英美文学名词解释复习要点 (1)
英美文学名词解释(1)
1puritanism清教主义The dogmas 教条preached by Puritans. They believed that all men were predestined命中注定and the individual ‘s free will played no part in his quest for salvation. This was a rejection of the dogmas preached by the Roman Catholic Church and its rites仪式. The Puritans also advocated a strict moral code which prohibited many earthly pleasures such as dancing and other merry-makings.清教徒提倡严格的道德准则禁止如跳舞和其他许多世俗的快乐的气质。
They stressed the virtues of self-discipline,自律thrift节俭and hard work as evidence that one was among the “elect” to be chosen to go to Heaven after death2RomanticismThe term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, 残忍的stupidity, superstition,迷信的and barbarism. Instead, the Romantics asserted that reliance 依赖upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics 伦理and living. The Romantic movement typically asserts 声称，代言the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status 特权地位of imagination and fancy想象和幻想, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”价值的理解“技巧”和“公约”，the human need for emotional outlets, the spiritual destruction 精神上的摧残of urban life.城市生活。
英美文学复习_名词解释
1) Dramatic Monologue1. By dramatic monologue it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, and about their minds and hearts. In “listening” to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions and judgments about the speaker‟s personality and about what has really happened.2. In some degree almost every poem can be called a dramatic monologue, a single speaker is saying something to someone, even if only to himself. But whereas the speaker of lyric is the poet himself, the speaker of a dramatic monologue is a fictional character or an historical figure appearing at critical moment. His utterance is conditioned by the situation, and is usually directed to silent audience. The speaker commonly reveals aspects of his personality of which he himself is unaware.3. A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one i n the speaker‟s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.2) Stream of Consciousness1. In Joyce‟s opinion, the artist, who wants to reach the highest stage and to gain the insights necessary for the creation of dramatic art, should rise to the position of godlike objectivity; he should have the complete conscious control over creative process and depersonalize his own emotion in the artistic creation. He should appear as a omniscient author and present unspoken materials directly from the psyche of the characters, or make the characters tell their own inner thoughts in monologues. This literary approach to the presentation to psychological aspects of characters is usually termed as “stream of consciousness”.2. The termed was coined by William James, an American philosopher and psychologist. In literature, it is a technique first used in narrative fiction in the late 19th century to evince subjective as well as objective reality. It is an attempt especially in noble writing to recreate the actual flow, pattern and sense of thoughts as they pass through a person‟s head in real life, or to describe experiences as it is actually felt by a person as it is taking place.It reveals the character‟s feelings, thoughts and actions, often fo llowing an associative rather than a logical sequence without any commentary by the author. The technique of stream of consciousness attempts to portray the remote, preconscious state that exists before the mind organizes sensations. Consequently the recreation of a stream of consciousness often lacks the unity, explicit cohesion and direct thoughts.3. “Stream-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character‟s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.3) New England Transcendentalism / American TranscendentalismIt is the summit of the Romantic movement in the history of American literature. It was started in New England in the 1830s. Gradually its influence began to spread all over the country. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the sense.” Transcendentalists place emphasis on the importance of the Oversoul, the individual and Nature. The concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature in ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and therefore, self-reliant, New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.4) Free Verse1. It means poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. A looser andmore open-ended syntactical structure is frequently favored. Lines and sentences of different lengths are left lying side by side just as things are, undisturbed and separate. There are few compound sentences to draw objects and experience into a system of hierarchy.2. It is a kind of poetry that does not conform to any regular metre. The length of its lines is irregular, as is its use of rhyme-if any. Instead of a regular metrical pattern it uses more flexible cadences or rhythmic groupings sometimes supported by anaphora and other devices repetition. Now the most widely practiced verse form in English , it has precedents in translations of the biblical Psalms and in some poems of Blake and Goethe, but established itself only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with Walt Whitman, the French Symbolists, and the poets of modernism. Free verse should not be confused with blank verse, which does observe a regular metre in its unrhymed lines. 