美国短篇小说赏析学术报告

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解读雪莉杰克逊的短篇小说《抽彩》的象征意义

解读雪莉杰克逊的短篇小说《抽彩》的象征意义-权威资料本文档格式为WORD,若不是word文档,则说明不是原文档。

最新最全的学术论文期刊文献年终总结年终报告工作总结个人总结述职报告实习报告单位总结摘要：本文通过对美国女作家雪莉·杰克逊的短篇小说《抽彩》的分析，从小说中数字，物体，人物姓名的象征意义来解读作者如何表述小说的主题，即揭露了无亲情无怜悯的现代社会中，人与人之间的冷漠，自私，残忍以及人类对于腐朽传统的盲从。

关键词：象征数字物体人物姓名冷漠残忍盲从I712.074 A 1006-026X（2013）2-0000-011.引言美国当代著名女作家雪莉·杰克逊（Shirley Jackson）的短篇小说《抽彩》给我们讲述了一个奇怪习俗的荒诞故事。

故事发生在仲夏时节新英格兰某个村庄里，那里的村民每年都会在6月聚集到镇上的广场，为每年一次的公众抽彩活动做准备。

这是每年村子里最重要的事情，是祖辈传下来的必须遵守的仪式。

抽彩的过程很简单：每个家庭的户主代表这家去抽签，谁抽到带有黑点的纸片就表示这家人中奖了。

中奖的家庭内部进行第二轮抽签，谁在第二轮抽到做了记号的纸片，就是最终的“中奖者”。

当然这里的“奖品”并不是读者以为的货真价实的奖金，而是一个要当场被所有村民用乱石砸死作为祈求丰收的“祭祀品”，也就是所谓的“替罪羊”。

最终，苔西·赫金逊太太成为了代罪羔羊。

2.抽彩中的象征意义《抽彩》是一篇关于现代社会的绝妙寓言，它的成功之处就在于杰克逊用平实的叙述给读者揭示了一个无亲情无怜悯的现代社会：冷漠，自私，残忍等一切罪恶的本性始终存在于人与人之间。

小说中作者反映的人们对于恶势力的屈从，对于陈旧陋习的遵从，对于残酷惩罚的漠然，都无数次地震撼着读者。

在小说里，我们可以清晰的看到作者运用了很多手法来表述她的观点，其中，象征的手法最为显著。

作者把象征贯穿于整个故事：背景、物件、人物行为，甚至在时间的设置和参与者的名字里处处体现着作者的独具匠心，随时随地都能体现到小说的主题。

对凯瑟琳·安·波特的短篇小说《绳子》的文体分析

用其尽善尽美的语言文字对真实的人类生活进行阐释。文章对波特的短篇小说
‘ 绳子》从第三人称有限视角变换叙述、修辞手法和开放式结尾来浅析她的语言
和艺术形式，从而三人；第称有限视角转换；修法；隐辞手寓；开放式
结尾
凯瑟琳・・安波特是美国著名的女作家。１９年５月１８０５日出生于得克萨斯州南部一个信仰天主教的家庭。她自幼丧母，由祖母抚养，家境贫困，曾经就读于一所修道院，但那里的清规戒律并不能束缚波特的追求自由和倔强的天性。波特从没有受过正规的写作教育，但她勤奋好强，刻苦自学，博览群书，用各方面的知识充实自己。在日常生活中，波特注意观察发生在身边的各种事件和各式各样的人物，这使她的洞察力不断得到提高。由于她阅历丰富，思想敏锐，生活根基深厚，所以她的小说题材广泛，生活气息浓郁，寓意深远。波特的作品大都取材于她所熟悉的美国南方、墨西哥和欧洲的生活，正如她自己所说的：我在小说中所写的每一件事都取 “ 材于现实生活 ” 她的作品文笔优美，结构严密，词句精炼，因此使其艺术魅力经久不衰。波特的短篇小说叙述生动，能把主人公复杂的内心世界发掘的相当深刻，描写的十分细腻，她的最成功之处是她能寓深刻的主题于貌似简单、平淡的情节当中，使其作品具有深邃的寓意，
2009年和田师范专科学校学报汉文综合版jul2009第28卷第四期总第60期对凯瑟琳?安?波特的短篇小说绳子的文体分析李英新疆大学外语学院大英部新疆乌鲁木齐830046獭妥j作为美国著名的小说家凯瑟琳?安?波特的中短篇小说用其尽善尽美的语言文字对真实的人类生活进行阐释
２００９年
《和田师范专科学校学报》（汉文综合版）

浅析欧·亨利短篇小说的叙事艺术[权威资料]

