限于信息—这件事如果不是不可能做到，也是很难做到的，因为即便像一件衬衫颜色的选择这样一个细节也有微妙的说服作用—广告将变得如此乏味，以至于没有人会注意它们。

Passage Two

L:

view A as B 把A看做B

measure v.衡量；测量

grade n.分数；等级；年级

measurable a.可衡量的；可测量的

by contrast 相反，与此形成对照的是

by definition 按照定义，根据定义

specific a.特定的；具体的

signpost n. 路标

landmark n.路标，里程碑

encounter v./n.遭遇；邂逅

obstacle n.障碍

willingness n.情愿，愿意 willing a.

take risks = take chances = run risks 冒险

being n.存在；存在物；存在状态

perceive v.感觉，感知；察觉；理解 perception n.

be open to sth 对sth保持开放的心态

indecisive a.犹豫不决的 decisive a.果断的；决定性的

timidity n.胆怯，懦弱 timid a.

hesitate v.犹豫 hesitation n. hesitant a.

cope with 处理，应对

passive a.被动的；消极的

insecurity n.不安全；无保障

self-doubt n.自我怀疑

be to do 想要；应该；将要

overcome vt.克服

cease v.停止

trap v./n.陷入；陷阱

shell n.贝壳；壳

give up = quit vt.放弃

make great efforts 做出巨大的努力

be keen on doing 热衷于做

succeed in doing 成功的做成了

take up challenges 接受挑战

aim vi./n.瞄准；定目标

refer to A 指；提到，涉及；参考

advocate vt.提倡 n.倡导者

curious a.好奇的 curiosity n.

promptness n.迅捷，迅速 prompt a.迅捷的，迅速的 vt.催促，促使open-mindedness to new experiences 对新事物的开放心态

avoidance n.避免 avoid v.

Passage Three

L:

complex a.复杂的 complexity n.

formerly ad.从前 former a.

solutions to sth sth的解决办法/方案

complicated a.复杂的

complicate vt.使复杂

colleague n.同事

extend v.延伸，扩展

extended family 大家庭(多代同堂)

resolve v.解决；决心 resolution n.

expert a.专业的 n.专家

in addition to A = besides A 除了A

mobility n.移动，流动；移动性，流动性 mobile a.

stable a.稳定的 stability n.

informal a.非正式的 formal a.正式的

cut off 切断

trustworthy a.值得信赖的

reliable a.可靠的 rely vi.(on)

unconscious a.无意识的；神志不清的

subconscious a.下意识的，潜意识的

casual a.随意的；休闲的

enormous a.巨大的

stockpile n.积聚；贮存