年考研英语阅读全文翻译
考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译(1994-2005)
[A]. prefer grapes to cucumbers.
[B]. can be taugage（暴行，伤害，激怒）。An outrage against justice.对正义的严重损害Members of Parliament were outraged by the news of bomb outrages in the country.国内发生了炸弹暴力事件的消息引起了国会议员的义愤［巧记］out过度+rage动怒→“出离愤怒了”
[C]. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[D]. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions.In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteousindignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins andhumans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
考研英语阅读全文翻译
考研英语阅读全文翻译考研英语阅读全文翻译阅读能力的测试包括阅读速度,理解程度以及记忆能力等。
要想获得满意的考研英语成绩,最根本的方法就是提高词汇量,加强阅读训练,下面就是店铺给大家准备的考研英语的阅读真题及全文翻译，欢迎大家阅读参考!Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word 'amateur' does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenthcentury, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.1. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.[A] sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry2. We can infer from the passage that ________.[A] there is little distinction between specialisation andprofessionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones3. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs4. The direct reason for specialisation is ________.[A] the development in communication [B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge [D] the splitting up of academic societies>>>>>>答案解析<<<<<<重点词汇：1.specialisation(专业化)即special+is(e)+ation，special(特别的;额外的)，-ise动词后缀(specialise即v.专业化)，-ation名词后缀;specialist(专家;专科医生)←special+ist后缀表“人”。
考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译
考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译考研英语阅读真题解析和全文翻译会讲一种语言并不意味着就理解该语言的社会和文化模式。
下面是店铺给大家准备的考研的英语阅读真题加解析和全文翻译，有兴趣的朋友可以来看一下哦!A great deal ofattention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the divisionof the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that dividedoes exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty yearsago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces thatwork against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic。
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide willnarrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in theinterest of business to universalize access—after all, the morepeople online, the more potential customers there are. More and moregovernments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spreadInternet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people onthe planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digitaldivide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very goodnews because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combatingworld poverty that we've ever had。
考研英语阅读真题全文有译文
考研英语阅读真题全文有译文时代在变,考研也在变。
但无论怎么变,英语在研究生入学考试中的重要性没有变，阅读理解在考研英语中的重要性更是有增无减。
下面就是店铺给大家整理的考研英语阅读真题全文有译文，希望对你有用! 考研英语阅读原文In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency,"George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront work search" scheme.Only if the jobless arrive at the job-center with a CV, register for online job search,and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit —and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.What could be more reasonable? More apparent reasonableness followed.There will now be a seven-day wait for the job-seeker's allowance."Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on," he claimed."We're doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster."Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better,complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness.What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for "fundamental fairness"protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don't skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborne land, your first instinct is to fall into dependency--permanent dependency if you can get it supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened.The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.Even the very phrase "job-seeker's allowance" is about redefining the unemployed as a "job-seeker" who had no fundamental right to a benefit,he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited "allowance," conditional on actively seeking a job;no entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 pounds a week, one of the least generous in the EU.考研英语阅读翻译为了"让生活变得更好"，减少"依赖"，财政大臣乔治·奥斯本引进了"前期工作搜索"方案。
2021考研英语(一)阅读翻译及解析
2021考研英语(一)阅读翻译及解析2021Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.得了吧, 每个人都这样啊. 这种说法一半是邀请，一半是强制。
当我们听到“同辈（趋同）压力”这个词组的时候我们想到的就是这种说法。
这种信息一般让人想到不好的事情，比如喝酒，吸毒，一夜情。
但是，在她的新书《参加这个俱乐部》, Tina Rosenberg认为，纯粹压力也是一种积极的力量，通过她所说的社会治疗，公司和官方人员可以使用群体力量去帮助个人提高他们的生活，而且也有可能提高整个人类世界的生活。
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, anHIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.Rosenberg是普利策奖获得者，他提供了许多社会治疗的例子：在南卡罗莱纳州，一个州资助的反对抽烟的项目叫做“向烟雾宣战”就旨在控制好烟草销售。
Q114-考研英语阅读-2004 text2 全文翻译
2004年Text 2①Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. ②But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. ③This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.①在过去的一个世纪里，各种各样的不平等和歧视已经受到人们的谴责或被视为违法。
②但是，一种隐蔽的不公平和歧视却继续盛行：按字母排序。
③对于那些还没有意识到这种不利条件的人，可以这么向他们解释：它指的是歧视那些姓氏字母在字母表中排得靠后的人。
①It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. ②Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. ③English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. ④Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.①人们早就知道，当乘客翻电话簿叫出租车时，一家名为“AAAA汽车”的出租车公司远比另一家名为“Zodiac汽车”的公司占有优势。
