新编简明英语语言学Chapter9Languageandculture
语言学教学大纲
《语言学》课程教学大纲课程名称：语言学英文名称：Linguistics课程类型：专业基础课程总学时：36考核方式：考试成绩评定：平时测验+课堂表现+作业+出勤：40%，期末考试：60%授课对象：英语专业先修课程：基础英语教材：《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋编著，上海外语教育出版社，2002年。
参考书：《现代语言学》，何兆雄编著，外语教学与研究出版社，1999年。
《语言学教程》，胡壮麟编著，北京大学出版社，1991年。
一、课程目的和任务该课程是英语专业（本科）的一门专业必修课。
开设在三年级下学期。
本课程向学生介绍语言学领域的重要研究成果，包括语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学、语用学的基本理论以及语言与文化、社会、思维等的关系。
通过本课程的学习，使学生掌握英语语言学的基本理论和基础知识，增强学生对语言的本质特征和语言学习过程的主要特点的了解，促进学生语言能力和文化素养的提高，提高学生学习和运用英语的效率。
二、教学内容基本要求、重点和难点【基本要求】1．正确认识课程的性质、任务及其研究对象。
基本把握课程的体系与结构。
了解英语语言的起源、发展及其变化过程，进一步熟悉与理解英语语言的有关现象与概念。
2．对语言与社会、语言与文化和语言与外语教学等方面之间的关系有一定的了解，将所学的语言学基础知识用于指导第二语言的学习，提高语言理论素养，特别是提高英语的正确运用能力和得体的交际能力。
【重点、难点】1．教学重点：音位学，语用学，社会语言学，语言学与外语教学2．教学难点：句法学，语义学，心理语言学第一章绪论【目的要求】1．掌握语言学的概念、语言的概念及其甄别性特征。
2．熟悉语言学研究中的几对基本概念。
3．了解语言学研究的各个语言层面以及语言学的各个分支。
【重点、难点】1．教学重点：语言学的概念、语言的概念及其甄别性特征。
2．教学难点：语言学研究中的几对基本概念。
【教学方法与教学手段】讲授式、讨论式【教学时数】2学时【思考与练习】1﹒How do you interpret the definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language?2﹒What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?3﹒What characteristics of language should be included in a good , comprehensive definition of language?4﹒What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?第二章音系学【目的要求】1．通过语音学部分的学习，了解各种发音器官及其作用，英语的元音和辅音的发音方式和特点，分清宽式标音法和窄式标音法的区别。
简明英语语言学chapter9languageandculture
4. Language plays a major role in socializing the people and in perpetuating of a culture, espically in print form, written form or in digital form.
• 5. Culture aslo affets a discourse community’s imagination, or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in behavior and life.
• 'He gave man speech, and speech created thought, Which is the measure of the universe'
Prometheus Unbound,
Shelley
• In Hopi, there is something very special about its grammar. • One of the features that separate it from other languages is that it does not use the same means to express time, and hence is called as a “timeless language”(没有时间的 语言). • Do not recognize time as a linear dimension. • Hopi verbs do not have tenses of time and no concept of speed.
