英美文学名词解释(1)
英美文学名词解释(1)
1puritanism清教主义The dogmas 教条preached by Puritans. They believed that all men were predestined命中注定and the individual ‘s free will played no part in his quest for salvation. This was a rejection of the dogmas preached by the Roman Catholic Church and its rites仪式. The Puritans also advocated a strict moral code which prohibited many earthly pleasures such as dancing and other merry-makings.清教徒提倡严格的道德准则禁止如跳舞和其他许多世俗的快乐的气质。
They stressed the virtues of self-discipline,自律thrift节俭and hard work as evidence that one was among the “elect” to be chosen to go to Heaven after death2RomanticismThe term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, 残忍的stupidity, superstition,迷信的and barbarism. Instead, the Romantics asserted that reliance 依赖upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics 伦理and living. The Romantic movement typically asserts 声称，代言the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status 特权地位of imagination and fancy想象和幻想, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”价值的理解“技巧”和“公约”，the human need for emotional outlets, the spiritual destruction 精神上的摧残of urban life.城市生活。
英美文学复习_名词解释
1) Dramatic Monologue1. By dramatic monologue it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, and about their minds and hearts. In “listening” to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions and judgments about the speaker‟s personality and about what has really happened.2. In some degree almost every poem can be called a dramatic monologue, a single speaker is saying something to someone, even if only to himself. But whereas the speaker of lyric is the poet himself, the speaker of a dramatic monologue is a fictional character or an historical figure appearing at critical moment. His utterance is conditioned by the situation, and is usually directed to silent audience. The speaker commonly reveals aspects of his personality of which he himself is unaware.3. A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one i n the speaker‟s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.2) Stream of Consciousness1. In Joyce‟s opinion, the artist, who wants to reach the highest stage and to gain the insights necessary for the creation of dramatic art, should rise to the position of godlike objectivity; he should have the complete conscious control over creative process and depersonalize his own emotion in the artistic creation. He should appear as a omniscient author and present unspoken materials directly from the psyche of the characters, or make the characters tell their own inner thoughts in monologues. This literary approach to the presentation to psychological aspects of characters is usually termed as “stream of consciousness”.2. The termed was coined by William James, an American philosopher and psychologist. In literature, it is a technique first used in narrative fiction in the late 19th century to evince subjective as well as objective reality. It is an attempt especially in noble writing to recreate the actual flow, pattern and sense of thoughts as they pass through a person‟s head in real life, or to describe experiences as it is actually felt by a person as it is taking place.It reveals the character‟s feelings, thoughts and actions, often fo llowing an associative rather than a logical sequence without any commentary by the author. The technique of stream of consciousness attempts to portray the remote, preconscious state that exists before the mind organizes sensations. Consequently the recreation of a stream of consciousness often lacks the unity, explicit cohesion and direct thoughts.3. “Stream-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character‟s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.3) New England Transcendentalism / American TranscendentalismIt is the summit of the Romantic movement in the history of American literature. It was started in New England in the 1830s. Gradually its influence began to spread all over the country. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the sense.” Transcendentalists place emphasis on the importance of the Oversoul, the individual and Nature. The concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature in ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and therefore, self-reliant, New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.4) Free Verse1. It means poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. A looser andmore open-ended syntactical structure is frequently favored. Lines and sentences of different lengths are left lying side by side just as things are, undisturbed and separate. There are few compound sentences to draw objects and experience into a system of hierarchy.2. It is a kind of poetry that does not conform to any regular metre. The length of its lines is irregular, as is its use of rhyme-if any. Instead of a regular metrical pattern it uses more flexible cadences or rhythmic groupings sometimes supported by anaphora and other devices repetition. Now the most widely practiced verse form in English , it has precedents in translations of the biblical Psalms and in some poems of Blake and Goethe, but established itself only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with Walt Whitman, the French Symbolists, and the poets of modernism. Free verse should not be confused with blank verse, which does observe a regular metre in its unrhymed lines. 