医学英语阅读翻译
医学英语阅读二分册翻译及答案-参考
医学英语阅读二分册翻译及答案-参考对人体的简要概述使我们对两个被认为是医学基础的不同学科有了初步认识，这两个学科就是解剖学与生理学。
然而不把病理学包括进去，这种概述是不完整的，因为病理学是研究疾病引起的结构和功能变化的学科。
实际上，现代对疾病的研究方法强调病理学与生理学的密切关系，并强调在治疗任何人体疾病时了解病理学与生理学基础的必要性。
The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has g iven us a glimpse into two different studies that are consi dered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete withou t considering pathology, the science that deals with the st ructural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasi zes the close relationship of the pathological and physiolo gical aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals o f each in treating any body diseases.那么什么是疾病呢？它可以被定义为正常机能或者部分机能遭受损害时的一种状态。
每一种生物，无论植物还是动物，都会生病。
例如，人类常常被微小的细菌感染，但是细菌又转而可能被更加微小的病毒感染。
医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译与答案解析
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
医学英语课文翻译
Unit OneText A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。
作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手.这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。
根据医学历史权威的看法，这个宣言的内容是在公元前四世纪起草的，这使希波克拉底自己起草这个宣言成为可能。
无论如何，不管是否是希波克拉底自己起草的（希波克拉底宣言），这个宣言的内容都反映了他在医学伦理上的看法。
作为代表当时希腊观点的唯一一小部分，希波克拉底誓言首次被写时并没有受到很好的欢迎。
然而,在那远古时代结束时,医生们开始遵循誓言的条款。
当科学医学在罗马帝国衰亡后遭受一显而易见的衰退时，这个誓言,连同希波克拉底医学的指示命令，在西方都几乎被遗忘是有可能的。
正是通过东方坚持不懈的探索精神，使得希波克拉底医学信念和希波克拉底宣言得以在这一恶化的时期幸存下来，尤其是通过阿拉伯当局在医学上的著作。
希腊医学知识而后在西方基督教复活是通过了阿拉伯文论著和原始希腊文的拉丁文翻译。
到17世纪后期，专业行为标准已经在西方世界建立。
被专业组织通过的第一部医学伦理学的法典是由英国内科医生托马斯·珀西瓦尔(1740 - 1804)1794年编写的, 并在1846年被改编和通过了美国医学协会(AMA)。
医学英语文献阅读二翻译
Unit OneText A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal1.Perhaps the most enduring --- certainly the most quoted --- tradition in thehistory of medicine is the Hippocratic Oath. Named after the famous Greek physicianHippocrates, this oath was written as a guideline for the medical ethics of doctors.Although the exact words have changed over time, the general content is the same- an oath to respect those who have imparted their knowledge upon the science ofmedicine, and respect to the patients as well as the promise to treat them to thebest of the physicians' ability.或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。
Who was Hippocrates, and Did he Write the Oath?2.For a man considered by many to be the 'Father of Medicine', little is known aboutHippocrates of Cos. He lived circa 460-380 BC, and was the contemporary of Socratesas well as a practising physician. He was certainly held to be the most famousphysician and teacher of medicine in his time. Over 60 treatises of medicine, calledthe Hippocratic Corpus have been attributed to him; however, these treatises hadconflicting contents and were written some time between 510 and 300 BC, and thereforecould not all have been written by him.作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手.3.The Oath was named after Hippocrates, certainly, although its penmanship is stillin question. According to authorities in medical history, the contents of the oath suggest that it was penned during the 4th Century BC, whichmakes it possible that Hippocrates had himself written it. Anyway, regardless ofwhether or not Hippocrates himself had written the Hippocratic Oath, the contentsof the oath reflect his views on medical ethics.这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。
医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译及其规范标准答案
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
医学专业英语翻译4单元1
Types of bones. Almost all of the bones of the body may be classified into four principal types on the basis of shape: long, short, flat and irregular. Long bones have greater length than width and consist of a diaphysis and a variable number of epiphyses. For example, metacarpals, metatarsals, and phalanges have only one epiphysis. The femur actually has four. Other long bones have two.类型的骨头。几乎所有的身体的骨头可分为四个主要类型的基础上,形状:长的、短的、公寓、不规则的。长骨有更大的漫长而不是宽度和包括骨干和一个可变数目的epiphyses。例如,metacarpals、蹠骨,和趾骨只有一个epiphysis。股骨却有四个。其他长骨生两个
◆ Blood cell production: red marrow in certain bones is capable of producing blood cells, a process called hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis. Red marrow consists of blood cells in immature stages, fat cells, and macrophages. Red marrow produces red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets.◆血细胞生产:红色的骨髓在某些骨头能产下血细胞,这个过程称为造血或hemopoiesis。红色的骨髓由血细胞在不成熟的阶段,脂肪细胞和巨噬细胞。红色的骨髓产生红血球,有些白血球和血小板。
医学英语课文翻译