浅析欧·亨利短篇小说的叙事艺术本文档格式为WORD,感谢你的阅读。

欧・亨利是20世纪初美国杰出的现实主义作家，其幽默的笔锋和标志性的“欧・亨利式结尾”对世界文坛产生了深远的影响。

欧・亨利一生经历坎坷，母亲的早逝使他很小就开始过着颠沛流离的生活。

成年以后，他做过会计、办事员、出纳员，后又因误会而被捕入狱3年。

他一生有两次失败的婚姻。

在写作事业的上升期，名利双收的欧・亨利染上了赌博、酗酒。

1910年，这位被誉为“美国短篇小说之父”，与法国的莫泊桑和俄国的契诃夫齐名的短篇小说家，年仅48岁便因肝硬化而病逝。

在其短暂的创作生涯中，为读者留下了近300篇短篇小说和一部长篇小说。

欧・亨利就这样结束了自己的写作生涯，留下一部还未完成的短篇小说。

他的丰富经历使其作品通常反映社会底层小人物的生活，聚焦他们的喜怒哀乐。

其作品总是在尾部“峰回路转，豁然开朗，出现一个意料不到的结局”，使读者在惊愕之余，“拍案叫绝，不能不承认故事的合情合理，赞叹作者构思的巧妙”。

本文试从叙事学的角度出发，从两方面分析欧・亨利短篇小说的艺术魅力：一方面是叙事的视角灵活变换，另一方面是叙事的简洁凝练。

一、叙事的视角灵活变换文学作品的叙事视角是小说重要的形式技巧，对所叙事件的缀连成篇以及阅读者的反应有重要的控制作用。

托多罗夫认为：事物的各个方面都由使之呈现于我们面前的视角所决定，叙述视角的重要性应属小说创作技巧的首位。

欧・亨利的短篇小说运用灵活变换的叙事视角，故意从叙述者的角度隐瞒了部分信息，有些甚至是情节发展的关键，这就为剧情设下悬念，也引导读者走向“欧・亨利式结尾”。

欧・亨利的短篇小说多采用第三人称的全知全能视角来叙述文章主题，在部分情节中采用限制视角来刻意隐去部分信息，从而营造出小说的悬念。

在《警察与赞美诗》中，这种视角变换手法非常突出。

欧・亨利先以全知全能视角引领读者旁观了流浪汉苏比的作为。

无家可归的苏比为了进监狱熬过冬天，几次三番向警察发起挑战，比如砸商店的橱窗玻璃，偷人雨伞，大喊大叫扰乱治安，甚至当着警察面调戏妇女，苏比极尽能事却被警察无视，就是不抓他。

[浅谈爱伦.坡短篇小说的艺术特色] 爱伦·坡短篇小说

[浅谈爱伦.坡短篇小说的艺术特色] 爱伦·坡短篇小说摘要本文结合美国19世纪作家爱伦・坡短篇小说的特点和对世界文学的影响，就其短篇小说创作的叙事艺术、文体艺术与风格艺术的形成以及在作品中对这些艺术的营造三个方面进行了论述，旨在探讨爱・伦坡小说的唯美艺术特色。

关键词：爱伦・坡短篇小说艺术特色 中图分类号：I106文献标识码：A 爱伦・坡是被誉为文坛怪杰的美国19世纪作家。

其大量诗歌及短篇小说一直受到广泛的关注，尤其是他的短篇小说，以其神秘感、恐怖感引起越来越多的研究者和文学爱好者的兴趣。

在创作理念上，爱伦・坡勇于创新，大力修正哥特小说的流行模式，充分践行其“效果说”理论，积极追求使用双重化的艺术，营造出强烈的艺术效果。

回顾爱伦・坡的创作生涯及其在文学史上激起的一次次批评热情，我们不得不再次探究爱伦・坡在短篇小说创作中所使用的艺术策略。

一叙事艺术特色 在文学旨趣上，爱伦・坡一直主张由心境所支配、以效果为旨趣的短篇。

他不惜调动一切艺术手段，采用一切可以烘托和营造气氛的细节，使作品叙事特色产生巨大的艺术感染力。

1 以第一人称为叙事视角 从叙事学的角度来考察爱伦・坡的短篇小说，不难发现他几乎所有的作品都是以第一人称视觉进行叙述的：第一人称叙述者“我”往往既是叙述者，又是故事人物；既可以是故事主人公，又可以是故事事件的旁观者。

而叙述视觉的一大特点是使叙述产生强烈的切身性，“会给小说营造出一种客观的真实效果”。

2 以设置悬念为叙事手段 在美国的短篇小说发展史上，爱伦・坡是第一个有意识将短篇小说作为独立文学体裁来写的作家，并提出了短篇小说的创作理论。

当时的作家普遍认为，作品的人物性格随故事发展而变化。

美国二十世纪最佳短篇小说之

四川外国语大学2013-2014学年第二学期硕士研究生课程论文题目：关于美国二十世纪最佳短篇小说《我死去的兄弟来到美国》的叙事学分析------ 以外聚焦的叙事模式为中心课程名称《叙事学方法论》任课教师熊沐清教授年级2012级班次9班学号2012218姓名张婷关于美国二十世纪最佳短篇小说《我死去的兄弟来到美国》的叙事学分析------ 以外聚焦的叙事模式为中心张婷（2012级9班朝鲜语专业 2012218）摘要：二十世纪二十年代中期和二十世纪三十年代，这段时期无论是对于美国或是世界的其他地区都是一段粗陋又残酷的时期。

第一次世界大战以后，短暂的经济复苏和经济的蓬勃发展造成了美国对于经济社会安全的错觉。

到了20世纪20年代中期，经济不稳定的苗头在美国明显滋生，更是波及到海外。

大萧条的经济危机的阴影之下由就业机会的丧失导致的移民狂潮。

本故事讲述一个小男孩和他的到来与他的家人到美国，期间他的思想状态以及冲突。

通过外聚焦的叙事学模式，大量使用意象的感受，和主角的设定，生动地描绘美国这段时期的社会现象以及多种角度刻画人物的心理状态和感受。

关键词叙事学；外聚焦模式；短篇小说；美国；社会；移民正文亚历山大·戈丁的短篇小说，《我死去的兄弟来到美国》，写于1934年，故事发生在二十年代中叶到三十年代之间。