5) NaturalismThe impact of Darwin‟s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters helped another school of realism: American naturalism took root in America. The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of the this theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author‟s tone in writing bec omes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.6) DarwinismThe term comes from Charles Darwin‟s evolutionary theory. Darwinists think that those who survive in the world are the fittest and those who can not adapt themselves to the environment will perish. They believe that man has evolved from lower forms of life. Humans are special not because God created them in His image, but because they have successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and have passed on their survival-making characteristics genetically. Influenced by this theory, some American naturalist writers apply Darwinism as an explanation of human nature and social reality. 7) Local colorismThe particular concern about the local character of a region is called “local colorism”, a unique part of American literary realism. Major local colorists include Hamlin Garland, Mark Twain, etc. Generally, their writings are concerned with the truthful color of local life. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic about a vanishing way of life and tried to record a present that faded before their eyes. They dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions. They worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the locale.8) CalvinismIt refers to the religious teachings of John Calvin and his followers. Calvin taught that only certain persons, the elect, were chosen by God to be saved, and these could be only saved by God‟s grace. Calvinism forms the basis for the doctrines and practices of the Huguenotes, Puritans, Presbyterians, and the Reformed churches.9) The Aesthetic [iːs'θetɪk; es-] MovementIt is a literary and artistic tendency of the late 19th century which may be understood as a further phase of Romanticism in reaction against philistine bourgeois values of practice efficiency and morality. The term is often used synonymously with Aestheticism, which is a doctrine or disposition that regards beauty as an end in itself and attempts to preserve the arts from subordination to moral, didactic, or political purposes.10) Epiphany [ɪ'pɪfəni]The term is used in Christi an theology for a manifestation of God‟s presence in the world. It was taken over by James Joyce to denote secular revelation in the everyday world. Joyce defined an epiphany as …a sudden spiritual manifestation‟ in which the …whatness‟ of a common object or gesture appears radiant to the observer.。
美国文学重点名词解释
2.6.Transcendentalism: is literature，philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reaching against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world instead. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle，Coleridge, and Wordsworth. The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden..Symbolism象征主义：It is the writing technique of using symbols. It’s a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writer, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. It’s one of the most powerful devices thatpoets employ in creation.8.American naturalism：this term was cr eated by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory played an important role in naturalism. In the works off naturalism，characters were conceived as complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. At the end of the 19th century，this pessimistic form of realism appeared in america. Naturalism attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. Characters in the works of naturalism were dominated by their environment and heredity. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious“truth”were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death. The dominant figures in naturalism were Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.3.The lost generation: included the young English and American expatriates as well as men and women caught in the war and cut from the old value and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. These writers adopted unconventional style of writing and reacted against the tendencies of the older writers in the 1920s. The term came from Gertrude Stein who said in Hemingway's presence that“you are all a lost generation.”4.Local colorismAs a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本.