工程造价外文文献
工程造价毕业论文外文文献
工程造价毕业设计外文文献及译文外文文献：Construction Standards and CostsUC Irvine new construction pursues performance goals and applies quality standards that affect the costs of capital projects. Periodic re-examination of these goals and standards is warranted.Co nstruction costs are not “high〞or “low〞in the abstract, but rather in relation to specific quality standards and the design solutions, means, and methods used to attain these standards. Thus, evaluating whether construction costs are appropriate involves: • first, determining whether quality standards are excessive, insufficient, or appropriate;• second, determining whether resultant project costs are reasonable pared to projects with essentially the same quality parameters.“Quality〞enpasses the durability of building systems and finishes; the robustness and life-cycle performance of building systems; the aesthetics of materials, their position, and their detailing; and the resource-sustainability and efficiency of the building as an overall system.Overall Goals and Quality StandardsUC Irvine, in order to support distinguished research and academic programs, builds facilities of high quality. As such, UC Irvine’s facilities aim to convey the “look and feel,〞as well as embody the inherent construction quality, of the best facilities of other UC campuses, leading public universities, and other research institutions with whom we pete for faculty, students, sponsored research, and general reputation.Since 1992, new buildings have been designed to achieve these five broad goals:1. New bu ildings must “create a place,〞rather than constitute stand-alone structures, forming social, aesthetic, contextually-sensitive relationships with neighboring buildings and the larger campus.2. New buildings reinforce a consistent design framework of classical contextual architecture, applied in ways that convey a feeling of permanence and quality and interpreted in ways that meet the contemporary and changing needs of a modern research university.3. New buildings employ materials, systems, and design features that will avoid the expense of major maintenance (defined as >1 percent of value)for twenty years.4. New buildings apply “sustainability〞principles -- notably, outperforming Title 24 (California’s energy code) by at least 20 percent.5. Capital construction projects are designed and delivered within theapproved project budget, scope, and schedule.UC Irvine’s goals for sustainable materials and energy performance were adopted partly for environmental reasons, and partly to reverse substantial operating budget deficits. The latter problems included a multi-million dollar utilities deficit that was growingrapidly in the early ‘90s, and millions of dollars of unfunded major maintenance that was emerging prematurely in buildings only 10-20 years old. Without the quality and performance standards adopted in 1992, utilities deficits and unfunded major maintenance costs would have exceeded $20 million during the past decade, and these costs would still be rising out-of-control.UC Irvine’s materials standards, building systems standards, sustainability and energy efficiency criteria, and site improvements all add cost increments that can only be afforded through aggressive cost management. Institutions that cannot manage capital costs tend to build projects that consume excessive energy, that cost a lot to maintain, that suffer premature major maintenance costs, and that require high costs to modify. Such problems tend to pound and spiral downward into increasingly costly consequences.Every administrator with facilities experience understands this dynamic. Without effective construction cost management, quality would suffer and UC Irvine would experience all of these problems.The balance of this document outlines in greater detail the building performance criteria and quality standards generally stated above, organized according to building systems ponent classes. Each section discusses key cost-drivers, cost-control strategies, and important cost trade-offs. Design practices cited are consistently applied (although some fall short of hard and fast “rules〞).Building Organization and MassingConstruction cost management starts with the fundamentals of building organization andmassing. UC Irvine’s new structures’ floor plates tend to have length-to-width ratios<1.5, to avoid triggering disproportionate costs of external cladding, circulation, and horizontal mechanical distribution. Our new buildings tend to be at least three floors high -- taller if floor plate areas do not dip below a cost-effective threshold, and generally taller in the case of non-laboratory buildings (but not so tall that a high-rise cost penalty is incurred). Other design ratios are observed, such as exterior cladding area/floor area <0.5, and roof+foundation area/floor area <0.4.Architectural articulation is generally achieved through textured or enriched materials,integral material detailing (such as concrete reveal patterning), and applied detailing (e.g.,2window frames and sills), particularly at the building base. Large-scale articulation is concentrated at the roofline (e.g., shaped roof forms) and at the pedestrian level (e.g.,arcades), where it will “create the biggest bang for the buck,〞rather than through modulating the building form, itself. This is more than a subtle design philosophy, as the cost impact is substantial.Lab buildings pleted in the past decade separate laboratory and non-laboratory functions into distinct, adjoined structures (although such a building may look like one structure). Consolidated non-laboratory functions include faculty, departmental, staff,post-doc, and graduate student offices; restrooms; circulation (elevators, lobbies, primary stairways); classrooms, seminar rooms, conference rooms, and social areas designed tofoster interaction and to provide a safe area for eating and drinking; dry labs and dry lab support functions; and general administrative support.Consolidating these functions into a separate structure provides considerable cost savings:lower-cost HVAC (heating/ventilation/air-conditioning) system, wider column spacing, lower floor stiffness (less stringent vibration criterion), lower floor-loading,fewer fire-control features and other code requirements, steel-framed or steel/concrete hybrid structural system with concrete flat-slab flooring system, smaller footings, and(typically) curtain wall fenestration. This approach usually enables offices to have operable windows.This two-building approach can be seen clearly at Gillespie Neurosciences Building, the Sprague Building, Hewitt Hall, and the UCI Medical Center Health Sciences Laboratory,where consolidating and separating non-laboratory functions saved 7-10 percent in overall construction costs and 15 percent/year in energy expense. (The non-laboratory building incurs a small fraction of the energy expense of the laboratory block.)A set of design strategies, applied in bination, has proven effective in controlling the cost of laboratories:• Utilizing a consistent lab module• Utilizing a reasonable vibration criterion and locating ultra-sensitive conditions at-grade or employing benchtop vibration isolation• Using 22 ft. X 22 ft. column-spacing• Concentrating fume hoods and utility risers into a central “wet zone,〞thus limiting horizontal mechanical distribution• Concentrating laboratory support areas into the central core of a laboratory structure, where utilities are available but daylight is not needed, thus enablinglab structures to be 110-132 feet wide• Utilizing dual-usage circulation/equipment cross-corridors through this central lab support zone, with sufficient width (typically 11 feet) to line the corridors with shared equipment while providing cross-circulation through the lab support zone• Utilizing open laboratory layout with one or more “ghost〞corridors for intra lab circulation• And, most importantly, concentrating non-laboratory functions into an adjoining, lower-cost structure (as discussed in detail above).To further control laboratory construction costs, non-standard fume hood sizes are minimized, “generic〞lab casework is specified, laboratory-grade movable tables substitute for fixed casework in some lab bays, building DI systems provide intermediate water quality (with localized water purity polishing in the lab, rather than building-wide),facility-wide piped services do not include gases that can be cost-effectively provided locally via canisters, and glass-wash facilities are consolidated -- typically, one glass wash facility for an entire laboratory building.Finally, our design philosophy leans toward generic, modular laboratories supported by a robust building infrastructure, rather than highly customized spaces with limited capacity to make later changes. This is an important trade off. Although some post-occupancy expenses may be necessary to “fine-tune〞a laboratory to a PI’s requirements, building infrastructure elements – typically over sized twenty percent, including HVAC supply ducts, exhaust system capacity, emergency generator capacity, and electric risers and service capacity – seldom limit the ability to modify labs to meet researcher needs.Structural and Foundation SystemsFor both cost-benefit reasons and past seismic performance, UC Irvine favors concrete shear wall or steel braced-frame structural systems. The