故事讲述一个小男孩和他的到来与他的家人到美国，期间他的思想状态以及冲突。

在这段时期的美国，正发生着翻天覆地的变化。

作为本文主角，男孩也是如此。

此时的美国正笼罩在一片大萧条的经济危机的阴影之下，这场即将波及到整个世界的危机，已经开始在就业方面，尤其是给贫困状况的低收入家庭造成极大负面影响。

低廉的薪水、对外国激进的自由主义思想方面的恐惧、以及由就业机会的丧失导致的移民狂潮，引发了强烈的政治保守主义。

反过来，导致孤立主义和移民的限制。

戈丁似乎对这段时期有着强烈的个人感情。

正如他潦倒不堪的的个人经历一般，他把自己置身于这段残酷的社会时期。

欧亨利短篇小说鉴赏英语文学赏析论文

摘要: 作为世界三大小说家之一，欧亨利与契诃夫和莫泊桑齐名。

他的作品因奇巧的艺术构思，出其不意的结尾而著称。

本文以欧亨利的三篇著名短篇小说为例，主要分析了“意料之外情理之内”的“欧亨利式结尾”的处理方法，包括营造出人意料但又符合情理的结尾效果的不同方法，以及这样的结尾方式如何能更深刻的表达人物的情感与小说的主旨。

