2011年真题(解析版)[1]
2011年考研数学一试卷真题及答案解析
2011年考研数一真题及答案解析一、选择题1、 曲线()()()()4324321----=x x x x y 的拐点是（ ）（A ）（1，0） （B ）（2，0） （C ）（3，0） （D ）（4，0）【答案】C 【考点分析】本题考查拐点的判断。
直接利用判断拐点的必要条件和第二充分条件即可。
【解析】由()()()()4324321----=x x x x y 可知1,2,3,4分别是()()()()23412340y x x x x =----=的一、二、三、四重根，故由导数与原函数之间的关系可知(1)0y '≠，(2)(3)(4)0y y y '''===(2)0y ''≠，(3)(4)0y y ''''==，(3)0,(4)0y y ''''''≠=，故（3，0）是一拐点。
2、 设数列{}n a 单调减少，0lim =∞→n n a ，()∑===n k k n n a S 12,1 无界，则幂级数()11nn n a x ∞=-∑的收敛域为（ ） （A ） (-1，1] （B ） [-1，1) （C ） [0，2) （D ）(0，2]【答案】C 【考点分析】本题考查幂级数的收敛域。
主要涉及到收敛半径的计算和常数项级数收敛性的一些结论，综合性较强。
【解析】()∑===n k k n n a S 12,1 无界，说明幂级数()11nn n a x ∞=-∑的收敛半径1R ≤；{}n a 单调减少，0lim =∞→nn a ，说明级数()11nn n a ∞=-∑收敛，可知幂级数()11nn n a x ∞=-∑的收敛半径1R ≥。
因此，幂级数()11nn n a x ∞=-∑的收敛半径1R =，收敛区间为()0,2。
又由于0x =时幂级数收敛，2x =时幂级数发散。
2011年考研英语真题及答案解析
2011年考研英语(一)真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for ea ch numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER S HEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But _____some cla ims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ____ he art rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter i s difficult to ____, a good laugh is unlikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.____, instead of straining muscles to build them, as ex ercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the ____, stu dies dating back to the s indicate that laughter. muscles, Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effe cts of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing prob ably does produce other types of ______feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. ______one classical the ory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _______ ph ysical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th cent ury that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they beco me sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests t hat emotions can flow _____ muscular responses.In an experi ment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determinin g4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewabl e6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent 18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposin g20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conver selySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions bel ow each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your an swers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement o f his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music crit ic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a s urprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little k nown. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointm ent in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician wit h no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a desc ription of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pier re Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some T imes readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an im pressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere e lse, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and downlo ad still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no s ubstitute for live performance are missing the point. For t he time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, cla ssical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera ho uses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but al so with the recorded performances of the great classical mu sicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, av ailable everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choo sing. The widespread availability of such recordings has th us brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditi onal classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to pr ogram attractive new music that is not yet available on rec ord. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely n oted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described hi m as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But wh at will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between ’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is tr ue of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philha rmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of Americ a in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, h e came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goa l of runni ng a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “v ery much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he wa s talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Fin ancial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the N o.2 executives at and American Express quit with the expla nation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scr utinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressur e, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their rep utations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, depu ty chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a ne t. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a y ear ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opp ortunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a be tter one is unconventional. For years executives and headhu nters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Fer ry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to lo ok at sitting CEOs fi rst.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropi cana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commod ities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a ma jor financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptabl e to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The tradition al rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The p eople who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitti ng may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most prob ably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the te xt?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that yo u got what you p aid for. No longer. While traditional “pai d” media – such as television commercials and print adver tisements – still play a major role, companies today can e xploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionat e about a product may create “owned” med ia by sending e-m ail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broa d range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promot ing their own products. For earned media , such marketers a ct as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some case s, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s p aid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sell s ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as ow ned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizatio ns place their content or e-commerce engines within that en vironment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a s tand-alone media property that promotes complementary and e ven competitive products. Besides generating income, the pr esence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gi ves companies opportunities to learn valuable information a bout the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may hel p expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provi ded marketers with more (and more diverse) communications c hoices have also increased the risk that passionate consume rs will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposi te of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negat ive allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally c reated them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to pers uade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and t he learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earli er this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to e ngage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality product s.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite prod ucts.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned med ia[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumer s.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketin g.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, pr ovocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hat e My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets peopl e talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anythin g less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experie nce. Rather than concluding that children make parents eith er happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider bei ng happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment da mpen our moods can later be sources of intense gratificatio n and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly ad optive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well a s the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practica lly every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreatio n, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having childr en is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets o f parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents r arely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had ki ds, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the messa ge that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of t he gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magaz ines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealisti c, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bull ock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are th e least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of ca ke.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough t o want children just because Reese and Angelina make it loo k so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parentho od aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rach el” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Ani ston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raisinga child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attentio n.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by ce lebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearin g.