跨文化交际第二单元 culture的定义
(完整word版)《跨文化交际英语实用教程》名词解释
《跨文化交际英语实用教程》名词解释Define the following terms：1. Culture: it refers to a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values，norms and social practices, which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people.文化:它是指一组学习者对信仰、价值观、规范和社会实践的共同理解，从而影响了一个相对大的群体的行为。
2. Intercultural communication：It is communication between people from different cultural backgrounds, or it refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际：它是来自不同文化背景的人们之间的交流，也就是说，人们的文化观念和符号系统之间的沟通是不同的,足以改变交际活动。
3. Denotative meaning tends to be described as the definitional，literal，obvious or commonsense meaning of a word.外延意义往往被描述为定义,文字，一个词明显或常识性的意义。
4. Connotative meaning is used to refer to the socio—cultural associations of the word.内涵意义是指词的社会文化协会。
culture-跨文化交际学
❖ Anthropologists most commonly use the term "culture" to refer to the universal human capacity to classify, codify（[‘kɔdifai] 把(法律)编成法典） and communicate their experiences symbolically.
❖ 2.1 From the perspective of sociology
❖ "The total, generally organized way of life, including values, norms, institutions, and artifacts, that is passed on from generation to generation by learning alone"
❖
-- Dictionary of Modern Sociology
❖ "Culture stems from the development and transmission of human belief in symbols”. "The language system is a series of symbols used to transmit cultural beliefs among members of a society“. "Messages about cultural expectations can be found in the media, government, religious institutions, educational systems, and the like.”
Unit 2 跨文化交际
Unit 2Culture and CommunicationWhat is culture?“文化”是一个广泛的概念，它的内涵很丰富。
在英语中,“culture”一词是一个难以解释的词，它最早来源于古法语cultura, 拉丁语colere和德语“kultur”，原指土地的开垦及植物的栽培；后来随着人类生存空间和生存方式的改变逐渐扩延，转而意指人的身体、精神，特别是指艺术和道德能力和天赋的培养；进而泛指人类社会在征服自然和自我发展中创造的物质财富和精神财富，包括饮食、器具、舟车、房屋、社会组织、政治制度、风俗习惯、语言、学术思想等。
More than 500 definitions up to the present(Refer to p. 40 for some of the well-known ones)First definition: E. B. Tylor (1871) in Primitive Culture: “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society.”文化是一种复合的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及人们作为社会成员而获得的能力与习惯Broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language.In a narrow sense, it refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, and language. Define culture from different perspectivesFrom Intellectual PerspectiveFrom Anthropologic PerspectiveFrom Social PerspectiveFrom Psychological PerspectiveFrom Intercultural Communication PerspectiveFrom Intellectual PerspectiveAccording to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is "the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively".It refers to intellectual perspective, such as music, art, exhibition, dance, etc. When you talk about Picasso, Beethoven, etc., you are talking about culture.From Anthropologic PerspectiveCulture is "the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people." This is an anthropologist's definition.From Social PerspectiveCulture is what a society does and thinks.Culture covers everything of a society.From Psychological PerspectiveCulture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.From Intercultural Communication PerspectiveCulture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.Culture Is LearnedWe learn culture from __parents__, ____teachers____ friends ___,_other familymembers_____,_ and even strangers who are part of the culture_.Culture Is a Set of Shared InterpretationsAll communications take place by means of symbolsCulture Involves Beliefs, Values, and Normsa. BeliefsBeliefs refer to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like or what is true or false.b. ValuesValues involve what a culture regarded as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.c. NormsNorms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of othersNorms in the army: SalutesNorms in different fields：Culture Affects BehaviorsCulture Involves Large Groups of PeopleThree Things Culture Doesp46-48 (self-study)Culture ranks what is importantCulture furnishes attitudesCulture dictates how to behaveCulture ranks what is importantDifferent cultures have their own value orientation and what is important in one culture may be virtually meaningless to another.Culture ranks what is important. In other words, cultures teach values or priorities.Values underlie attitudes. They also shape beliefs.Within a culture, values may be of greater or lesser importance.Culture furnishes attitudesAn attitude is learned, and it is a tendency to respond the same way to the same object or situation or idea.Attitudes can change, although change can be difficult. Attitudes are based on beliefs as well as values.Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personal ideas rather than on proof or facts. Belief systems or religions are powerful sources of values and attitudes in cultures.Culture dictates how to behaveBehavior comes directly from the attitudes about how significant something is --- how it is valued.Attitudes vary according to how important something is reckoned to be (value).Values drive actions.1.3 Classification of CultureOne of the most popular classification of culture:high culture: philosophy, literature, fine arts, music, religion etc.popular culture: customs and habits, rites and rituals, ways of living (housing, dressing, eating and drinking) and all interpersonal behavior.deep culture: the conception of beauty, definition of sin, notions of modesty, ordering of time, etc.Cultural iceberg: p. 44-50Conscious or subconscious?Deep culture—the out-of-awareness part of a cultureNine-tenth of an iceberg / culture is out of sight.Those that are above the “water” :what to eat and how to eat it;how to keep healthy;how to raise children;how to participate in ceremonies;how to introduce and greet people;Those that are below the “water” :what is good or bad;what is right or wrong;what is beautiful or ugly;what is clean or dirty;how is an individual related to others;Generally speaking, differences in those things that are usually outside of our conscious awareness, i.e. the so-called “ deep culture”, are more likely to cause problems in intercultural communication. The reason is that this part of culture is internalized in people’s mind and thus is hard to perceived.SummaryCulture is not anything that people in a group are born with, but something they learn either by being taught or by growing up in it.Different cultures have different ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, marrying and dealing with death.Our own culture seems natural to us while other cultures may think it funny, strange or even disgusting. However, this has nothing to do with right or wrong.It follows that there is no “best” culture suitable for all people in the world. In comparing cultures, we can hardly say which culture is definitely better than the other, for each culture can be appropriate to certain group of people living in a particular geographic and social environment.A culture should therefore be judged and interpreted in its own context. Without considering the environment in which people of a particular culture live, it would be impossible for us to really understand and appreciate what is significant and meaningful in that culture. Perhaps, if we could examine the manners of different nations with impartiality, we should find no people so rude, nor any so polite.2. Instinctive Behavior andCultural BehaviorReading : p. 41Questions:---Do you know Maslow’s theory?---Do human beings realize all these needs at the same time?---Do people all over the world share the same basic needs described by Maslow?---Do people realize these needs in the same ways?---Is culture conscious or subconscious?2.1 Instinctive behavior—innate and universal2.2 Cultural behavior—learned and transmitted from generation to generation through the use of symbolsPeople in different cultures satisfy these needs in different ways.Examples:Different ways of eating p.43;Difference in treating visitors. p. 38 (Warm Up)Difference in ending the meals. p. 59 (Group Work)Case AnalysisCase 5 p. 60Difference in taking offersCase 7 p.62Difference in the view of giftsCase 8 p.62-63Difference in food for banquet, table mannersAnalysisIn China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he did not know the North American rules which firmly say that you do not pull alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic.Whatever the reason, you do not insist on offering alcohol. So the Americans didn’t make a second offer of beer to Heping, who probably thought North Americans not hospitable. However, there are always individual differences between people from even the same culture. Probably the young Chinese nurse had known something about the American culture and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 7 p.62What do you think of Keiko insisting on giving valuable gifts to her college friends?How would you feel if Keiko presented you with a gift for your help?AnalysisKeiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite.Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for shep robably doesn’t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community.Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 8 p.62-63Why did the girl consider the menu created by her mother a strange one?What cultural differences can you find in this case?AnalysisWhen the Chinese girl fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girls. She did not like to see her boyfriend disappo inted at the “shabby” Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister’s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food.How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shame just because one’s culture is different from others’. As Amy’s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and yo ur only shame is to have shame.3.1 Definition of Communication---A behavior-affecting process in which one person (a source) intentionally encodes and transmits a message through a channel to an intended audience (receivers) in order to induce a particular attitude or behavior.---Transmission and reception of meaning through the manipulation of symbols, language and context.---A process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning.(p.58)It involves a sender who encodes a message and a receiver who decodes the message.3.3 Types of Communication(1)Interpersonal Communication (Dyad)Intrapersonal Communication (Within)Mass CommunicationGroup CommunicationPublic CommunicationBusiness CommunicationIntra-cultural CommunicationIntercultural/Cross-Cultural CommunicationInternational CommunicationIntracultural CommunicationShared communication between members of the same cultural group /communication between people from the same cultureIntercultural Communicationcommunication between people from different culturesIntercultural Communication…Requires an understanding of …Own cultureCultures of other groupsParent/Dominant culture (e.g. based on race or ethnicity)Co-cultures (e.g. based on gender, religion, age)Intercultural Communication…Requires an understanding of …..Knowledge systemBeliefsValuesCustomsBehaviorsIntercultural / Cross-cultural CommunicationAlthough the term cross-cultural is often used as a synonym for intercultural, it traditionally implies a comparison of some phenomena across cultures.For example, if we examine communication between two Chinese or between two Americans, we are looking at intra-cultural communication.If we observe communication between a Chinese and an American, in contrast, we are looking at intercultural communication.If we compare the speech act of apology in the Chinese culture and in the American culture, for example, we are making a cross-cultural comparison.If we look at how an American or a Chinese is making an apology when communicating with each other, in contrast, we are looking at intercultural communication.Cross-Cultural CommunicationInvolves highlighting similarities and differences across cultural groups to promote communicationInternational CommunicationInteractions among people from different nations. Certainly, communication among people from different countries is likely to be intercultural communication, but that is not always true.3.3 Types of Communication(2)human communication (人类交际）animal communication (动物交际）human-animal communication （人类与动物的交际）human-machine communication（人机交际）machine-to-machine communication（机器交际）3.4 Media of CommunicationFace-to-FaceTelephoneBroadcast MediaVerbalNon-verbalWhich other media of communication can you identify?3.6 The Communication ProcessMatching Task p.57One more example:1. A: Can you tell me the time?B: Well, the milkman has come.