国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor. The major local colorist is Mark Twain.5.Jazz age: the novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the term"Jazz Age" retroactively to refer to the decade after World War I and before the stock market crash in 1929, during which Americans embarked upon what he called "the gaudiest spree in history". Jazz Age is inextricably associated with the wealthy white"flappers" and socialites immortalized in Fitzgerald's fiction.6.Free verse: is a poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure, instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way. Whitman's poetry is an example of free verse at its most impressive. It has since been used by Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and other major American can poets of the 20th century.7.The iceberg analogy: The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory by American writer Ernest Hemingway, as follows：if a writer of a prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader，if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.1.Poe's Poetic IdeasA.His conviction that the function of poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experience,but to create a mood in which the soul soars toward supernal beauty.B.He insists that poetry must be disembarrassed of that moral sense.C.Poe believes that the elevation of excitement of the soul should be “the poetic principle” thuspoe try must concern itself only with “supernal beauty”.D.Poe defines poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty” a definition giving unexampledemphasis upon the importance of the rhythmical or musical element in poetry.2．Whitman's style1) The sprawling lines of the poems are often extremely long.2) Parallelism: the parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.3) Envelope structure: the first line begins with the subject, and then more and more lines list modifiers till the verb appears in the last line of the stanza. This is like enclosing a whole list of ideas in an envelope.4) Catalogue technique: means listing. Typical poems by Whitman make long, long lists of images, ofsights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch.5) No regular pattern.6) The verse unit is usually an independent clause.3．Formal features of Dickinson's poetryA.Dickson's poems are usually based on her own experience, her sorrows and joys. Dickinson wasoriginal. She sounded idiosyncratic, sometimes.B.Love is another subject Dickinson dwells on.C.Many poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which her general skepticism about therelationship between man and nature is well-expressed. Dickinson sees nature as both gailybenevolent and cruel.D.Dickinson's poetry is unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, henceare always quoted by their first lines.E.On the ethical level Dickinson emphasizes free will and human responsibility.All these characteristics of her poetry were to become popular through Stephen Crane with the Imagists such as Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell in the 20th century. She became, with Stephen Crane, the precursor of the Imagist moverment.4．The theme and techniques in Eliot's "The Waste Land"Theme：The theme is modern spiritual barrenness, the despair and depression that followed the WWI, the sterility and turbulence of the modern world, and the decline and break-down of western culture. It also shows the search for regeneration by people living in a chaotic world.Technique：The poem’s noti ceable characteristics are varied length and rhythm to harmonize with the changing subject matter, the unrhymed lines, lots of borrowings from some thirty-five different writers, the employment of materials such as the legends of the Holy Grail, Frazer’s a nthropological work The Golden Bough several popular songs, and passages in six foreign languages, including Sanskrit. The poem, therefore, is obscure and hard to understand, needless to say its absence of logical continuity. The poem The Wast Land by T. S. Eliot, nevertheless, is broadly acknowledged as one of the most recognizable landmarks of modernism.5．Analysis of "Richard Cory" by Edwin Arlington Robinson"Richard Cory" is a short dramatic poem about a man whose outward appearance belies his inner turmoil. The tragedy in the poem reflects in its spirit the tragedies in Edwin Arlington Robinson's own life: Both of his brothers died young, his family suffered financial failures, and Robinson himself endured hardship before his poetry gained recognition—thanks in part to praise from an influential reader of them, Theodore Roosevelt.Robinson published the poem himself in 1897 as part of a poetry collection called Children of the Night. The poem is a favorite of students and teachers because of the questions it poses about the the title character.6．Comment on"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" by Robert FrostA.It is a peaceful poem and makes man feel relaxed when we read the lines: "The only other sounds the sweep of easy wind and downy flake." Frost also uses alliteration and repetition in his poems. The rhyme scheme he uses is a-a-b-a.B.It is one of the most quietly moving of Frost’s lyrics. On the surface, it seems to be simple, descriptive verses, records of close observation, graphic and homely pictures.C.It uses the simplest terms and commonest words. But it is deeply meditative, adding far-reaching meanings to the homely music. It uses its superb craftsmanship to come to a climax of responsibility: the promises to be kept, the obligation to be fulfilled. Few poems have said so much in so little.7.Theme and technique in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald1. Themes of The Great Gatsby: It resents the decline of the American dream in1920s, the hollowness of the upper class and the falseness of ideals and moves toward disillusion.2. Now Gatsby’s life follow a clear pattern: there is, at first, a dream, then disenchantment, and finallya sense of failure and despair. Gatsby’s personal experience approximates the whole of the American experience up to the first few decades of the 20th century.3. The novel is the presentation of the 1920s, and of what has become known as American Dream. 