中西翻译简史第7、9、11章课后习题部分答案
英语翻译习题及答案解析
四大文明古国：中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。
中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。
但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。
这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。
China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world. China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords. All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world. But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration. You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.中华传统文化：中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。
英汉互译翻译和实践技巧1_12单元参考答案解析
Unit11.Every life has its roses and thorns.人生总是有苦有乐, 甘苦参半。
(人生的道路既铺满鲜花, 又充满荆棘.)2.I’ll have Lisa where I want her.我要丽莎去哪里她就得去哪里3.He carried his age astonishingly well.他一点儿都不显老，面容年轻得令人惊讶。
4.She’d never again believe anything in trousers.她再也不愿相信任何男人了.5.He was a dead shot.However,he met his Waterloo this time.他是一个神枪手，可这一次却遭到惨败。
/ 他遭遇了滑铁卢。
6.Nixon was pleased by the distinction,but not overwhelmed.尼克松对受到的破格礼遇非常高兴，但并没有受宠若惊。
7.Yet China was a land of constant surprise and shifting impression.而中国是一片令人惊讶、日新月异的土地。
8.After the failure of his last novel,his reputation stands on slippery ground. 、他上一篇小说写砸了, 他的名声从此岌岌可危.9.Mrs.Sawyer looked radiant,too,and for the first time gobbled up her dinner likea little pig.索耶太太也容光焕发，第一次大口大口吃饭，活像一只小猪。
10.He walked at the head of the funeral procession,and every now and then wipedhis crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时有哪个一条大手绢抹去他那鳄鱼的眼泪。
翻译理论与实践课后习题答案
第一章翻译概论第一节中外翻译史简介四、课内练习1. 东汉至唐宋时期。
2. 玄奘不仅译出了75 部佛经，而且还把老子的部分著作译成梵文，成为第一个向国外介绍汉语著作的中国人。
3. 20 世纪初的“五四”新文化运动，开创了白话文学和白话翻译的新纪元，语言从文言正宗转为白话本位。
五四运动前后，东西方各国的优秀文学作品，特别是俄国和苏联的作品开始被介绍进来，《共产党宣言》等一批马克思主义著作的译文就发表在“五四”时期，为中国后来的革命做了充分的理论和思想准备。
4. 圣经的翻译成为了西方翻译研究的重要源头之一。
5. 中外悠久的翻译历史已为我们积累了一份宝贵的文化遗产。
我们应当认真总结前人的翻译经验，借鉴吸收前人从实践中总结出的理论、方法，以便继续提高我们的翻译水平，为中外文化交流做出自己的贡献。
五、课后练习（一）将下列段落译成中文：一百年前的今天：一些海鸥；北卡罗来纳州杀魔山海岸警卫队的三个队员；救生站以及一些本地人，见证了威尔帕·莱特(Wilbur Wright)和奥维尔·莱特(Orville Wright)兄弟的第一次机动飞机飞行。
1903 年12 月17 日，莱特兄弟第一次用比空气重的飞行器进行了有动力的持续飞行。
1932 年，90 英尺高的杀魔山顶立起了一座60 英尺高的花岗岩纪念碑，用以纪念这两个来自俄亥俄州代顿市的梦想家。
莱特兄弟来自于美国中部。
他们有着天空般广阔的眼界，也有着十分务实的作风。
1892 年，他们在俄亥俄州的代顿开创了自己的自行车企业：莱特自行车公司。
虽然在当时世纪之交的美国，有着数不清的自行车公司，但只有一个在造轮子的同时造出了翅膀。