(No, I don’t know the exact time, but I can tell you that the milkman has come so that you may be able to tell what the approximate time it is now.)Case 6 p.61 ( assignment)Case AnalysisCase 6 p.61Why did the Chinese mother-in-law decide to leave the very afternoon?What was wrong with Litz asking her husband how long his mother was going to stay just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival?AnalysisWhen a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, the speaker’s meaning and the hearer’s meaning.In the dialogue, when Litz asked how long her mother-in-law was going to stay, she meant that if she knew how long she was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, hermother-in-law took Litz’s question to mean “ Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she has to ask the quest ion, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Another CaseSituation:A Chinese student had just arrived at the States. One day, when he was reading in his room, he heard someone shouting outside: “ Watch out!” So he went to the window and stretched out his head and tried to find out what’s going on outside. Just then, his head was right poured by the water from above…Question:What are the three meanings of “ Watch out” in communication?Key to the question:1.Utterance meaning: Be careful!2.Speaker’s meaning: Don’t pull out !3.Hearer’s meaning:Something is happening! Look out!3.9 Characteristics of Communication p.68-73DynamicSymbolicInteractiveInterpretiveContextualCommunication is a dynamic processCommunication is an ongoing, ever changing activity. It is not fixed.“You can’t stand in the same stream twice.”When people communicate, they are constantly affected by each other’s messages and as a consequence, people undergo continual change.Each time one is influenced, one changes in some way and people never stay frozen when in communication.Once a word or an action is employed, it cannot be retracted.Communication is symbolicCommunication involves the use of symbols.A symbol is a word, action, or object that strands for or presents a unit of meanings. Meaning, in turn, is a perception, thought, or feeling that a person experiences and might want to communicate to others.P eople’s behaviors are frequently interpreted symbolically, as an external representation of feelings, emotions, and internal states.Communication is interactive/transactionalCommunication must take place between people.When two or more people communicate, their unique backgrounds and experiences serve as a backdrop for the communication interaction.Communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations.There are no such entities as pure senders or pure receivers.Communication is systemic/contextualCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a larger system.Setting and environment help determine the words and actions you generate and the meanings you give the symbols produced by other people.Dress, language, topic selection, and the like are all adapted to context.People do not act the same way in every environment.Communication is contextual/systemicAll communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context.By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship.Thus, the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings within which messages are exchanged.The physical context includes the actual location of the interactants: indoors or outdoors, crowded or quiet, public or private, close together or far apart, warm or cold, bright or dark. The social context refers to the widely shared expectations people have about the kinds of interactions that normally should occur given different kinds of social events.The interpersonal context refers to the expectations about the behaviors of others as a result of differences in the relationships between them. (examples---p69-70)Communication is interpretiveWhenever people communicate, they must interpret the symbolic behaviors of others and assign significance to some of those behaviors in order to create a meaningful account of the other’s actions.There is no direct mind-to-mind contact between people, you cannot access the thoughts and feelings of other human beings but can only infer what they are experiencing.Communication is complexAlthough all cultures use symbols to share their realities, the specific realities and the symbols employed are often quite different.People are both alike and different.Cultural, as well as individual, differences keep people apart.Members of different cultures look differently at the world around them.A successful intercultural communicator appreciates similarities and accepts differences.4. Elements of Communication p.50-56ContextParticipantsMessagesChannelsNoiseFeedbackContextphysical settingthe formality of the conference roomthe seating arrangementslightingthe time of daythe distance between communicatorshistorical