关键词：艺术手法，人性，社会现实，欧亨利式结尾Unexpected and reasonale ending——A Brief Comment on O’ Henry’s Short Stories Abstract: O. Henry, one of the three most famous short-story writers in the world, enjoys equal status with Chekhov and Maupassant. Exquisite plot, wry humor and twist ending dominate his works. Those surprising but logical endings are the most brilliant in all of the highlights. This thesis mainly analyses O. Henry’s surprising but logical endings of his famous works such as The Gift of the Magi , The Last Leaf an and The Cop and the Anthem.These O. Henry-style endings impress readers ,and at the same time ,help him express his ideas completely and vividly.So this thesis mainly analyses how O’ Henry set the plot to achieve the desired ending effect,and how the twist ending help idea-expression.Key Words:artistic styles; humanity; social reality; O. Henry-style endingContents1. Introduction (1)2. Unique O-style endingmethod (2)2.1 Improbable coincidence (3)2.2 Sharp contrast………………………………………………………………………42.3 Repetition and change (6)3. Conclusion (8)Bibliography (9)1. IntroductionO. Henry, originally named William Sydney Porter, is a distinguished American storywriter. He wrote more than 300 short stories in his life. His stories are full of colorful characters. He creates an original, typically American democratic form of short stories with, at its best, a valuable critical awareness of life and society tellingly expressed through humor. Therefore, some critics call him “the founder of American stories”. Being gifted with humor and a keen awareness of details, he objectively shows us what America looks like. All his stories putting together constitute a true panorama of American life.This thesis mainly emphasizes O. Henry’s unique twist ending.The ending of an article has long been considered as a conclusion or just a summary of the whole passage. However, O. Henry illustrates a new way, the so-called twist ending or sometimes the O. Henry’s ending. It means that at the end of an article the mental status or the fate of the character has changed greatly. But the whole passage is suddenly endowed with a great charm because of the ending. The author has your nerves all a quiver until the lastsentence. The surprise comes quickly and the story is finished. O. Henry is such a master of the unexpected ending that one must admire his skills. 2. Unique O-style ending methodO. Henry's trademark is the surprising ending that each of his stories contains. He sets a story moving in one direction, and just when the reader is convinced of the general direction of the narrative, the story will be completely reversed.This kind of ynexpected but reasonable ending which called O.Hernry’s ending may be a little sorrowful but it still gives the readers some hope,which is so-called “O.Henry’s humor(smile with tears)”. And if we look back to the total story, the ending seems logical and plausible. As a “plot-maker”, and designer of incident, he is an amazing genius. No one can do better than him to holds the reader in “suspense”. More than that, the reader scarcely knows that he is suspended until the very close of the story. Just as turns on the lights and the whole tale is revealed in its entirety. He uses this device of dramatic and humorous effect in the short story collection The Four Million which including “The Gift of the Magi ”, and “The Cop and the Anthem”, “the Service of Love”, “The last Leaf.”He often stresses on something important but not the most important in his works.The most important part always seems to write incidentally,which eben the most circunspective reader may ifnore it.When the stories end in a totally unexpected but reasonable way ,we can do nothing but cheer for O.Henry’s literary talent.2.1 Improbable coincidence (The Gift of the Magi)The novel “The Gift of the Magi” is about a young couple that is short of money but desperately wants to buy each other Christmas gifts. Unknown to Jim, Della sells her most valuable possession, her beautiful hair, in order to buy platinum as the chain for Jim's watch; unknown to Della, Jim sells his most valuable possession, his watch, to buy jeweled combs for Della's hair.In the end ,both gifts became useless——short-haired Della got a comb and Jim got a chain for an already-sold watch.What a surprising coincidence! However, when we look back, we can find that O.Henry had already given us some suggestions.”Now, there were two possessions of the James Dillingham Youngs in which they both took a mighty pride. One was Jim’s gold watch that had been his father’s and hisgrandfather’s. The other was Della’s hair.” This description is related to how they got the money for gifts and what they bought for each other. The auther used a casual and vague tone deliberately so that few people would think over its meaning before seeing the ending. So the ending turns out to be unexpected but reasonable.This coincidence is filled with complex emotions. People feel touched by the longlasting true love between the young couple and at the sametime ,pity for them for their “unwise” gifts and their cruel bitter life.Though confronted with cruel reality and dull daily routine, Della and Jim can never change their eagerness toward love. To them the most valuable material possession is so slight and insignificant ,when compared with the spiritual possession of love romance.Perhaps the gifts were "unwise" as the author says, but, as he further writes, "let it be said that of all who give gifts, these two were the wisest.”In The Gift of the Magi , we feel so pity that Della has her precious long hair cut. But to our surprise ,Jim has sold the watch to buy the jeweled tortoise-shell combs for her wife’s hair. O.Henry does not end on the note of irony and surprise but gives to what he calls his uneventful coincidenceof two foolish children the appearance of a little parable with a significant meaning. The magi , he reminds the reader ,were wise men who brought gifts to the Christ child. As for Jim and Della, the are the magi. This is the ending of the story with O.Henry’s own style.2. 2 Sharp contrast (The last leaf)In this story, Johnsy and Sue are artists who move into Greenwich Village in New York City. As Winter approaches and the weather gets colder, Johnsy becomes ill with pneumonia. She gets so sick that she believes that when the last leaf falls from the vine outside her window, she will die. An old artist, named Behrman, who lives in the same building as the girls, braves a storm one night to paint a leaf on the wall — a leaf that will never fall. Cold and wet from painting in the icy rain, he catches pneumonia and dies. This gives Sue the hope to survive her illness, and it also creates the masterpiece Behrman had always dreamed of painting.After reading the novel,we can find that Behrman rarely appears and O.Henry spent few words on him .We only know that he is a bad-tempered old painter. “He was past sixty and had a Michael Angelo's Moses beard curling down from the head of a satyr along with the body of an imp.”“Behrman was a failure in art”. Behrman earned little money by serving as a non-professional model and was a terrible alcoholic who sometimes “talked of his coming masterpiece”. He was “a fierce little old man, who scoffed terribly at softness in any one”.To be honest, Behrman was not a traditonal pleasing hero at all. He was fierce in personality , poor in money and untalented in painting.However, it is exactly him who saved Johnsy in a silent and artistic way——painting a leaf on a wall. This leaf gives Sue the hope of living, making her realize that: “It is a sin to want to die”.O.Henry did not tell how he helped Sue, how he painted his masterpiece and why he chose to do it deliberately but readers knew it from the conversation between Sue and Johnsy indirectly . Many details point to a truth that the old artist sacruificed his life to restore Sue’s will to live. All these things took place in a cold storming night and Behrman told no one about his plan. It shows that he did it not for praise, but just for saving a young girl.Behrman, given few show-ups and descriptions by the author , was rarely concerned by readers in early plot.Many people even think he is just an unimportant supporting role.But when we see the ending and know the truth, we find we were completely wrong. Behrman was a hero and a savior who did not only save a person’s life, but successfully saved an American dream for all the people who seek freedom and peace, connecting the social reality of that time.“The last leaf” is the symbol of hope, life and faith. Behrman seemed more alive than dead.This Sharp contrast strenthens the theme of love and sacrifice. Behrman’s behavior seemed more praiseworthy and inspiring after readers’psychological change . That’s what O.Henry wants to achieve. Though the touching ending makes us absorbed in sadness, the readers can still find gleams of hope and desire out of despair.2.3 Repetition and change (The Cop and the Anthem)In the story The Cop and the Anthem, Soapy, a homeless tramp, deciding to be sent to the prison on the Island which he called his winter quarter against the rigor and the hunger, attempted to practice several illegal activities for the purpose of “wooing capture”; but the cop, who stood nearby when Soapy was trying to attract his attention by his anti-law behavior, paid no special attention to Soapy every time, even “seemed toregard him as a king who could do no wrong”.Developing up here, the story must give the reader the conclusion that Soapy had to go back disappointedly to his home—a park bench. On his way, the sweet music of anthem from the church played by the organist and the beautiful moonlight scenery “wrought a sudden and wonderful change in his soul”, he made up his mind to “pull himself out of the mire”and “make a man of himself again”.Moving like this, the plot is not completely understandable at once. When the reader is puzzled about the use and meaning of growing plot, and just while Soapy was planning his tomorrow’s action for being “somebody in the world”, an unforeseen plot, and just while abruptly: he was arrested because a policeman thought him doubtful, and the next day he was sentence to “three months on the Island”.The story stops here suddenly in spite of the reader’s not immediate understanding. But after a moment of consideration, the reader’s surprise turns into admiration for his astonishing contrivance of tricky ending which reveals rigorously the real facts of reversal between truth and falsehood in capitalist society which confuses right and wrong.In this short stories, the plot develops as Soapy’s various anti-law behaviors being ignored by the cop time and time again. This kind of repetition may disappoint and bore readers in some degree.However, it’s exactly the highlights of the story. The more such repetition occurs the more confused and curious readers become. They can’t help wondering, “Why did all these happen again and again? What followed next? How will Soapy finally become?”and so on. Then there comes the change,which is also the climax——Soapy was inspired by the anthem from the church, but before he can truly make a brand new start in his life ,he got arrestted just because he looked like a criminal. With those repetitions in early times, the final ending seems so ironic and unexpected. Soapy seems more suffered being born in that rough-and-tumble age.3. ConclusionTotally speaking, in O. Henry’s works, the events of some short stories are arranged in the spe cific order which exceed reader’s normal expectation to the arrangement of those events in his works, make the ending unpredictable and strange. O. Henry deliberately designs the little tricks with words, for he is a master of language and not its slave.These unexpected but reasonable endings, in many conditions ,are the most remarkable parts in the novel. They also engage something profound in the human psyche and reflect sociel reality in that age . Bibliography[1] Medrick, Fred. An introduction to American literature[M]. Henan University Press, 1985[2] Hudson, Long. O Henry The Man and His Work[C]. New York:Russell and Russell, 1969[3] O, Henry, Heart of the West[M]. New York: McClure, 1907[4] O, Henry, The Four Million[M]. New York: Dobleday, Doran and Company. 1906[5] O, Henry, 欧亨利短篇小说[6] 李国宁. 欧亨利式结尾的艺术魅力[7] 赵书颖. “含泪的笑”与“含笑的泪”浅析欧•亨利的主题[8] 赵丽，黄春妮. 欧亨利作品导读[M]. 武汉: 武汉大学出版社2003 P3[9] 欧亨利. 四百万[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1988。

