词汇学 大纲
英语词汇学教学大纲(最新完整版)
英语词汇学教学大纲(最新完整版)英语词汇学教学大纲英语词汇学是一门研究英语词汇的学科，旨在帮助学生了解英语词汇的构成、发展和运用。
本大纲旨在帮助学生掌握英语词汇的基本概念、方法和技巧，提高他们的英语词汇水平。
一、课程目标本课程的目标是让学生掌握英语词汇的基本概念、方法和技巧，提高他们的英语词汇水平，并能够在实际生活中运用所学知识。
二、教学内容本课程的教学内容包括以下几个方面：1.英语词汇的基本概念：包括词义、词性、词形等方面的基础知识。
2.英语词汇的构成：包括词根、词缀、合成词等方面的基础知识。
3.英语词汇的发展：包括新词、新义的涌现以及旧词的消亡等方面的基础知识。
4.英语词汇的运用：包括同义词、反义词、近义词等方面的基础知识。
5.英语词汇的学习方法：包括记忆、分类、联想等方面的基础知识。
三、教学方法本课程采用多种教学方法，包括讲授、讨论、练习等，以帮助学生更好地掌握所学知识。
四、考核方式本课程的考核方式为闭卷考试，包括选择题、填空题、翻译题和写作题等题型。
英语副词教学大纲模板____英语副词教学大纲________课程目标____：本课程的目标是让学生全面掌握英语副词的用法，理解它们在句子中的角色和影响，以及如何正确地使用副词来表达丰富、精确的情感和含义。
____课程主题____：1.副词的基本定义和用法2.副词的分类（时间、地点、程度、方式等）3.副词的比较级和最高级形式4.副词的运用语境5.副词的选用原则____课程结构和活动____：本课程将采用讲座、练习、案例分析和小组讨论等多种方式进行。
每周安排两次讲座，涵盖副词的不同主题；每天进行适量的练习，通过各种形式的活动让学生熟悉副词的用法；每两周进行一次案例分析，让学生在实际语境中理解和应用副词；最后，每一个月进行一次小组讨论，让学生分享学习心得和互相学习。
____评估和学习反馈____：课程的评估将通过学生的作业、练习和小组讨论的表现来进行。
《词汇学》课程英语专业教学大纲
《词汇学》课程英语专业教学大纲《词汇学》课程教学大纲一、课程说明：《词汇学》是英语翻译专业的一门选修课程。
该课程以现代语言学理论为指导，以英语词汇为研究对象，主要内容包括词汇基本知识、词汇的形态结构、词汇的构成方式、词汇的意义及语义关系、英语词汇的来源及发展、词义的变化、习语及词典知识等。
该课程有助于学生加强对英语词汇的认识，有助于翻译专业课程的学习。
从第四学期到第八学期，学生可根据具体情况在其中任一学期选修该课程。
二、教学目的及要求：该课程教学旨在使学生对英语词汇具有比较系统和完整的知识，深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词汇发展所出现的现象作出分析和解释，提高词语的理解、释义和综合运用的能力，为学习翻译专业课程奠定词汇知识方面的基础。
三、教学重点及难点：英语词汇的发展过程和历史源源，有关英语词汇的基本理论、基本概念以及词的形态结构、构成方式、意义及语义关系、词意的变化、习语、词典知识等。
四、与其它课程的关系：该课程同其它语言学课程密切相关，均有助于学生从理论高度对英语语言有更加深入的认识，有助于翻译专业理论课程和技能课程的学习。
五、学时与学分：学时：36学时。
学分：2分。
六、教学内容：Chapter 1 A General Survey of English Vocabulary本章主要教学内容：1. Definition of language, linguistics, lexicology and words.2. Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics.3. Development of the English V ocabulary.4. Characteristics of the English Vocabulary Resulting from the Historical Development.5. The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes.6. Classification of English words according to different criteria.本章教学目的及要求：通过本章的学习，使学生了解词和词汇的定义和区别，弄清词汇学与其它学科的联系，掌握词汇划分的基本原则及各类词的主要特点以及词汇的分类原则，领会基本词汇及本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性。
(0057)词汇学复习大纲
（0057）《词汇学》复习大纲Chapter One Introduction1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with at least examples.):Lexicology (p. 1)V ocabulary (p. 1)Morphology (p. 1)Etymology (p. 2)Semantics (p. 2)Stylistics (p. 2)Phonetics (p.2)2. Some fundamental ideas (the five points in section 1.3.2)1) The vocabulary of any language never remains stable, but is constantlychanging, growing and decaying, together with the development of humansociety.2) The word is the principal and basic unit of the language. The word is astructural and semantic entity within the language system.3) The word is a two-facet unit possessing both form and content.4) Structurally words are inseparable lexical units taking shape in a definitesystem of grammatical forms and syntactic characteristics, whichdistinguishes them both from morphemes and words groups.5) Two approaches of investigations lexicology. The synchronic approach isconcerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists are given time, forinstance, at the present time. The Diachronic approach deals with the changesand the development of vocabulary in the course of time. The twoapproaches should be interconnected and interdependent.3. The Division of the History of English1) The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) periodDuration: roughly from 450-1150The three characteristics of Old English (page 7-8)(1) pronunciation difference; (2) Teutonic vocabulary; (3) full of inflectional2) The Middle