correlating foundation systems depend on site-specific soil conditions. Past problems with undiscovered substrates and uncharacterized soil conditions are minimized through extensive, pre-design soil-testing. This minimizes risk to both the University and the design/build contractor.When feasible, design/build contractors are allowed flexibility to propose alternate structural or seismic-force systems. All structural system designs must pass a peer review, according to Regents’ policy. This process results in conservative structural design, and an associated cost premium. However, the seismic performance of University of California buildings constructed since this policy went into effect in 1975 appears to substantiate the value of the Regents’ Seismic Revi ew Policy.Structural vibration is carefully specified in research buildings where vibration-sensitive protocols and conditions must be maintained on above-grade floors. The most cost effective tools to control vibration are generally employed: first, to program vibration sensitive procedures at on-grade locations or to isolate them at the bench; second, to space columns at a distance that does not entail excessive structural costs. In laboratory 4buildings we typically utilize 22 ft. X 22 ft. column-spacing. Conversely, where vibration is not problematic a beam/column system can be cost-optimized and lighter floor loading can be tolerated. Design/build contractors are, accordingly, allowed more flexibility under such conditions.To control costs, UC Irvine avoids use of moment-resisting structures; unconventionalseismic systems; non-standard structural dimensions; inconsistent, unconventional, or non-stacking structural modules; and non-standard means and methods.Roofs and FlashingsUC Irvine specifies 20 year roofing systems and stainless steel or copper flashings whenever possible. At minimum, we specify hot-dip galvanized flashings.Why this emphasis on flashings? Our roof replacement projects typically double in cost when the old roofing is torn off and it is determined that the flashings have deteriorated. Moreover, many roof leaks of recent years have been due to faulty flashings, rather than roofing membranes or coatings, per se. Saving money on flashings is false economy. Another special roofing expe nse we may have to incur in order to attain the Regents’ Green Building Policy is that of reflective roofing. It is too early to understand the potential cost impact.中文翻译：建立标准和本钱加州大学欧文分校新建筑追求性能目标和适用的质量标准,影响资本本钱的工程。
工程造价外文参考文献(精选120个最新)
[18]Richard Opoku,Isaac Adjei Edwin,Kofi A. Agyarko. Energy efficiency and cost saving opportunities in public and commercial buildings in developing countries – The case of air-conditioners in Ghana[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2019,230.
[4]Ricardo Mateus,Sandra Monteiro Silva,Manuela Guedes de Almeida. Environmental and cost life cycle analysis of the impact of using solar systems in energy renovation of Southern European single-family buildings[J]. Renewable Energy,2019,137.
[22]A. Yu,J. Hay,K.M. Zangwill. PIN40 POST-OPERATIVE ANTIBIOTIC COST PROJECT: DISCONTINUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS AFTER SURGICAL INCISION CLOSURE[J]. Value in Health,2019,22.
工程造价专业毕业外文文献、中英对照
本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目China’s Pathway to Low-carbon Development 文献、资料来源：Journal of Knowledge-basedInnovation in China文献、资料发表（出版）日期：\院（部）：\院专业：\外文文献China’s Pathway to Low-carbon DevelopmentAbstractPurpose–The purpose of this paper is to explore China’s current policy and policy options regarding the shift to a low-carbon (LC) development.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses both a literature review and empirical systems analysis of the trends of socio-economic conditions, carbon emissions and development of innovation capacities in China.Findings –The analysis shows that a holistic solution and co-benefit approach are needed for China’s transition to a green and LC economy, and that, especially for developing countries, it is not enough to have only goals regarding mitigation and adaptation. Instead, a concrete roadmap towards a LC future is needed that addresses key issues of technology transfer, institutional arrangements and sharing the costs in the context of a global climate regime. In this light, it is argued that China should adopt an approach for low-carbon development centred on carbon intensity reduction over the next ten years.Originality/value –The paper thus provides a unique summary, in English, of the arguments supporting China’s current low-carbon innovation policies from one of the authors of this policy. Keywords：Carbon, Sustainable development, Environmental management, Government policy, ChinaPaper type – Research paperClimate change has become the most significant environment and development challenge to human society in the twenty-first century. Responding to climate change is the core task to achieving global sustainable development, both for today and for a rather long period of time from today. International negotiations on prevention of global warming and related actions not only concern the human living environment, but also directly impact the modernization process of developing countries. Although the process of global climate protection depends on the consensus of our scientific awareness, political wills, economic intere sts, society’s level ofacceptance, as well as measures adopted, a low-carbon (LC) development path is, undoubtedly, the critical choice of future human development.The science basis of climate change and its extended political and economic implicationsGlobal warming of the climate system has become an unequivocal fact. According to a large amount of monitoring data, global average land surface temperature has risen 0.748C over the last century (IPCC, 2007a, b, c, d). And the rate of rising has been sped up. In the meantime, global average sea level has been constantly rising too. Global warming has posed a serious challenge to China’s climate, environment and development. In the global context of climate change, China’s climate and environment are changing too. For instance, in the last century, the land surface average temperature has witnessed an obvious increase; though the precipitation has not changed too much, its interdecadal variations and regional disparity have been big. In the last 50 years, there have also been major changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather and climate events (Editorial Board of China’s National Assessment Report on Climate Change, 2007).The IPCC (2007a, b, c, d) integrated assessment shows that since 1750, human activities have been a major cause of global warming, while in the last 50 years, most of the global warming is the consequence of human activities, with a probability of more than 90 per cent, in particular from the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions due to the human use of fossil fuels. It is forecast that before the end of the twenty-first century, global warming will continue, and how much the temperature will rise depends on what actions humans will take. According the Third Working Group Report of the IPCC fourth Assessment (IPCC, 2007a, b, c, d), human actions to mitigate climate change are feasible, both economically and technologically. Actions to deploy key mitigation technologies in various sectors, adopting policy and administrative interference and shifting the development pathway could all contribute greatly to mitigation of climate change.With China becoming the world’s largest CO2emitter, China faces increasing pressure to reduce its emissions. Being a responsible country, China will take actions to tackle climate change. When developing its mitigation target, China will consider such factors as level ofdevelopment, technology know-how, social impact, international image and a new international climate regime underpinned by fairness and effectiveness. China will move into a win-win development path to achieve climate protection, quality economic development and other related policy targets.To develop LC economy – background, opportunities and challengesAs illustrated above, systematic solutions are required to tackle climate change, due to the complexity of the global climate system as well as its coverage of broad social and economic issues. After nearly two decades’ exploration, human society has realized that in order to effectively mitigate and adapt to climate change, we have to fundamentally reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, which means that we have to achieve the shift to a LC future from the way we produce and consume to how global assets are allocated (including industries, technology, capitals and resources) and how they are transferred. From the perspective of the limited storage capacity of GHGs in the climate system as a global public good, both a high level of human wisdom and a new international climate regime to deal with market failure are required, which also demands the participation of all stakeholders and together they shall charter a new development pathway. Human society has to pay the economic prices to solve climate warming. Thus, the three flexible “mechanisms” in the Kyoto Protocol ( joint implementation, emissions trading and clean development mechanism) demonstrate a meaningful experiment for the Annex I