科技英语阅读与翻译
科技英语阅读与翻译
科技英语阅读与翻译【牙齿仙女】Primitive peoples believe that hair， nail clippings， and lost teeth remain magically linked to the owner even after they have been disconnected from his body. As any voodoo artist will tell you， if you want to grind someone into powder， you don't need to touch him at all. It's quite enough to stamp on a missing molar and let ;contagious magic; do the rest. This is why peoples all over the world traditionally hide lost body parts， lest they fall into the wrong hands.远古时期的人们认为毛发、剪下的指甲和脱落的牙齿即使离开了人的身体，仍与其主人保持着神秘的联系。
正如任何一个伏都教大师都会告诉你的，假如你想置某人于死地，根本用不着去碰他，只需用脚踩碎那人脱落的一颗臼齿就够了，剩下的事就交给无边的法力去办。
这就是为什么全世界各个民族都习惯于把身体上脱落的东西藏起来，以免落入恶人之手。
American children's ritual of hiding lost teeth under their pillows probably derives distantly from this practice. But there is an obvious difference， for when Suzie conceals her baby milk-tooth， she fully expects it to be found， and by a good magician， not an evil one. Moreover， she expects to be paid for having surrendered it， and at the going rate. Nothing mare clearly suggests the blithe commercial gusto of our culture than this transformation of a fearful superstition into a cheery business transaction。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译9
Unit 91 In popular culture, the term UFO–or unidentified flying object–refers to a suspected alien spacecraft, although its definition encompasses any unexplained aerial phenomena. UFO sightings have been reported throughout recorded history and in various parts of the world, raising questions about life on other planets and whether extraterrestrials have visited Earth. They became a major subject of interest–and the inspiration behind numerous films and books–following the development of rocketry after World War II.通俗地说，所谓 UFO--或者不明飞行物--指疑似外星人的飞船，不过它的定义也包括无法解释的空中现象。
在全世界各地不同时期都有 UFO 目击的报告，引起人们关于外星生命以及地外生命是否访问过地球的争论。
在二战后火箭技术的发展下，它们成了人们感兴趣的一大主题--也是数不清的电影和书籍背后的灵感来源。
Flying Saucers2 The first well-known UFO sighting occurred in 1947, when businessman Kenneth Arnold claimed to see a group of nine high-speed objects near Mount Rainier in Washington while flying his small plane. Arnold estimated the speed of the crescent-shaped objects as several thousand miles per hour and said they moved “like saucers skipping on water.” In the newspaper report that followed, it was mistakenly stated that the objects were saucer-shaped, hence the term flying saucer.飞碟首个著名的飞碟目击事件发生在 1947 年，一个叫 Kenneth Arnold 的商人声称他在华盛顿的雷尼尔山附近玩小型飞机模型时看到了一组9个高速移动的物体。
科技英语阅读翻译
Before any evidence can be introduced in support of the topic at hand, thedefinition of invention must be established. Legally, an invention is a new, useful, and non-obvious process, machine, or product . Maurice Fabre, author of A History of Land Transportation(1963), offered an interesting take on the automobile and its inventor . "who, for that matter ,can say who invented thewith his steam carriage of 1801, or Benz or Daimler with their first successfulcars of 1886?depends what you meanby an automobile ." in the year 2001, what do we consider the automobile to be ?I invite the reader to take a minute to look out the window . I see a street linedwithcars . Many of these cars possess similar shapes and sizes . Infact, some ofthem are the same make and model, only different colors . What does this tell us about the modern automobile?The modern automobile is not a single vehicle;itfact, we could argue that the modernautomobile is a giant technological systemthatEngineers design the components,manufacture the components,assemblers the components into complete systems,truck driversdeliver the assembled product, and salesmen sell the product to the masses . This brieflogistics and maintain financial accounts,or the separate companies that mine raw materials or design and manufacture the needed machine tools . What would the economy of the United States be like without the modern automobile?Obviously, the modernautomobile and self propelled vehicle are necessarily thesame .翻译：在任何证据被介绍来支持这个主题以前，必须建立发明的定义。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译4
1 Hello. My name is Stephen Hawking. Physicist, cosmologist and something of a dreamer. Although I cannot move and I have to speak through a computer, in my mind I am free. Free to explore the universe and ask the big questions, such as: is time travel possible? Can we open a portal to the past or find a shortcut to the future? Can we ultimately use the laws of nature to become masters of time itself?大家好，我是斯蒂芬-霍金，是物理学家、宇宙学家及梦想家，尽管身体不能活动，只能通过电脑与大家交流，但从内心中我是自由的，自由地探索宇宙，思考以下重大问题：时间旅行是否可行？能否打开一个回到过去的通道，或找到通向未来的捷径？我们最终能否利用自然规律成为掌控时间的主人？2 To see how this might be possible, we need to look at time as physicists do - at the fourth dimension. It's not as hard as it sounds. Every attentive schoolchild knows that all physical objects, even me in my chair, exist in three dimensions. Everything has a width and a height and a length.为了让这一切从虚幻变成现实，我们应以物理学家的角度来重新审视时间——即第四维。
科技英语阅读翻译
1all elements are composed of scattered units called atoms,which are the smallest particles than show the characteristics of the element. atoms are tiny units of matter composed of positively charged protons, negatively charged elements ,and electrically neutral neutrons. protons and neutrons, which have almost the same mass,are clustered in the nucleus in the middle of the atom. electrons,which are tiny in comparison to the other units, move around the nucleus at high speed. atoms that have the same number of electrons and protons are electrically neutral. those that have got or lost electrons,and therefor are positively or negatively charged, are called ions.所有的元素都称为原子的散射单元，这是比显示的元件的特性的最小的颗粒组成。