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these para graphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G t o filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and Ghave been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHE ET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand po ints out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doct or in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out bef ore getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literatu re, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college gradua tes now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universit ies want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the ba sic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general ed ucation” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “t he great books a re read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. The re are simply too few posts. This is partly because univers ities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer student s want to study humanities subjects: English departments aw arded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities stu dents leave the profession to do something for which they h ave not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top A merican universities that liberal-arts educations and profe ssional education should be kept separate, taught in differ ent schools. Many students experience both varieties. Altho ugh more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must stud y a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this s eparation, top American universities have professionalisedthe professor. The growth in public money for academic rese arch has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours f ell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequi site for a successful academic career: as late as third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but n ot transferable.”So disciplines ac quire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledg e.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the prod ucers of kn owledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue t o think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the s ocieties which they study, investigate and criticize.”Acad emic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become l ess exclusi onary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that hap pens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketpl ace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral de gree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something c urious has been happening in American Universities, and Lou is Menand, a professor of English at , captured it skillful ly.G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate th e underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creat ing our inner character and outer circumstances, the book A s a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore contr ol our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we thin k that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allo ws us to think one way and act another. However, Allen beli eved that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustai n the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of th oughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievem ent happens because you as a person embody the external ach ievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention tha t “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in nee d, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiorit y of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the b ottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtl e argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always de termined the life and prospects of people, then humanity wo uld never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem t o be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel th at we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its co nditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselve s. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowin g that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it’s intended meaning, and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2011年考研英语(一)真题参考答案1-5，ACDBA 6-10 CADCB 11-15 BCACA 16-20 BCADB21-25 DBCAA 26-30 CCBDB 31-35 CCBDB 36-40 CBCCC41-45 BDCAE翻译：46、xx的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
2011年国家司法考试真题及解析(卷一)
2011年司法考试真题及答案详解试卷一一、单项选择题.每题所设选项中只有一个正确答案,多选、错选或不选均不得分。
本部分含1—50题，每题1分,共50分。
1.社会主义法治理念借鉴了中国传统法律文化中的“民为邦本”、“法不阿贵”、“和为贵”和西方法治思想中的“人民主权”、“基本人权”、“法律面前人人平等"等文化资源。
关于借鉴中体现的社会主义法治理念基本特征，下列哪一说法是准确的？（）（2011年卷一单选第1题)A.本质的同源性B.彻底的人民性C。
充分的开放性D。
实践基础的相同性【答案】C【考点】社会主义法治理念的基本特征【解析】社会主义法治理念基本特征包括鲜明的政治性、彻底的人民性、系统的科学性和充分的开放性。
选项A、D错误.本质的同源性、实践基础的相同性不属于社会主义法治理念的基本特征，因此，直接予以排除.选项B错误。
彻底的人民性指社会主义法治反映最广大人民的根本利益和共同意志,是党领导人民制定和实施法律，有效治理社会的方式、过程和状态，人民是社会主义法治建设的重要参与者和推动者.题干没有表明这种“借鉴”反映彻底的人民性.选项C正确。
社会主义法治理念借鉴了中国传统法律文化中的“民为邦本”、“法不阿贵"、“和为贵”和西方法治思想中的“人民主权”、“基本人权”、“法律面前人人平等”等文化资源,广泛吸收、兼容并包、与时俱进、不断借鉴和吸收人类法治文明的优秀成果，反映了其具有“充分的开放性”的特征。
2.近年来,政法机关通过“大接访”、“大走访”、“大下访"等做法，通过开门评警、回访信访当事人等形式，倾听群众呼声，了解群众疾苦，为群众排忧解难.关于这些做法的意义，下列哪一表述是不恰当的？（）（2011年卷一单选第2题）A。
政法机关既是执法司法机关,也是群众工作机关B.政法干警既是执法司法工作者,也是群众工作者C。
人民群众是执法主体，法治建设要坚持群众运动D.司法权必须坚持专门机关工作与群众路线相结合【答案】C【考点】执法为民的内涵【解析】执法为民是社会主义法治的本质要求。
