主动语态和被动语态

助动词be＋动词过去
什么时候要用被动语态呢？ 在下列三种情况之一要用被动语态： ①不知道动作的执行者是谁，用被动语态。 ②没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，用被动 语态。 ③需要强调动作的承受者时，用被动语态
主动句中谓语动词的发出者由by引出，作为by的宾语，也可以省略。
请看以下主动语态和被动语态结构的转换：
各种时态的主动语态和被动语态谓语结构对照表
时 态
1 一般现在时 2 一般过去时 3 一般将来时
4 过去将来时
主动语态 do/does did
will/be going to+ 动词原形 would+动词原形
被动语态
am/is/are+过去分词 was/were+过去分词
will/be going to+be+过 去分词 would+be+过去分词 词 词
使 役 动 词
感 观 动 词
②含有短语的被动语态结构。 一般来说，只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有及物动词才有承 受者。 但许多不及物动词加上副词或介词构成动词短语也相当于及物动词的用 法，可以 带宾语，因而也有被动语态。动词短语主要有三种： A 及物动词+副词 如： turn off 、 set up 、 carry out 、 put off 、take away 、 turn on 、 hand in 、 move away 、 pass on 、 write down 、put away 、 put on 、 take down 、send away 、 try on 、 put down 、sell out 、 hold on 、 try out 、 send up 、 take off 、 wear out 、wake up 、take out 、 dress up 、 give back 、 work out 、 get back 、 find out 、pick up 、give up 、 pull up 、 put up 等 B 不及物动词+介词 如： look after talk about play with等
(use) for sleeping.
is cleaned (clean) every day. 4、Our classroom _________ 5、The cars are made __________ (make) in Beijing.
翻译下列句子
1. 电视机关掉了。 The TV set was turned off. 2. 那小偷被抓住了。 The thief was caught. 3. 所有的窗户都被打破了。 All the windows were broken.
归纳总结方法
一变 二套 把主动语态改为被动语态可按“ 、 三注意 、
”来进 行。即： ①变－－－把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语，把主动 语态的主语改为被动语态的介词by的宾语。 ②套－－－根据原句的时态套用相应时态。 ③注意－－注意人称的变化而引起的主谓一致问题。 例：①Many people speak English. English is spoken by many people. ②He washed his shoes yesterday. His shoes were washed by him yesterday.
5 现在进行时 am/is/are+现在分词 am/is/are+being+过去分
6 过去进行时 was/were+现在分词 was/were+being+过去分 7 现在完成时 have/has+过去分词 have/has+been+过去分词
8 过去完成时 9 含情态动词
had+过去分词 情态动词+动词原形
把下列主动句改为被动句
①Lily writes many letters every day. (主动) → Many letters are written by Lily every day. ②They visited this farm last year.（主动） → This farm was visited by them last year. ③We have learned 3000 English words so far.（主动） → 3000 English words have been learned by us so far.
5. The farmers are cutting down the trees on the hill. The trees on the hill are being cut down by the farmers.
在被动语态中要注意的问题
在上面我们已经初步了解了被动语态的构成和主动变被动的方法。下面 我们接着学习在被动语态中要注意的问题。 ①一些使役动词(let, have, make等)或感观动词(see, hear, watch, notice等)在主动语态中后面接的动词不定式不带to，但改为被动语态时，要 补上to。如： A. The boss makes the workers work 18 hours a day. The workers are made to work 18 hours a day by the boss. B. I saw him enter the house. He was seen to enter the house by me. C. The teacher let them leave the classroom after class. They were let to leave the classroom by the teacher after class. D. We hear her sing in the room every day. She is heard to sing in the room every day. [注意]当使用see/hear/watch sb doing sth时，变为被动语态时，
had+been+过去分词 情态动词+be+过去分词
把下列主动句改为被动句
1. The boy cleaned the desk a moment ago. The desk was cleaned by the boy a moment ago.
2. We will plant 2000 trees next year. 2000 trees will be planted by us next year. 3. You must keep the room clean and tidy. The room must be kept clean and tidy by you. 4. The police have caught the thief. The thief has been caught by the police.
②Our school will put off the School Sports meeting until December. The School Sports meeting will be put off until December.
③People have talked about the accident . The accident has been talked about. ④You should pay more attention to your study this year. Your study should be paid more attention to this year. 带有介词或副词的动词短语，在改为被动语态时，不能把介词或副词 拆开。
主动语态:主语＋谓语＋宾语 被动语态:主语 ＋ be+过去分词 ＋ by+宾语
例： We clean our classroom every day. （主动）
Our classroom is cleaned by us every day （被动） [注意]①把主动语态改为被动语态时，句子的时态不能变。如上 例，所给的主动句子是一般现在时，改为被动语态时，也 要用一般现在时。 ②如果主动句中的主语是人称代词，改为被动句时作介词 by的宾语，要用宾格。如上例中的主语we改为us。
doing保持不变。如：
I saw him going into the shop.(主动) He was seen going into the对照表
主动语态 make sb do sth have sb do sth let sb do sth see sb do sth watch sb do sth hear sb do sth notice sb do sth 被动语态 sb be made to do sth sb be had to do sth sb be let to do sth sb be seen to do sth sb be watched to do sth sb be heard to do sth sb be noticed to do sth
buy sth for sb
give sth to sb
带双宾语的动词主要有以下几个：
give, buy, sell, take, bring, make, hand, pass, keep, send 等带双宾语 的动词，改为被动语态，当用直接宾语作主语时，要根据动词的习 惯配搭、要在间接宾语前补上介词to或for. 它们的句型主要有以下几个： ①give sth to sb=give sb sth ②buy sth for sb=buy sb sth ③sell sth to sb=sell sb sth ④take sth to sb=take sb sth ⑤bring sth to sb=bring sb sth ⑥make sth for sb=make sb sth ⑦hand sth to sb=hand sb sth ⑧pass sth to sb=pass sb sth ⑨keep sth for sb=keep sb sth ⑩send sth to sb=send sb sth 例： ①He passed me some paper.(主动) Some paper was passed to me by him. （被动） ②You must keep some fruit for him.(主动) Some fruit must be kept for him. （被动）