countries to decrease their emissions reduction costs. What is needed is to move forward from where we are now to explore a more universally applicable mechanism that would effectively allocate the resources among the key responsible stakeholders. The LC development path embodies an integrated solution strategy. It aims to build up a LC society through LC economic development, tries to achieve the restructuring of all the key elements discussed above and offers new opportunities for human society in response to climate change through collaborations.As a fundamental venue to coordinate social and economic development, guarantee energy security and respond to climate change, development of LC economy is gradually gaining the needed consensus from more and more countries. Though without a fixed academic definition, the core of developing a LC economy is to establish a development pathway that has high-energyefficiency, low-energy consumption and low emissions. Under a fair and effective international climate regime, the efficiency of energy exploration, generation, transmission, transformation and use is expected to be increased greatly and energy consumption greatly reduced, so that the carbon intensity in energy supply for economic growth is dramatically reduced, along with the carbon emissions from energy consumption. Through increasing carbon sink and using carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, the GHG emissions from fossil fuels that are hard to reduce can be offset. In the meanwhile, through the establishment of reasonable and fair technology transfer and financial support mechanisms, developing countries can undertake the costs of shifting towards LC patterns while being at the lowest end of the value chain in the international trade structure. The perspectives of development value need to be changed in order to promote the transition of consumption towards a sustainable and LC future.What needs to be clarified is that, due to the differences of various countries’ social and economic contexts, the starting points towards a LC future might vary, as might the pursued goals. For developed countries that are taking the lead to commit to reduction targets, their first objective to develop a LC economy is to reduce emissions. For developing countries whose economies are still at a fast growing stage, their first priority is development and their per capita energy consumption is expected to continue to grow. The objectives shall be multiple. At the current stage, it is hard to mainstream the climate change policies domestically. What is possible is to reduce energy intensity and increase carbon productivity in order to gradually decouple economic growth and carbon emissions. What is equally important is that there exist many uncertainties in development of LC economy, particularly for developing countries. Tremendous difficulties and barriers need to be overcome in the process. At the international level, the uncertainties of developing LC economy include:Costs and markets – at this moment we could hardly be able to estimate the whole costs that are required to develop a LC economy. It is far from being as simple as calculating the direct costs of adopting LC technologies. It also takes time to establish LC technology and product markets, especially now, when the global financial crisis has hit everyone hard and when no one can give a good estimate about when the world economy could turn around and recover; though many experts and scholars hold that the response to the long-term climate change could bring new opportunities to economic recovery (Stiglitz, 2009; Wang, 2008b). What makes the situationmore complicated now is how the USA, China, India and other key countries would participate in the establishment of a LC market.Establishment of a fair international climate regime and mid- to long-term targets to tackle climate change – the development of a LC economy also depends on the international climate negotiation process and its result, of which the most critical element is whether it will result in legally binding global emissions reduction targets and the corresponding mechanisms of technology transfer and financial support, even if this was not established at Copenhagen.To date, even though some EU countries have achieved the decoupling of economic growth and carbon emissions, LC economy has not generated universally applicable, successful experiences; and what those experiences mean to developing countries still needs to be figured out and tested overtime.For developing countries, the difficulties and barriers to devel oping a LC economy are obvious, including current stage of development, international trade structure, economic costs, inadequate market, technology diffusion system, institutional arrangement, incentive policy and management system. From the historic evolution of the relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions in industrialized countries, most countries experienced successively the inverted U-shape curves of carbon intensity, per capita carbon emissions, and then total carbon emissions. But different countries or regions vary greatly in economic development level or per capita gross domestic product (GDP) relative to the carbon emissions peak. This shows that there does not exist a single, exact turning point between economic growth and carbon emissions. If you examine those countries or regions that have passed the carbon emissions pe ak, roughly 24-91 years, on average 55 years, are required between the peak of carbon emissions intensity and that of per capita carbon emissions. Some driving forces to reach different peaks have been shown in Figure 1 in terms of experience in the past and scenario analysis in the future. The point is, without strong mandatory emissions reduction measures and external support, developing countries will need relatively longer time to reach the peak of carbon emissions growth and then stabilize and decreaseStrategic measuresOn the basis of the above-mentioned analysis, the LC path with Chinese characteristics shall also focus on gradually setting up “resource-e fficient, environment-friendly and LC-oriented” society. Guided by LC development strategy and its targets, efforts shall be made to develop relevant institutional arrangements, improve management systems, stipulate development plans, accumulate experience from demonstrations and pilots, and push forward LC economic development in an orderly manner, so that a sustainable and LC future can be shaped for China. Four major aspects are the key starting points to structure a LC social and economy system:(1) Establish a legal and regulatory framework addressing climate change and improving the macro-management system. The legislative feasibility and legal model of “Law to Address Climate Change” shall be debated and articulated. Also, in the legislation process of other laws and regulations, articles related to response to climate change shall be included. For instance, a technical guideline of strategic environmental assessment shall include articles related to climate change impact assessment. A legal and regulatory framework of responding to climate change will gradually emerge. Owing to the fact that China’s administrative authority in charge of climate change remains weak and lacks capability, first, the Leading Group of the State’s Response to Climate Change and Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction Work shall play its full roles when a more flexible and diverse departmental coordination mechanism is established; and the group shall put forward strategic measure recommendations in response to climate change. Second, capacity building shall be strengthened and more administrative resources shall be allocated, so that better preparation is made for the next round of government restructuring to further improve the administrative level of the government department in charge of climate change.(2) Establish long-acting mechanism framework of LC development and stipulate related LC development policies in an orderly manner. Institutional innovation is the key to embarking on a LC development path. China shall become more pragmatic in developing a long-term incentive mechanism and policy measures that are in favour of energy saving, environmental protection and climate protection, guided by the balanced development framework and achieve the LC transition at government and business levels. At this moment, many regions and citieshave expressed their interest and enthusiasm toward LC development. As well as the complexity of LC economy and the diversity of models, related guidelines shall be rolled out to guide the macro policy and regulate the content, model, direction of development and assessment indicator system of a LC economy. Experiences and lessons from other countries can be examined and learned in order to move forward LC development in an orderly and healthy manner. Special planning and programs shall be developed at national level, and then some representative regions and cities, as well as some key sectors, can be selected for LC piloting purpose. When the market matures, LC markets shall be set up through regulating the pricing mechanism and stipulating fiscal and incentive policies.