新编简明英语语言学教程第2版学习指南答案
新编简明英语语言学教程第2版学习指南答案全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hello everyone! Today I'm going to give you all the answers to the study guide for the 2nd edition of New Practical English Language Learning Tutorial. Are you ready to ace your English language studies? Let's get started!1. What are the four main branches of linguistics?- Phonetics, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics2. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?- Phonetics focuses on the physical sounds of language, while phonology deals with how those sounds function in a particular language.3. Define syntax.- Syntax is the study of sentence structure and how words are combined to form meaningful sentences.4. What is the relationship between language and culture?- Language and culture are closely intertwined, as language reflects the beliefs, values, and norms of a particular culture.5. What is the purpose of semantics?- Semantics is the study of meaning in language, including how words and sentences convey different shades of meaning.6. Explain the difference between a morpheme and a phoneme.- A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in language, while a phoneme is the smallest unit of sound.7. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) used for?- The IPA is a standardized system for representing the sounds of language, making it easier to study and compare different languages.8. Describe the difference between a declarative and an interrogative sentence.- A declarative sentence makes a statement, while an interrogative sentence asks a question.9. What is pragmatics?- Pragmatics is the study of how language is used in context, including how speakers convey meaning through tone, gesture, and social cues.10. Give an example of a language register.- Formal register: "I am delighted to make your acquaintance."- Informal register: "Nice to meet you!"That's it for the study guide answers! I hope this helps you all with your English language studies. Good luck, and keep practicing!篇2Hi, everyone! Are you ready to learn about the New Concise English Linguistics Study Guide 2nd Edition? Let's dive right in!First of all, this book is super cool because it teaches you all about the English language and how it works. You'll learn about things like grammar, phonetics, and syntax – all those fancy words that linguists use to talk about language.One of the best parts of this book is the exercises and activities. They help you practice what you've learned and make sure you really understand it. Plus, there are lots of fun gamesand puzzles to help you remember all those tricky linguistic terms.Another awesome thing about this book is that it's really clear and easy to understand. The authors explain everything in a way that's simple and straightforward, so you won't get confused. And if you do have questions, there's a handy glossary at the back of the book to help you out.But wait, there's more! The Study Guide also includes tips and tricks for improving your English skills, like how to study effectively and how to write better essays. So not only will you learn about linguistics, but you'll also become a better English speaker and writer.So, if you want to become a language expert and impress your friends with your linguistic knowledge, make sure to grab a copy of the New Concise English Linguistics Study Guide 2nd Edition. Happy learning!篇3Hi guys, today I’m going to share with you some answers to the study guide for the New Edition of the Concise English Language Studies. This book can be a bit tricky, but don’t worry, I’ve got your back! Let’s get started:1. What is the definition of linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of grammar, syntax, phonetics, and semantics.2. How many main branches make up the field of linguistics?There are six main branches of linguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.3. What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive grammar?Descriptive grammar describes how language is actually used by speakers, while prescriptive grammar dictates how language should be used according to traditional rules.4. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) used for?The International Phonetic Alphabet is used to represent sounds of spoken languages in a standardized way, making it easier to transcribe and study different languages.5. Explain the difference between a morpheme and a phoneme.A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language, while a phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning between words.I hope these answers help you with your studies. Remember, learning English can be challenging, but with practice and determination, you’ll get the hang of it! Good luck, everyone!篇4Hello everyone, I'm so excited to share with you the study guide for "A New Introduction to English Language Teaching2nd Edition". This book may seem a bit tough at first, but don't worry, I'll break it down for you in a fun and easy way!Chapter 1: What is Language?In this chapter, we learn that language is a way for us to communicate with each other. It can be spoken, written, or signed. We also learn about the different parts of speech, like nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Remember, practice makes perfect, so try to use different words in your sentences!Chapter 2: The Sounds of LanguageThis chapter talks about phonetics and phonology, which are fancy words for the sounds we make when we talk. Rememberwhen your teacher taught you how to pronounce words like "cat" and "dog"? That's phonetics! Make sure to practice saying words out loud to improve your pronunciation.Chapter 3: The Structure of WordsWords are like building blocks that make up sentences. In this chapter, we learn about morphology, which is the study of how words are formed. Break down words into prefixes, suffixes, and roots to understand their meanings better.Chapter 4: Sentences and MeaningSentences are like puzzles that convey meaning. In this chapter, we learn about syntax, which is how words are put together to form sentences. Pay attention to the order of words in a sentence to understand the intended meaning.Chapter 5: Language VariationLanguages can vary based on where you are or who you're talking to. In this chapter, we learn about dialects, accents, and regional variations. Embrace the diversity of language and learn from different people's ways of speaking.Chapter 6: Language ChangeLanguages evolve over time, just like how your favorite video game updates with new features. In this chapter, we learn about language history and how words change meaning over time. Keep up with the latest slang and trends to stay current!So there you have it, a simplified guide to "A New Introduction to English Language Teaching 2nd Edition". Remember to have fun while studying and don't be afraid to ask questions. Happy learning, everyone!