当莱特兄弟在1903 年最终着眼于动力载人飞行器，他们成功地使世界变小了……（二）将下列段落译成英文：As Jia baoyu，Xue Baoqin，Xing youyan and Ping’er had birthdays on the same day，the young ladies held a hilarious drinking party in the hall of the peony garden for them. When it was Xiangyun’s turn to compose a verse amid a drinking game，she made fun of the service maids by saying，holding a duck head in hand，“This ya tou （referring to the duck head in hand）is not that ya tou （referring to the service maids around，as both are homophones in Chinese），for this ya tou has applied no hair oil….”Everybody roared with laughter. Some service maids protested，laughing，“You made fun of us，so you have to drink another cup. Let’s pour a full cup her….”As the party went on drinkers’games continued with ceaseless laughter and people suddenly noticed that Xiangyun had disappeared. While they looked this way and that，a service maid rushed in laughing，“Young ladies. Hurry to have a look at the Lady Xiangyun. She’s sleeping on the stone bench over there.”The group tiptoed over，and sure enough，saw Xiangyun sleeping soundly. Fallen flowers scattered on her body，her hair and her face. Her fan had dropped on the ground aside. Bees danced in the air around her. Under her head was a make-shift pillow of peony flowers wrapped with her handkerchief. Amid laughter service girls gently woke her up and helped her-she was still mumbling something drunkenly-get inside theroom.第二节翻译的定义与性质四、课内练习（一）将下列英文译成中文：1. 海蒂读过阿瑟的信后陷入了绝望之中。
英语翻译课本课后习题答案
英语翻译课本课后习题答案1、Studies serve for delight（高兴、欢喜）, for ornament 装饰and for ability.2、Histories make men wise; poets witty机智的; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave庄重; logic and rhetoric able to contend争论，争辩.3、When my grandfather died, my 83-year-old grandmother, once full of life, slowly began to fade.4、All is well that ends well.5、Where there is a way for a car, there is a Toyota.6、Not all cars are created equal.7、Showing off your proficiency with an axe before LuBan–the master carpenter8、to draw a snake and add feet to it to paint the lily9、电影名翻译：Casablanca Shrek Titanic Waterloo BridgeThe Bridge of Madison Broke Back Mountain10、定义：Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.译文：1，读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。
中西翻译简史第章部分课后习题答案