(3) Strengthen collaboration and establish a healthy LC technology system. Technological innovation is the core element in LC development. Government shall adopt integrated measures to offer a relaxed and favourable policy environment for business development and create and provide better institutional guarantees for technological innovation. As a result, the R&D and diffusion of high-energy efficiency and LC emissions technologies can be strengthened in both production and consumption. A diverse LC technology system will be gradually built for energy saving and energy efficiency, clean coal and clean energy, renewable energy and new energy, as well as carbon sinks. The level of commercialization will be improved. Thus, a strong technological foundation will be provided for LC transition and shift in the ways of economic growth. China shall also further strengthen international collaboration, not only through the climate-related international cooperation mechanism to import, absorb and adopt advanced technologies from other countries, but more importantly, through participating in the stipulation of related internation al sectoral energy efficiency standards and standard of carbon intensity, as well as benchmarking. China could consider voluntary or mandatory benchmarking management to elevate some key LC technologies, equipment and products to international leadership level.(4) Establish collaboration mechanism with all stakeholders’ participation.Low-carbon development is not just for government or business; instead, it requires all related stakeholders’ as well as the whole society’s participation. Owing to the fact that there exist some inadequacies in the general public’s awareness of climate change, publicity, education and training are required in combination with policy incentives to transform the public’s perception and thinking, increase the public’s awareness on response to climate change and gradually reach consensus on focusing onLC consumption behaviours and models. Joint actions with all the stakeholders are needed to resist the potential risks from climate change.References：EIA (2008), International Energy Outlook, EIA, USDOE, Washington, DC.He, J. (2008), “Addressing climate change through developing low carbon economy”, Keynote Speech in Sino-Danish Forum on Climate Change, Beijing October 23. IEA (2008), World Energy Outlook 2008, IEA, Paris.IPCC (2007a), Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, available at: www.ipcc.chIPCC (2007b), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change, available at: www.ipcc.ch IPCC (2007c), Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, available at:www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdfIPCC (2007d), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basic, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Jiang, K. (2007), “A scenario research on China’s greenhouse gas emissions”,International Climate Change Regime: A Study on Key Issues in China, China Environmental Sciences Press, Beijing, pp. 8-24.Stiglitz, J.E. (2009), “Three ways to global economic recovery”, available at:/pl/2009-01-13/082317033320.shtmlWang, Y. (2008a), “A low carbon path with Chinese characteristics”,Greenleaf, No. 8, pp.46-52.Wang, Y. (2008b), Summary of Sino-Danish Forum on Climate Change: Not to Delay Climate Change Progress by Financial Crisis, available at: /news/gjcj/200810/t1981142.htm中文翻译：中国低碳发展的途径摘要：目的：这篇论文的是探索中国现存的政策和针对低碳发展政策的其他可选方向。
工程造价专业外文文献翻译(中英文对照教学内容
工程造价专业外文文献翻译(中英文对照外文文献：Project Cost Control: The Way it WorksBy R. Max WidemanIn a recent consulting assignment we realized that there was some lack of understanding of the whole system of project cost control, how it is setup and applied. So we decided to write up a description of how it works. Project cost control is not that difficult to follow in theory.First you establish a set of reference baselines. Then, as work progresses, you monitor the work, analyze the findings, forecast the end results and compare those with the reference baselines. If the end results are not satisfactory then you make adjustments as necessary to the work in progress, and repeat the cycle at suitable intervals. If the end results get really out of line with the baseline plan, you may have to change the plan. More likely, there will be (or have been) scope changes that change the reference baselines which means that every time that happens you have to change the baseline plan anyway.But project cost control is a lot more difficult to do in practice, as is evidenced by the number of projects that fail to contain costs. It also involves a significant amount of work, as we shall see, and we might as well start at the beginning. So let us follow the thread of project cost control through the entire project life span.And, while we are at it, we will take the opportunity to point out the proper places for several significant documents. These include the Business Case, the Request for (a capital) Appropriation (for execution), Work Packages and the Work Breakdown Structure, the Project Charter (or Brief), the Project Budget or Cost Plan, Earned Value and the Cost Baseline. All of these contribute to the organization's ability to effectively control project costs.FootnoteI am indebted to my friend Quentin Fleming, the guru of Earned Value, for checking and correcting my work on this topic.The Business Case and Application for (execution) FundingIt is important to note that project cost control is most effective when the executive management responsible has a good understanding of how projects should unfold through the project life span. This means that they exercise their responsibilities at the key decision pointsbetween the major phases. They must also recognize the importance of project risk management for identifying and planning to head off at least the most obvious potential risk events.In the project's Concept Phase• Every project starts with someone identifying an opportunity or need. That is usually someone of importance or influence, if the project is to proceed, and that person often becomes theproject's sponsor.• To determine the suitability of the potential project, most organizations call for the preparation of a "Business Case" and its "Order of Magnitude" cost to justify the value of the project so that it can be compared with all the other competing projects. This effort is conducted in the Concept Phase of the project and is done as a part of the organization's management of the entire project portfolio.• The cost of the work of preparing the Business Case is usually covered by corporate management overhead, but it may be carried forward as an accounting cost to the eventual project. No doubt because this will provide a tax benefit to the organization. The problem is, how do you then account for all the projects that are not so carried forward?• If the Business case has sufficient merit, approval will be given to proceed to a Development and Definition phase.In the project's Development or Definition Phase• The objective of the Development Phase is to establish a good understanding of the work involved to produce the required product, estimate the cost and seek capital funding for the actual execution of the project.• In a formalized set ting, especially where big projects are involved, this application for funding is often referred to as a Request for (a capital) Appropriation (RFA) or Capital Appropriation Request (CAR).• This requires the collection of more detailed requirements and da ta to establish what work needs to be done to produce the required product or "deliverable". From this information, a plan is prepared in sufficient detail to give adequate confidence in a dollar figure to be included in the request.• In a less formalized setting, everyone just tries to muddle through.Work Packages and the WBSThe Project Management Plan, Project Brief or Project Charter• If the deliverable consists of a number of different elements, these are identified and assembled into Work Packages (WPs) and presented in the form of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). • Each WP involves a set of activities, the "work" that is planned and scheduled as a part of the Project Management Plan. Note, however, that the planning will still be at a relatively high level, and more detailed planning will be necessary during execution if the project is given the go ahead. • This Project Management Plan, by the way, should become the "bible" for the execution phase of the project and is sometimes referred to as the "Project Brief" or the "Project Charter".• The cost of doing the various activities is then estimated and these estimated costs are aggregated to determine the estimated cost of the WP. This approach is known as "detailed estimating" or "bottom up estimating". There are other approaches to estimating that we'll cometo in a minute. Either way, the result is an estimated cost of the total work of the project.Note: that project risk management planning is an important part of this exercise. This should examine the project's assumptions and environmental conditions to identify any weaknesses in the plan thus far, and identify those potential risk events that warrant attention for mitigation. This might take the form of specific contingency planning, and/or the setting aside of prudent funding reserves.Request for capitalConverting the estimate• However, an estimate of the work alone is not sufficient for a capital request. To arrive at a capital request some conversion is necessary, for example, by adding prudent allowances such as overheads, a contingency allowance to cover normal project risks and management reserves to cover unknowns and possible scope changes.