2011年考研数学一真题及解析(公式及答案修正版)
A = E 0
知， α1 ,α 2 ,α 3 ,α 4 都是 Α x = 0 的解，且 Α x = 0 的极大线生无关组就是其基础解系，又
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） (D)
α1，α 3
(B)
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α1，α 2，α 3
α 2，α 3，α 4
【答案】 D 【考点分析】本题考查齐次线性方程组的基础解系，需要综合应用秩，伴随矩 阵等方面的知识，有一定的灵活性。
= A 【解析】由 Αx = 0 的基础解系只有一个知 r ( A) = 3 ，所以 r ( A∗ ) = 1 ，又由 A
∫
x
0
π tan tdt 0 ≤ x ≤ 的弧长 s = 4
【考点分析】本题考查曲线弧长的计算，直接代公式即可。
π
4
π
4
【解析】 s =
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dx = tan xdx = sec 2 x − 1dx = tan x − x 04 = 1−
0 0
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10、微分方程 y ′ + y = e − x cos x 满足条件 y (0) = 0 的解为 y = 【答案】 y = sin xe − x 【考点分析】本题考查一阶线性微分方程的求解。先按一阶线性微分方程的求解步骤求出 其通解，再根据定解条件，确定通解中的任意常数。 【解析】原方程的通解为
2011考研数一真题答案及详细解析
所以 x1= -./k二［是极小值点， X2 =.fl..厂二了是极大值点；
由千 f(O)=O, 则 f(x) 的极大值 f (./1..言刁-)>0, J(x) 的极小值 f(- ,/k — 1 ) < 0.
又lim f(x)= +=,lim J(x) = —=,J(O) =0,
工j—00
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00) e一1 sinx
解 由条件知： P(x)=1,Q(x) =尸cosx'于是微分方程通解为
(J (J y=e-I压）扛 Q(x)eJP<x)d丑'dx +c) =e寸ld工 尸cosx ef1凸 dx +c) (J =e一1 cosxdx +C)=尸(sinx +C),
由y(O)=O得C=O,因此所求特解为
J'(y) , f(y)
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=f
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一3一五—= 妇办
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三、解答题
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2011年全国考研数学三真题及答案解析
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学三试题一、选择题：1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸指定位置上。
(1) 已知当0x →时，函数()3sin sin3f x x x =-与是k cx 等价无穷小，则(A) 1,4k c == (B) 1,4k c ==- (C) 3,4k c == (D) 3,4k c ==-(2) 已知()f x 在0x =处可导，且(0)0f =,则2330()2()lim x x f x f x x→-= (A) '2(0)f - (B) '(0)f - (C) '(0)f (D) 0 (3) 设{}n u 是数列，则下列命题正确的是(A) 若1nn u∞=∑收敛，则2121()n n n uu ∞-=+∑收敛(B) 若2121()n n n uu ∞-=+∑收敛，则1n n u ∞=∑收敛(C) 若1nn u∞=∑收敛，则2121()n n n uu ∞-=-∑收敛(D) 若2121()n n n uu ∞-=-∑收敛，则1n n u ∞=∑收敛(4) 设40ln(sin )I x dx π=⎰,4ln(cot )J x dx π=⎰,40ln(cos )K x dx π=⎰ 则I ,J ,K 的大小关系是(A) I J K << (B) I K J << (C) J I K << (D) K J I << (5) 设A 为3阶矩阵，将A 的第2列加到第1列得矩阵B ，再交换B 的第2行与第3行得单位矩阵记为1100110001P ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，2100001010P ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，则A = (A)12P P (B)112P P - (C)21P P (D) 121P P -(6) 设A 为43⨯矩阵,1η, 2η , 3η 是非齐次线性方程组Ax β=的3个线性无关的解，1k ,2k 为任意常数，则Ax β=的通解为(A)23121()2k ηηηη++-(B) 23221()2k ηηηη-+-(C) 23131221()()2k k ηηηηηη++-+-(D) 23221331()()2k k ηηηηηη-+-+-(7) 设1()F x ,2()F x 为两个分布函数，其相应的概率密度1()f x , 1()f x 是连续函数，则必为概率密度的是(A) 12()()f x f x (B)212()()f x F x(C) 12()()f x F x (D) 1221()()()()f x F x f x F x +(8) 设总体X 服从参数λ(0)λ>的泊松分布，11,,(2)n X X X n ≥ 为来自总体的简单随即样本，则对应的统计量111ni i T X n ==∑，121111n in i T X X n n -==+-∑ (A)1212,ET ET DT DT >> (B)1212,ET ET DT DT >< (C)1212,ET ET DT DT <> (D) 1212,ET ET DT DT <<二、填空题：9~14小题，每小题4分，共24分，请将答案写在答题纸指定位置上. (9) 设0()lim (13)xtt f x x t →=+，则'()f x =______.(10) 设函数(1)xy xz y=+，则(1,1)|dz =______.(11) 曲线tan()4y x y e π++=在点(0,0)处的切线方程为______.(12)曲线y =2x =及x 轴所围成的平面图形绕x 轴旋转所成的旋转体的体积______.(13) 设二次型123(,,)T f X X X x Ax =的秩为1，A 中行元素之和为3，则f 在正交变换下x Qy =的标准型为______.(14) 设二维随机变量(,)X Y 服从22(,;,;0)N μμσσ，则2()E XY =______. 三、解答题：15－23小题，共94分.请将解答写在答题纸指定的位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.(15) (本题满分10分)求极限0x →.(16) (本题满分10分)已知函数(,)f u v 具有连续的二阶偏导数，(1,1)2f =是(,)f u v 的极值，[](),(,)z f x y f x y =+。
2011年考研英语真题答案及解析
2011年考研英语真题答案及解析2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析文章出自2009年4月的《科学美国人》（Scientific American）,作者Steve Ayan,原文题目为How Humor Makes You Friendlier,Sexier：幽默如何使你更加有人缘且性感。
文章主要探讨了笑的作用以及情感和肌肉反应之间的相互关系。
第一段由古希腊哲学家亚里士多德的观点引出“笑是有益于健康的身体运动”。
第二、三段承接上文，阐述了笑能放松肌肉，从而帮助减轻心理紧张的程度。
第四段以在1988年公布的一项实验为例论证了情绪是肌肉反应的结果，笑这一行为可以使心情好转。
二、试题解析1.[A]among在……之中[B]except除了[C]despite尽管[D]like像，如同【答案】[C]【考点】上下文逻辑关系+介词辨析【解析】第一段第一句意思是：古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于健康的身体运动”，由连词but可知，第二句与第一句形成语义转折，即一些人提出相反的观点：笑不利于身体健康。
第二句逗号之后又提出：笑可能对身体健康几乎没有影响，这是对前两种观点的否定，由此判断第二句的句内逻辑是转折关系，[A]、[B]、[C]、[D]四个选项中只有[C]despite“尽管”表示转折，所以是正确答案。
2.[A]reflect反映[B]demand要求[C]indicate表明，预示[D]produce产生，引起【答案】[D]【考点】上下文语义衔接+动词辨析【解析】上下文语境是“笑确实能对心血管功能短期的改变”，具体说明笑对身体产生的影响。
所选动词要与后面的changes构成动宾关系，并且带有“发生……作用，产生……效果”的含义。
四个选项中[A]reflect“反映”，[B]demand“要求”，[C]indicate“表明，暗示”，[D]produce“产生”，只有[D]选项“产生、引起”符合本句语境，所以是正确答案。
2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国卷Ⅰ)-精校解析版
绝密★启用前2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语本试卷分第一卷（选择题）和第二卷（非选择题）两部分。
第一卷1至14页。
第二卷15至16页。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一卷注意事项：1. 答题前，考生在答题卡上务必用直径0. 5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
2. 每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号，在试题卷上作答无效。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节（共5小题，每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A. ￡19.15.B. ￡9.15.C. ￡9.18.答案是B。
1. What does the man like about the play?A. The story.B. The ending.C. The actor.2. Which place are the speakers trying to find?A.A hotel.B.A bank.C. A restaurant.3. At what time will the two speakers meet?A. 5:20.B. 5:10.C.4:40.4. what will the man do ?A. Change the plan.B. Wait for a phone call.C. Sort things out.5. What does the woman want to do ?A. See a film with the man.B. Offer the man some help.C. Listen to some great music.第二节（共15小题：每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）请听下面5段对话。