考研英语阅读真题全文翻译
考研英语阅读真题全⽂翻译考研英语阅读真题全⽂翻译 众所周知,英语⼏乎是所有考⽣最头疼、难度最⼤的科⽬,⽽阅读理解⼜是英语各题型中的重中之中。
下⾯是⼩编给⼤家准备的考研英语阅读的真题及全⽂翻译，欢迎⼤家阅读练习! Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, by babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby)surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone. There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today ---everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring---means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes. For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years--- even the past 100year ---our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. 5. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph? [A]A lack of mates. [B]A fierce competition. [C]A lower survival rate. [D]A defective gene. 6. What does the example of India illustrate? [A]Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people. [B]Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor. [C]The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes. [D]India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate. 7. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because____ . [A]life has been improved by technological advance [B]the number of female babies has been declining [C]our species has reached the highest stage of evolution [D]the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing 8. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? [A]Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution [B]Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution [C]The Evolutionary Future of Nature [D]Human Evolution Going Nowhere >>>>>>答案解析<<<<<< 重点词汇： 1.maturity (成熟)←matur(e)+ity，mature(成熟的v.成熟)，-ity名词后缀。
考研英语阅读真题全文翻译
考研英语阅读真题全文翻译考研英语阅读理解你复习如何?能够在这一般快拿到高分吗?下面就是店铺给大家整理的考研英语阅读真题全文翻译，希望对你有用! 考研英语阅读原文For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country.In Britain this has had a curious result.While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever."It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience "a refreshing air."Hill's pressures later led to the creation of national parks and green belts.They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it.It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment.The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing "off-plan" building where local people might object.The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable.Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning wherecouncils oppose development.The Liberal Democrats are silent.Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land.Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place.The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt.What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that "housing crisis" equals "concreted meadows" is pure lobby talk.The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them.Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal.He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets.This is not a free market but a biased one.Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow.They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character.We do not ruin urban conservation areas.Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip.After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowded country.Half a century of town and country planning has enabled itto retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living.There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland.Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.考研英语阅读翻译与乡村人口相比，人类历史上第一次有更多的人居住在城镇。
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P a s s a g e 1
谨慎的(tight-lipped)老人们过去常说“在这个世界上，重要的不是你想要什么，而是你能够得到什么。
”
心理学(psychology)教导人们，如果你知道你想要什么，并且你想要的东西又合乎情理，那么你就能会得到它。
在脑海里，你可以为你的愿望描绘一幅蓝图(blueprint)，就像你绘制房屋的蓝图一样；日常生活中，我们每个人都在不断地描绘着这些蓝图。
如果我们想请朋友吃饭，我们就要定菜谱，列购物清单(make a shopping list)，并决定先做哪道菜。
这样的计划对于举行的任何形式的饭局都是必不可少的。
同样，如果你想找份工作，就应该拿张纸，写一份自我简评(brief account)。
为找工作制订计划时，应该以自己的实际情况为出发点，因为只有当你确切地知道你可以提供什么时，你才可能明智地(intelligently)计划到哪儿去求职(sell your services)。
实际上，你的这份自我评估是你工作经历的一个简介(sketch)，应当包括你的受教育程度、经历以及证明材料(reference)。
这样的简历很有用。
在填写正式申请表格(application blank)时可以作为参照，在面试时更是起极大的作用。
在与你交谈时，你可能的(could be)雇主将根据你的受教育程度、工作经历以及其他资历(qualification)来确定你是否值得他雇用，因此你必须以相关的合理而有序的方式展现你的“商品”和能力。
当你为自己的能力和愿望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后，你就有了确切的(tangible)东西可推销了。
这样你就可以找工作(hunt for a job)了。
你应当尽可能地收集所有有关你未来工作的信息。
查询(make inquiry)有关工作和公司的详细情况。
保持耳目灵敏，运用自己的判断。
每天花一定的时间寻找(seek)你想要的工作，并时刻记住：你现在的工作就是找份工作(secure a job)。
Passage 2
随着BBC (英国广播公司)国际电视服务节目的开播(start)，亚洲和美洲数以百万计的人不仅可以收听到该公司的广播，还可以收看到它的电视新闻报道(news coverage)。
当然，英国的听众(listener)和观众(viewer)可以调频收看两个BBC 电视频道(television channel)、收听五个BBC 全国广播电台和几十个地方广播电台(radio station)的节目。
每户每年交八十三英镑的收视费(license fee)便可收看、收听体育新闻、喜剧、戏剧表演、音乐节目、新闻、时事(current affair)、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目以及电影等。
BBC 已经连续运作(stretch)了七十多年，可谓历程辉煌：然而，现在的BBC 却前途未卜(in doubt)。
目前该公司还可以作为政府基金资助(publicly-funded)的公办广播机构(broadcasting organization)生存下去，但是它的作用、规模(size)以及它的节目已成为现阶段整个英国争论的话题(subject)。
这场争论是由英国政府发起的(launch)。
政府邀请任何对BBC 有看法的人(包括普通听众和观众)对公司的好、坏情况发表意见，他们甚至可以发表有关“公司是否值得办下去”这样的意见。
政府像这样征求意见的原因是BBC 持有的皇家契约(royal charter)将于一九九六年到期(run
out)，政府必须决定是让公司维持原状，还是实行改革(make change)。
公司的扞卫者中有很多人喜欢引用美国的口号：“如果东西没坏(broke)，就不要修它。
”他们说，BBC“没有破产”，意思是说该公司没有垮掉(与“一文不名”一词的含义完全不同，“一文不名”意为没有资金)，为什么要自找麻烦去改变它呢?