• In addition, it may be necessary to convert the estimating data into a financial accou nting format that satisfies the corporate or sponsor's format for purposes of comparison with other projects and consequent funding approval.• In practice all the data for the type of "bottom up" approach just described may not be available. In this case alternative estimating approaches are adopted that provide various degrees of reliability in a "top down" fashion. For example:Order of Magnitude estimate – a "ball park" estimate, usually reserved for the concept phase onlyAnalogous estimate – an estimate based on previous similar projectsParametric estimate – an estimate based on statistical relationships in historical data• Whichever approach is adopted, hopefully the sum thus arrived at will be approved in full and proves to be satisfactory! This is the trigger to start the Execution Phase of the projectNote: Some managements will approve some lesser sum in the mistaken belief that this will help everyone to "sharpen their pencils" and "work smarter" for the benefit of the organization. This is a mistaken belief because management has failed to understand the nature of uncertainty and risk in project work. Consequently, the effect is more likely to result in "corner cutting" with an adverse effect on product quality, or reduced product scope or functionality. This often leads to a "game" in which estimates are inflated so that management can adjust them downwards. But to be fair, management is also well aware that if money is over allocated, it will get spent anyway. The smart thing for managements to do is to set aside contingent reserve funds, varying with the riskiness of the project, and keep that money under careful control.Ownership of approved capital• If senior management approves the RFA as presented, the sum in question becomes the responsibility of the designated project sponsor. However, if the approved capital request includes allowances such as a "Management Reserve", this may or may not be passed on to the project's sponsor, depending on the policies of the organization.• For the approved RFA, the project sponsor will, in turn, further delegate expenditure authority to the project's project manager and will likely not include any of the allowances. An exception might be the contingency allowances to cover the normal variations in work performance.• The net sum thus arrived at constitutes the project manager's Approved Project Budget.Note: If management does not approve the RFA, you should not consider this a project failure. Either the goals, objectives, justification and planning need rethinking to increase the value of the project's deliverables, or senior management simply has higher priorities elsewhere for the available resources and funding.The Project's Execution PhaseThe project manager's Project Budget responsibility• Once this Approved Project Budget is released to the project manager, a reverse process must take place to convert it into a working control document. That is, the money available must be divided amongst the various WBS WPs that, by the way, have probably by now been upgraded! This results in a project execution Control Budget or Project Baseline Budget, or simply, the Project Budget. In some areas of project management application it is referred to as a Project Cost Plan.• On a large project where differe nt corporate production divisions are involved, there may be a further intermediate step of creating "Control Accounts" for the separate divisions, so that each division subdivides their allocated money into their own WBS WPs.• Observe that, since the tot al Project Budget received formal approval from Executive Management, you, as project manager, must likewise seek and obtain from Executive Management, via the project's sponsor, formal approval for any changes to the total project budget. Often this is only justified and accepted on the basis of a requested Product Scope Change.• In such a case the project's sponsor will either draw down on the management reserve in his or her possession, or submit a supplementary RFA to upper management.• Now that we ha ve the Project Budget money allocated to Work Packages we can further distribute it amongst the various activities of each WP so that we know how much money we have as a "Baseline" cost for each activity.• This provides us with the base of reference for t he cost control function. Of course, depending on the circumstances the same thing may be done at the WP level but the ability to control is then at a higher and coarser level.Use of the Earned Value technique• If we have the necessary details another control tool that we can adopt for monitoring ongoing work is the "Earned Value" (EV) technique. This is a considerable art and science that you must learn about from texts dedicated to the subject.• But essentially, you take the costs of the schedule act ivities and plot them as a cumulative total on the appropriate time base. Again you can do this at the activity level, WP level or the whole project level. The lower the level the more control information you have available but the more work you get involved in.The Cost Baseline• This planned reference S-curve is sometimes referred to as the "Cost Baseline", typically in EV parlance. That is, it is the "Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled" (BCWS), or more simply the "Planned Value" (PV).• Observe that you need to modify this Cost Baseline every time there is an approved scope change that has cost and/or schedule implications and consequently changes the project's Approved Project Budget.• Now, as the work progresses, you can plot the "Actual Cost of Work Per formed" (ACWP or simply "Actual Cost" - AC).• You can plot other things as well, see diagram referred to above, and if you don't like what you see then you need to take "Corrective Action".CommentaryThis whole process is a cyclic, situational operation and is probably the source of the term "cycle" in the popularly misnamed "project life cycle".As an aside, the Earned Value pundits offer various other techniques within the EV process designed to aid in forecasting the final result, that is, the "Estimate At Completion" (EAC). EAC is what you should really be interested in because it is the only constant in a moving project. Therefore, these extended EV techniques must be considered in the same realm of accuracy as top-down estimating. They are useful, but only if you recognize the limitations and know what you are doing!But, as we said at the beginning, it is a lot more difficult to do in practice – and involves a significant amount of work. But, let's face it, that's what project managers are hired for, right?中文译文：项目成本控制：它的工作方式R.马克斯怀德曼我们在最近的咨询任务中意识到，对于整个项目成本控制体系是如何设置和应用的这个问题，我们仍有一些缺乏了解。
工程造价毕业设计外文文献
Risk Analysis of the International Construction Project
By: Paul Stanford Kupakuwana Cost Engineering Vol. 51/No. 9 September 2009
工程造价国外参考文献介绍
工程造价国外参考文献介绍工程造价是工程建设过程中合理使用资源、控制成本、保证质量的重要环节。
在国外，工程造价也受到广泛关注和研究。
以下是一些国外工程造价方面的参考文献介绍。
1.《Total Cost Management Framework: An Integrated Approach to Portfolio, Program, and Project Management》该书是美国斯坦福大学的教授 Edward Merrow 所著，介绍了一种全面的项目管理方法，涵盖了项目规划、预算、成本控制、风险管理等方面。
这本书被认为是工程造价管理领域的经典之作。
2. 《Construction Cost Management: Learning from Case Studies》该书由英国利兹大学的教授 Keith Potts 所著，以案例研究的方式介绍了工程造价管理的实践经验。
该书覆盖了建筑、土木、机电、水利等多个领域的工程案例研究，为读者提供了宝贵的经验和教训。
3. 《Construction Cost Estimating: Process and Practices》该书由美国工程师 Adam Ding 所著，主要介绍了工程造价估算的方法和实践。
该书详细阐述了工程造价估算的流程、方法和技巧，并通过案例分析和实例说明，让读者更好地理解和掌握工程造价估算的技术和方法。
4. 《Cost Engineering for Construction Projects》该书由德国工程师 Holger Svensson 所著，主要介绍了工程造价管理的理论和实践。
该书涵盖了建筑、土木、机电、水利等多个领域的工程造价管理，通过案例分析和实例说明，让读者更好地理解和掌握工程造价管理的技术和方法。
以上是一些比较有代表性的工程造价方面的参考文献，这些文献涵盖了工程造价管理的各个方面，对于从事工程造价管理的人员和相关专业人员来说，具有非常重要的参考价值。
工程造价国外参考文献介绍
工程造价国外参考文献介绍随着国际贸易的发展和国际化程度的提高，工程造价的国际化程度也越来越高。
因此，掌握国外的工程造价理论和实践经验对于提升我们的工程造价水平具有重要意义。
以下是一些值得参考的国外工程造价文献：1. Construction Cost Management: Learning from Case Studies by Keith Potts这是一本非常实用的案例研究书籍，介绍了各种不同类型工程的成本管理技术和实践经验。
这本书涵盖了建筑、土木、机电、电力等各个领域的工程案例，对于工程造价实践者和学习者都非常有帮助。
2. Quantity Surveyor's Pocket Book by Duncan Cartlidge这本书是一本实用的参考工具书，介绍了工程造价领域的各种技术和术语。
该书主要包括诸如工程量计量、估算、成本控制和财务管理等方面的内容，是一本非常适合初学者和实践者使用的工程造价指南。
3. International Construction Contracts: A Handbook by William Godwin这本书是一本关于国际工程合同的权威参考书籍。
该书涵盖了国际工程合同的各个方面，包括合同类型、合同条款、合同管理和国际仲裁等方面的内容。
对于从事国际工程造价工作的人员来说是一本不可或缺的参考书。
4. Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis by Edward Blocher这是一本关于成本管理战略的书籍，重点介绍了成本管理的核心概念和技术。
该书还涵盖了成本管理在不同行业和企业中的应用，对于掌握成本管理的基本原理和实践经验非常有帮助。
总之，以上这些工程造价国外参考文献都非常值得我们参考和学习。
通过不断学习和实践，我们可以不断提升自己的工程造价水平，更好地服务于工程建设和经济发展。
工程造价英语文献