8.ment on Hemingway's style and Farewell to Arms"1. Hemingway was a glamorous public hero of sorts whose style of writing and living was probably more imitated than any other writers in human memory.2. In one sense Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme, which is neatly summed up in the famous phrase, “grace under pressure”, and created one hero who acts that theme out.3. In the same way that Fitzgerald’s Tales of the Jazz Age becomes a symbol for an age, Hemingway’s book paints the image of a whole generation, the Lost Ge neration.4. Lieutenant Henry in A Farewell to Arms stands the Hemingway hero, an average man of decidedly masculine taste sensitive and intelligent, a man of action; and with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotion under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one cannot have happiness.5. Hemingway’s world is a world essentially chaotic and meaningless, in which man fights a solitary struggle against a force he does not even understand.6. The war dominates so that the love story represents a mere dream and the brutal and atrocious realities of life do not allow materializing it.10.Analyze "Dry September" by William Faulkner11.“Dry September” was written in 1931, and is a well-known story of Faulkner.This story touches upon the strange relationship between sex and violence, examines the psychological state of the main characters, and exposes the crime of racial discrimination which makes one bristle with anger.The tone of this story contributes much to its effectiveness, particularly to the imagery of infernal heat and dryness and to the setting itself.From the character Miss Minnie the reader could perceive the obvious impact of Freud’s ideas on William Faulkner.。
paradise lost英美文学名词解释(一)
paradise lost英美文学名词解释(一)Paradise Lost英美文学引言Paradise Lost是伟大的英美文学作品之一，旨在讲述人类起源和墮落的故事。
以下是与Paradise Lost相关的名词：1. 约翰·弥尔顿 (John Milton)•约翰·弥尔顿是17世纪英国著名的诗人和政治家。
•他是Paradise Lost的作者，被誉为英国文学的伟大创作者之一。
2. Paradise Lost•《失乐园》是约翰·弥尔顿的史诗诗歌作品，被认为是英美文学中最伟大的作品之一。
•该作品以叙事形式讲述了圣经中亚当和夏娃的墮落故事，融入了神话、宗教和哲学等元素，思想深邃。
3. 史诗诗歌 (Epic Poetry)•史诗诗歌是一种叙事性的诗歌形式，常常以神话、英雄或重大历史事件为题材。
•Paradise Lost被认为是一部史诗诗歌，以其庞大的叙事范围和深刻的主题使其在英美文学中占据重要地位。
4. 亚当 (Adam) 和夏娃 (Eve)•亚当和夏娃是圣经中的首个人类夫妻，被认为是人类的祖先。
•Paradise Lost中，亚当和夏娃被描绘为至善无罪的人类，但由于被魔鬼所引诱，他们墮入罪恶之中。
5. 天堂 (Paradise) 和地狱 (Hell)•天堂是上帝的居所，被描绘为完美、和谐和纯洁的地方。
•地狱则是邪恶和黑暗的领域，由魔鬼和堕落天使居住。
•Paradise Lost通过对天堂和地狱的描绘，探讨了善恶、正邪和人类的自由意志等哲学议题。
6. 上帝 (God) 和魔鬼 (Devil)•上帝是基督教中的至高无上存在，被描绘为至善、全知全能的创造者。
•魔鬼是一位堕落天使，反叛天堂而被驱逐到地狱。
•Paradise Lost中，上帝和魔鬼之间的斗争和争议成为故事的核心。
结论Paradise Lost是一部浩大的文学作品，通过纵览人类起源和墮落的故事，探讨了善恶、正邪和自由意志等重大主题。
英美文学考试名词解释和简答（自己整理的）
英美文学考试名词解释和简答（自己整理的）1.The glorious revolution (光荣革命): the overthrow(推翻、瓦解) of king JamesⅡof England takes place in 1688 by a union of parliamentarians with an invading army led by William of Orange who, as a result ascended（上升、登高）the English throne（君主、王权）as William Ⅲ of England. It was also known as White Revolution because it caused no bloodshed(流血、杀戮). It marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England.2. How did the “Glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it?In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James, who was brought up in exile(流犯）in Europe, was a Catholic; He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, no any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were both Protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It’s the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.2.Great charter (大宪章): Known as the Great Charter, it was the first famous political document to limit the king’s powers in English history. It was signed in 1215 by King John at a conference at Runnymede（兰尼米德）, an island in the Thames River four miles downstream （下游的、顺流而下的）from Windsor（温莎）. It containsaltogether 63 clauses（条款）, among which the most important ones are: no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council（天庭会议）; no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived（缺乏教育的）of his property except by the law of the land;没有大议会批准不准征税；不得随意逮捕，拘禁自由民，不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产；The king must promise to observe the rights of his vassals（诸侯、封臣）and the vassals in turn must observe the rights of their men, and the king also should permit merchants to move about freely and should observe the privileges of the various towns. 