第一单元 A History of TCMText A A History of TCMThe history of traditional Chinese medicine can be traced through archaeological excavations extending back millions of years.Primitive people spent most of their time on basic survival: hunting, locating and preparing plants for food, building shelters, and defending themselves. It's easy to imagine that over time, they'd have sampled most of the local plants in their search for food. In time, an oral record evolved that identified those plants that made good food, those that were useful for building, those that had an effect on illness, and those that were poisonous. Through trial and error, a primitive form of herbal medicine and dietary therapy was taking shape in China.Fire also played a central role in their lives as a source of warmth, fuel, and light. As they huddled around fires, it was only natural that our ancestors would discover the healing powers of heat. Those powers would have been especially evident for cold, damp ailments such as arthritis, for which heat provides immediate relief. This was the origin of the art of moxibustion, the therapeutic application of heat to treat a wide variety of conditions.These ancient people must have experienced a variety of injuries during their rugged lives. A natural reaction to pain is to rub or press on the affected area. This hands-on therapy gradually evolved into a system of therapeutic manipulation. People discovered that pressing on certain points on the body had wide-ranging effects. They began to use pieces of sharpened bone or stone to enhance the sensation, and acupuncture was born.Written History of Traditional Chinese MedicineThe written history of traditional Chinese medicine has evolved mostly over the last 3,000 years. Archaeological digs from the Shang Dynasty (1,000 b.c.) have revealed medical writings inscribed on divination bones: early shamans, mostly women, used scapula bones to perform divination rites; later these bones were also used for writing.The discovery in 1973 of 11 medical texts written on silk has shed some light on the sophisticated practices of that early period of Chinese history. Dated to 168 B.C., the texts discuss diet, exercise, moxibustion, and herbal therapy.Liberally mixed with shamanistic magic, an extensive text,Prescriptions for Fifty-two Ailments, describes the pharmacological effects of herbs and foods.Also dating from about this time is the legend of Shen Nong, the Emperor of Agriculture, who tasted 100 herbs daily to assess their qualities. (He is said to have been poisoned many times in the course of his investigations.)By A.D. 400, the basic foundations of traditional Chinese medicine had been put into written form. By this time, most of the magical aspects of medicine had been left behind; there was an increasing belief in the powers of nature to heal disease.The most important book compiledbetween 300 B.C. and A.D. 400 is Huang Di Nei Jing (Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine).The work is divided into two books: Simple Questions and Spiritual Axis.The first book deals with general theoretical principles, while the second more specifically describes the principles of acupuncture and the treatment of disease. Remarkably, this ancient work is still valid; it forms the foundation for the contemporary practice of traditional Chinese medicine. For example, the Nei Jing states that cold diseases should be treated with hot herbs, and hot diseases should be treated with cold herbs. This principle is still followed today in clinical practice.Hot, inflammatory infections are treated with cold herbs such as honeysuckle flowers or Coptis root; cold, debilitating conditions suchas chronic fatigue are treated with warm, stimulating herbs such as ginseng or Astragalus roots.Modern research has confirmed that these plants contain constituents with strong pharmacological effects on these specific conditions. By the second century A.D., physicians all over China were compiling writings of the latest discoveries in acupuncture and herbal medicine. It was during this time that the famous physician Hua Tuo wrote about herbal anesthesia.Although his formula for the anesthetic has been lost, his unique system of acupuncture points is still in use. He was also a pioneer in recommending exercise as a method of maintaining wellness. He is quoted as saying "a running stream never goes bad," meaning exercise moves qi and prevents the stagnation that leads to disease.Another pioneer of the time was Zhang Zhongjing, who wrote Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases after witnessing an epidemic that ravaged his city and killed most of his relatives. This highly regarded physician developed a system of diagnosis so sophisticated that it is used by practitioners in modern hospitals 1,700 years after his death.Progress of Medicine in ChinaThe progress of medicine in China runs parallel to the nation's political history. Between the second and fifth centuries A.D., China experienced a period marked by war and political turmoil.One of the ironies of war is that it has a tendency to lead to advances in medicine. The periodic times of unrest in Chinese history, such as this, were no exception, as the increased need for practical, convenient, effective remedies led to further developments in medical treatment.During this