contextprevious communication eventspsychological contextthe manner of perceiving themselves and otherscultural contextcommunication normsParticipantsplay the roles of senders and receivers:senders form messages– encoders;receivers process the messages and react to them—decodersvariables affecting participants:---relationships: familiar or unfamiliar---gender: males or females---culture: from the same culture or from different culturesMessagesmeaningsthe meanings may not be transferred successfullysymbolswords chosenfacial expressions, gesturestone of voiceencoding and decodingmessage encoded may not be decoded as intendedculture and nonverbal factorsChannels---sound, sight, smell, taste, touch---the nature of the channel selected affects the way a message will be processed---the impact of a message changes as the channel used to transmit it changes---the more channels used, the more successful the communication will beNoise---any stimulus that interferes with the sharing of meaningexternal noisestimuli in the surrounding that distract attentioninternal noiseinterfering thoughts and feelings inside a communicatorsemantic noiseinappropriate choice of words---noise can function as a communication barrierFeedbackverbal responsenonverbal responseserves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.Cultural Noise–-- cultural variables that undermine the communication of intended meaningExamples of Semantic Noise一次性用品：A Time Sex Thing一次性筷子：One Sex Chopsticks平时禁止入内：No entry on peace time小心溺水：Careful Drowning童子鸡：Chicken without sexual life麻婆豆腐：Bean curd made by a pockmarked woman贵阳：Expensive Sun干果区：Fuck the fruit areaAssignments1. Find a misleading sign in Meizhou and point out what’s wrong and give a correct one.2. Further Reading I : Understanding Culture p.64-67。
文化的定义跨商务文化交际
商务环境中的沟通障碍与解决方式
误解与偏见
由于文化背景的差异，可能导致 对对方行为的误解和偏见。
缺乏共同语言
不同文化背景的人可能使用不同 的语言或术语，导致沟通困难。
沟通风格不同
不同文化背景的人Hale Waihona Puke 能有不同的 沟通风格，如直接或委婉。
适应沟通风格
根据对方的文化背景调整自己的 沟通方式。
跨商务文化交际是指在不同 文化背景下的商务交流和合 作。成功的跨商务文化交际 需要具备文化意识和跨文化 沟通能力，以促进相互理解 和合作。
文化差异对商务交流和合作 产生重要影响，包括语言沟 通、谈判技巧、决策方式等 方面。因此，在跨商务文化 交际中，需要充分了解和尊 重文化差异，以避免误解和 冲突。
文化的重要性
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促进社会和谐
文化是社会凝聚力的源泉， 它有助于形成共同的社会 规范和价值观，促进社会 和谐与稳定。
塑造个体行为
文化对个体的思想、行为 和价值观产生深远影响， 塑造个体在社会中的角色 和行为方式。
推动经济发展
文化作为一种产业，能够 创造经济价值，推动经济 发展和社会进步。
文化的影响因素
非语言信息差异
肢体语言、面部表情等非语言信息在不同文化中 可能有不同的含义，可能导致沟通障碍。
语言障碍
语言是跨文化交际的核心媒介，但不同语言的语 法、语义、表达方式等方面存在差异，可能导致 信息传递的误解。
应对策略
尊重文化差异，增强文化敏感性和包容性；学习 并掌握目标文化的语言和非语言信息；培养有效 的沟通技巧，如倾听、表达和反馈；利用专业机 构和人士进行跨文化培训和指导。
culture是什么意思_culture的中文释义_例句
culture是什么意思_culture的中文释义_例句单词culture你知道是什么意思吗?culture怎么造句呢?请阅读以下文章，跟着一起来了解。
culture是什么意思_culture的中文释义_例句culture【基本解释】n. 栽培;文化;教养vt. 培养，栽培【详细释义】n. (名词)栽培，(人工)培养，培育文化，文明养殖教养，修养培养菌，培养物陶冶磨炼培养组织耕作，造林，培植，种植《文化报》v. (动词)养殖培养(细菌)，栽培，培植，培育耕种，耕作修养，修习，使有教养磨炼【双解释义】n. (名词)[U][C]文化development of the arts and sciences in society[U]休养,教养; 精神文明; 训练; 教育artistic and other activity of the mind and the works produced by this[U]养殖,培养,栽培the practice of raising animals and growing plants【常用短语】popular culture 流行文化; 大众文化; 通俗文化; 民间文化Primitive culture 原始文化; 原始文化; 原始文明; 上古文化Culture industry 文化工业; 文化产业; 文化工業; 产业文化Islamic culture 伊斯兰文化; 清真文化; 伊斯兰文明; 伊斯兰教文化Majiayao culture 马家窑文化Mississippian culture 密西西比文化Houli culture 后李文化Traditional culture 传统文化; 文化传统; 传统文明; 民族传统文化Vinča culture 温查文明【例句】The greeks built a civilization and culture of their own .希腊人创造了他们自己的文明和文化。
跨文化交际概论各章节内容要点
跨文化交际概论各章节内容要点第一章跨文化语言交际概述第一节文化、语言和交际一、关于文化的概念（一）文化的内涵和特性1、关于文化的内涵概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。
在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。
交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。
科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。
”2、关于文化的特性（1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。
（2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。
（3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。
（4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。
（5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。
（6）文化和交际具有同一性。
（7）文化是动态多变的。
（8）文化具有选择性。
（9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。
（10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。
（二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化1、文化定势和群体文化世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。
存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。
2、亚文化与亚群体在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。
亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。
二、关于语言的概念（一）语言是交际工具1、交际媒介言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。
语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。
跨文化相关的英文词组解释
Unit 2 Culture and Communication(1)Culture (from intercultural communication perspective) 从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。
(2)Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Five elements)(2) Culture Identity文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
(3) Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。
1. Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2. Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
3.Encoding: 编码：之信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
4. Channel/Medium渠道/媒介：只发送信息的方法5. Receiver:信息接受者：指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人6. Decoding: 解码：指信息接受者赋予其受到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
7. Feedback: 反馈“ 指信息接受者对信息源信息所作出的反应。
8. Noise: 干扰：指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。
包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。
(12) external noise(13) internal noiseUnit 3 Cultural Diversity(1)Context (from the perspective of culture)语境，指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。
/语境是指事件发生时周围的信息，对事件的解读具有重要参考价值。
(2)High Context Communication: 高语境交际是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传递，只有少量信息被明确地用语言的形式传递。
跨文化交际
跨文化交际学第一部分引论1,文化的定义：Culture refers to the total pattern of beliefs ,customs,institutions,objects,and techniques that characterize the life of ahuman community.The objective culture means we learn the facts about our own or other cultures. The subjective culture includes feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be.2,文化是什么：Culture is like an iceberg;culture is our software;culture is like the water a fish swims in;culture is the story we tell ourselves about ourselves;culture is the grammer of our behavior.3,文化的特征：(1)An important characteristic of culture is that it is shared,these shared aspects of culture are part of the objective culture;(2)As participants in a culture,we are meaning makers,sharing culture is sharing meanings;(3)Culture are always changing.4,学习文化与学习做文化的差异（中西P21）5,跨文化交际意识的四个不同阶段：Level one:cultural differences are exotic异国风情的;Level two:cultural differences are frustrating有挫折的;Level three:the different culture is believable;Level four:the different culture is believable as lived experience.6,语言与文化的关系：Language is part of culture;Language is the carrier and container of culture, as a mirror of culture, language is strongly influenced and shaped by culture;Language also exerts its influence on culture, language and culture is closely related, each influencing and shaping the other.第二部分文化差别和词的涵义1,词的涵义的概念：Connotation:the implication of a word,apart from its primary meaning（朗曼）；the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing itexplicitly names or describes（韦氏）.2,英汉两种词汇存在语义差异(semantic differences)的四种情况：（语言P151）(1)a term in one language that does not have a counterpart相对应的in another language;(2)words or terms in both languages that appear to refer to the same object or concept on the surface,but which actually refer to quite different things;(3)things or concepts that are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language,but by many more terms in the other language;that is,finer distinctions exist in the other language;(4)terms that have more or less the same primary meaning,but which have secondary or additional meanings that may differ considerably from each other. 3,解决英、汉语词汇不对应的方法：（语言P11）(1)explaining the term释义(2)giving a name that sounds the same as the original term译音(3)creating a name造词(4)using two or more methods综合4,intellectual=知识分子？In china,the term 知识分子generally includes college teachers,college students,and such people as medical doctors,engineers,interpreters－people who had a college education－and middle school teachers.In the U.S and Europe,however,intellectuals would include only people of high academic status such as college professors,but not ordinary college students.Intellectual is not always a complimentary term褒义in the U.S.5,社会生活和政治生活中缺乏对应关系的词语：斗争会-----struggle meeting? Revival meeting、bingo party、bingo game?6,自然现象中缺乏对应关系的词语：节气---solar terms? 雨水----Rain Water? 惊蛰---Waking of Insects?清明----Pure and Brightness?