原子是微小单位的物质组成的带正电的质子，带负电荷的元件和电中性的中子。
质子和中子，它们具有几乎相同的质量，聚集在细胞核内的原子在中间。
的电子，这在其他单位相比是微小的，围绕原子核高速移动。
具有相同的电子和质子数的原子是电中性的。
section2 1-4科技英语阅读与翻译
1 Monograph专著1. The general definition of a monographScientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts onspecialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist'sappreciation of, these topics.2. The value of monographs for scientific researchesThe value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge theycontain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to theadvancement of science and engineering generally.3. The qualities of the authors of monographsThe authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able tocollect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of thescientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsMonographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogicalworks which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more juniorreaderships than specialized research communities.5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsConference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries.Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life.6. The main components of a monographThe author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index,illustrations, preface and introduction.7. An indication of the book’s successThe number of editions is an indic ation of the book’s success.8. The function of the blurbIt gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains andfor whom it is written.2 Academic Journal学术期刊1. The general definition of an academic journalAn academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academicdiscipline is published.2. The significance of peer-review processThe peer-review process is considered critical to establishing a reliable body of research and knowledge.3. The definition of review articlesReview articles, also called “reviews of progress”, are checks on the research published in journals.4. One difference between original research articles and review articlesUnlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions, sometimes planned years inadvance.5. The places where science journals are authoritatively rankedNatural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index, and social science journalsin the Social Science Citation Index.6. The possible quantitative factors to reflect an academic journal’s prestigeThe number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal, the overall number of citations,how quickly articles are cited, and the average “half-life” of articles.7. The financial resources of humanities and social science academic journalsSubsidies by universities or professional organizations and advertising fees by advertisers.8. The role of internet in the production of, and access to, academic journalsThe Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contentsavailable online via services subscribed to by academic libraries or even in a way of open access. 33 Organization of a Scientific Paper科技论文的篇章结构1. In most scientific journals, scientific papers include the following sectionsSummary or Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments.2. The content of Summary or AbstractIt gives a brief background to the topic, describes concisely the major findings of the paper, and relates thesefindings to the field of study.3. The Introduction section deals with the following two pointsIt describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on aparticular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in thepaper.4. The purpose of Materials and MethodsIts purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experimentswere carried out.5. The two ways of organizing ResultsIn some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for thefollowingsection. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with otherfindings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments.6. The purposes of the Discussion sectionThe data in the paper are interpreted; the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field; thisserves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work; some of thelogical arguments are often provided when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were earned out.7. The reason for combining the Results and DiscussionBecause the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in thecourse of the research.8. The difference between the abstracts in Science and those in NatureIn Science, the abstract is self-contained; in Nature, the abstract also serves as a brief introduction to the paper.4 Reading a Scientific Paper科技论文的阅读方法1. The order to understand the major points of the work, you should first readThe Abstract.2. Reading the Title and the Abstract serves three purposesFirst, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. Second, it refreshesyour memory about the topic. Third, it helps you integrate the new information into your previous knowledgeabout the topic.3. When reading in a familiar field, you can skim or even skipThe Introduction.4. The three typical codewordsData not shown, unpublished data, preliminary data.5. The poorly written papers are often related to three types of writersThose who are poor writers; those who do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure thatthe prose is dear and logical; those who are so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and seeit from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic.6. The three characteristics of “bad writing”First, the logical connections are often left out. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon.Third, the authors often do not provide a clear roadmap through the paper.7. In better writing, the side issues are dealt with in the following waysThey are relegated to Figure legends or Materials and Methods or clearly identified as side issues, so as not todistract the reader.8. Another problem faced by the readers is that when they seek to understand just the experiment was,they may findThe authors refer back to previous papers; these refer in turn to previous papers m a long chain.。
科技英语阅读与翻译全文
科技英语阅读与翻译全文Humanitarian Aid in SpaceSpace exploration technology will benefit developing countries in a variety of ways. Whether it's information about climate change or communication technologies that give remote areas access to the world outside, space science can come to the aid of vulnerable people in many countries.For the past two decades, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has been sending humanitarian aid dispatched from its space platform. This ambitious project has proved successful, and it’s been praised for its achievements in various aspects.The two strategic areas set forth for JAXA’s humanitarian aid effort are science and education. JAXA’s donations of books and puzzle sets are enabling elementary and junior high school kids in India to study science and math. There are plans to utilize remote sensing data to map out natural resources in Nepalese countryside and expand education related to environmental issues in Vietnam. In addition the agency is sending educational videos to the island nation of Palau tobetter understand their own local wildlife.JAXA is considered to be a pioneer in this area since the launch of their humanitarian aid initiative in 1997. The organization strives to make use of space applications for social welfare and reduce disparities in the world through a number of practical endeavors. The effort currently has a global reach, with projects taking place in seven continent, from Latin America to Africa.JAXA’s humanitarian aid programs will continue to grow with better technology and increased resources. The ongoing work reinforces the concept that space science and technology have the potential to contribute to enhancing the lives of people on Earth.人道主义援助在太空太空探索技术将在各个方面受益于发展中国家。
科技英语阅读与翻译资料句子翻译
Unit1A因此，可以将计算机定义为一种高速运行的电子设备，该设备以称为程序的指令和称为数据的字符形式接收信息，并对信息进行算术和/或逻辑运算，继而提供运算结果。
For this reason,computers can be defined as very-high-speed electronic device which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data,perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information,and then supply results of these operations.计算机解决问题只需用人工所需时间的一小部分时间。
It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to da the job.对计算机发出指令的程序或部分程序，以及为其提供解决问题所需信息的数据均存储在计算机存储器。
The program,or part of it,which tells the computers what to do and the data,which provide the information needed to solve the problem,are kept inside the computer in place called memory.计算机能够代替人类做单调、常规的工作，但没有独创性；计算机可以根据指令工作，但不能做任何价值判断。
A computer can replace people in dull,routine tasks,but it has no originality;it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments.如果操作者不给予指示，也不提供适当信息，计算机就什么也做不了；但由于电脉冲能以光速运行，因此计算机几乎瞬间便能处理大量算术逻辑运算。
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翻译的定义
The employees complained that the supervisor always took notice of the least mistakes they made, and 词语和结构 对等词语和结构： 寻找对等词语和结构：简单语句的译文虽 然生硬， 然生硬，但基本可读
1. 她来得正是时候。 2. 她的丈夫去世至今不过半年。 3. 我认为那篇讲话口气强硬，大可不必。 4. 马其顿之争同希腊也有关系。 5. 英国人同其他民族一样，也有丰富的感情。 6. 从物理学的观点来看，不同的波长有多少种， 颜色就有多少种。
运用另一种语言的适当方式来表达一种 语言所表达的内容
古代翻译定义
译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。 ----唐朝（618-907）贾公彦《义疏》
夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。 音虽似别，义则大同。 ---宋代（960-1279）法云（10881158）在其所编《翻译名义集》
源出语（the source language） 目的语（the target language）或接受语（the receptor language） 意义保持或大抵保持不变 to translate is “ to change into another language, retaining the sense” ---Dr. 1709---Dr. Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784
信
忠实首先指忠实于原作的内容。译者必须把原 作的内容完整而准确的表达出来，不得有任何 篡改、歪曲、遗漏、任意增删的现象。 忠实还指保持原作风格，即原作的民族风格、 时代风格、语体风格、作者个人风格等。
Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money. 误译：因为简想赚钱，所以才不下力。 推荐：简并不是因为想赚钱才下力干的。
I can see three different types of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion. 我发现音乐史上有三类作曲家，他们各自的音 乐创作方式有所不同。
翻译过程
理解阶段 整体 词语 深层 风格 表达阶段 恰当的译文语言 规范的译文形式 核校阶段 人名 地名 日期 方位 数字 段句词 标点 陈腔滥调 冷僻罕见的词汇
课堂练习
1. She couldn't have come at a better time. 2. She has been a widow only six months. 3. I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn. 4. The Macedonian argument has a Greek dimension too. 5. The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.