中西翻译简史第章部分课后习题答案Document serial number【NL89WT-NY98YT-NC8CB-NNUUT-NUT108】第一章1.“翻译”的词源学含义给我们带来什么样的启示？（P6）答：从翻译的词源可以看出，（1）印欧语言比其他语言更强调相似性，特别是在早期的宗教典籍翻译中甚至要求一致性。
这也就是为什么在西方的翻译理论中“对等”观念会起到核心作用，而要表示自有翻译时，则会使用其他术语如“改编”的原因。
（2）很多语言中，“翻译”与“口译”使用不同的术语，意味着这是两种完全不同的活动。
“口译”比“翻译”更强调“调停”。
（3）不同的语言对翻译观念的阐释方式也不同，并非所有的阐释都像印欧语言中那样强调保存同一性。
斯特科尼提出翻译的符号学特征具有三个方面共性：相似性，差异性与调停。
这些共性可以看作是所有翻译都具有的特征，但“翻译”一词的确切含义不是预先给定，一劳永逸的，也不是不证自明的，它需要在对历史上翻译过程与翻译结果的研究中去发现。
3、三大宗教典籍的翻译存在哪些差异？答：（1）《圣经》是世界上印数最多、发行最广、翻译语种最多的书籍，也是被联合国工人为对人类影响最大、最深的一本书。
对西方社会的精神信仰和行为方式影响尤其巨大，与希腊神话同为打开西方精神世界的钥匙。
《圣经》除了是一本宗教典籍之外，它本身还是一部重要的文学作品，它的一本几乎是欧洲大多数民族语言的第一范本。
阅读《圣经》各种一本的人如此之多，甚至连研究它的着作也是汗牛充栋，以至于形成了一种专门的学问，即“圣经解释学”。
（2）印度佛经原无写本，初期翻译主要靠外来僧人凭记忆口授。
译者受中国传统宗教尤其是道家“得道成仙”观念的影响，往往是以道家的哲学名词，概念来比附佛学。
（3）与《圣经》、佛经典籍不同，《古兰经》则要求对它的解释和理解必须有一定的知识框架，翻译《古兰经》必须要对经文有深入的理解，并把《古兰经》的深刻含义传达出来。
中西翻译简史第章课后习题部分答案
第十二章1、西方各国对中国文化典籍的翻译大致分为哪几个阶段？每个阶段的主要翻译对象和翻译特点是什么？1、18世纪以前，法国是汉学研究中心，主要的翻译对象是儒家经典。
特点法国的汉学研究和汉籍翻译的发达和普及程度很高。
1876年法兰西学院还专门设立了儒莲国际汉籍翻译奖，用以表彰为汉籍外译作出杰出贡献的各国翻译家。
2、19世纪在华殖民圈对中国文化典籍的翻译。
注重实用主义，儒家经典翻译更系统，更倾向于学术研究。
3、20世纪上半页，儒家经典翻译走向欧美，融入欧美文化，文学形式多种多样，有诗歌，散文等。
4、20世纪下半页，儒家经典翻译全译本多，汉语热逐渐慢下来，只有专家还在从事此方面的翻译。
3、试分析理雅各对儒家着作翻译的主要成就以及亚瑟韦利对儒家着作翻译的主要特点？自1843年起，19世纪最着名的英国汉学家理雅各开始主持《中国经典》的翻译工作，涉及儒家经典九种和道家经典2种，并各自附以原文、注释、结论撰写到出版均成体系，并安排多人参与助译。
1861年，“四书”译本依序字香港出版，为中国经典一、二卷。
在此后二十五年间，他陆续翻译出版了中国的《论语》，《大学》，《中庸》，《孟子》，《春秋》，《礼记》，《书经》，《孝经》，《易经》，《诗经》等儒家经典。
《中国经典》陆续出版后，子啊西方引起了轰动，欧美人士由此得以深入了解中国传统文化，理雅各也因在翻译上的成就与汉学研究方面的贡献，在当时国际汉学的中心巴黎获得了极高的赞誉。
理雅各的《中国经典》可以说是影响最为深远的儒家经典译着。
据统计，《中国经典》牛津大学修订版至少有9次重印，“四书”和《论语》一单行本付印也各有11次和6次。
理雅各所翻译的儒家着作至今仍被奉为标准译本。
亚瑟.韦利的《论语》译文比较具有现代气息，晓畅易读，文学性较强，期影响超越了汉学研究群体，影响了普通的读者群。
5、西方对中国现当代文学的翻译相对薄弱，这体现在哪些方面？目前西方译者对中国文学的翻译体现出怎样的特点和趋势？1、合集多，专集少；2、西方汉语机构少；3、研究古代的多，研究当代的少。
英国文学和翻译答案
C.Such things will not be managed at this school.
答案:B
您的答案：B
题目分数：2
此题得分：2.0
17．第18题
She is an absolutely one-man wife.
A.他全神贯注于事业，为他的家庭留下了很少的时间。
B.他对事业的全神贯注留给他家庭的时间很少。
C.他全神贯注于事业，因而与家人在一起的时间很少。
答案:C
您的答案：C
题目分数：2
此题得分：2.0
19．第20题
这具有重大的历史意义。
A.This is of historic significance.
B.This has great historic significance.
英国文学英国文学史文学翻译猜文学作品名字答案文学常识试题及答案英国文学作品英国文学简史文学人类学概说答案英国文学名著东方文学史作业答案
翻译
1．第1题
Every one of us, except my poor hoodwinked grandmother, heard of the bad news.
B.By now, we had become very intimate. We made no distinction between each other’s things. We dug our chopsticks into each other’s bowls for choosing pieces of meat.