篇5Hey guys! Today I'm going to give you all the answers to the Study Guide of "New Concise English Language Learning Tutorial 2nd Edition". Are you ready? Let's get started!Chapter 1: Introduction to English Language Learning1. Describe the importance of learning English as a global language.- Learning English is important because it is spoken by millions of people all around the world. It can help you communicate with people from different countries and cultures.2. List the four main skills in language learning.- The four main skills in language learning are listening, speaking, reading, and writing.Chapter 2: Phonetics and Phonology1. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?- Phonetics is the study of the sounds of human speech, while phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in language.2. Give an example of a minimal pair.- An example of a minimal pair is the words "pat" and "bat". The only difference between these two words is the initial sound (/p/ in "pat" and /b/ in "bat").Chapter 3: Morphology and Syntax1. Define morphology and syntax.- Morphology is the study of the structure and formation of words, while syntax is the study of how words are combined to form sentences.2. What is the difference between inflection and derivation?- Inflection is the modification of a word to indicate grammatical information like tense, number, and gender, whilederivation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes or suffixes.Chapter 4: Semantics and Pragmatics1. Explain the difference between semantics and pragmatics.- Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences, while pragmatics is the study of how language is used in context to achieve certain goals.2. Give an example of a semantic field.- An example of a semantic field is the words related to animals, such as cat, dog, and bird.I hope these answers help you with your studies! Keep practicing and don't forget to have fun learning English! Good luck!篇6Hello everyone! Today I'm going to share with you the study guide for the New Edition of Brief English Linguistics Tutorial 2.First of all, make sure to read the textbook carefully and understand the key concepts. It's important to pay attention tothe examples and explanations given in the book to help you grasp the information better.Secondly, practice is key to mastering any language skill. Try to do the exercises at the end of each chapter and review the grammar and vocabulary regularly. You can also find additional exercises online or make flashcards to help you memorize the new words.Don't forget to listen to English audio materials such as podcasts, songs, or news broadcasts. This will help you improve your listening skills and get used to the natural rhythm and pronunciation of English.When it comes to speaking, try to practice speaking English with your friends, family, or classmates. You can also join a language exchange group or find a language partner to practice speaking with.Lastly, have fun while learning English! Watch English movies, read English books or comics, and explore different aspects of English language and culture. Remember, practice makes perfect, so keep practicing and don't give up!I hope these tips will help you improve your English language skills and have fun learning along the way. Good luck and happy studying!篇7Hey guys, have you started studying the New Edition of A Concise English Language Course Book 2? It might feel a bit tricky at first, but don't worry, I'm here to help you out with a study guide that will make things much easier for you!First off, make sure you understand the key concepts in each chapter before moving on to the exercises. Pay attention to the explanations and examples given in the book, as they will help you grasp the material better.When it comes to doing the exercises, don't rush through them. Take your time to read the instructions carefully and think about your answers before writing them down. If you're unsure about something, don't hesitate to ask your teacher or a classmate for help.Make good use of the practice tests and drills provided in the book. They will help you reinforce what you've learned and identify any areas where you might need to improve.Remember to review your notes regularly and test yourself on the vocabulary and grammar rules you've learned. This will help you retain the information better and be better prepared for exams.Lastly, don't forget to have fun while studying! Learning a new language can be challenging, but it can also be a lot of fun. So keep a positive attitude and stay motivated.Good luck with your studies, and I'm sure you'll do great in your English language course! Keep up the good work!篇8Hey guys! Today I'm going to give you all the answers to the "New Edition Concise English Linguistics Course 2" study guide. Get ready to ace your test with these answers!1. What is the definition of linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure, including grammar, syntax, semantics, and phonetics.2. What are the different branches of linguistics?There are several branches of linguistics, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.3. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?Phonetics is the study of the physical sounds of speech, while phonology is the study of how those sounds are used in a particular language to create meaning.4. What is morphology?Morphology is the study of the structure of words and how they are formed, including prefixes, suffixes, and roots.5. What is syntax?Syntax is the study of sentence structure and how words are arranged to create meaning in a sentence.6. What is semantics?Semantics is the study of meaning in language, including how words and sentences convey information and how meaning can change in different contexts.7. What is pragmatics?Pragmatics is the study of how language is used in real-life situations, including the social and cultural factors that influence communication.8. How can linguistics help us understand language better?Studying linguistics can help us understand how language works, why languages are structured the way they are, and how language shapes our thoughts and behaviors.So there you have it, all the answers to the "New Edition Concise English Linguistics Course 2" study guide. Good luck on your test, and keep on learning about language!篇9Hello everyone! Today I'm gonna share with you the answers to the study guide of "A New Introduction to English Language Study, 2nd edition". So let's dive in and check out the answers together!Chapter 1: Introduction to English Language Study1. What is linguistics?Answer: Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure.2. What are the four main branches of linguistics?Answer: The four main branches of linguistics are phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax.3. What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive grammar?Answer: Descriptive grammar describes how people actually use language, while prescriptive grammar dictates how people should use language according to established rules.Chapter 2: Phonetics and Phonology1. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?Answer: Phonetics focuses on the physical sounds of speech, while phonology studies the patterns of sounds in language.2. What is a phoneme?Answer: A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language.3. Give an example of a minimal pair.Answer: Ship and sip are an example of a minimal pair, as changing the initial sound changes the meaning of the word.Chapter 3: Morphology and Syntax1. What is morphology?Answer: Morphology is the study of the structure of words and how they are formed.2. What is a morpheme?Answer: A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in language.3. What is syntax?Answer: Syntax is the study of how words are combined to form sentences.I hope these answers help you with your studies! Keep up the good work and have fun learning about the English language!篇10Title: A Fun Guide to Learning English from New Edition of Concise English Language Learning GuideHey guys! Are you ready to dive into the exciting world of learning English with the new edition of the Concise English Language Learning Guide? In this guide, we will explore the basics of English language study and provide you with some awesome tips and tricks to help you improve your English skills.First and foremost, it's important to understand that learning English is all about practice and consistency. Make sure to set aside some time each day to study and review the material in theguide. Whether it's reading, writing, speaking, or listening, make sure to practice all four language skills to become awell-rounded English speaker.One helpful tip is to keep a vocabulary notebook to write down new words you learn. You can also use flashcards to help you memorize and review vocabulary regularly. Remember, repetition is key when it comes to learning new words and phrases!Another great way to improve your English skills is to watch English movies or TV shows, and listen to English songs. This will help you get used to the sounds and rhythms of the English language. You can also try practicing speaking with a friend or classmate to improve your pronunciation and fluency.In addition, don't be afraid to make mistakes! Learning a new language is a journey, and it's completely normal to make errors along the way. Take risks, practice, and don't be afraid to speak up and use your English skills in real-life situations.Overall, the key to success in learning English is to stay motivated, practice regularly, and have fun with it! With the help of the new edition of the Concise English Language Learning Guide, you'll be on your way to mastering English in no time. Good luck, and happy learning!。
新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版 戴炜栋9 Language and Culture知识讲解
Linguistic evidence of cultural differences
▪ Denotative meaning (指示的，外延的，表示的) ---- a meaning that can be found in a dictionary.
▪ In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture, etc.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
▪ Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave, i.e. different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around, they think and speak differently, this is also known as linguistic relativity.
▪ Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.
《新编简明英语语言学教程》PPT课件
Chomsky’s definition (1957)
“From now on I will consider language to be a
set of (finite or infinite) sentenБайду номын сангаасes, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”
• • • • •
Arbitrariness Productivity/Creativity Duality Displacement Cultural transmission
Arbitrariness
----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings. Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, …. Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang… ) Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy…
Language is arbitrary
Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
语言学Chapter 9
•
9· 1 Foregrounding and grammatical form前 2· 景化和语法形式
Events belong to the string of plot are usually foregrounded while those used to provide related information are backgrounded. Deviation（偏离）and parallelism（平行） are usually used to show foregrounding events. The study of foregrounding is called patterning（模式/干扰背景模式）.