英美短篇小说赏析

学期论文学期论文题目：Epiphany in James Joyce’s “Araby”课程：英美短篇小说赏析学生姓名：***学号：************院（系）：外国语学院班级：英语112班课程教师姓名：郭建学期时间：2013-2014-2（外国语学院制表）Epiphany in James Joyce’s “Araby”OutlinePart I .............................................The background of the storyPart II..........................................................The plots of the storyPart III..................................Analysis of the themes of the storyPart IV...........................................................................SummaryDubliners published in 1914, it is James Joyce youth to create a collection of short stories, is set in Dublin, vividly depicted in the early 19th century Dublin street life of the people with a variety of mentality, and also reveals in the social life is a kind of insensitive and lifeless. Araby is the third piece in the collection, vividly describes a child to obscure the romance of love and disillusioned pursuit. In the novel the most obvious feature is the spirit of Joyce use a novel insight to show character complex thoughts and feelings.Live in the North Richmond Street, a boy hoped to win his friend’s elder sister's heart. One day, the boy with a romantic idea to Mann’s sister, promised to go to the east bazaar and bring a gift for her. After uncle promised money, the boy for a few days have been thinking about girls and bring gifts for her. But on that day to the bazaar, uncle come homevery late, so when the boy arrived, market is almost closed. Only a few stalls sell things. Boys look at some of the goods, feel that they are very expensive, beyond his ability to purchase. The boy in Araby bazaar were disappointed.Joyce through the description of character moments of fine feeling right and vividly reveals a teenager's first love feelings. Everything is so simple and real, but makes the young youth conflict , beautiful, rambling, and at the same time the reader into the hero's inner world.Traditional psychoanalysis criticism, literary works is the author of the dream or something similar, is the symbol of the artist's unconscious fantasies, can reveal the author's writing attitude and psychological state. Work is the leading role of the writers the externalization of themselves. Therefore, in a sense, we can say "Araby" is Joyce’s childhood experiences and emotions, is the first love of Joyce.First love is usually good. This from the title of the article we can see the author's intentions. The word Araby contains quite rich. As early as when Napoleon conquest of Egypt, Araby became synonymous with romance in the Middle East, has the different region amorous feelings of Arab and the infinite charm of Oriental world. Joyce used it as a subject, and it is not only used as the name of a shopping mall, Dublin is more use of the name of romantic with good imagination space to us, also symbolizes the protagonist exploration and pursuit of the goal. He is toconstruct an ideal world.As a bold innovation, effective experimental modern writer. Joyce in "Dubliners" the stream of consciousness techniques has yet to use to describe characters.But he used a kind of novel and unique creative skills of the spirit of enlightenment to show people the wrong heald complex thoughts and feelings. Spiritual enlightenment, is a kind of sense of literature and the technique of sudden apparition, or the perception of the mind. Epiphany moments is man suddenly wake up at a time, to see their situation, realize the true meaning of life. Joyce is interpreted it as a kind of suddenly got the message just a fragment, but all contain the meaning of life.In the article the author finally has the description: Although knows the female traders is the only commercial instinct to care me. I still wandering at the counter of her before. Then I slowly turned around and walked into the middle of the hall. Let the hand of two penny coins land on a sixpence coins pocket, when I heard the voice of the lights out a passageway. The whole hall became dark.it is a stark contrast to the front of the boy’s mood.Joyce once again through the objective description of the protagonist movement and sensory, let the reader feel the boy's psychology is very frustrated, the performance of all of these are because of the hero in the moment to see their plight. Before this, lack of awareness of his surroundings, wanted to seek romantic thought.At themoment, the hero fantasies of Araby thoroughly burst.The boy pursuits of romantic love, actually to he experienced a self-knowledge of spiritual journey. Joyce used the technique of spiritual enlightenment not only vividly shows the subtle psychological change characters, and it also shows that such a harsh fact, namely in dead Dublin society, even the innocent children cannot get rid of the shadow of paralysis. In this novel, the hero is not a surprise to comprehend the spirit of enlightenment, but the character itself through gradually.Joyce did the hero of spiritual enlightenment orchestrated a period at the end of the novel, is the climax of the novel. In the hero when I feel the truth of life, the work here to a screeching halt, not only just right, the spirit of the protagonist's Epiphany left a deep impression on the readers. Also left a vast space for imagination to the reader.The hero found how to continue his life after the thing, he will become like the people around him, or continue to look for the ideal of his heart. All this to the reader to think, make the person aftertaste.Epiphany often needs objective corresponding motivation and cooperation, by a certain situation or certain events to arouse people's feelings. Our objectives correlative than what is stated here, imagination of Araby is my ideal situation, and realistic than stimulate the hero's heart. Made him not only to the Araby and it is for the whole of the world in which he lived with a fresh understanding. In "Araby" the boy was feelsabout their environment very numb, because he passed than events, the objective of stimulating pulled him out of their building suddenly pulled out in an ideal situation. In the dreamful place he heard the vulgar dialogue, make him feels there is no romance in his heart, here and the place where he lived as callousness, lifeless.James Joyce’s work is to explore the inner world of human beings. In the short story Araby, for those who help lend unique spirit enlightenment writing technique, through the hero to obscure the romance of love pursuit and disillusionment of tracing the process of writing, to the whole deep understanding of the society and the people for the whole period. In Araby, Joyce’s well written style is exemplified, as well as his deep thoughts. From the perspective of literary devices, Joyce employ “impressionism” and “epiphany” which are special artistic devices he hao applied in this story. The author discusses the plot, setting in Araby, and analyze the characters in it. Through a thorough study of Araby, the thesis is in order to push forward the understanding of Joyce’s purpose in writing the story. The discussion of impressionism and epiphany in this thesis is an attempt to focus the discussion on the story alone, combing the inner unity and integrity of this device, providing better understanding of the functions and management of such new innovation, thus a better understanding of the work itself.。