time, Ge Hong wrote Prescriptions for Emergencies in order to spread the knowledge of acupuncture and moxibustion to the masses.Around A.D. 650, Sun Simiao compiled Prescriptions Worth A Thousand Gold, which integrated the clinical experiences of the different schools of acupuncture at that time.During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.), China's Imperial Medical Bureau established departments of Acupuncture, Pharmacology, and Medical Specialties. Numerous additional treatises and compilations of medical knowledge and experience were prepared.In the Five Dynasties period (907-1368 A.D.), advancements in printing techniques led to a dramatic increase in the publication of medical texts.One of the important books of the period was Canon on the Origin of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, in which Wang Zhizhong incorporated the clinical experiences of the practitioners of folk medicine.During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), many medical specialists compiled the works of their forebears, further expanding the extensive base of medical knowledge.The most famous physician of the period was Li Shi Zheng (1518-1593), a kind and generous healer who did not accept payment for his services. After reviving the son of a prince from a coma, he was appointed court physician and served in the Imperial Academy of Medicine.His most incredible achievement was his 40-year effort in writing the Ben Cao Gong Mu (General Catalog of Herbs), a monumental work published after his death. Consisting of 52 volumes at the time of its printing, the Ben Cao Gong Mu remains an important reference for traditional Chinese herbalists.The recent history of traditional Chinese medicine saw the integration of new techniques with ancient understanding. This integration process continued until the 19th century, when the Opium War of 1840 turned China into a semi-colonial society. Western colonial powers derided traditional medicine as primitive and outdated.The Communist party came to power in themid-20th century, bringing much turmoil to China; however, the Communists saw the need to promote traditional Chinese medicine to avoid dependence on the West.A great need for traditional doctors arose since there were far too few Western-trained physicians to serve the huge population: only 10,000 Western-trained doctors were available to serve 400 millionpeople.Traditional Chinese medicine began a course of revival that continues today. Many Western-trained physicians and scientists in China started to conduct research on acupuncture, moxibustion, and herbal medicine, and a gradual integration of the two systems began.In 1945, an acupuncture clinic opened in a Western hospital in China for the first time. Since then, traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine have been practiced side-by-side in Chinese hospitals, sometimes by a physician who has been trained in both fields.For example,a cancer patient might receive radiation to treat a tumor then be sent to the herbal department for formulas to strengthen his immune system and normalize his blood count.Since the 1970s, Chinese hospitals have trained students from more than 100 countries in the principles of traditional medicine.Interest in traditional Chinese medicine was sparked in the United States in the early 1970s when New York Times reporter James Reston experienced an acute appendicitis attack while in China.His report of receiving acupuncture to relieve hispost-operative abdominal pain brought an awareness of this system of healing to the general public.Since then, acupuncture and herbal medicine have gradually taken hold in North America. With more than 10,000 practitioners and an increasing number of schools of traditional Chinese medicine, this ancient system has taken its well-deserved place in the Western world.Text A A History of TCM通过考古发掘，中医药的历史可以追溯到数百万年前。
医学英语(阅读一分册)翻译及答案
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
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UNIT6远古以来，传染病对人类历史有着引人注目的影响。
传染病影响了——并且受到了经济状况、战争和自然灾害的影响。
Since time immemorial, infectious diseases have had a dramatic impact on human history. They have affected—and been affected by—economic conditions, wars, and natural disasters.确实，传染病的影响可能远比已知的灾害大得多。
1918年席卷全球的流感流行使2千万～5千万人丧生，是第一次世界大战死亡人数的2～5倍。
ndeed, the impact of infectious diseases can be far greater than better-known calamities. An epidemic of influenza that swept the globe in 1918 killed from 20 million to 50 million people—two to five times more deaths than were caused by World War I.无论是新老传染病，继续在全球影响平民百姓。
全球每小时就有1 500人因传染病死去这一事实表明，传染病依然是全球的主要死因。
Infectious diseases, whether old or new, continue to affect citizens worldwide. The fact that 1,500 people die each hour as a result of infectious diseases indicates that infectious diseases remain a dominant cause of death.近100年来，人类开发出各种抗生素以便控制和根除传染病。