工程造价英语文献以下是一篇关于工程造价的英文文献：Title: Construction Cost Estimation Techniques: A Review Abstract:Construction cost estimation is a crucial process in the construction industry, as accurate cost estimates are essential for project planning, budgeting, and decision-making. This paper provides a comprehensive review of various construction cost estimation techniques that are commonly used in practice. The review includes traditional methods, such as the unit cost method, the square foot method, and the assembly method, as well as modern methods, such as parametric cost estimation, expert judgement, and statistical analysis. The advantages and limitations of each technique are discussed, along with their applicability to different types of construction projects. The paper also highlights the importance of considering uncertainties and risks in cost estimation, and provides an overview of risk assessment techniques that can be used in conjunction with cost estimation models. The review concludes with recommendations for future research in the field of construction cost estimation.Keywords: construction cost estimation, techniques, traditional methods, modern methods, risk assessmentIntroduction:Construction cost estimation plays a critical role in the success of construction projects. Accurate cost estimates are essential for project planning, budgeting, and decision-making. However, costestimation is a challenging task due to the complexity and uncertainty inherent in construction projects. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in developing and implementing new cost estimation techniques to improve the accuracy and reliability of cost estimates. This paper aims to review the existing literature on construction cost estimation techniques and identify their advantages, limitations, and applicability in different contexts. Methods:A systematic literature review was conducted to identify relevant studies on construction cost estimation techniques. The search was performed using online databases and academic journals. The selected studies were then analyzed and categorized based on the type of construction cost estimation technique they described. Results:The review identified several traditional and modern cost estimation techniques that are commonly used in practice. Traditional methods, such as the unit cost method and the square foot method, are simple and easy to apply, but they may lack accuracy and flexibility. Modern methods, such as parametric cost estimation and expert judgement, take into account more variables and can provide more accurate cost estimates. However, they require more data and expertise. The review also highlighted the importance of considering uncertainties and risks in cost estimation, and described various risk assessment techniques that can be used in conjunction with cost estimation models.Discussion:The review revealed that there is no one-size-fits-all costestimation technique. The choice of technique depends on the characteristics of the construction project, the available data, and the expertise of the estimator. Moreover, there is a need for further research to develop more accurate and reliable cost estimation models, as well as to improve the integration of risk assessment techniques into cost estimation processes.Conclusion:Construction cost estimation is a complex and challenging task. This paper provides a comprehensive review of various cost estimation techniques used in practice and highlights their advantages, limitations, and applicability. The review also emphasizes the importance of considering uncertainties and risks in cost estimation, and suggests areas for future research. By improving the accuracy and reliability of cost estimates, construction professionals can make more informed decisions and ensure the success of construction projects.。
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毕业设计外文文献翻译院系：土木工程与建筑系年级专业：08级工程管理姓名：x学号：xOn the whole process of construction 附件：project cost control指导老师评语：指导教师签名：年月日On the whole process of construction project cost control 【Abstract】: This article mainly introduced the engineering project cost control throughout the whole process of project implementation, including project decision-making, project design, project bidding, project construction and completion of the settlement this five stages.【Keywords】: Project, the construction cost, engineering, project, construction, project costEngineering project cost control throughout the whole process of project implementation, including project decision-making, project design, project bidding, project construction and completion of the settlement this five stages. According to the statistics show that, in the project decision-making stage and design stage, and the influence of construction project cost is a 40% chance-75%; and in construction stage, influence the possibility of construction project cost is only 5%-25%.Obviously, control the cost of the key link is in the project implementation of decision-making and design stage before. And from a stage program speaking, construction management can play a decisive role. To control the engineering cost is in the design phase, project decision stage, stage of construction, project bidding, completed the stage of the settlement construction engineering cost incurred amount of control in the approval within the limit, and correct the deviation of at any time, ensure division breakdown their investment goal the realization, to get the best economic benefit and social benefit.1 whole process cost control each phase of the basic situationThe whole process of construction project cost control can be divided into the following basically five stages:1.1 construction project cost control decision-making stageP roject investment decision is choice and decided to invest action process, is aiming projecton the necessity and feasibility of technical and economic the authentication, correct decision-making is reasonable and the premise to control the engineering cost, including feasibility study, investment estimation, financial foundation estimates and evaluation data. Project investment decision stage cost control and management of the key is:1) Completes the project decision-making before preparation. Comprehensive collecting have material, including equipment operation, equipment technical parameters, the construction market dynamic and other related content of the original records and information. To do the scientific research work and then find out need emphasizes to solve the problems.2) to do a project proposal and feasibility studies reports. Must according to the market demand and development prospects, reasonably determine the scale of the project and construction standards. Two applications should be strong conviction and feasibility. In the fight for early project at the same time, should be completed as soon as possible of the feasibility study.3) science to develop the construction projects of benefit analysis of activities of investment estimate and work. The preparation of investment estimate to have the basis, to be as careful as possible and reasonable. From reality, full consideration to during the project that may arise during the process of all kinds of accidents and unfavorable factors, as well as their cost of the project may produce negative effects, want to consider the market situation and construction of the reserve price during the floating coefficient, like this can make the investment basically accord with the actual and leave room, make the investment estimate really play the role of control the total investment in the project.1.2 project cost control design stageThe government in accordance with the examination and approval according to regulation, design institute of professional elaborate design, the strict control of cost engineers, the engineering construction cost control design stage "trinity" optimal combination. The construction project design is by plans to reality decisive significance of the work phase,design work is one of the important principles to ensure that the design integrity, designed for this work include the design evaluation and comparison, the design scheme optimization design budgetary estimate, the compiling and examination, the list of quantities and control the compiling and price review.1) Reasonable function orientation and reliable design quality, meet the national standards, meet the project function requirement, this is the quality of the design of the four basic requirements. The function of the construction project positioning, first must do with national conditions, reflect the national strength. At the same time, the engineering design must meet the construction procedure in each stage of depth requirements, avoid and prevent "Sanchez" (budget exceeds the estimation, the budget exceeds the budget estimates, the settlement) takes place.2) Optimizing design scheme, effective control of the project cost. The design phase of the project cost control and management is not a simple design institute work content, the construction unit should also actively cooperate, have prior control and active management role. The construction unit in the review of the design unit design documents, first of all the attention to the optimization of design schemes of, should be based on all kinds of index and material to the total plane design, construction space and plane design for analysis. The two analysis of the cost of the project will not only, a major impact on construction and operation and the production, management have a great impact, but also for construction and operation of the production, management has significant correlation. In the choice of technology solutions, we should persist in China from the actual conditions of, in order to improve the benefit of investment for the premise, actively and steadily introducing advanced and reasonable