2011年考研英语(1)真题解析完整版
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题精解S e c t i o n I U s e o fE n g l i s h总体分析来源:2009年4 5月刊S c i e n t i f i cA m e r i c a n‘科学美国人“㊂全文围绕观点 笑可以改善情绪 展开,强调笑对身体的积极影响㊂试题精解1.A]在 中[B]除 之外[C]尽管[D]像 一样(表比较)[解析]句中t o t h e c o n t r a r y潜在的比较对象实为l a u g h i n gp r o b a b l y h a s l i t t l e i n f l u e n c e,解题只涉及空格句句内逻辑,而t o t h e c o n t r a r y表明两部分间为 让步或转折 逻辑,只有d e s p i t e符合条件,d e s p i t e s t h t o t h e c o n t r a r y为常见用法,意为 尽管有 等与此相反 ,正确项为[C]㊂2.[A]反映;表达[B]需要[C]表明;显示[D]引起;导致[解析]②句指出笑很可能对身体健康影响甚微;④句再次表明笑的影响有限,推测③句为 让步内容 ,即,退而承认 笑在某种意义上的功用 ,符合文意的只有[D]p r o d u c e,表示 产生影响㊁引发结果 ㊂3.[A](使)变得稳定[B]促进[C]损害[D]查明,测定[解析]空格部分短语作方式状语,说明笑是如何引起心脏和血管功能的短期变化的,因此空格词既要表现 产生㊁变化 这一语义,又要体现 积极的 这一方向,只有[B]b o o s t i n g符合要求㊂4.[A]输送;发射;传播[B]使保持;使稳定持续[C]估计;评估[D]看到;观察[解析]由空格句的主句可推知,因为大笑不具备散步或慢跑所拥有的某种属性,导致达不到散步或慢跑产生的功效;而散步或慢跑很明显的特点就是可持续时间长,再联系上文 笑只能引起心脏及血管功能的短期变化 可知,笑不具备持续性,[B]s u s t a i n符合文意㊂5.[A]显著的[B]可处理的[C]负担得起的[D]可延长有效期的[解析]空格句通过t h ew a y w a l k i n g o r j o g g i n g d o e s将 大笑 和 散步或慢跑 作比较,以u n l i k e l y说明 前者不如后者对身体的积极影响大 ,和b e n e f i t s连用表现 成效大 这一语义的只有[A]m e a s u r a b l e㊂6.[A]轮流[B]确切地说,事实上[C]另外,而且[D]简言之[解析]上文把 笑 和 散步㊁慢跑 进行比较,说明前者不如后者对身体的影响显著,而空格句把 笑 和 运动 进行比较,具体说明 运动和笑分别是如何影响身体的 ,因此不难判断该句是对上文的 具体化 说明,选项中只有[B]i n f a c t表示补充说明,强调前面所说的话㊂7.[A]相反的[B]不可能的[C]正常的;普通的[D]预期要发生的[解析]句中取舍结构i n s t e a do f...表明, 笑 和 运动 对肌肉的作用方式是不同的㊂空格句为运动的影响:使肌肉紧张,下文指出笑的影响:降低肌肉紧张度,由此明确两者对身体的作用相反,[A]o p-p o s i t e符合文意,t h e o p p o s i t e表示 正好相反的人或物 ,文中指代 相反的效果 ㊂8.[A]硬化[B]使松动[C](使)变紧;变得僵硬[D](使)放松[解析]空格句后半句d e c r e a s i n g m u s c l e t o n e...作状语修饰空格词,指 降低肌肉紧张度 ,也即 放松肌肉 ,因此[D]r e l a x e s正确㊂[B]w e a k e n s表示 削弱某物的坚定性㊁使其更易被破坏 ㊂9.[A]使严重[B]产生;引起[C]缓和;使适中[D]提高;增强[解析]s u c hb o d i l y r e a c t i o n指代上文 (笑引起的)肌肉放松㊁肌肉张力降低 ,c o n c e i v a b l y表明本句为 根据常识得出的结论 ,而 肌肉放松 对 心理压力 是 有助于缓解 的逻辑,[C]m o d e r a t e正确㊂10.[A]身体的[B]心理的;智力的[C]潜意识的[D]体内的,内心的1[解析]d o e s p r o d u c e起到强调作用,与具正面导向的i m p r o v e一起,明确本句是对①句的进一步说明,因此o t h e r t y p e s o f f e e d b a c k只能与上句s u c hb o d i l y r e a c t i o n相对应,与b o d i l y相近的只有[A]p h y s i c a l㊂11.[A]除 之外[B]依据[C]由于[D]至于,关于[解析]逗号前为 某理论 ,逗号后是 对情绪V S身体反应之间关系的说明 ;而上文②句通过A n y w a y,...d o e s...对①句观点进行支持,判断此处是对该观点的进一步实证,也即,作者通过 引用理论 来证明上文观点,选项中能表示引入信息来源的只有[B]A c c o r d i n g t o㊂12.[A]和 一起;具有[B]在 上;关于[C]在 之中[D]在 (场所);以[解析]上文已知 (笑引起的)身体反应能改善个人的情绪状态 ,即,个人的情绪状态(=感受)源自于身体反应,本句是对上文的引证,那么空格句应与上文相近,因此空格处只能表示 源自㊁由于 的逻辑,r o o t e d i n意为 根源在于,由 产生 ,[C]符合文意㊂13.[A]除非[B]直到 为止[C]如果[D]因为[解析]b u t后表面是在阐释 流泪(身体反应)V S悲伤(情绪) 的 时间先后关系 ,实则强调两者因果关联,即 身体反应(流泪)导致情绪(悲伤) ,因此b u t之前的内容一定与该观点相对立,即:(不是)悲伤导致流泪,空格处只有b e c a u s e既能体现 身体反应V S情绪 之间的因果逻辑,又能体现b u t所衔接两分句之间的转折对比逻辑,故[D]正确㊂14.[A]耗尽[B]因 而引起[C]在 之前发生[D]抑制[解析]句中A l t h o u g h...a l s o...(尽管 也会 )暗示空格词应体现与上文相反的关系,上文末观点: 悲伤 发生在 眼泪 之后,因此空格部分需表达 悲伤发生在眼泪之前 的逻辑,[C]p r e c e d e s正确㊂15.[A]到 里面;对着;向[B]来自[C]向(着),朝(着)[D]超出[解析]空格句前半句指出,悲伤会先于眼泪产生,即情绪导致相应的身体反应;由A l t h o u g h可知后半句的逻辑只能与之相反,并与上文末观点统一,即:情绪源于身体反应;文中e m o t i o n s对应 情绪 ,m u s c u l a r r e s p o n s e s对应 身体反应 ,空格词需要体现 源于 的语义逻辑,只有[B](f l o w)f r o m符合文意㊂16.[A](去)拿来;(去)请来[B]咬[C]拿走,挑出[D]使保持(在某位置)[解析]空格词既要表示 牙齿对笔的动作 ,还要表示 嘴唇对笔的动作 ,而且还必须产生 插入语(t h e r e b y...s m i l e) 和 定语从句(w h i c h...) 所述的表情,选项中只有[D]h o l d符合要求㊂17.[A]失望的[B]激动的[C]高兴的[D]漠不关心[解析]实验通常会设置两种完全相反的条件来观察结果,因此首先推断空格处表情很可能 与假笑相对 ;再由③句信息 那些被迫锻炼笑肌的人 和 那些嘴型收缩成皱眉表情的人 可以确定上述推断,即,后一种人所做的表情应该是 不高兴的 ,因此[A]d i s a p p o i n t e d正确㊂18.[A]适应[B]迎合[C]求助于[D]对 作出反应[解析]由下文所得实验结论 表情可以影响情绪 以及 笑这一行为也能够改善情绪 可知,做微笑表情的人能够表现出更为激烈的情绪,选项中只有[D]r e a c t e d能体现出这一层含义㊂19.[A]表明[B]需要;规定[C]提到;说到[D]假设,认为[解析]实验结果指出:假笑者比皱眉者对滑稽画册的反应更为强烈,即:笑这一身体动作能够影响情绪(更能感知到幽默),因此空格部分是对前文实验结果的进一步推论,[A]s u g g e s t i n g符合文意㊂20.[A]最后;终于[B]因此[C]同样;也[D]相反地[解析]空格句指出,笑这一身体行为能改善情绪㊂上文提到,假笑者比皱眉者对幽默更有感觉,这说明表情也可以影响情绪,而非只能是情绪影响表情㊂因此上文意在表明 笑这一身体动作,即便是刻意做出的,同样能够改善情绪 ;这与空格句逻辑一致,因此[C]S i m i l a r l y符合文意㊂全文翻译古希腊哲学家亚里士多德将笑视为 对健康极有价值的身体运动 ㊂但是,笑很可能对身体健康影响甚微,尽管有些观点与之相反㊂笑确实会引起心脏及心血管功能的短期变化,提高心率和耗氧量㊂但2因为大笑很难维持,所以它不大可能像散步或慢跑那样有显著的成效㊂确切地说,笑不像运动那样通过使肌肉紧张来塑造肌肉,而是似乎起到了相反的作用㊂自20世纪30年代起的种种研究表明,笑使肌肉放松,它(笑这一动作)能在笑声逐渐平息后降低肌张力长达45分钟㊂可以想象,这样的身体反应也许有助于缓和心理压力带来的影响㊂而且,笑的行为的确能引起改善个人情绪状态的其他类型的身体反馈㊂根据一种经典情绪理论的说法,我们的感受部分源于身体反应㊂19世纪末有人认为,人们并不是因为悲伤而哭泣,而是当眼泪开始流下来的时候才变得悲伤㊂尽管悲伤也会先于眼泪产生,但是有证据表明情绪可能是由肌肉反应引起的㊂德国维尔茨堡大学的社会心理学家弗里茨㊃斯特拉克于1988年发表了一项实验,他要求志愿者要么用牙齿咬住钢笔,从而产生一个假笑;要么用嘴唇衔住钢笔,由此产生一个失望的表情㊂结果那些被迫锻炼笑肌的人比那些愁眉苦脸的人对滑稽的卡通画册反应更为热烈,这表明表情也可以影响情绪而非只能是情绪影响表情㊂同样,笑这一身体行为能够改善情绪㊂S e c t i o n I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o nP a r tAT e x t1总体分析来源:C o m m e n t a r y‘评论“2007.09㊂作者以纽约爱乐乐团音乐总监的任命为切入点,提出个人观点:为使古典音乐乐团走出困境,必须从根本上改变乐团与听众的关系㊂全文脉络:介绍热议事件(第一㊁二段) 发表个人评论(第三至五段)㊂试题精解21.从第一段可知吉尔伯特的任命已㊂[A]招致批判[B]引起怀疑[C]受到欢呼[D]引发好奇[锁定答案]第一段①句指出,纽约爱乐乐团聘请G i l b e r t担任下任音乐总监的决定引发古典音乐界热议,②句紧接着指出古典音乐界在很大程度上是赞同该任命的,③句更是以音乐评论家T o m m a s i n i的欢呼来例证古典音乐界的赞同态度㊂可见[C]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]将③句c r i t i c 评论家 曲解为 批判 ,与H o o r a y!A t l a s t!所传达的 高度赞同态度 相悖㊂[B]㊁[D]源自第二段①句 这次任命令人惊讶(c a m e a s s u c ha s u r p r i s e) ,超出题干范围,与第一段传达的总体赞同态度不符㊂[提炼思路]本题考查古典音乐界的观点态度,解题应严格遵守题干给出的范围,分清观点所属㊂由题干定位至第一段 古典音乐界对该任命总体持支持赞同态度 ,[C]正确㊂[A]曲解原文个别字词词义,[B]㊁[D]利用第二段内容设置干扰,超出答题范围,排除㊂22.