14．第14题
张先生腋下夹着一本字典，手里端着茶杯，一边踱着步一边哼着一首流行歌曲。
中医英语课后答案9.10.11.12.13.15
第十课一．术语翻译1.theory of meridians and collaterals2.system of meridians and collaterals3.transporting qi and blood to the whole body4.being connected with the viscera and limbs5.running routes6.twelve regular meridians7.the regions through or along which the meridiansrun and the order by which the meridians are connected with each other8.(of a collateral) pertaining to a certain meridian9.eight extraordinary vessels (meridians)10.branches of the twelve regular meridians 11.divergent collaterals12.skin divisions of the twelve regular meridians13.tendons of the twelve regular meridians14.qi of meridians15.syndrome differentiation of meridians andcollaterals16.meridian conduction17.meridian manifestations18.blockage of meridians19.soothing meridians and activating collaterals20.collateral pricking and cupping therapy二．句子翻译1.Meridians are the pathways for qi to circulate in the whole body.2.The meridians, which are the major trunks in the system of meridians and collaterals, mainly run in the deepregions of the body. The collaterals, which are the branches of the meridians, run in the shallow regions of the body or just beneath the skin.3.The twelve regular meridians start from and end at certain points, run through or along certain regions, followcertain orders to connect with each other, distribute in the limbs with rules and are directly associated with the internal organs.4.The eight extraordinary vessels include the governor vessel, conception vessel, thoroughfare vessel, beltvessel, yin heel vessel, yang heel vessel, yin link vessel and yang link vessel.5.The twelve branches of meridians, which stem from the twelve regular meridians, start from the four limbs,run deep in the viscera and emerge from the shallow region of the neck.6.The branches of the yang meridians stem from the meridians proper, run inside the body and finally mergeinto the meridians proper. The branches of the yin meridians stem from the meridians proper, run inside the body and merge into the yang meridians that are internally and externally related to the yin meridians.7.Collaterals can be divided into three categories, i.e. divergent collaterals, superficial collaterals and minutecollaterals.8.The minute collaterals are the smallest collaterals. That is why they are literally called grandson-collaterals.9.According to the theory of meridians, tendons of meridians where qi of the meridians stays, accumulates,dissipates and associates with other parts of the body in the musculature and joints.10.Similarly pathological changes of the viscera can manifest over the surface of the body through meridians.11.The Plain Conversation says, “Liver disease is characterized by hypochondriac pain involving the lowerabdomen…and lung disease is characterized by panting, cough, adverse flow of qi and pain in the shoulders and back.”12.Generally speaking, cough due to disorder of the lung meridian is accompanied by lung distension, chestoppression and pain in the superclavicular fossa; cough due to disorder of the kidney meridian is often accompanied by throbbing sensation in the heart like being hungry and frequent fear.13.The theory of meridians studies the physiological functions and pathological changes of meridians and theirrelationships with the viscera.14.The main physiological function of the twelve meridians is to strengthen relationship between the twomeridians that are internally and externally related to each other.15.The skin of the whole body is the