5) NaturalismThe impact of Darwin‟s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters helped another school of realism: American naturalism took root in America. The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of the this theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author‟s tone in writing bec omes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.6) DarwinismThe term comes from Charles Darwin‟s evolutionary theory. Darwinists think that those who survive in the world are the fittest and those who can not adapt themselves to the environment will perish. They believe that man has evolved from lower forms of life. Humans are special not because God created them in His image, but because they have successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and have passed on their survival-making characteristics genetically. Influenced by this theory, some American naturalist writers apply Darwinism as an explanation of human nature and social reality. 7) Local colorismThe particular concern about the local character of a region is called “local colorism”, a unique part of American literary realism. Major local colorists include Hamlin Garland, Mark Twain, etc. Generally, their writings are concerned with the truthful color of local life. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic about a vanishing way of life and tried to record a present that faded before their eyes. They dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions. They worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the locale.8) CalvinismIt refers to the religious teachings of John Calvin and his followers. Calvin taught that only certain persons, the elect, were chosen by God to be saved, and these could be only saved by God‟s grace. Calvinism forms the basis for the doctrines and practices of the Huguenotes, Puritans, Presbyterians, and the Reformed churches.9) The Aesthetic [iːs'θetɪk; es-] MovementIt is a literary and artistic tendency of the late 19th century which may be understood as a further phase of Romanticism in reaction against philistine bourgeois values of practice efficiency and morality. The term is often used synonymously with Aestheticism, which is a doctrine or disposition that regards beauty as an end in itself and attempts to preserve the arts from subordination to moral, didactic, or political purposes.10) Epiphany [ɪ'pɪfəni]The term is used in Christi an theology for a manifestation of God‟s presence in the world. It was taken over by James Joyce to denote secular revelation in the everyday world. Joyce defined an epiphany as …a sudden spiritual manifestation‟ in which the …whatness‟ of a common object or gesture appears radiant to the observer.。
(完整版)英美文学名词解释最全版
01. Humanism(人文主义)1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism(古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present ,with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)1>Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）1>The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)1>In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)1>Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looki ng at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。
英美文学术语解释
英美文学术语解释Postmodernism is the expression of thought and culture in art, literature, philosophy and politics in advanced capitalist period、“Post-” of “Postmodernism” is the inheritance and reaction to “modernism”、Postmodernism was originally used by artists and critics in New York in the 1960s and then employed by European theorists in the 1970s、Once this writing entered on the stage of history, it has brought us not only techniques such as parody, fragmentation, pastiche, collage, allegory, irony, playfulness, metafiction, but also intertextuality in history, philosophy, sociology, etc、、英美文学名词解释(2013-06-29 16:58:29)转载▼标签: 转载原文地址:英美文学名词解释作者:kiwi01、Humanism(人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance、2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life、Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders、02、Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome、2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism、Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation、3> the real mainstream of the english Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist、03、Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne、2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry、3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech、4>the imagery is drawn from actual life、04、Classcism(古典主义)Classcism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome、Classicism emphasizesthe traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order、Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes、05、Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century、2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century、3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas、4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science、It advocated universal education、5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope、Jonathan swift、etc、06、Neoclassicism(新古典主义)In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works、2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism、The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones、3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity、07、The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life、Past and present, with death and graveyard as themes、2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work、08、Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England、2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit、Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty、3>In