（完整版）美国经典短篇小说TheLottery完整评析

（完整版）美国经典短篇⼩说TheLottery完整评析Characteristics （蔡嘉懿）Bobby, Harry Jones, Dickie Delacroix, Bobby Martin :na?ve, curious,(represents for the new generation that are destroyed by the feudatorial thoughts. )Mr. Summers :Pitiful (For he had no children and his wife was a scold),Traditional , numb ( summers represents for the time),brutal ( “ ‘ All right folks.’ Mr. Summer said, ‘ Let’s finish quickly’.”)energetic : direct characterization (“ who had time and energy to devote to civic activities”)Mr. Graves :calm, serious, polite, rationalBaxter:powerful, young, energetic (“Baxter, came forward to hold the box steady on the stool while Mr. Summers s tirred up the papers inside it.”)Warner:Old (the oldest man in the village),brutal,（Old Man Warner was saying, "Come on, come on, everyone." ）conservative,“Old Man Warner snorted, "Pack of crazy fools," he said. "Listening to the young folks, nothing's good enough for them. Next thing you know, they'll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work any more, live that way for a while. Used to be a saying about 'Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon.'）numb, "Seventy-seventh year I been in the lottery," Old Man Warner said as he went through the crowd. "Seventy-seventh time."stubborn "Nothing but trouble in that," Old Man Warner said stoutly. "Pack of young fools." Mrs. Hutchinson:tragic, ( She “won” the lottery)helpless, (Everyone is happy that the person who won the lottery is not them. No one is feeling sad or unfair for her) selfish（asked to let her daughter join the second round of lottery）Mrs. Dunbar/ Mrs. Delacroix:chilling, hypocritical, ( She talked to Mrs. Hutchinson so friendly before she was picked to be the person who was going to die. Then, she chose a big stone to kill her “friend”. )brutal( she chose a big stone)Waston:brave, love his mother, responsible (draw the lottery for his mother)Mr. Adams and Mrs. Adams:Dare to question, aware of the bad of the lottery,( "They do say," Mr. Adams said to Old Man Warner, who stood next to him, "that over in the north village they're talking of giving up the lottery.")Nancy and Bill:cold and detached, selfish ( As they were happy when they knew they were not going to die)Devices: （蔡嘉懿）1.Indirect characterization: For example, Warner, the oldest man. The author uses his words todescribe him as a brutal, conservative, numb, stubborn man.“Old Man Warner snorted, "Pack of crazy fools," he said. "Listening to the young folks, nothing's good enough for them. Next thing you know, they'll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work any more, live that way for a while. Used to be a saying about 'Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon.’”Here, he believed the advantages of lottery, keeping the old conception instead of accepting new ideas.2.Irony(1)“Mrs. Delacroix said, "You're in time, though. They're still talking away up there.""Seems like there's no time at all between lotteries any more," Mrs. Delacroix said to Mrs.Graves in the back row. "Seems like we got through with the last one only last week."From the quotation, we know that Mrs. Delacroix talked friendly to Mrs. Hutchinson, but later on she killed her with a big stone without any pity. Author uses ironic tone to express the detest of the folks who believe in old tradition and criticizes both the traditions and folks like Mrs. Delacroix.(2) “Delacroix-- the villagers pronounced this name "Dellacroy"”the original meaning of“Delacroix”is the Cross which represents for “Christianity”.Then, author uses irony of people’s mistake of pronouncing that word to criticize their misunderstanding of Christianity by doing Lottery.3.Repetition(1)“Tessie Hutchinson shouted to Mr. Summers, "You didn't give him time enough to takeany paper he wanted. I saw you. It wasn't fair!"”"It isn't fair, it isn't right," Mrs. Hutchinson screamed and then they were upon her.Here, the author uses the repetition of the words of Mrs. Hutchinson stating “unfair” to show her sorrow and fear. She better passes the message of the bad of the Lottery through emphasizing the pain .(2)The black boxThe author describe the black box over and over again in order to criticize the old tradition through the repetition of the black box.4.Symbolize(1)Mr. Summer is the name of one main character. “Summer” is the symbol of years andpassing time which is also ironically revealing that the folks are numb.(2)the original meaning of “Delacroix”is the Cross which is the symbol for“Christianity” .Then, author uses irony of people’s mistake of pronouncing that word to criticize their misunderstanding of Christianity by doing Lottery.(3)The name “Graves” is the symbol of death.。