region over which the functional activities of the twelve meridians aremanifested.16.Since the three yang meridians of hand and the three yang meridians of foot are connected with each otherover the head, the head is the place where all kinds of yang meets.17.Therapeutically, the acupoints located in the meridians that are internally and externally related to each othercan be used alternately.18.Qi and blood in the meridians circulate in cycles.19.Under pathological condition, meridians become the pathways that transmit pathogenic factors and manifestpathological changes.20.Clinically the places where symptoms manifest and the regions through or along which the meridians run andassociate with the viscera are taken as the evidences for diagnosing diseases.Lesson 11ⅰ.1.six exogenous pathogenic factors2.improper diet and overstrainmon cold due to wind-cold4.diarrhea due to damp-heat/damp-heat diarrhea5.five endogenous pathogenic factors6.pathogenic wind attacking the exterior7.migratory arthralgia/joint pain8.wind being the leading pathogenic factor9.attacked/invaded by pathogenic cold10.decline of yang qi11.cold tending to stagnate by nature 12.stagnation of interstitial space13.spasm and contraction of muscles and tendons14.pathogenic dampness obstructing the spleen15.inactivation of spleen-yang16.production of endogenous heat due to yindeficiency17.extreme heat producing wind18.internal impairment due to yin deficiency19.improper diet20.engorgementⅱ.1. Etiology refers to the cause of diseases resulting from imbalance (between yin and yang) within the body.2. The six pathogenic factors are a collective term for exogenous pathogenic wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness, and fire.3. Exogenous pathogenic wind invades the body through the skin, hair and muscles, producing syndrome of exogenous wind.4. The exogenous diseases caused by pathogenic wind are characterized by sudden onset and rapid transmission.5. Pathogenic cold attacks the skin and muscles and leads to the stagnation of defensive-yang, which is called “cold damage”.6. Endogenous cold is a pathological manifestation of insufficient yang qi failing to warm the body.7. The attack of pathogenic summer-heat on the body usually leads to a series of yang symptoms, such as high fever, dysphoria, flushed cheeks and full pulse.8. Pathogenic summer-heat usually accompanies pathogenic dampness to invade the body.9. Exogenous dampness is primarily caused by such external pathogenic factors as humid climate, moist location and drenching or wading.10. Endogenous dampness is a morbid state due to dysfunction of the spleen and retention of water and fluid.11. Attack of exogenous dryness on the body tends to consume body fluid and leads to deficiency of yin-fluid.12. Pathogenic dryness tends to attack the body through the mouth and nose, so it is liable to damage lung fluid.13. Pathogenic fire-heat tends to consume the body fluid and leads to deficiency of it.14. Pestilence is a kind of highly contagious pathogenic factors, characterized by sudden onset, severe conditions, fulminating infection and widespread transmission.15. The seven abnormal emotions often directly impair their related internal organs, leading to disorder of visceral qi, disharmony between qi and blood, and consequently bringing on diseases.16. Improper diet mainly impairs the spleen and stomach, leading to dysfunction of them.17. Overstrain will impair qi, and eventually lead to deficiency of qi, fatigue and weak constitution.18. Phlegm and fluid are both pathological substances caused by retention of water and fluid.19. The diseases caused by blood stasis vary according to the location and cause of the stasis.20. Pain caused by blood stasis is usually marked by stabbing, fixed and unpalpable pain that worsens in the night. Lesson 12ⅰ.1.occurrence, development, and changes ofdisease2.