托马西尼认为吉尔伯特是一位艺术家㊂[A]有影响力的[B]谦逊的[C]值得尊敬的[D]有才华的[锁定答案]由T o m m a s i n i定位至第二段②句T o m m a s i n i对G i l b e r t的评价:G i l b e r t是 谦逊的㊁没有令人生畏派头的指挥 ㊂m o d e s t与u n p r e t e n t i o u s同义,[B]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]与第二段①句 G i l b e r t较不为人知(l i t t l e k n o w n) 相悖㊂[C]与第二段②句 G i l b e r t 没有令人生畏的派头(w i t hn o a i r o f t h e f o r m i d a b l e c o n d u c t o r)相悖㊂[D]源自第三段①句作者观点 不知(I h a v en o i d e a)G i l b e r t是否伟大 ,但T o m m a s i n i并未评价G i l b e r t的才华㊂[提炼思路]本题考查 文中人物 就 事件人物某一具体方面的 看法,关键在于找准定位㊂先由T o m m a s i n i初步定位至第一段③句㊁第二段②句,再由T o m m a s i n i对G i l b e r t个人的评价锁定第二段②3句,从而确定最符合文义的[B]正确㊂23.作者认为音乐会忠实听众㊂[A]忽视了现场演奏的成本[B]抵制大多数种类的演奏录音[C]夸大了现场演奏的种类[D]高估了现场演奏的价值[锁定答案]由d e v o t e d c o n c e r t g o e r s定位至第四段㊂作者直接否定音乐会忠实听众观点 录音无法取代现场演奏 ,并明确个人观点:录音更具优势,且已给古典音乐乐团带来危机㊂可见,作者认为音乐会忠实听众高估了现场演奏的价值,[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]将②句多方争夺的对象 艺术爱好者的时间㊁关注和金钱(t h e t i m e,a t t e n t i o n,a n d m o n e y) 篡改为 现场演奏的成本 ㊂[B]㊁[C]源自②句罗列的 古典音乐现场演奏的竞争对手(其他现场演出+演奏录音) ,但原文仅提及 古典音乐演奏录音 ,r e j e c t和e x a g g e r a t e也无从得知㊂[提炼思路]本题考查作者观点,首先由首句m i s s i n g t h e p o i n t(没有抓住核心问题)初步判断作者对音乐会忠实听众的看法 录音无法取代现场演奏 持负面的态度,即作者认为:录音获取方便,给乐团带来了危机,这些听众低估了录音的潜力,高估了现场演奏的价值,[D]正确㊂24.根据文章,以下哪一项是有关音乐录音的正确说法?[A]它们的品质通常次于现场音乐会㊂[B]它们很容易为大众所获得㊂[C]它们有助于提高音乐的品质㊂[D]它们只涵盖了杰出的音乐作品㊂[锁定答案]第四段③句指出音乐录音的优势:价格低廉㊁随处可得㊁艺术品质大多较高,听众可以自主选择 消费 它们的时间和地点,④句强调音乐录音最具颠覆性的特点 普遍可得性(w i d e s p r e a d a v a i l a b i l i t y) ㊂可见[B]符合文意㊂[排除干扰][A]㊁[C]篡改第四段③句 在艺术品质方面,伟大音乐家的演奏录音往往比如今的现场演奏高得多(r e c o r d i n g s...m u c hh i g h e r i n a r t i s t i c q u a l i t y t h a n...l i v e p e r f o r m a n c e s) ㊂[D]由第四段②句 20世纪伟大音乐家的演奏录音 主观臆测出 演奏录音只涵盖这一部分作品 ㊂[提炼思路]本题考查音乐录音相关细节,需注意区分比较对象音乐录音和现场演奏各自的特点㊂[B]e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e同义替换第四段③句a v a i l a b l e e v e r y w h e r e㊁④句w i d e s p r e a da v a i l a b i l i t y,为正确项,而[A]颠倒比较结果㊁[C]扭曲具体信息㊁[D]缩小对象范围,排除㊂25.对于吉尔伯特在振兴纽约爱乐乐团中所起的作用,作者感到㊂[A]怀疑[B]兴奋[C]有信心[D]困惑[锁定答案]根据题干r e v i t a l i z i n g定位到第五段㊂该段②句指出G i l b e r t在新音乐方面的能力受到音乐界的广泛认可,但③句随即以疑问句进行质疑,④句进而指出这一措施的局限性:仅仅扩充乐团的演奏曲目是远远不够的㊂可见作者对吉尔伯特能否振兴乐团持怀疑态度,[A]正确㊂[排除干扰][B]源自首段③句 H o o r a y!A t l a s t! ,但原文传达的是T o m m a s i n i 高度赞同 的态度,作者并不认同㊂[C]利用末段②句评论家A l e xR o s s态度进行干扰,作者亦不认同㊂[D]由末段③句用以引出作者观点的设问句臆测出作者 困惑 之意㊂[提炼思路]作者态度题考查考生对文章的整体把握㊂本文前两段树靶,介绍古典音乐界 对吉尔伯特任命的反应 及 指望靠音乐总监一人扭转乾坤㊁解决乐团危机 的心态,后三段指出这种心态错误之处:振兴乐团关键在于改变其与新听众的关系,而非音乐总监的个人能力㊂可见,作者对 吉尔伯特振兴乐团 一事持怀疑态度㊂全文翻译纽约爱乐乐团 将于2009年聘请艾伦㊃吉尔伯特作为其下任音乐总监 的任命决定自被突然宣布以来,就一直是古典音乐界谈论的话题㊂绝大部分反响至少可以说是赞同的㊂ 好哇,终于这么做了! 持重的古典音乐评论家安东尼㊃托马西尼写道㊂但是,该任命让人感到如此意外的原因之一是,吉尔伯特相对不为人知㊂甚至连曾在‘纽约时报“上撰4文大力支持任命吉尔伯特的托马西尼也(只是)称其为 谦逊的音乐家,在他身上没有那种令人生畏的大指挥家派头 ㊂对于一个迄今为止一直由像古斯塔夫㊃马勒和皮埃尔㊃布列兹这样的音乐家来指挥的交响乐团,这样描述其下任音乐总监,似乎至少可能会让一些‘纽约时报“的读者觉得是一种牵强的赞美㊂就我而言,我压根儿不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥,甚至算不算是个好指挥㊂诚然,他指挥了种类甚多的有趣的音乐作品,但是我不是非得动身前往艾弗里㊃费雪音乐厅或任何其他地方,才能听到有趣的交响乐㊂我所要做的仅仅是走到我的唱片架旁,或者打开电脑从i T u n e s上下载更多的音乐录音㊂那些回应称 音乐录音无法替代现场演奏 的音乐会忠实听众没有真正抓住核心问题㊂为了赢得艺术爱好者的时间㊁关注和金钱,古典音乐演奏家们不仅必须与歌剧院㊁舞蹈团㊁剧团和博物馆展开竞争,而且还必须与20世纪伟大古典音乐家的演奏录音展开竞争㊂这些音乐录音价格低廉㊁随处可得㊁艺术品质大多比当今的现场演奏高很多;而且听众可以自主选择 消费 它们的时间和地点㊂因此,这类音乐录音的普遍可得性已经导致(听)传统古典音乐会的习俗陷入危机㊂对于古典音乐演奏者而言,一种可能的应对措施就是去演奏还没有录制的有吸引力的新音乐作品㊂吉尔伯特本人对新音乐的兴趣众所周知:古典音乐评论家亚历克斯㊃罗斯称其为一个有能力将纽约爱乐乐团转变为 显著不同的㊁更具活力的团体 的人㊂但那种不同的本质将会是什么呢?仅仅扩充乐团的演奏总曲目是不够的㊂如果吉尔伯特和纽约爱乐乐团想要获得成功,他们必须首先改变 美国最古老的交响乐团 和 其希望吸引的新听众 之间的关系㊂T e x t2总体分析来源:B u s i n e s s w e e k‘商业周刊“2009.11.16㊂本文主要采用例证法㊁引证法,就新现象 金融危机过后美国高端职场顶级经理人纷纷裸辞 做了原因及意义分析㊂试题精解26.麦基宣布离职时,对其方式的最佳描述为㊂[A]傲慢的[B]坦率的[C]以自我为中心的[D]冲动的[锁定答案]首段前三句评价麦基离职方式:意外地坦率直接(s u r p r i s i n g l y s t r a i g h t u p)㊁并未含糊其辞(r a t h e r t h a n c l o a k i n g ),而是对外界公开辞职原因(c a m e r i g h t o u t a n d s a i d),因此[B]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]㊁[C]分别从③句b r o a d c a s t i n g h i s a m b i t i o n(宣扬野心)以及w a s v e r y m u c hm y d e c i-s i o n(完全是我个人决定)主观臆断出麦基 傲慢 和 以自我为中心 ㊂[D]从①句s u r p r i s i n g l y和②句c a m e r i g h t o u t a n d s a i d主观推出其离职是 冲动 使然,但②句表明其目标:管理一家公司㊂[提炼思路]开篇为某特殊事例时,命题人有时会就其中细节考查,看似与主题无关,但事例往往是 引子 ,故正确项与全文主基调密不可分㊂本题[A]㊁[C]和[D]三项均为 贬义 ,而全文无意对高管行事作风展开批判,而是客观说明一种现象:高管裸辞正在成为一种潮流,这与 麦基离职时不讳莫如深 的特点吻合㊂27.根据第二段,促使高管们辞职的可能是㊂[A]他们对更佳财务状况的期望[B]他们想认真思考个人生活的需求[C]他们与董事会的紧张关系[D]他们对全新职业目标的追求[锁定答案]第二段③句列举类似麦基的高管:雅芳公司和美国运通公司二号高管为追求C E O职位而辞职;还有高管因继任无望而希望易职㊂因此高管们裸辞源于 想追求新的㊁更高的职业目标 ,[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]从⑥句 混乱多变的商业环境 和④句 希冀C E O职位 中臆断而来㊂[B]将①句 思考想要管理什么样的公司 偷换为 思考个人生活 ㊂[C]从⑤句 继任未获董事会首肯(d o n t g e t t h e n o d) 过度推测而来,但难以继任未必源于和董事会关系不佳㊂5[提炼思路]因果细节题是高频题型,熟知因果关系词是关键,常见的有t h e r e a s o n,b e c a u s eo f,b e-c a u s e,i n t h a t,a sar e s u l to f,b er e s p o n s i b l e f o r,d u e t o,o w i n g t o,t h a n k s t o,本题使用了非显性的b e s p u r r e db y,类似的还有i nc r e a s e,s t i m u l a t e,a s s i s t,h e l p,p r o m o t e,f a c i l i t a t e,e n c o u r a g e等㊂28.第四段第三行中p o a c h e d一词的含义最有可能是㊂[A]被认可[B]被关注[C]被搜寻[D]被提防[锁定答案]①句点出段落要点:为寻找更好职位而辞掉高级职位,这并非惯例;②句解释道:高管和猎头们多年都遵循这一规则:最有吸引力的C E O是那些 ;③句引招聘者之言说明:每次搜寻人才,董事会都会要他从在任C E O中物色,可见,最受青睐的高管都是 猎取 到的,[C]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]把③句 猎头挖人之举是董事会授意 偷换为 优秀C E O都是被认可的 ㊂[B]在②句t h e o n e sw h om u s t b e p o a c h e d和t h em o s t a t t r a c t i v eC E O间机械划等号,从a t t r a c t i v e臆断出 被留心㊁关注 之意㊂[D]反向曲解文中s e a r c h,l o o ka t,h e a d h u n t等体现的 被猎取,被搜寻 这一语义㊂[提炼思路]词义题意在考查上下文把握能力,常见的上下文线索包括:词语搭配㊁同位语㊁举例说明㊁近义反义词复现等㊂第四段①②句为对比关系,②③句又是解释关系,利用这两层关系是解题关键㊂其次,从词语搭配上看,与p o a c h构成动宾关系的是C E Oc a n d i d a t e s,③句中与C E O搭配的是s e a r c h和l o o ka t,只有h u n t e d f o r与之契合㊂29.