the history of literature、Romanticism is generallyregarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience、4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837、The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley、09、Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin、2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society、And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies、3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10、Critical Realism(批判现实主义)Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries、2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues、3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality、4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist、11、Aestheticism(美学主义)The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticismwas Walter Pater、2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life、3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective、Art should be free from any influence of egoism、Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal、They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style、4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or a rt for money’s sake、美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔、高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人就是沃尔特、佩特、美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不就是艺术模仿生活、在美学主义瞧来,所有的艺术创作都就是绝对主观而非客观的产物、艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作、她们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治与道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美、这就是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也就是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战、12、The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought、While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass、2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people、They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice、3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and stro ng criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society、4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period、13、Modernism(现代主义)Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century、。
paradise lost英美文学名词解释(一)
paradise lost英美文学名词解释(一)Paradise Lost英美文学引言Paradise Lost是伟大的英美文学作品之一，旨在讲述人类起源和墮落的故事。
以下是与Paradise Lost相关的名词：1. 约翰·弥尔顿 (John Milton)•约翰·弥尔顿是17世纪英国著名的诗人和政治家。
•他是Paradise Lost的作者，被誉为英国文学的伟大创作者之一。
2. Paradise Lost•《失乐园》是约翰·弥尔顿的史诗诗歌作品，被认为是英美文学中最伟大的作品之一。
•该作品以叙事形式讲述了圣经中亚当和夏娃的墮落故事，融入了神话、宗教和哲学等元素，思想深邃。
3. 史诗诗歌 (Epic Poetry)•史诗诗歌是一种叙事性的诗歌形式，常常以神话、英雄或重大历史事件为题材。
•Paradise Lost被认为是一部史诗诗歌，以其庞大的叙事范围和深刻的主题使其在英美文学中占据重要地位。
4. 亚当 (Adam) 和夏娃 (Eve)•亚当和夏娃是圣经中的首个人类夫妻，被认为是人类的祖先。
•Paradise Lost中，亚当和夏娃被描绘为至善无罪的人类，但由于被魔鬼所引诱，他们墮入罪恶之中。
5. 天堂 (Paradise) 和地狱 (Hell)•天堂是上帝的居所，被描绘为完美、和谐和纯洁的地方。
•地狱则是邪恶和黑暗的领域，由魔鬼和堕落天使居住。
•Paradise Lost通过对天堂和地狱的描绘，探讨了善恶、正邪和人类的自由意志等哲学议题。
6. 上帝 (God) 和魔鬼 (Devil)•上帝是基督教中的至高无上存在，被描绘为至善、全知全能的创造者。
•魔鬼是一位堕落天使，反叛天堂而被驱逐到地狱。
•Paradise Lost中，上帝和魔鬼之间的斗争和争议成为故事的核心。
结论Paradise Lost是一部浩大的文学作品，通过纵览人类起源和墮落的故事，探讨了善恶、正邪和自由意志等重大主题。
英美文学名词解释1
1.Allegory (寓言)A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。
2.Alliteration (头韵)Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。
3.Allusion (典故)A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。
4.Analogy (类比)A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them.类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。
5. Antagonist (反面主角)The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama.反面主角：叙事文学或戏剧中与男女主人公或英雄相对立的主要人物。
6. Antithesis (对仗)The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences.对仗：两组相对的思想，言辞，词句的平衡。
英美文学名词解释
英美文学名词解释英美文学是指英国和美国地区的文学作品和文学传统。
在这个领域中，存在着许多特殊的术语和概念，有助于我们理解和欣赏这些文学作品。
本文将解释和介绍一些常见的英美文学名词，以帮助读者深入理解和掌握这些文学作品。
一、1.文学流派（Literary Genre）：指文学作品按照特定主题、风格或结构的类别进行分类。
常见的文学流派包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。
不同的文学流派具有独特的特点和写作风格，反映了不同的文学趣味和审美观念。
2.现实主义（Realism）：是19世纪中期兴起的一种文学流派，强调对现实生活的逼真描写和展示。
现实主义文学追求真实、客观和可信的表达方式，通过描绘日常生活和社会环境来反映现实社会的不同层面。
3.自然主义（Naturalism）：自然主义是现实主义的一种延伸，强调环境和遗传因素对人的行为和命运的决定性作用。
自然主义文学突出了人类生存环境对人性的影响，对人类行为进行科学观察和探索。
4.浪漫主义（Romanticism）：浪漫主义强调个体情感、想象力和超验的体验，追求自由和独立的精神境界。
浪漫主义文学追求充满激情、抒发个人感受和探索内心世界的形式。
二、1.象征主义（Symbolism）：象征主义是19世纪末20世纪初出现的一种文学和艺术运动，强调使用象征性的意象和隐喻来表达深层的情感和思想。
象征主义文学倾向于表达个体的情感体验和心灵探索。
2.现代主义（Modernism）：现代主义是20世纪初兴起的一种文学和艺术运动，强调对传统形式和观念的挑战和颠覆。
现代主义文学追求形式上的创新和实验，探索自我意识、哲学思考和社会变革。
3.后现代主义（Postmodernism）：后现代主义是现代主义的继承和超越，强调文化多样性、相对主义和戏仿。
后现代主义文学打破传统的叙事和结构规则，以戏仿和颠覆的方式探索权力、真实性和历史观念。
4.现实主义小说（Realistic Novel）：现实主义小说以真实的描写和社会批判为特征，通过塑造现实人物的经历和命运来反映社会问题。
英美文学名词解释TermsinEnglishLiterature
1. Epic (史诗)An extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero.史诗：用严肃或庄重的语言写成的叙事长诗，歌颂传奇中或历史上英雄的丰功伟绩2. Romance (传奇故事)An imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good and devil.传奇故事：设定在想象世界中的以英雄冒险和善恶之间的斗争为题材的文学作品。
3. Humanism（人文主义）Humanism is the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill.Rebellious spirit against the Medieval feudal value and blind faith in humbleness, servitude,and after-life. Belief in man’s divinity and capability of self-perfection. Emphasis of the importance of personal worth and enjoyment of the present life.4. Sonnet (十四行诗)A 14-line verse form usually written in iambic pentameter.十四行诗：一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常以五步抑扬格为押韵形式。