She not only laughs a lot but has a heart of gold 原译：她不近常常大笑，而且还有一颗黄金之 心。 推荐：她不仅笑口常开，而且还有一颗金子般 的心。
雅
在修辞上下功夫，使译文更加生动典雅。
look into the distance and you will have a nice view of the White Swan Pond in the Pearl River and boats up and down the river with the bright moon and twinkling stars in the sky 夜晚，凭栏远望珠江上的白鹅潭，皓月当空， 繁星闪闪，舟楫如梭，鹅谭美景，一览无遗。
For Nat Nakasa the pledge he was required to sign -- to leave his country and never return proved too much; he committed suicide in New York. 误译：纳特·纳卡萨不得不发誓离开祖国，不 管情况如何永不返家，并自杀于纽约。 推荐：对纳特·纳卡萨来说，要他签字保证离 开祖国永不返回是难以接受的：他在纽约自杀 了。
翻译的定义
You never realize how fortunate you are to have good health until it is suddenly brought home to you by the sight of suffering He burned his fingers badly, though we warned him against it. He lost nearly all his money he had invested He is the kind of person who will always butter up those who he thinks can be of use to him
典型的英语表达形式在汉语无法找到对等 形式， 形式，翻译无从着手
Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come -- with the people who respect you for who you are. 发现自我，如实地表现自我，你自然会为人们 所喜欢－－为那些尊重你的真正个性的人们所 喜欢。
严复（ 严复（1853-1921） ） Faithfulness Expressiveness Elegance
“译事三难：信达雅。求其信已大难矣，顾信 译事三难：信达雅。求其信已大难矣， 译事三难 矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。 矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。信、达而 求其尔雅。 外，求其尔雅。”
6. From a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths。 7. But the next century we'll be able to alter our DNA radically, encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new life-forms. 8. As a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting others for who they are -- instead of rejecting them for who/what they are not.
Where do you expect Shanghai to be in five years? 你预计今后五年上海的发展目标如何？ How are you？ How old are you?
翻译的定义
一种语言中的词语和语句结构到另一种语言的 词语和语句结构的简单转换 × 一种语言中寻找与另一种语言中对等的词语和 语句结构然后将其串接成句的过程。× 翻译是语义 语义的翻译，不是语言形式 不是语言形式的翻译， 语义 不是语言形式
较复杂语句的译文似通非通， 较复杂语句的译文似通非通，甚至不知所 云。
The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme. The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern. 传统型作曲家是从形式出发而不是从主题出发 进行创作的。帕莱斯特里纳的创作不是主题的 构思，而是对固定形式的个性化处理。
翻译的分类
就所涉及的语言来分 ： 语内翻译（intralingual translation）-同一语言的各个语言变体之间的翻译 同一语言 语际翻译（interlingual translation）-不同语言之间的翻译活动 不同语言
翻译的分类
就其活动方式而言 口译（interpretation） 连续翻译（consecutive interpretation） 同声传译（simultaneous interpretation） 笔译(translation)
翻译的分类
就翻译材料的文体而言 应用文体 科技文体 论述文体 新闻文体 艺术文体
翻译的分类
就处理方式而言 全译 节译 摘译 编译
翻译的标准
翻译原则，即指导翻译实践，评价译文质量的 尺度
亚历山大·F·泰特勒（ 亚历山大 泰特勒（Alexander Fraser 泰特勒 Tytler, 1749-1814） ）
当代的定义
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ----Eugene A. Nida 所谓翻译， 所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等 语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。 语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体
三原则 ： (1) That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. (译者应完全复写出原作的思想) (2) That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. （译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质） (3) That the translation should have all the ease of original composition. （译作应具备原创作品的通顺）