从最后一段可推知㊂[A]高级职员们过去一向坚守其职[B]高级职员们的忠诚正变得不合时宜[C]高级职员们更关注名声[D]坚守传统规则更安全[锁定答案]末段③句指出高端职场传统规则:不挪窝最安全;换言之,过去高级职员往往坚守其职㊂[A]正确㊂[排除干扰][B]对③句s t a y w h e r e y o ua r e(待在原处不动)偷换概念,将其等同于l o y a l t y(忠诚)㊂[C]由①句t h e o l d d i s g r a c e i s f a d i n g f o r t o p p e r f o r m e r s推出,但该内容对应的是 高管过去很看重脸面 ,与选项的 一般现在时态 不符㊂[D]把③句 传统规则是,坚守现职更安全 偷换成 坚守传统规则更安全 ,恰好与文意矛盾㊂[提炼思路]段落推断题要求考生体味段中的 言外之意 ,即推测作者未明说但又意欲表达的内容㊂末段②句说金融危机使高管们暂时失业或辞职变得能接受了;反过来即,过去高管及外界不认同裸辞,更想固守岗位;③句说传统职场规则是待在原有岗位更安全,但是这项规则已被彻底颠覆;换言之即,以前高管倾向于固守岗位,现在不了㊂30.以下哪项是本文最好的标题?[A]首席执行官们:路在何方?[B]首席执行官们:一路高升?[C]高级经理们在没有新工作的情况下辞职[D]高级职员们唯一的出路[锁定答案]首段引出事例:美国银行总裁高调裸辞;第二㊁三段分析众多高管裸辞的内外在原因,表明其普遍性;第四至六段对现象进行总体评价:过去很少见,如今更可接受㊂可见,全文为现象论述型议论文,并且 高管 ㊁ 裸辞 在文中反复出现,故[C]为正确选项㊂[排除干扰][A]㊁[B]把文中主角t o p m a n a g e r s偷换成C E O s,而C E O s实为文中高管裸辞的更高目标;其次两项疑问形式体现的 前景不明朗 口吻,与文中明确㊁积极态度 高管裸辞已成趋势㊁更能接受(m o r e a c c e p t a b l e) 矛盾㊂[D]由末段③句的 彻底颠覆 以及④句 受害最深的是那些待得太久的人 而来,但这并不等于 高管只有裸辞一条路可走 ,所以选项过于绝对;再者本文而非 问题解决 类型(主要谈及 出路㊁解决办法 )㊂[提炼思路]解答标题题重在寻找主题句或主题词㊂主题句通常出现在:一㊁首段首句;二㊁开篇转折处;三㊁开篇现象结束处㊂其形式往往是概括总结性的结论或者判断㊂主题词的特征通常有:主题句中出现㊁首段中多次出现㊁全文中有多次出现㊁题干中多次出现㊂6全文翻译利亚姆㊃麦基8月份辞去其作为美国银行总裁的职务时,他的解释出人意料地直率㊂他没有用常见的一些含糊其辞的借口来掩饰自己的离开,而是公开声明他离职是 为了追求我管理一家公司的目标 ㊂麦基说,公布他的追求目标 完全是我自己的决定 ㊂不出两周,麦基首次与哈特福德金融服务集团的董事会会谈,9月29日,该集团任命他为C E O兼董事长㊂麦基说,没有找好下家就辞职,给了他时间认真思考自己想要管理什么样的公司㊂这也向外界明确传递了他的志向所在㊂不过这么做的不仅仅只有麦基一个人㊂最近几周,雅芳公司和美国运通公司的二把手以他们在期冀C E O职位为由辞职了㊂当董事会迫于股东压力仔细审查继任计划时,那些未得到首肯的高管也可能想换份工作㊂动荡不安的商业环境也使得高级经理人谨防让含糊其辞的声明损毁自己的声誉㊂随着经济复苏初现企稳迹象,副总们也许会更愿意在没有找到新工作的情况下就辞职㊂利伯伦研究公司的数据显示,由于焦虑的董事会紧抓现有领导不放,第三季度的C E O人事变动率相较去年下降了23%㊂随着经济好转,对于胸怀抱负的领导者来说将会有很多机会㊂辞去高级职位以期冀更好职位这样的决定不符合惯例㊂多年来,高管和猎头们都一直遵从这样一条规则:最具吸引力的C E O候选人是那些必须被挖来的人㊂科恩/费里(猎头)公司资深合伙人丹尼斯㊃凯里说: 我所做的招聘中,想不起有哪一次董事会没有要求我首先考虑在任的C E O ㊂那些还没有找到(新)工作就跳槽的人并不总是能够快速谋得高位㊂10年前,艾伦㊃马拉姆以纯果乐公司领导人身份离职,说她想成为一名C E O;一年后她才成为一家小型网络商品交易所的头头㊂2005年,罗伯特㊃维伦斯塔德怀揣着成为一名C E O的雄心离开了花旗集团;三年后他才总算在一家大型金融机构担任了这一职务㊂许多招聘人员表示,过去对高级职员而言的不光彩正在淡去㊂金融危机已经使得暂时赋闲在家或者辞去糟糕的工作变得更易接受㊂ 传统规则是固守现任岗位更保险,但是,这种规则已经被彻底颠覆了㊂ 某位猎头说道, 受害最深的恰恰是那些待得太久的人㊂T e x t3总体分析来源:M c K i n s e y Q u a r t e r l y‘麦肯锡季刊“2010.09㊂作者指出现代营销是多种媒介合力作用的结果,分析了新媒介给营销带来的机遇和风险,并就如何应对风险提出建议㊂全文脉络:提出主旨 现代营销是多种媒介合力作用的结果 (第一段) 新媒介给营销带来的机遇(第二段) 新媒介给营销带来的风险(第三㊁四段)㊂试题精解31.消费者可能创建 免费(口碑) 媒介,当他们时㊂[A]着迷于在某个网站进行网络购物[B]受到发送给他们的产品促销邮件的启发[C]渴望帮助朋友推销优质产品[D]热衷于推荐自己最喜欢的产品[锁定答案]根据题干关键词 e a r n e d m e d i a定位到首段④句㊂该句指出,热衷某一产品的消费者自愿将其推荐给朋友时,便创建了 赢得(免费) 媒介㊂可见[D]符合文意㊂[排除干扰][A]将④句 热衷某一产品(a p r o d u c t) 曲解为 着迷于在某一网站上购物(W e bs i t e) ㊂[B]混淆了自有媒介( o w n e d m e d i a) 与赢得媒介( e a r n e d m e d i a)㊂[C]将④句 向朋友推荐产品 (p r o m o t i n g i t t o f r i e n d s)篡改为 帮朋友推销产品(h e l p t h e i r f r i e n d s p r o m o t e...) ㊂[提炼思路]解答事实细节题需找准定位,确定原文同义表达为正确项㊂由题干 e a r n e d m e d i a定位至首段④句,[D]是原文...p a s s i o n a t e a b o u t a p r o d u c t...w i l l i n g l y p r o m o t i n g i t t o f r i e n d s的同义表达,为正确项㊂7。
2011年英语专业八级真题完整答案及详细解析word版1
2011专八真题PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Some of the gaps may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes while completing the task. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Classifications of CulturesAccording to Edward Hall, different cultures result in different ideas about the world. Hall is an anthropologist. He is interested in relations between cultures.I. High-context cultureA. feature- context: more important than the message- meaning: (1)__________i.e. more attention paid to (2) ___________ than to the message itselfB. examples- personal space- preference for (3)__________- less respect for privacy / personal space- attention to (4)___________- concept of time- belief in (5)____________ interpretation of time- no concern for punctuality- no control over timeII. Low-context cultureA. feature- message: separate from context- meaning: (6)___________B. examples- personal space- desire / respect for individuality / privacy- less attention to body language- more concern for (7)___________- attitude toward time- concept of time: (8)____________- dislike of (9)_____________- time seen as commodityIII. ConclusionAwareness of different cultural assumptions- relevance in work and lifee.g. business, negotiation, etc.- (10)_____________ in successful communication参考答案：(1) context of message(2) what's happening / the context(3) closeness to people(4) body language(5) poly-chronic(6) message itself(7) the message(8) mono-chronic(9) lateness(10) great influence / significanceTIPS：(1) 根据原文中一句“A high-context culture is a culture in which the context of the message, or the action, or an event carries a large part of its meaning and significance.”可知答案。
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Part I Reading Comprehension (35 minutes, 40 points) Passage 1 题型解析
1. What is the main idea of this passage?【主旨题】 2. In the first sentence the author means that_______. 【细节题】 3. According to the expert, a good relationship should be_____. 【细节题】 4. In the third paragraph, the phrase “with the upper hand” means_____. 【词汇题】 5. What is the most important for you to consider when somebody say “I love you” to you?【细节题】
1
2011 年成人高等教育本科毕业生申请学士学位外语考试
【解析】A really good relationship should be about being fair and being equal 【答案】A 4. In the third paragraph, the phrase “with the upper hand” means _______it B. having only one hand C. being active D. being passive 【解析】The one with the upper hand(优势，上风 ) is often the person who takes the initiative(主动). 【答案】C 5. What is the most important for you to consider when somebody say “I love you” to you? A. The intention. B. The place C. The time D. The determination. 【解析】 Intention(意图) is everything. It’s not what is said, but(不是…而是) how it’s said. What it comes down to(归结为) is the sincerity(真诚，诚挚) of the speaker. 【答案】A