春分=Spring Equinox 夏至=Summer Solstice 秋分=Autumn Equinox冬至=Winter Solstice7,日常生活中缺乏对应关系的词语：炕(kang) 冰糖葫芦(candied haws on a stick) 秤(steelyard)motel(汽车旅馆) hamburger(汉堡包) time clock(出勤记录钟)8，“貌合神离”的词语：High school不等于高等学校，是美国的中学Service station不等于服务站，是给汽油加油和维修的地方Rest room不等于休息室，是浴室或厕所Busboy不是公共汽车上的售票员或司机，是指收拾碗碟擦桌子的杂工Goldbrick不是金锭，指逃避工作的人，尤指爱偷懒的士兵，懒汉大忙人不等于busybody, busybody是指爱管闲事的人Political campaign不等于政治运动，指竞选活动改善生活不等于improve one’s standard of living, improve one’s standard of living表示提高生活水平令人发指不等于to make one’s hair stand on end, to make one’s hair stand on end是指令人毛骨悚然自食其言不等于to eat one’s own words, to eat one’s own words指收回自己说的话，一般多用于强迫别人收回所说的话，使他丢脸To get a kick out of something不等于被踢出去，To get a kick out of something是指欣赏……或从……中得到极大愉快To blow one’s own horn不等于各吹各的号，To blow one’s own horn是指自吹自擂，老王卖瓜，自卖自夸9,英汉两语中称呼亲属的词语（语言P17）10,区分禽兽“公”和“母”的词语：11,表示机关名称和职务名称的词语：12,不同文化内涵及其产生的不同联想的词语：Peasant-----农民？peasant在英语中有贬义的意思，是指社会地位低下、没有教养的人在中国，poor peasant(贫农)和laborer(劳工)含有正面的、积极的含义，在西方，却有反面的、消极的意味，相反，landlord（地主），capitalist（资本家），boss（老板）对中国人来说有贬义，对中国人来说有贬义，而在资本主义国家却不是.Idealist(唯心主义者？) materialist(唯物主义者？)是指讲究物质利益的人，实利主义者Politician(政治家？)，在美国，Politician是贬义，指为谋取个人私利而搞政治、耍手腕的人，政治家应指statesman.政治(politics?),应译为political activities,political work,political study.13,英汉两语中表示褒义、贬义和中性的不同词语：第三部分日常谈话中的文化差别1, Greetings打招呼English : use these sentences “how do you do”“how are you” , “hello” or “hi” are frequently used greeting among colleagues, classmates, friends and family members.For Chinese learners of English it is important to note that many casual greetings in Chinese cannot be carried over into English used as greetings when they meet English speakers. “吃饭了吗”, “上哪儿呀”“去哪了” etc.2,Farewells告别English people: when they meet first time: I’m pleased to meet you or it’s nice to meet/know you. It’s nice to have met you. And when they part, they usually say “good-bye, Bye-bye, so long” or “see you later/ tomorrow/on the next Monday.”Chinese people: usually “再见”“再会”“一会儿见”“明天见”“下星期一见”. And when the visit is over and the guest is seen to the door or gateway by the host, and exchange of utterances like “请留步”“请走好3,称呼亲属的词语：“mother””father””grandmother” can be used alone both in English and Chinese. “aunt”“uncle” are often used together with the addressee’s give name, but not in Chinese. For example, Uncle Tom, Aunt Mary.English speaking people can named their relative by using their name, but we can’tdo like this in Chinese, even between brothers and sisters. For example: “大哥”“二哥”“二姐”.When addressing strangers, the Chinese people resort to “同志”“师傅”“先生”“小姐”“老爷爷”“伯父”“阿姨”“伯母”“大哥”“大嫂”“大兄弟”“大姐”“小朋友”。
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5 basic needs
The needs of: physiological/safety/belongingness/esteerm/self— actualization
Pay attention Most of the time,the different ways that are the customs of different cultures are neither right nor wrong.
Culture arises out of human nature, and its forms are restricted both by man’s biology and by natural laws.
Culture is created and transmitted by people.
Definition
The group of people who share the same ancestery.
Culture as commidties or products such as toys,foods,films,musics……
毛泽东《新民主主义论》三：“一定的文化（当作观念形态的文 化）是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予伟大影响和作用 于一定社会的政治和经济。”
A culture constitutes that part of learned behavior which is shared with othห้องสมุดไป่ตู้rs.
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Culture regulates our lives at every turn.
Ruth Bnendict
The essence of the cultural peocess is selectivity. The selection is only
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Culture
A culture is learned by individuals as the results of belonging to
Unit 2
Culture
0919080080 Ivy
Reading I.
Definition
What is culture
The way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time.
Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks ---E. Spair, 1921
Abraham Harold Maslow
• Culture is not a instinct behavior, but learned from parents, teachers, and growing up in it. • What people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. • It is simply that different people do same things in different manners.
Further reading I Understaning Culture
• All men undergo the same poignant life experiences.
• The biological potentialities of the species are the blocks with which cultures are built. • The factors of nature also limit culture forms.
Culture is a convenient abstraction
Culture is a way of thinking, feeling, believing.
Culture
A culture constitutes a storehouse of the pooled learning of the