Language & Literature 4
Chapter 9 Language & Literature • 9· Some general features of the literary 2 language
•
9· 1 Foregrounding and grammatical form前 2· 景化和语法形式
Language & Literature 2
Chapter 9 Language & Literature • 9· Theoretical background 1
• 研究表明: 自20世纪60年代，建立起来了现代文体学， 从此该学科就飞速发展起来。但20世纪60年代，文体 学是形式主义formalism的十年，70年代是功能主义 functionalism的十年，80年代是语篇文体学discourse stylistics的十年，那么在90年代，是社会历史sociohistorical和社会文化socio-cultural文体学。 • 2000年后，文体学的发展趋势有两个主要特征。首先， 向着社会历史和社会文化文体学的研究深入。其次， 正兴起一种多元发展plural-heads development的趋势， 不同文体学学派竞相发展，新的学派不时涌现出来。
[整理]新编简明英语语言学教程笔记
![[整理]新编简明英语语言学教程笔记](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/2e7dfbc2a48da0116c175f0e7cd184254b351b3b.png)
新编简明英语语言学教程笔记Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.二、知识点nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it‘s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。
新编简明英语语言学 Chapter 9 Language and culture
Chapter 9 Language and culture语言与文化知识点：1.*Definition: culture; cultural diffusion2.The relationship between language and culture3.# Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis4.*Linguistic evidence of cultural differences5.Cultural overlap and diffusion考核目标：识记：Definition: culture; cultural diffusion领会：Cultural overlap and diffusion; Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis; Linguistic evidence of cultural differences简单应用：The relationship between language and culture一、定义1.Culture文化：including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.由信仰，风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。
2.Cultural diffusion文化扩散：through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 通过交际，A文化中的某些成分进入了B文化，并成为了B文化的一部分。
二、知识点9.2 what is culture?Culture文化：including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.由信仰，风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。
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Chapter9Languageandculture语言与文化知识点：1.*Definition:culture;culturaldiffusion2.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture3.#Sapir-WhorfHypothesis4.*Linguisticevidenceofculturaldifferences5.Culturaloverlapanddiffusion考核目标：识记：Definition:culture;culturaldiffusion领会：Culturaloverlapanddiffusion;Sapir-WhorfHypothesis;Linguisticevidenceofculturaldifferences简单应用：Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture一、定义1.Culture文化：includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andla nguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity由.信仰，风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。
2.Culturaldiffusion文化扩散：throughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomepartofcult ureB.通过交际，A文化中的某些成分进入了B文化，并成为了B文化的一部分。
二、知识点9.2whatisculture?Culture文化：includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andla nguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity由.信仰，风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。
Twotypesofculture:1.materialculture物质文化：isconcrete,substantialandobservable具.体的，实质的，可观察到的（e.g.意识文化、信念、价值观，时空概念）2.spiritualculture精神文化：isabstract,implicit,andhidden.抽象的，多义的，不可见的。