习题解析
1. What is the main idea of this passage? A. The importance of “I love you”. B. The meaning of ‘I love you”. C. The time of saying ‘I love you”. D. The place of saying ‘I love you”. 【解析】You must have been troubled by when to say “I love you” because it is one of the greatest puzzles(困惑) in our life. 【答案】C 2. In the first sentence the author means that ________. A. it is easy to say “I love you”. B. it is hard to say “I love you”. C. we have many troubles in our life. D. people usually do not know when to say “I love you”. 【解析】You must have been troubled by when to say “I love you” because it is one of the greatest puzzles(困惑) in our life. 【答案】D 3. According to the expert, a good relationship should be_________. A. fair and equal B. fair and kind C. powerful and equal D. confident and fair
篇章解析
Television has changed the lifestyle(生活方式 ) of people in every individualized(有个性的 ) country in the world. In the United States, where sociologists( 社 会 学 家 ) have studied the effects( 影 响 ), some interesting observations(观察) have been made. ( 必 要 的 ), has become an important part of most people’s lives. It Television, although not essential essential( alters(改变) people’s ways of seeing the world; in many ways, it supports and sustains(维持) modern life. Television has become a baby-sitter, an introducer of conversations, the major transmitter( 传 送 器 ) of culture and a keeper of tradition. Yet when what can be seen on TV in one day is critically( 批判地 ) analyzed, it becomes evident( 明 显 的 ) that television is not a teacher but a sustainer( 支 持 者 ); the poor quality of programming does not elevate( 提高 ) people into greater understanding, but rather maintains and encourages the life as it exists. The primary reason for the lack of quality in American television is related to(和…有关) both the history of TV programming development and the economics( 经济学 ) of TV. Television in America began with( 以 … 开始 ) the radio. Radio companies and their sponsors( 赞 助 商 ) first experimented with( 实 验 ， 体 验 ) television. Therefore, the close relationship which the advertisers had with radio programs became the system for American TV. Sponsors not only paid money for time within programs, but( 不 仅 … 而 且 ) many actually produced the programs. Thus, in American society, television is primarily concerned with( 涉 及 ) reflecting and attracting society rather than( 而 不 是 ) experimenting with new ideas. Advertisers want to attract the largest viewing audience( 观 众 ) possible. To do so requires that the programs be entertaining rather than educational, attractive
知识点总结
� � � � � � go through be bored with depend on set off not…but… come down to 经历 厌倦 依赖，依靠 出发，动身 不是…而是 归结为
Passage 2 题型解析
6. According to the author, American television is poor in quality because ________.【细节题】 7. The second paragraph is mainly about _________.【主旨题】 8. In the author’s view American TV should ________.【细节题】 9. The author believes that television in the United States has become important to most people because ________. 【细节题】 10. The author’s attitude towards American television is ________.【观点态度题】
篇章解析
You must have been troubled by when to say “I love you” because it is one of the greatest puzzles( 困惑 ) in our life. What if you say it first and your partner doesn’t love you back? Or if they do say it, but you don’t feel they mean it? Being the first to declare( 宣布，断言 ) your love can be very nervous( 紧张的 ) and risky( 冒险的 ) and can leave you feeling as vulnerable( 脆弱的 ) as a turtle( 海龟 ) with no shell. But is the person who says it first really in a position of weakness( 缺点 )? Doesn’t it pay to hold back( 退缩 ), play it cool( 抑制住感情，慢慢来 ) and wait until the other half has shown their hand fast? A really good relationship should be about being fair and being equal,” says psychologist(心理学家) Sidney Crown. “But love is seldom equal.” All relationships go through( 经 历 ) power struggles but, he says if a love imbalance( 不 平 衡 ) continues for years, the trouble will set in( 到 来 ). “That feeling of ‘I’ve always loved you more’ may be subverted( 破 坏 ) for a time, but it never goes away completely and it often emerges( 出 现 ) in quarreling.” In love, at least, the silent, withholding( 克 制 的 ) type is not always the most powerful. “The strongest one in a relationship is often the person who feels confident( 有 信 心 的 ) enough to talk about their ( 临床医学家 ) Paula feelings,” says educational psychologist Ingrid Collins. Psychosexual( 性心理的 ) therapist therapist( Hall agrees, “The one with the upper hand(优势， 上风) is often the person who takes the initiative(主动). In fact, the person who says ‘I love you’ first may also be the one who says ‘I’m bored with( 厌 倦 ) you’ first. Hall believes that much depends on( 依赖，依靠 ) how “I love you’ is said and the motivation( 动机 ) of the person saying it. “Is it said when they’re drunk? Is it said before their partner sets off(出发， 动身) on holiday, and what it really means is ‘Please don’t be unfaithful(不忠诚的 ) to me’? By saying ‘I love you’, they really saying ‘Do you love me? If so, wouldn’t it just be more honest to say that. Collins agrees that intention( 意图 ) is everything. “It’s not what is said, but(不是…而是) how it’s said. What it comes down to(归结为) is the sincerity(真诚，诚挚) of the speaker.”