然而，BBC 将不得不实行改革，因为其周边的广播界(broadcasting world)正在发生变革。
撒切尔政府的广播法要求商业电视频道(TV channel)(独立电视台和第四频道)更加商业化,互相竞争广告业务(advertiser)，降低成本，裁减员工。
但是，从长远来看，正是新卫星频道(satellite channel)的出现由于它们的部分资金来自广告收入，部分来自用户的收视费(subscription)，才会带来最大的变革。
Passage 3
十九世纪后半叶，“资方(capital)和劳方(labor)”按现代方式不断壮大并完善(prefect)各自对立的(rival)组织。
许多老字号(old firm)被有限责任公司(limited liability company)
和市营企业、国有企业(state owned business)的一个步骤。
虽然铁路公司还是为股东(shareholder)谋利(manage for the benefit)的私营企业(private business)，但同过去的家族式企业已大不相同了。
与此同时，市政当局(municipality)也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人(taxpayer)提供电力、交通(tram)和其它服务。
的分离(detach)，几乎也同样代表了从企业负责任的管理中的分离。
整个十九世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳大利亚和欧洲的部分地区都靠英国的资金发展，而英国的股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。
像Bournmouth和Eastbourne这样的城镇迅速发展起来，为大批“享乐”阶层提供了住所，而这些人靠自己的丰厚收入(income)过着隐居生活，这些人除了分取红利(dividend)、偶尔参加股东大会向管理人员发号施令外，他们与外界没有任何联系。
另一方面，“股权(shareholding)”意味着悠闲和自由，而这正是维多利亚时代后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。
像这样的“股东”不了解他所持股份的公司里雇用的工人的生活、思想或需要，他对劳资双
体制下，如今已不复存在(pass away)的老字号的雇主通常十分了解工人的情况。
实际上，仅仅是经营(operation)规模和所涉及的工人人数就使这样的关系变得不可能。
然而，幸运的是，工会(trade union)的势力和组织在不断扩大，至少在技术行业(skilled trade)的工会是这样，这使得工人与雇用他们的公司经理的地位平等了。
罢工和封闭工厂的无情惩罚(discipline)使得双
方懂得彼此尊重，理解了公平协商(fair negotiation)的价值。
Passage4
敏锐的 (acute)外国观察家认为，美国人的适应能力 (adaptiveness)以及善于创造性(inventiveness)得益于这种教育优势。
正如一八五三年一位访问过这里的英国委员会成员所报道的，“由于美国的孩子在学校接受了彻底的训练(discipline)，所以他们很快就成为熟练(skilled)工人。
”
更进一步激励(stimulus)发明的因素就是“奖励”制度，这种制度产生于专利(patent)制度之前，并与专利制度共存了(parallel)许多年。
这种奖励方法源于国外，它为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其它奖励(incentive)。
在美国，给新发明(device)的众多奖项一般在农村的商品展销会(fair)和主要城市的工业博览会上颁发(award)。
美国人纷纷涌向这些展销会，去鉴赏那些新机械，因而使他们更新(renew)了自己的观点，坚信先进(advance)的技术可以造福人类。
由于对技术革新 (innovation)的这种乐观态度，美国工人很轻易地习惯了机械技术(mechanical technology)所需的专门的非语言思维方式。
正如尤金·福格森所指出的，“一位技术家所考虑的东西不可能用确切的(unambiguous)语言描述；他处理这些东西的过程是一个视觉的、非语言过程……。
设计人员和发明者能够在他们的脑子里编制和应用(manipulate)那些尚不存在的设计。
”
意味着纯粹的模仿(imitation)。
但在早期，它意味着为了名望和出类拔萃(excellence)而进行的友好而激烈的竞争。
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(scientific theory)。
对于所发生的一切，宇宙学(cosmology)、地质学(geology)以及生物学
教 (religion)而不是科学为基础。
实际上，所有科学家和大多数的非原教旨主义(non fundamentalist)宗教领袖们已经开始把科学的创世纪论看成是“拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教”。
金切尔的书在前四章非常简洁地介绍了进化论。
作者在恰当的地方引入了对创世纪论者的批
骗(deception)和歪曲(distortion)事实的程度可能会让他们感到气愤和吃惊，由于他们的基本动机motivation)是为了宗教，人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的作为。
金切尔的论点(argument)明确(charity)而有说服力(effectiveness),也许部分原因是因为
他是一哲学家(philosopher)
观念(notion)。
对所有人来说，书中有关创世纪论者的最后一章阐述得相当清楚。
这部优秀作品的封皮上引用了斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德的一句话，“本书代表的就是理性(reason)”。
“这本书也的确这么做——如果理性是评判创世纪论与进化论之争的惟一标准的话，那么一切问题就已解决了。