(body )constitutional state3.dysfunction of qi and blood4.various pathological changes5.exuberance or decline of pathogenic factorsand healthy qi/ strength contrast between pathogenic factors and healthy qi6.deficiency or excess changes of disease/transformation between deficiency andexcess during a disease7.the human body’ resistance against diseases8.feverish sensation over the five centers(palms, soles, and chest)9.deficiency complicated with excess 10.turnover of disease/prognosis of disease11.relative predominance of yin or yang12.extreme changes of five emotions13.depletion of essence causing deficiency14.mutual consumption of yin and yang15.true heat and false cold; false cold and trueheat16.stagnation of qi activity17.disorder of fluid metabolism18.endogenous cold/ cold originating from theinterior19.fluid consumption producing dryness20.stirring of endogenous wind/disturbance ofendogenous windⅱ.1.The course of many diseases is a process of combat between pathogenic factors and healthy qi as well asthe ebb and flow of their strengths.2.Predominance of pathogenic factors leads to excess while depletion of essence results in deficiency.3.Healthy qi triumphs over pathogenic factors, leading to improvement of or recovery from an illness.4.Yang deficiency refers to the morbid state of insufficient or hypofunctional yang qi failing to warm thebody.5.Yin deficiency refers to the morbid state of depleted essence, blood and fluid leading to relativehyperactivity of yang.6.Loss of yin or yang refers to the critical state of sudden, profuse loss of yin-fluid or yang-qi.7.The disorders of qi include insufficient production of qi, excessive depletion of qi, hypofunction of qiand abnormal movements of qi.8.The topical stagnation of qi may lead to such symptoms as distension, pain, or even blood stasis andretention of water, fluid, or phlegm9.Qi adverseness refers to the morbid state of abnormal ascending and descending of qi and adverse,upward flow of visceral qi.10.Blood deficiency refers to the morbid state of insufficient blood failing to nourish the body.11.Blood stasis refers to the morbid state of slow and unsmooth flow of blood.12.Blood heat refers to the morbid state of heat in the blood hastening the blood flow.13.Blood stasis due to qi stagnation means that the unsmooth flow of qi leads to disturbance of bloodcirculation.14.Impairment of thin-fluid often develops to depletion of thick-fluid, and depletion of thick-fluid is a resultof insufficient thin-fluid.15.Qi stagnation due to fluid retention refers to the morbid state of disturbance of fluid metabolism andretention of water, dampness, phlegm and fluid lead to stagnation of qi.16.Stirring of endogenous wind refers to a morbid state due to hyperactivity of yang qi within the body.17.Endogenous dampness is mostly caused by deficiency of the spleen, so it is also called “dampness due tospleen deficienc y”.18.Endogenous dryness can be manifested in any organs or tissues, especially the lung, stomach and largeintestine.19.The prolonged deficiency of yin-fluid of the lung often involves the kidney and results in simultaneousdeficiency of the lung-yin and kidney-yin.20.The obstruction of the urinary