9.3therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture语言与文化的关系nguageisapartofculturenguageistheprimarymeansforculturaltransmission文化传播3.somelinguisticdifferencesareduetoculturaldifferences4.Variouscultureswillhavedifferentresponses反映tothesameword.Theonehand,languageisanintegralpartofhumanbeingpermeateshisthinkingandwayofv iewingworld.Ontheother,language,asasystemofspokenorwrittensymbolsusedbypeopl einasharedculturetocommunicatewitheachother,reflectsandaffectsaculture ’sway ofthinkingandhelpsperpetuateandchangethecultureanditsinfluence,whichalsofaci litatesthedevelopmentsofthislanguageatthesametime.一方面，语言作为人类密不可分的一部分，渗入了他的思想和世界观，既表达了文化现实，也体现了文化现实。
在另一方面，语言作为文化的产物，也有助于文化的恒定，而且，语言运用中的变体也反过来反映了文化的变化。
9.4Sapir-WhorfHypothesis 萨丕尔-沃夫假说1.linguisticrelativity 语言相对论：EdwardSapirandBenjaminWhorf,proclaimedthatthestructureofthelanguagepeoplehabituallyuseinfluencesthewaystheythinkandbehave,i.e.differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround,theythinkandspeakdifferently,thisisalsoknownaslinguisticrelativity.爱德华萨丕尔和本杰明·沃尔夫,声称，人们习惯性地运用的语言结构影响的他们的思考和行为方式,即不同的语言给人们提供不同的方式表达他们周围的世界他们以不同的方式思考和说话,这也被称为语言相对论。
,2. Sapir-WhorfHypothesis （SWH ）萨皮尔沃尔夫假说：SapirandWhorf believethatlanguagefilterspeople ’sperceptionandthewaytheycate gorizeexperiences.Thisinterdependenceoflanguageandthoughtisnowknownas Sapir-WhorfHypothesis （SWH ）.萨丕尔和沃尔夫认为,语言渗入了人们的感知和他们对经验的方式 分类之中。
语言和思想的这种相互依赖性是现在被称为萨皮尔沃尔夫假说。
对这种假说的理解分为 2种方式：Strongversion&weakversion1）Strongversion 强版(Linguisticdeterminism)believesthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople ’sthi nkingandbehavior;(语言决定论)认为,语言模式决定人们的思想和行为2）Weakversion 弱版(Linguisticrelativity)holdsthattheformerinfluencethelatter.differentlangua gesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround(.语言相对论)认为,前者影响后者(即人们的思想行为决定语言模式)。
不同语言的人们提供不同的方式表达周围的世界。
（更多支持弱版）P329例子----ThestudyofthelinguisticrelativityorSWHhasshedtwoimportantinsights语言相对论或 SWH 的研究让我们获得了两个重要的领悟 :★ Thereisnowadaysarecognitionthatlanguage,ascode,reflectscultural preoccupationsandconstrainsthewaypeoplethink. ,反映 现在。
人们承认语言作为代码 了文化先质和语言限制了人们的思考方式。
★MorethaninWhorf’sdays,however,werecognizehowimportantcontextisin complementingthemeaningsencodedinthelanguage不.过，与沃尔夫那个时代不同 , 我们认识到语境在补足编码与语言中的意义方面是多么重要。
9.5Linguisticevidenceofculturaldifferences文化差异的言语证据1.greetingandtermsofaddress问候语和称呼语2.gratitudeandcompliments感激与称赞3.colorwords颜色词4.privacyandtaboos隐私与禁忌5.roundinfoffnunbers数字处理6.wordsandcultural-specificconnotations词及文化特有的暗涵7.cultural-relatedidioms,proverbsandmetaphors与文化相关的习语、谚语和隐喻9.6Culturecontact,culturaloverlapanddiffusion文化接触，文化重叠与扩散1.threeformsof Culturecontact文化接触的三种形式：1）acculturation文化适应、移入2）assimilation同化3）amalgamation联合2.culturaloverlap文化重叠:despitethetheculturaldifference,thereexistagreaterorlesserdegreeofcultur aloverlapbetweentosocietiesowingtosomesimilaritiesinthenaturalenvironmentan dpsychologyofhumanbeing尽.管存在这些文化差异，由于在自然环境和人的心理上的某些相似之处，在两个社会之间存在着程度上或大或小的文化重叠。
3.Culturaldiffusion文化扩散：throughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomepartofcult ureB.通过交际，A文化中的某些成分进入了B文化，并成为了B文化的一部分。
（典型例子：外来词loanwords的出现）LoanwordsinChineseandEnglish.肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、雀巢、巴士、排挡、耐克、因特网、KTV、EMAIL Typhoon,gongfu,etc.1）所有的语言都在某种程度上因某些原因而借用2）对于一个语言社区而言，跨越其边界从当地语言中借用一个显存的词比重新创造一个容易得多。
*（1.借词通常反映了文化输入的路径。
2.虽然通过文化扩散，世界上许多语言都被借用，但这些外来词保留了他们自身的语法结构）Justlook:Recentlywiththeincreasingculturaldiffusionatendencyofculturalimperiali sm,owingtolinguisticimperialism[?m'p??r??l?z(?)m].由于文化扩散不断增强，人们意识到由语言帝国主义而产生的文化帝国主义的趋势。