2. Comments: The great charter was the first step of constitutional experiment. It tried to establish a legal relation between the king and his barons by defining their respective rights and obligations. The great charter made it possible for the new-born bourgeoisie to enter into politics because it granted some power to the great council which was the embryonic form of the English parliament. The great charter protected the rights of the merchant class. This facilitated（促进）the development of commerce and handcraft. (It was arguably the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to rule of constitutional law today in the English speaking world.)3.Monarch: In law, the monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarch has been solely（单独的，唯一的）onthe advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule（统而不治）. The real power lies in the parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons. 2. The monarch actually has no real power. The monarch’s power is limited by law and parliament. The monarch symbolizes the tradition and unity of the British state, have a weekly chat with the Prime Minister, and to giveRoyal Assent to Bills passed by Parliament.(对议会通过的法案给予御准)4.The presidential elections: The general election, held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in each election year, is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, states elect their presidential electors. The number of presidential electors for each state is equal to the total number of its representatives in congress plus two senators. The total number of presidential electors for the nation is 538, with 3 from Washington D.C. I n the second stage (十二月的第三个星期一) the electors meet to elect the president. (electoral college)5.Ivy League（常春藤高校联盟）: It was founded in 1954, an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions（体系）of higher education in the Northern United States. The term is most commonly used to refer to those eight schools considered as a group and also has connotations(含义) of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism（精英主义）.常春藤名校联盟：Brown University (布朗大学), Columbia University, Cornell University（康奈尔大学）,Dartmouth College（达特茅斯大学）, Harvard University, Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）, University of Pennsylvania （宾夕法尼亚大学）, Yale University6.Pilgrim Father (开国元勋): In September, 1620, a group of 101 puritans and some employees left Plymouth, England, and sailed for America in the ship named Mayflower. They founded the colony of Plymouth (普利茅斯) in New England. So these early puritans in New England were called the pilgrim father.7.New deal: 1. The New Deal included the following contents;(1) establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking, credit and currency systems,overcoming the financial crisis and restriction of certain extreme practices of financial capital;(2) federal government management of relief and establishment of social security system such as the formation of the Civilian Conservation Crops and the setting-up of the Tennessee Valley Authority(田纳西州流域管理局);(3) Stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture;(4) formulation and implementation of federal labor laws to raise the role of labor in the relations of production; 2. Comments on the new deal: Roosevelt’s new deal was an American type of social reforms which was based on the new concept that the government was responsible for the healthy development of national economy and social security, and that the growth of production could be maintained only if the great body of the consumers could continue to purchase its output. No economy could develop if it was beset by overproduction and large stockpiles（库存）. To achieve balanced development, the new deal increased government interference n the nation’s economic life, strengthening the trend towards big government. (The New Deal----In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy)8.Domesday Book (英国土地制度): It is a book compiled by a gr oup of clerks under the sponsorship of King William. The book w as in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of land resources. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England9.Norman Conquest----The Norman Conquest of 1066 isperhaps the best-known event in English history. William landed his arm y in Oct, 1066 and defeated King Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in Engl and. 结果：（William confiscated almost all the land and gave i t to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule wi th a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil cour ts.）原因：（It was said that king Edward had promised the En glish throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, duri ng the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king ofEngland, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.）10.Public school：(1) It is a kind of independent privately-owned secondary boarding schools in Britain. (2) These schools are financially supported by tuition fees and private funds.（3）Public schools have their own characteristics and strict rules. (4) These schools focus their attention on developing pupils’ minds as well as bodies.11.Roman invasion: The Roman first invaded Britain in 55BC.Itwas not until AD43 that they eventually conquered the Celts liv ing in what is today England and Wales. The Roman occupatio n of Britain lasted for 400 years, but it was never a total occu pation. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.。