bladder is called “uroschesis”and the incontinence of urine is called“enuresis”.Lesson 13ⅰ.1.spirit, complexion, and physical conditions2.mental activities3.sufficient essence and abundant qi4.apathetic facial expressions5.normal complexion and varied normalcomplexion6.convulsion of the limbs7.stirring of wind due to damp-heat8.interior sinking of pathogenic toxin9.scaly skin/ squamous and dry skin10.hunger without appetite bined use of the four diagnostic methods12.facial expressions13.favorable prognosis14.dispiritedness15.five colors indicating diseases / diagnosticsignificance of five colors16.facial distortion17.flaming of deficient fire18.retention of heat in the large intestine19.uncoated tongue/ mirror-like tongue20.pulse manifestationsⅱ.1.Inspection is a diagnostic method of observing general or local changes of spirit, complexion and physicalconditions.2.The listening-smelling method refers to an approach to diagnosis by listening to the voices of the patients andsmelling the odors emitted from the patients.3.Inquiry is a diagnostic method used to understand the occurrence, development, present subjective symptomsand other things concerning the diseases by asking the patients or their companions.4.Pulse-taking and palpitation refer to the diagnostic method of feeling the pulse and palpating the stomach andabdomen, foot and hand as well as other regions of the patients.5.Local pathological changes may involve the whole body and the viscera, which can be manifested in variousaspects.6.The four diagnostic methods were developed gradually in the long-term medical practice.7.“With spirit” is a manifestation of sufficient essence, abundant qi, and full vitality.8.“Without spirit” is a manifestation of impaired essence, deficient qi, and dispiritedness.9.“False spirit” is a false manifestation of temporary vitality during the critical stage of a disease.10.Normal complexion refers to the facial colors under physiological conditions.11.Bluish color indicates cold syndrome, pain syndrome, blood stasis and infantile convulsion.12.Inspection of physical conditions can provide information about the state of visceral qi and blood, strengthcontrast between yin and yang or pathogenic factors and healthy qi, as well as prognosis and location of the diseases.13.V omiting is caused by adverse rising of stomach qi.14.Bulgy tongue is usually caused by retention of water, dampness, phlegm and fluid.15.Mirror-like tongue is primarily caused by depletion of stomach yin and impairment of stomach qi.16.Yellow tongue coating is caused by fumigation of pathogenic heat and usually indicates interior syndrome andheat syndrome.17.Greasy tongue coating, usually caused by interior accumulation of damp-turbidity and stagnation of yang qi,mainly indicates retention of phlegm-fluid, damp-turbidity, food, damp-heat and obstinate phlegm, etc.18.Pressing diagnosis includes pulse-taking and palpation.19.The variation of pulse that reflects the state of a disease is known as morbid pulse.20.Clinically, only combined use of the four diagnostic methods can enable one to perform the correct diagnosis.Lesson 15ⅰ.1.辨证论治treatment with syndromedifferentiation/ treatment according to syndrome differentiation2.表里同病disease involving both exterior andinterior/ simultaneous disorder of exterior and interior3.寒热错杂simultaneous occurrence of cold andheat/ mixture of cold and heat4.里邪出表regression of interior pathogenicfactors to the exterior5.真寒假热true cold and false heat6.恶寒与恶热aversion to cold and aversion to heat7.