technical scheme and mature new technology, new technology.3) Executes limitation for engineering design. To effectively control the construction cost, should be in the design process of the quota design way. The so-called quota design in accordance with approved reliability is in the study, investment estimation forehead design and construction design, and to guarantee the use function, under the premise of according tothe distribution of after thinning investment quota control, professional design, to try to stop not reasonable to change, in order to ensure that the total investment is not a breakthrough. Decomposition of total investment and project is a total of quota design and effective ways and main method, it is the design stage of the examination will be investment and decomposing the quantity of each professional, and then after thinning the decomposition to each unit engineering and the division of engineering, through the layers of decomposition to realize to the investment quota control and management, but also to achieve to design specifications, design standards, engineering quantity and project budget index, and other aspects of the management and control.Preliminary design must be in the feasibility study stage of investment estimate approval for the bottom line, and through the limitation of the way to control budget not more than the investment estimate, the focus is on the quantities and equipment, material control. So the amount of quota design and shall be in the feasibility study stage of design project examination and equipment, material standard as the basis for a feasibility study stage cannot be determined preliminarily concluded that for certain quantity. For the design, each professional design personnel should conscientiously strengthen project cost consciousness, and strictly according to the limit the decomposition of the design to control the project investment, to ensure that the design according to the limit in the decomposition of the investment to control the project, to secure the use function, under the premise of engineering cost and effort to control project in the limit of. To encourage and promote design personnel well design scheme selection, should introduce a competitive mechanism and implement bidding for the design, make the design units and design personnel increase market competition consciousness, try our best to make a design scheme more attain perfect.1.3 project tendering and bidding and sign a contract stageAnalysis of the specific conditions of the construction project, and according to the quantities bill valuation method, nine ministries to standard prepare the tender documents in the tender documents. Through the bid opening bid assessment, voted for a is able to satisfy the tenderdocuments, the provisions of the comprehensive evaluation standard, 2 it is able to meet the requirements of the tender documents and substantial after the appraisal bids the lowest price, but the bid price below the cost of except the winning bidder. The winning bidder is determined; the bid-winning notice issued in accordance with law, and in accordance with the tender documents and the bid documents of the winning bidder concludes a contract in writing.1) The tender documents to the list of quantities of programming. The list of quantities by the construction bidding, it is to point to by the bid invitation unit to provide a uniform bidding documents (including the quantities bill), bidding unit based on this, according to the tender documents to the list of quantities and the relevant requirements, the construction and the actual situation of the worked the construction organization design, according to the enterprise quota or refer to the competent administrative department of construction of the current consumption quota released and cost management agencies released to the market price of bid price quotation information, and the bid invitation unit selected according to the process of the winning bidder.2) to the list of quantities of law base price. The list of quantities of floor price under standard shall be in strict accordance with the "standard" to prepare to the list of quantities of engineering quantity are and comprehensive project content, according to the market price. Detailed list of engineering quantity of engineering quantity and wrote out the comprehensive project content may not be altered, fluctuation, must be kept and the bidding unit pricing the unity of the caliber. If the list of quantities and prepare the tender of base price is not same unit, should pay attention to release the list of quantities of the bidding documents and establishment of the strike to the list of quantities in the format and contents, description and so on various aspects keeps consistent, avoid from here and the result of failure or tender evaluation an injustice.3) The construction contract choice. The contract type selection should consider the factors include: the project scale and time limit for a project length, project competition, and projectsingle engineering projects are clear degree, the length of time, the project of the external environment factors. In the choice of the contract type, although the developer has the initiative, but the developer can't only consider their own interests, comprehensive consideration of the project shall be of various factors, consider the contractor bear ability, determined by the both parties of the contract type.1.4 project project construction cost controlBecause of project construction cycle is long, the economic relations and laws involving the complex relationship by natural conditions and objective, the great influence, lead to the actual situation of the project and project tendering and bidding situation will be compared has some changes. Therefore, often in engineering change and the contract price adjustment, the engineering claims this stage include the value of the project construction settlement and use fund plan and application.1) Try to control engineering change and the visa. In the project construction process, engineering change and the visa is inevitable, but will be powerful control. Due to the existence of loopholes for construction drawing and any defects and lead to change, except in the design drawings audit strictly when the party should be in the design, consultation, co-examination and technical consultation when carefully examine and check, in order to find the early to eliminate hidden dangers. Change hidden trouble found earlier, may cause loss of the small. So, should as far as possible to the design change control in the design stage initial, especially for those who can seriously affect engineering, more to want to use "down after the first, change" measures solved properly. Even in the construction process, also should strictly according to the visa procedures and provisions, such ability make project cost control effectively.2) Audit strictly engineering construction drawing budget. Supervisors should according to the progress of the construction drawing design plan and the construction of the actual schedule, timely construction drawing budget approved. Beyond the corresponding to budgetand construction drawing budget. Beyond the corresponding to the budget estimates construction drawing design part, will be detailed analysis, find out the cause, and promptly and project principal contact, depending on how to adjust or amend the truth agreed control goals. This is the cost of the project of dynamic control and management.3) into the scene, collect and master information related to the construction, do contract management work in project construction process, the personnel and cost control personnel related to often deeply the construction site, contrast carefully check construction drawings, and to project contract as the basis, the construction site to grasp the dynamic, assist owners to review and appraisal, because of the change of the design, the scene and visa and the additional costs is reasonable.1.5 The final accounts of the completed project phase and after completion engineering warrantyThe final accounts of the completed project is based on real number and currency index for the units of measure, which reflects the comprehensive completed projects start to project completion for all of the delivery of the construction cost, construction achievements and financial situation summary of the documents. Completed the final accounts by, completion financial final accounting statements, project completion figure, and project completion cost analysis of four parts. The quality repair warranty is a kind of after-sales service way, is the quality of contractor responsibility, among this warranty scope involves, period, economic responsibility and warranty costs and expenses processing.1) Audit completed projects compliance with the terms of these contract requirements content, whether acceptance, in the contract, the method of settlement, price basis, fees standard, advocate material price and discount and commitment to the facts are carried out.2) Audit component project and project unit price of fees whether the program specification,and presence of repetition and mistakes.3) Check take cover engineering acceptance record, see if any supervision engineer is signed, the completion of the project completion and whether chart are in