淮师英美文学名词解释期末复习要点
一、英美文学名词解释英国文学1.Romance (P2)The romance was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, It isa literary genre popular in the medieval England. It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance. The medieval romances were tales of chivalry or amorous adventure occurring in King Arthur's court. "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" is an example of a medieval romance.浪漫是一个漫长的成分,有时在诗,有时在散文里,它是一个文学流派在中世纪的英国,唱流行骑士的冒险或其他的英雄事迹。
骑士精神(如勇敢、荣誉、慷慨、忠诚和善良弱者和穷人)是浪漫的精神。
中世纪的浪漫骑士精神的故事或多情的冒险发生在亚瑟王朝的。
《高文爵士和绿衣骑士”的一个例子是一个中世纪的浪漫。
2. EpicEpic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simp le but magnificent. Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age and its people, are also called e pic.史诗是一种扩展的叙事诗在高架或高贵的语言,像荷马的《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》。
英美文学名词解释1
1.Allegory (寓言)A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。
2.Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
3.Allusion (典故)A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。
4.Analogy (类比)A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them.类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。
5. Antagonist (反面主角)The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama.反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。
6. Antithesis (对仗)The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences.对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。
英美文学名词解释
英美文学名词解释英美文学是指英国和美国地区的文学作品和文学传统。
在这个领域中，存在着许多特殊的术语和概念，有助于我们理解和欣赏这些文学作品。
本文将解释和介绍一些常见的英美文学名词，以帮助读者深入理解和掌握这些文学作品。
一、1.文学流派（Literary Genre）：指文学作品按照特定主题、风格或结构的类别进行分类。
常见的文学流派包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。
不同的文学流派具有独特的特点和写作风格，反映了不同的文学趣味和审美观念。
2.现实主义（Realism）：是19世纪中期兴起的一种文学流派，强调对现实生活的逼真描写和展示。
现实主义文学追求真实、客观和可信的表达方式，通过描绘日常生活和社会环境来反映现实社会的不同层面。
3.自然主义（Naturalism）：自然主义是现实主义的一种延伸，强调环境和遗传因素对人的行为和命运的决定性作用。
自然主义文学突出了人类生存环境对人性的影响，对人类行为进行科学观察和探索。
4.浪漫主义（Romanticism）：浪漫主义强调个体情感、想象力和超验的体验，追求自由和独立的精神境界。
浪漫主义文学追求充满激情、抒发个人感受和探索内心世界的形式。
二、1.象征主义（Symbolism）：象征主义是19世纪末20世纪初出现的一种文学和艺术运动，强调使用象征性的意象和隐喻来表达深层的情感和思想。
象征主义文学倾向于表达个体的情感体验和心灵探索。
2.现代主义（Modernism）：现代主义是20世纪初兴起的一种文学和艺术运动，强调对传统形式和观念的挑战和颠覆。
现代主义文学追求形式上的创新和实验，探索自我意识、哲学思考和社会变革。
3.后现代主义（Postmodernism）：后现代主义是现代主义的继承和超越，强调文化多样性、相对主义和戏仿。
后现代主义文学打破传统的叙事和结构规则，以戏仿和颠覆的方式探索权力、真实性和历史观念。
4.现实主义小说（Realistic Novel）：现实主义小说以真实的描写和社会批判为特征，通过塑造现实人物的经历和命运来反映社会问题。
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英国文学名词解释
1. epic
An epic is a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. The earlier ones concern the history and legends of a country or a region and include stories and information from many anonymous sources. These were oral or folk epics of which some were later written down. The epics of the ancient Greek poet Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, and Beowulf, written in old English and found in the late 10th century, are good examples. Later epics were deliberately composed by one author and written down. The ancient Roman Virgil is regarded as the first composer of such epics.
2. sonnet
A Sonnet is a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameters in English, alexandrines in French, hendecasyllables in Italian. The rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns. The Italian sonnet (also called the Petrarchan sonnet after the most influential of the Italian sonneteers) comprises
an 8-line 'octave' of two quatrains, rhymed abbaabba, followed by a 6-line 'sestet' usually rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd. The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnet after its foremost practitioner) comprises three quatrains and a final couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. Originating in Italy, the sonnet was established by Petrarch in the 14th century as a major form of love poetry, and came to be adopted in Spain, France and England in the 16th century and in Germany in the 17th. The standard subject-matter of early sonnets was the torments of sexual love (usually within a courtly love convention), but in the 17th century John Donne extended the sonnet's scope to religion, while Millton extended it to politics.
3. Stream of consciousness
Stream of consciousness is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted
vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.
4. Lake Poets
Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were also called the Lake Poets, because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England, and shared a community of literary and social outlook in their work. All three of them had radical inclinations in their youth but later turned conservative.
4. Morality play
The Morality plays or Moralities sprang up in England in the 15th century alongside of the Mystery and
Miracle plays. They are different in that the morality play doesn’t tell stories from the Bible nor about the lives of the saints, but is a dramatized allegory in which abstract virtues and vices such as Mercy, Conscience and Shame, appear in personified form, in order to illustrate moral or religious doctrines.。