口淡不渴tasteless sensation in the mouthwithout thirst8.寒邪郁而化热transformation of stagnatedpathogenic cold into heat9.外感表虚exterior-deficiency syndrome due toexogenous pathogens10.五心烦热feverish sensation over five centers11.病位与病性location and nature of disease12.虚实夹杂mixture of deficiency andexcess/co-existence of deficiency and excess 13.外邪入里invasion of exterior pathogenic factorsinto the interior14.寒证化热cold syndrome transforming into heatsyndrome15.真假寒热true heat and false cold16.热证转寒heat syndrome transforming into coldsyndrome17.舌淡苔白而润滑pale tongue with white, moistand slippery fur18.脉数无力rapid and weak pulse19.潮热盗汗tidal fever and night sweating20.神昏谵语coma with deliriumⅱ.1.疾病的表现尽管极其复杂，但基本上都可以用八纲加以归纳。
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第七章
1、中国古代重要的科技翻译作品有哪些？有何特点？
天文、历法、数学、医学等，
中国古代的科技翻译始于东汉末年，不过与翻译佛经的”译场“不同，这些翻译往往由译僧独自完成，所译内容也比较零散，是佛经翻译的附属或附产品，而非系统的介绍。
3、我国清末民初的科技翻译有哪些特点？对我国的科学和文化发展有何作用？
此阶段是从19世纪开始，西方科技知识在中国广泛传播，并对中国的只是分子产生了普遍影响。
此时的各人文学科渐渐自成体系，而此时社会腐败，仅有少数有识之士注意到西学的优越之处，但仍不把它作为与中学对等的学术文化，其地位远不及中国的学术思想。
鸦片战争战败及一系列不平等条约的签订，激起思想先进者向西方学习的欲望，以达到“维新”之目的。
这就促成了西方科学技术再一次传入中国。
P118清末译出的科学书籍的知识就内容
而言，清末译出的书籍比较浅显。
数量上看，清末73年约2100种，而民国时期译出的有10700种左右，五四后，科技译著的数量是清末的十倍。
且质量较高。
林则徐设立译馆，翻
译西方书刊报纸，积极搜集西方信息。
译出了中国第一部系统介绍世界历史，地理类知识的《四洲志》。
它是当时介绍最齐备，最新颖的世界地理，历史，风土人情的图书。
魏源在《海国图志》中大量介绍外国自然，地理，经济，科学，文化等方面的资料。
徐继畬通过采访来华传教士，商人等编著了《灜环志略》，第一本中国人全面介绍世界地理的书籍。
虽然他们不通外语，但是较早重视并组织翻译外国资料，为同时代的人了解外部世界做出了贡献。
梁启超等一批富有世界眼光的思想家向西方学习大量的自然科学和社会科学的知识，政治上也强烈要求改革。
此时的大量西方知识，也产生了广泛而深刻的影响。
各类翻译出版机构也
先后翻译出版了大量科学技术文献和教科书。
传播了化学，医学，等各方面的知识。
为中国介绍了不少西方先进的科学知识。
第九章
1、以佛经翻译为例，翻译活动在哪些层面上悄然改变了译入语的语言和文化？P141
自公元1世纪前后，佛教传入中国，佛经翻译开始了将近千余年的翻译历程。
中国的语言，文学，文化更是经由翻译得到了极大的丰富。
1.佛教典籍的翻译大大丰富了汉语的词
汇和语言。
P143佛经翻译不仅为汉语语言增加了很多新词汇，还促进了汉语构词方式的
发展。
有很多研究显示，汉语的双音化过程在魏晋以前是缓慢的，但自从佛经翻译盛行的魏晋以后，开始出现更多的双音词和多音节次，四字格成语更是明显增加。
2.佛教典籍的翻译丰富了汉语的音韵，语法和文体，为现代汉语的兴起提供了土壤。
佛教典籍对中国音
韵学最重要的影响有三个方面，一是四声，二是字母，三是等韵图表。
佛经译者根据梵文字母，创造了汉子的拼音方式。
在句法方面，佛经翻译使用大量的倒装句，提问句以及解释句。
助词“于”的被动句式也取自佛经。
在问题方面，由于佛经翻译讲求思想的普及性，因此引用了一种散文和韵文交错使用的口语化文体—变文。
这种形式句式整齐，节奏感较强，读起来琅琅上口。
还出现了一种记录禅师谈话的特殊文体—语录体，这种口语文体朴素而活泼且自由。
这种朴实平易的口语化文体的普及与发展，佛寺禅门遂成为白话文与白话诗的重要发源地。
3.佛教典籍的翻译为中国文学提供的肥沃的土壤。
佛经译本的广泛流传，对于文
学题材，文学结构，文学语言等各个方面产生了极其深远的影响。
文学题材：由于印度思想的渗透，以及佛教神话与寓言故事的传播，志怪小说在魏晋南北朝开始盛行。
明代的白话小说更是文学题材受佛经翻译影响的典型代表。
不仅小说的主线围绕佛教的传播，主要人物和故事也是基本取自佛经。
文学结构：佛经译本不仅影响了白话小说的内容，而且还影响着
其文化结构。
自唐代起，佛经翻译还因讲经的方式，衍生出一种韵散交错的变文形式。
即散文体中穿插诗词。
这种文体被广泛运用到我国的白话小说。
两宋时期的“话本”甚至把佛经的文学结构囊括入内，可见佛经在当时已经被看作一中独特的文学形式。
文学语言：佛经翻译对中国文学语言产生很大影响，一部分归功于佛经原文独特的文学性，还有很大部分归功于译者译笔的文学性。
P148还在于很多诗人和文学家走在思想和文学观上深受佛经影响。
如唐代诗人王维，在诗中他把佛家清净理念加诸于自然景物。
营造一种禅定境界。
甚至中国诗歌评论和其它文论都采用了很多佛教语言。
佛教典籍的翻译不仅引发了中国翻译史
上历时极为长久的第一次翻译高潮，而且极大的丰富和发展了中国语言和文化。
为中国民族的文学，文化构建和创新做了不可或缺的贡献。
由此也看出清翻译在接纳，吸收外来文化过程中所发挥的不可替代的作用。
3、以清末民初的小说翻译为例，译者是如何通过翻译选材影响译入语社会思想观念的？
翻译改变了清末民初的社会文化道德观；A爱情小说的翻译有助于打破当时的封建
礼教束缚B侦探小说的翻译有助于引进西方的法制观和人权观C科学小说的翻译有助于
破除迷信，增强科学意识
5、以五四新文化运动为例，翻译与文学创新之间存在着怎样的关系？翻译与创作之间是否
存在明确的界限？当翻译活动直接影响译入语文学创作时，译入语文化与源语文化之间又
存在怎样的强弱关系？
五四新文化运动时期，许多诗人翻译和创作的界限都非常模糊，“译作合一，甚至以作代译”由惊喜而临摹，由临摹而创造。
翻译与创作之间是一个时间连续体
第十一章
1、清末民初西方社科经典翻译过程中有哪些代表人物？这些人物大致可以分为几类？
其译文对晚清社会产生了哪些影响？
分为三类，第一类是中述人才，即与传教士等西方人合作，翻译时担任笔述工作的人，如李善兰、王韬、徐寿等。
第二类是西译人才，即自己通晓西文，独立进行翻译工作。
此类人员最早的要算林则徐的幕僚袁德辉、最出名的是严复，还有马君武，周桂笙、伍光建等。
第三类是日译人才，即从日文转译西学。
这一类人数最多，如梁启超，杨廷栋，章宗祥等。
在严复、梁启超等一批有识之士的译介之下，西方先进的竞争意识，自由观念和民主思想逐渐引进中国，在中华民族振兴的过程中，翻译文学发挥了不可磨灭的作用。
3、新中国初期俄苏文学和东欧社会主义国家文学在怎样的契机下传入中国？东欧社会主
义国家文学主要指哪几国的文学作品？俄苏文学和东欧社会主义国家文学有哪些代表
人物及代表作？
由于前苏联及当时的几个东欧社会主义国家和中国属于同一政治阵营，这一意识形态伤的高度契合使得新中国初期的外国文学译介的重心以俄苏文学和东欧社会主义国家文学为
主。
主要指捷克斯洛伐克、波兰和匈牙利三国知名作家占的比重最大。
捷克斯洛伐克作家哈谢克，代表作《好兵帅克》，伏契客，代表作《绞刑架下的报告》，匈牙利作家裴多菲，代表作《勇敢的约翰》，波兰作家显克维支、密茨凯维支，代表作《密茨凯维支诗选》，《显克维支短篇小说集》。