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生活感悟
远离诱惑人性复杂自我反省，勇于改过
William Faulkner 威廉姆·福克纳
• 美国小说家、诗人和剧作家，被西方文学界视作“现代的经典作家”，意识流文学在美国的代表。1949 年，获得诺贝尔文学奖。
（1897-1962）
主要作品
The Sound and the Fury (1929), 《喧嚣与骚动》 As I Lay Dying (1930),《我弥留之际》 Light in August (1932), 《八月之光》 Absalom, Absalom! (1936)，《押沙龙，押沙龙》
霍桑的主要作品
• 短篇小说集: 《故事重述》1837 《古宅青苔》, 1843 • ★The Scarlet Letter 《红字》,1850
《年轻小伙子古德曼· 布朗》是一个寓言故事，它的写作背景是马萨诸塞州的塞勒姆女巫案。
塞勒姆女巫案
1692年马萨诸塞州塞勒姆镇，200多人被冠以“巫师” 的头衔投入监狱，19人被绞死，1人被砸死。宗教迫害导致了人们的互相猜疑仇恨，让 “好人”迫害自己身边的人。
“在布宜诺斯艾
利斯不需要寻找书
籍，因为书籍在这里无处不在。” 由
废弃剧院打造的“雅典人书店”成 Nhomakorabea为了解这座书都的
不二选择。
各国书香
“如果有天堂，天堂应该是图书馆的模样。”在荷兰的马斯特里赫特有一座教堂改建的书店，这座有着800多年历史的多米尼亚教堂刚好满足了大家对于天堂书店的幻想。
1995年联合国教科文组织确定：4 月23日为“世界图书与版权日”。塞万提斯、莎士比亚都在1616年的这一天去世。
西班牙加泰罗尼亚地区传说：圣·乔治在4月23日这一天杀死恶龙，救出被困的公主，公主回赠给乔治一本书作为礼物。书成为胆识和力量的象征。
西班牙每年4月23日前后，加泰罗尼亚地区便会举办书展，读者每购买一本书，都可获得一枝玫瑰花，很多人拿着玫瑰在街上走，像是情人节一样。各国书香
考验与挣扎（一）
布朗：“俺已守约上这儿来见了你，现在俺想回去啦。对你熟知的那件事俺还拿不定主意哩。” 从魔鬼的口中，布朗得知当警察的爷爷曾鞭打过一名女教徒，父亲放火烧了印第安人的村子；他们曾多次和魔鬼在林中聚会。新英格兰这一带的人大多是魔鬼的伙伴。
考验与挣扎（二）
布朗：“伙计，”他执拗地说，“俺决心已定，为这种差使俺可一步也不肯走了。就算俺以为那老恶婆是去天堂，可其实她是去见魔鬼，也没理由叫我丢下心爱的费丝去学她的样啊！” 布朗发现虔诚堪称模范的太太古迪·克洛伊丝也来参加聚会，她竟然是一个巫师。她与牧师和古金执事一道是自己道德与精神方面的顾问。
• 粉色=红色 + 白色被污染的纯真 • 缎带的降落信仰的丧失主人公的名字 Goodman Brown: 好人布朗 Faith:信仰、忠诚
★象征的手法
蛇形拐杖 • 撒旦及引诱亚当、夏娃的蟒蛇（神学） • 驱使人类走向邪恶的本能（心理学）老人/魔鬼人类的一切邪恶森林的路径圣经里通往毁灭的宽阔大路
• 本我：作为一种原始的欲望,激发古德曼追寻快乐和幸福，去森林聚会, 冲动超越了理智,诱惑冲淡了亲情。 • 自我：要履行职责,满足本我的冲动,同时又要保护个人、家庭不受伤害,遵循现实原则 • 超我：追求完美, 使他“超越”自己,堕落成了一个冷酷悲伤、沉思默想、怀疑一切的人。
★象征的手法
各国书香
英
国
把“读书日” 活动提前到3月举行，包括故事人物模仿大赛、午间故事时间、各类型的书展等。向小朋友发出面值1英镑的图书日代用券，让他们换购一本喜欢的书。
各国书香
韩
国
韩国政府一般会在4月23日发行“世界读书日”的纪念邮票，让当地的小孩把阅读
和写作的风气透过一
枚枚精美的邮票随信件传遍世界不同的角
考验与挣扎（三）
布朗：“俺的费丝也走了！” “人世还有什么善！罪孽不过空名罢了。来吧，魔鬼，这世界全是你的啦。” 可是有什么东西从空中飘飘落下，挂在了一根树枝上。小伙子连忙抓住它，原来是根粉红色的缎带。最后的挣扎：“费丝！费丝！”丈夫叫道，“仰望天堂，抵挡邪恶！”
顿悟与迷茫
“他活到很老，变为一具满头华发的
父亲死去，她拒绝埋葬
第二部分第三部分这间布置得像新房的屋子，仿佛到处都笼罩
着墓室一般的淡淡的阴惨惨的氛围：败了色的玫瑰荷默·伯隆的第一次出现色窗帘，玫瑰色的灯罩，梳妆台，一排精细的水晶小镇人们的反应-女人们流言蜚语制品和白银做底的男人盥洗用具，但白银已毫无光泽，连刻制的姓名字母图案都已无法辨认了。杂物爱米丽被人看见买砒霜中有一条硬领和领带，仿佛刚从身上取下来似的，强迫读者做出判断：把它们拿起来时，在台面上堆积的尘埃中留下淡淡 • 我们应该为她感到难过吗？她得了老的月牙痕。椅子上放着一套衣服，折叠得好好的；年痴呆了吗？这是诽谤吗？椅子底下有两只寂寞无声的鞋和一双扔了不要的袜子。 • 她买砒霜是在荷默来访之前还是之后？
