英语句子成分分析

句子成分（Sentence Members）

句子成分和结构是英语的基础，是理解和表达英语的关键。英语中许多词类都对句子成分和结构有影响。英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的，这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用，叫做句子成分。英语的篇章是由句子构成的，不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构，这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型。学习英语句法的基础是了解句子成分、句子的基本结构和句子种类。在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。

（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如：

（1）Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名词作主语）

（2）He reads newspapers every day. （代词作主语）

（3）Smoking is harmful to the health. （动名词作主语）

（4）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.（不定式作主语）

（5）What we should do is not yet decided. （主语从句作主语）

练一练：指出下例句中主语的中心词。

1).The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.

2).There is an old man coming here.

3).The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

4).To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

（二）谓语

说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语

谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。

如：His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语）

We study hard. （行为动词作谓语）

We don’t finish reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）

He can speak English. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）

练一练：选出句中谓语的中心词。

① I don't like the picture on the wall.

② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.

③ Do you usually go to school by bus?

④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.

⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?

⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.

⑦ What I want to tell you is this.

⑧ We had better send for a doctor.

三）宾语

宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。

She is doing her homework now.（名词作宾语）

She says（that）she is ill.（宾语从句作动词宾语）

We often help him.（代词作宾语）

He likes to play basketball.（不定式作宾语）

We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。（动名词短语作宾语）

练一练：挑出下列句中的宾语。

① My brother hasn't done his homework.

② People all over the world speak English.

③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.

④ How many new words did you learn last class?

⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?

说明1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。

说明2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语

，间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。

不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟。如：give, showbring, pass, buy 等。如：（1）Our teacher tells us a story.

（2）The sun gives us light.

“人”

间接宾语前加“to”的有：

give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise（答应）, refuse（拒绝）等。

间接宾语加“for”的有：

make, buy, do, get, play, order（命令）, sing, pay等

（1）I give him a book. 改成：

（2）He passes me the book.（他将书递给我。）改成：

（3）He writes me a letter. 改成：

（4）He will buy me some books. 改成：

（5）She is making me a cake. 改成：

练一练：划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。

①Please tell us a story.

② My father bought a new bike for me last week.

③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.