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Epic:A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecti ng the values of the society from which it originated. The style of epic is grand宏伟的 and elevated高尚的.John Milton wrote three great epics:Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.Sonnet(十四行诗A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme Renaissancethe activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡from the medieval to the modern world.the essence of the Renaissance is HumanismThe Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Humanism人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the impo rtance of the present life.Humanists voiced their belie fs that man was the center of the universe and man did notonly have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present li fe,but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.lake poets 湖畔诗人refer to The three romantic poets Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey who lived in the Lake District in the Englandand wrote poems about nature .English Romanticism(浪漫主义):1)a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art from late 18th century to early 19th century in Europe.2)emphasized individual values (个人价值）and aspirations （志向，抱负） above those of society.4)the characteristics of Romanticism（浪漫主义文学特色）:Passion / emotion ,Individualism 5)Representative writers(代表作家）:Blake, shelley,Byron,WordsworthCritical Realism(批判现实主义)1)The Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties.2)The realists first and foremost最初的set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated描绘the crying contradictions矛盾 of bourgeois资产阶级的 reality. Butthey did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3) Charls Dickens is the most important critical realist.Gothic novel(哥特式小说):Gothic novel is a type of romance very popular late in the18th century and at the beginning of the19th century.emphasizes thi ngs which are grotesque,violent,mysterious,supernatural,des olate and horrifying.With its description描述of the dark,irrational荒繆的side of human nature.American Romanticism:1.from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war . It started with the publication出版of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass .2.It was a rebellion反抗against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings, intuitions直觉 and emotions were more important than reason and common sense;3.emphasis on imagination, individualism.back to medieval and naturalThe Lost Generation(迷惘的一代）：Is a term used to characterize a general feeling of disillusionment of American literary notables名人 who live in Europe,most notably著名的 Paris after First World War. Figures identified with the Lost Generation included literary modernists such as Hemingway,F.Scott,PoundAmerica RealismAs a literary moment realism came in the latter half of the 19 century,as a reaction against “the lie”of Romanticism and sentimentalism.It expressed the concern for the world of experience,of the common place,and for the familiar and the lowPuritanismin the 16th and 17th cent., a movement for reform in the Church of England that had a profound深远的 influence on the social, political, ethical道德的, and theological神学的 ideas of England and AmericaNeo-classicism:A revival of classical standards of order,harmony,balance,simplicity简单and restrained emotion克制情感in literature in the18th century.Symbolism象征主义:Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols.It’s a liter ary movement that arose in France in the last half of the19th cen tury and that greatly influenced many English writers,particul arly poets,of the20th century.It enables poets to compress a v ery complex idea into one image or even one word.It’s one of the m ost powerful devices that poets employ in creation.使用象征来写作的一种技巧。
象征主义在19世纪后半页在法国兴起，对英国作家产生了很大的影响，尤其是在20世纪诗歌方面。
它让诗人把非常复杂的思想浓缩成一个意象甚至一个词。
它是诗人在创作中使用的最有力的手段。
Enlightenment启蒙运动--an intellectual movement in Europe in the18th century;--guiding principle for thinking and action;--the belief in eternal truth,eternal justice,natural equ ality--a continuation延续of Renaissance;Transcendentalism：It was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in theearly to middle 19th century2. There are three major features:1) emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the mostimportant thing in the universe.2) stressed the importance of the individual.3) The transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.自然是超灵或上帝的象征Famous authors such as Emerson,Thoreau( Walden) NaturalismA post-darwin movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the “laws”of scientific determinism决定论to fiction.two features:local color and Regionalism乡土文学.Famous authors such as Dreiser Sister Carrie，Crane Maggie:a girl of the street,London The call of wil d介绍作家William Shakespeare was an English poet of English Renaissance(the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17thcentury, marking the transition过渡 from the medieval to the modern world.)widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent卓越的 dramatist.He produced 38 plays,154 sonnets and two long narrative poems.His four famous comedies:Much ado about nothing,As you like it,The Merchant of Venice,Twelfth Night .His four famous comedies :Hamlet, Othello, King Lear,and Macbeth.His famous tragicomedy:Romeo andJuliet .Hamlet telling us about Hamlet,the prince of Denmark came back from abroad at the news of his father’s death.Surprisingly he founded what awaited him at home was not the funeral of the old king but the wedding of his mother Gertrude and his uncle Claudius.A ghost resembling his father told Hamlet that Claudius had killed him,which put Hamlet into the dilemma of revenge.欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求。