随着20世纪60年代新型抗菌药物和疫苗的开发，科学界曾认为可以宣称战胜了致病菌。
Over the past 100 years, humans have developed various antibiotics in order to control and eradicate infectious diseases. With the development of new classes of antimicrobials and vaccines in the 1960s, the scientific community thought it could claim victory over microbes.但是40多年后我们还将继续与像疟疾、结核病、麻疹、艾滋病、禽流感等新老传染病作斗争。
Yet some 40 years later, we continue to struggle with old and new infectious diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, measles, HIV, and bird flu.值得汲取的一个教训是：在继续研发疫苗和疗法的同时，国际社会必须在监测、检测和早期应对体系方面共同合作来与传染性疾病作斗争。
A worthwhile lesson is that, while continuing research and development of vaccines and therapies, the international community must cooperate in surveillance, testing, and early response systems to combat infectious diseases.1. Many women artists complain that their work ___is not taken seriously_(没得到严肃对待).2. ___Only by soaking yourself in the details_(只有靠沉浸于细节里) can you gain a thorough understanding of the subject.3. We had no reason to _suspect that he might try to kill himself__(猜疑他可能试图自杀).4. Tropical fevers can _ sweep through whole populations (迅速袭击全体人群) in a remarkably short time.5. The amount of money spent on treating disease is in sharp contrast to that spent on prevention(与用在预防上的资金形成鲜明对比).6. The worry over the likelihood of breast cancer prompted her to have a genetic testing(促使她去做遗传检测).7.It’s amazing how soon the pathogen _adapts to its new surroundings(适应其新的环境) to survive.8. His ears are so sensitive that they can pick up very faint sounds(很灵敏可以听到非常微弱的声音) from a long way away.9. The doctor will attach a special monitor to(把专门的监听器系缚在) the pregnant woman’s stomach so that she can list en to the baby’s heart.10. His share was more than all the others put together (比所有其他的合在一起还多).UNIT7干细胞是所有身体组织的来源，能够自身复制，或成为构建一个生物所必需的任何类型的细胞。
我们的成长和发展——从单一细胞到成熟的成人——起源于并由干细胞来维持。
Stem cells, source of all body tissues, can replicate themselves or make any type of cell required to build an organism. Our growth and development—from single cell to mature adult—arises from and is maintained by stem cells.此外，干细胞能为生物学研究和医疗提供强大的工具。
科学家们正在研究在医学中利用干细胞的两种主要方式。
Moreover, stem cells may provide powerful tools for biological research and medical treatment.Scientists are investigating two primary approaches to using stem cells in medicine.第1种方式涉及到培育可移植来同特定疾病作斗争的干细胞。
第2种涉及了解利用身体自身提供干细胞, 用作治疗各种疾病的出发点。
The first approach involves developing stem cells that could be transplanted to combat a specific disease. The second approach involves learning to use the body’s own supply of stem cells, which could serve as starting points in therapy for a wide variety of medical conditions.干细胞研究引起了很多争议。
很大部分争议是围绕着研究中使用的干细胞的来源。
一些反对使用胚胎干细胞的人指出科研人员可以依靠其他来源。
Stem cells research has stirred considerable controversy. In large part, the controversy revolves around the source of stem cells used in research. Some people who oppose the use of embryonic stem cells point out that scientific investigators could rely on other sources.种种身体组织，包括骨髓和脐带血，也能提供干细胞。
然而，这些组织产生的干细胞是否在其多用性和治疗人类疾病的潜能方面比得上胚胎细胞，还无人知晓。
A variety of body tissues—including bone marrow and blood from an umbilical cord—can also provide stem cells. However, no one knows if these tissues produce stem cells that equal embryonic cells in their versatility and thus in their potential for treating human disease.1. Nurses went back and forth among the wounded(护士们在伤员中来回走动), bringing food and medicine.2. They are determined to press ahead with their research project (奋力推进他们的研究项目) despite opposition from some medical ethicists.3. I’m sure that most doctors will approve of using stem cells_ (赞成使用干细胞) for medical research.4. The Football Association is likely tocall for a ban on alcohol(要求禁酒) at football games.5. Those rockets were built at a time when ___space technology was still in its infancy(空间技术还处于初期).6. The evidence before us points clearly to the side-effects(清楚地表明副作用) of the new painkilling drug.7. Recent findings suggest that crime victimsbenefit from talking about their experiences(受益于谈论他们的经历).8. The town was surrounded by the enemy and the citizens did not know if they could hang on until help arrived(他们能否坚持直到援助到来).9. There are a few things that need mopping up (需要完成) before I can leave.10. If we can get around these difficulties (避开这些困难), we’ll be able to discuss the really important points.UNIT8医学移植指的是将健康的活体组织或器官移植给一个受伤或有病的人，目的是使受者恢复健康或减少伤残Medical transplantation refers to the transfer of a living tissue or organ to an injured or ill person to restore health or reduce disability in a recipient.自从20世纪中叶器官移植首次成功以来，当代医学在给病重的人移植器官方面取得了巨大的进展Since the first successful organ transplant in the mid-1950, great strides have been made in contemporary medicine in its capability of implanting organs in people who are seriously ill.现在至少有20多种不同的器官和组织，如心、肝、肾、角膜和骨髓等，能够成功地移植入患者体内，这些患者能够生存数年甚至数十年。