第一部短篇小说集, These 13 (1931)《这十三篇》： "A Rose for Emily“《献给爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》 , “Dry September”《干旱的九月》.
虚构：约克纳帕塔法县
共写了19部长篇小说与120多篇短篇小说，其中15部长篇与绝大多数短篇的故事
作家评价
莫言：“读了福克纳之后，我感到如梦初醒，原来小说可以这样地胡说八道，原来农村里发生的那些鸡毛蒜皮的小事也可以堂而皇之地写成小说。他的约克纳帕塔法县尤其让我明白了，一个作家，不但可以虚构人物，虚构故事，而且可以虚构地理。” 余华：“影响过我的作家很多，比如川端康成和卡夫卡，可是成为我师傅的，我想只有威廉·福克纳。他让我知道如何去对付心理描写。”
落。
各国书香
哈尔滨果戈里书店—— 中国最美书店
书店门脸不大，但三层楼的内部空间却别有洞天，
与读书的本义相合。俄罗
斯红木为主的基调，简朴
不失华贵，内敛不失气派，
考究不失内涵。各国书香
2014第11次全民阅读调查: 2013中国国民人均纸质图书的阅读量为4.77本；韩国11本、法国20本、日本40本、犹太人的64本!
与魔鬼同行
“他踏上了一条凄清的小路。阴森森的树木遮天蔽日，挤挤挨挨，勉强让狭窄的小径蜿蜒穿过。人刚过，枝叶又将小路封了起来，荒凉满目。而且这荒凉凄清还有一个特点，旅人弄不清无数的树干与头顶粗大的树枝后面会藏着什么……”
“你迟到啦，古德曼·布朗，”这人道， “我经过波士顿的时候，老南方教堂的钟正好敲响，现在都过了整整十五分钟啦！”
欧亨利
契诃夫
纳撒尼尔·霍桑 Nathaniel Hawthorne
19世纪前半期美国最伟大的小说家,美国心理分析小说的开创者，浪漫主义小说家，象征主义小说家。
(1804-1864)
★霍桑的视角
出生于美国马萨诸塞州塞勒姆镇，清教徒家庭，祖辈为1692年塞勒姆驱巫案的三名法官之一麦尔维尔: “霍桑描写黑暗的巨大力量，是由于受到加尔文派关于与生俱来的堕落与原罪思想的影响。” 霍桑评麦尔维尔: :“他既不肯信教，又对自己的不信感到惶恐不安。”对霍桑同样适用。
第二部分这间布置得像新房的屋子，仿佛到处都笼罩
着墓室一般的淡淡的阴惨惨的氛围：败了色的玫瑰一种奇怪的味道从爱米丽小姐的房色窗帘子里传出来，玫瑰色的灯罩，梳妆台，一排精细的水晶制品和白银做底的男人盥洗用具，但白银已毫无光男人们在夜里潜入，在地窖门和所泽，连刻制的姓名字母图案都已无法辨认了。杂物有的外屋里都撒上了石灰中有一条硬领和领带，仿佛刚从身上取下来似的，她看见他们了吗？她帮他们掩盖气把它们拿起来时，在台面上堆积的尘埃中留下淡淡的月牙痕。椅子上放着一套衣服，折叠得好好的；味了吗？椅子底下有两只寂寞无声的鞋和一双扔了不要的袜父亲生前一直主宰爱米丽的生活，子。
品味文学，感悟生活
——美国经典短篇小说赏析
信息化时代更需要经典阅读
小说诗歌思维方式情感模式
书籍像一个永不枯竭的井泉，满载宝藏，放下汲桶，唾手可得。 ——尼采
主要内容
世界读书日短篇小说《年轻小伙子古德曼·布朗》《献给爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》《白象似的群山》
World Book Day 世界读书日
爱米丽小姐去世
• 爱米丽. 格里尔森小姐去世时, 全镇的人都去送葬了. 男人们去是出于一种尊敬, 因为一个纪念碑到下了.女人们则是出于好奇, 想看看爱米丽小姐的房子里面到底是什么样子的, 因为除了一个作花匠兼厨师的老男仆之外, 起码有10年没别人踏进过她家的大门了.
第一部分这间布置得像新房的屋子，仿佛到处都笼罩
着墓室一般的淡淡的阴惨惨的氛围：败了色的玫瑰人们谈论爱米丽拒绝交税的事件色窗帘，玫瑰色的灯罩，梳妆台，一排精细的水晶爱米丽一生都被父亲所控制制品和白银做底的男人盥洗用具，但白银已毫无光泽，连刻制的姓名字母图案都已无法辨认了。杂物沙多里斯上校编造了谎言，说爱米中有一条硬领和领带，仿佛刚从身上取下来似的，丽的父亲曾贷款给镇政府（南方的把它们拿起来时，在台面上堆积的尘埃中留下淡淡骄傲）的月牙痕。椅子上放着一套衣服，折叠得好好的；她一直到死都不必交税，全镇沿袭椅子底下有两只寂寞无声的鞋和一双扔了不要的袜子。下来的一种义务
世界以痛吻我，要我回报以歌。
——泰戈尔
生命里充满了劳绩，但人诗意地栖居在这片大地上。 ——海德格尔
小说的八个基本要素
叙述情节场景结构主题情感人物虚构
短篇小说
• 英文：novelette,小说的一种。其特点是篇幅短小、情节简洁、人物集中、结构精巧 • 与其沉迷碎片化信息，不如读篇完美短篇