agreement.4) Examine the change of the design in the original design of visa is a unit chief sign, whether the construction unit and supervision engineer is signed, the significant change of the design of the original design is the competent department for examination and approval. The above a not meeting the requirements, all can't calculate settlement range.5) Figure, according to the change of the design, completion visa checking the scene of engineering.6) Prepare tally with the actual situation of the completion settlement report, in the strict, reasonable, fairness, justice, and on the basis of the use situation of investment and project cost control management as the necessary analysis and summary.2 the current cost control management problems of researchAt present our country's basic construction system and process can ensure the engineering construction investment is effectively control and management, but in the practice process, there are still many problems to study it, as shown in the various stages of the disjointing of cost control, because of project decision-making and design, project bidding, project implementation and completion settlement auditing the four stages of the cost control and management of the construction units and are competent department, designing units, consulting unit lead implement, "railway, the police a tube, so it is difficult to set up the former control the latter, and the latter influence the former the effective management of the system.2.1 ignore investment stage and design phase of the cost controlAt present some design units in order to meet the time limit for construction unit, in order to drive plan and not enough jobs meticulous, led to construction drawing design depth is not enough, some of the projects (such as decoration parts) and even appeared practices and selection explanation not clear, design and the actual cost budget created serious deviation, budget documents are not complete, etc. Some design units do not follow the principle of value engineering, optimization design, but seek high security and design fees, even with the owner in collusion, cause low quoted price is high and settlement.2.2 The bidding phase don't respect the market rules, and blind low prices and wanton expand specified materials and equipmentMainly lies in:One is the provisions in some areas after the appraisal use only the minimum bid price method. When the bid assessment by the bidders from low to high price in the sort of bid documents detailed review, judge a qualified three bidders according to quote from low to high order from the candidate. Forced many construction enterprises to make "low price, high price list claim" strategy. Some even publicly threatened: "into do not come is your fierce, came in is my fierce", this is against the principle of good faith, cause the construction bidding process, tender offer for professionals often breaks the glasses. 2 it is part of the owner ignore the objective law of the construction market to expand the party a appoints supply materials and equipment, and the scope of the contract for narrow, increasing the owner and the construction units of conflict.2.3 construction stage design, blind change visa, result in a claim, cause cost increaseBelow the cost, in order to change the state of losses, a construction enterprise is often use time limit for stress condition, forcing the owner to accept its change design scheme, replacement of materials required refiners, even and owner hook connect, will see conditions and other projects QianZhengLiang increase several times, cause loss of state-owned assets; 2 it is construction unit and a few design units collude in collusion, in construction process manufacturing a lot of the change of the design, the construction unit of high prices claim for convenience.2.4 completed project cost audit settlement stage management confusionAccording to the relevant laws and regulations, engineering audit charge is according to the settlement and subtract the forehead charges, consulting unit to high fees, often WanHuaYang reduce quantity, and even apply mechanically norm, multiplied by less than 1 unit price coefficient. And the contractor on the buy off the cost intermediary organizations personnel, quantity and subtract the forehead of the false report.3 whole process cost control management advice3.1 design units should be held responsible for their own reasons of the value of the project providedIn view of the current social intermediary cost consultation institutions participated in the design stage cost control of the few features, set up bear related civil liability constraint mechanism, make design institute has a relatively independent responsibility restraint. Suchas design depth is not enough, the design drawing contradictory between different work, the conflicts between; The design of the function and will be setting is unreasonable, affecting the normal use, which caused economic losses, design units shall bear the corresponding civil liabilities.3.2 The bid assessment methods, and the bid evaluation committee and budget control price reviewThe government investment projects, the comprehensive assessment shall be allowed to bid evaluation method, and should also set the lower bid price quotations, a bidder below lowest limit of the offer, shall be null standard treatment. The price for budget control review to scientific and reasonable can't raise or floating, to control the price discount published, the competent construction administrative departments should give correct. At the same time for budget control in the price of illegal or irregular and infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of the parties bidding behavior to deal with according to law.According to the contract period, 3.3 contract signed contract amount is fixed costThe contract is throughout the entire cost control, the soul of the stand or fall of contract signing, directly influence subsequent cost control of performance, because both sides sign the is fixed unit price or a fixed unit price contract, recent construction engineering material market price volatility is frequent, make the developer and the contractor can predict market price risk, leading to the price of work valuation dispute increase, part of the project under construction is already seriously affected the construction progress and quality of the project. In order to safeguard the legitimate interests of the contracting parties, ensure the construction market stability and development, according to the national nine ministries and the standard construction bidding documents "(2007 edition) general provisions of contract provisions of international engineering construction bidding risk sharing practices, the proposal of theconstruction engineering construction of valuation price 0-5% risk sharing.3.4 construction stages invite professional construction cost consultation company site trackingIn order to strengthen the dynamic cost management, the employer may, the cost of hiring a professional consulting company, make full use of their familiar with the business, rich experience and understanding market and specialization and socialization and advantage, strict control engineering change, strengthen economic management visa.【Summary】：Above all, it is known that the investment control in the construction of the key is, three key points is feasibility research, design and contract, solve the problem that is the core of control and management. The engineering cost control and management is a dynamic process, in each project construction phase, may be because the market conditions change or other reasons, the engineering investment determination and the engineering cost control tends to be complicated, this needs will project cost management to meet both overall and selectively. To recognize cost and time limit, the quality of the dialectical relationship between, unity, in different stages of the project implementation, cost consultation with staff always to control the engineering cost economic consciousness, careful analysis and make full use of all kinds of information in the construction period, grasp the market pulse, become passive to active, and through the parties positive efforts to work, avoid or reduce the loss of the construction funds, maximize construction funds for the benefit of investment.【References】:[1] WeiRuiLi, WangXuePeng. Construction engineering project cost management discussion [J]. J wit, 2011, (19).[2] JiaoTianLei. Engineering project cost management in the whole process of managementand control [J]. Gansu and science and technology, 2009 (3).[3] ZhangHongBin. For enterprise engineering project cost management and control discussion [J]. Tianjin metallurgy, 2010, (4).[4] SuYong, GeWeiPing. Substation project cost management current situation analysis and countermeasures study [J]. Electric engineering in Anhui vocational technical college journal, 2006, (4).[5] LiuYingMin. Of engineering project cost management [J]. Shanxi building, 2007, (11).[6] MaiHui can. Shallow engineering project cost management and cost control [J]. Sichuan building materials, 2007, (2).[7] JiangJiXing. Strengthen cost management establish control consciousness [N]. China construction news, 2011-07-04 (008).翻译：浅谈工程建设项目的全过程造价控制【摘要】：本文主要介绍了工程建设项目的造价控制贯穿项目实施的全过程，包括项目决策、项目设计、项目招标投标、项目施工和竣工结算这五个阶段。