English periodDuration: 1150-1500The three Characteristics of Middle English (page 8)(1) resemblance to Old English; (2) borrowing and loss in vocabulary; (3) less inflectional3) The Modern English period (page 8)Early Modern English (1500-1700)Late Modern English (Since 1700)Chapter Two Sources of English Vocabulary1. The naive elements of English V ocabulary1) The nine characteristics of the native element (pp. 10-11)a. all-national characterb. great stabilityc. mono-syllabic wordsd. Great word-forming abilitye. wide collocabilityf. plurality of meaningsg. high frequency valueh. stylistically neutral2. The foreign elements of English V ocabulary (pp. 11-26)1) The three ways of the foreign elements entering into the Englishvocabulary (p. 12)a. through oral speechb. through written speechc. through invaders2) Classification of the foreign borrowings (or, the four types of foreignelements in English vocabulary) (pp. 12-13)a. aliens ;b. denizens;c. translation loan;d. semantic loan3) Some useful Latin phrases and abbreviationsvice versa, per cent, per cap., persona non grata; a.m., p.m., i.e., e.g., c.f.,viz.4) doublets, hybrids and international words in English (pp. 26-30)5) The three types of assimilated words: completely assimilated words,partly assimilated words and non-assimilated words. (pp. 32-33) Chapter Three Word-Building1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, root, stem2. Ways of word-building (attentions should also be paid to the examplesappearing the ways of word-building)1) affixation (pp. 39-51)2) conversion (pp.51-55)3) compounding (pp.55-59)4) backformation (pp. 59-60)5) shortening (pp. 60-63)6) blending (pp. 63-64)7) imitation (p. 64)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Four Semantics1. definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):polysemy (p. 72), homonymy (p. 77), perfect homonym (p. 77), homograph(p. 78), homophone p. 78), synonym (p. 80), antonym (p. 86),2. important points1) the relation between a word and its meaning (p. 70)2) the relation between words and concepts (p. 70-71)3) the meaning of “nice” (p. 72)4) types of synonyms (pp. 83-84)5) the origin of synonyms (p. 84)6) the example words of antonym (pp. 86-88)7) ways of coining neologism (p. 91)8) the exercises of Chapter Four (pp. 94-100)Chapter Five Change of Meaning1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):extension of meaning (p. 101), narrowing of meaning (p. 102), degradationof meaning (p. 104), metonymy (p. 114), synecdoche (p. 116), oxymoron (p.119)2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Six English Idioms1. Characteristics of English idioms (four points) (pp. 124-128)2. Characteristics of phrasal verbs (three points) (pp. 133-134)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Seven Varieties of English1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):slang (p. 149), jargon (p. 149),2.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Eight American English1. Characteristics of American English (pp. 158-162)2. Differences between British English and American English (pp. 162-164)3.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Nine Application and Comprehension1. Attention should be paid to the example words given in this chapter2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Ten English Lexicography1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):monolingual dictionary (p. 185), bilingual dictionary (p. 185), encyclopedia(p. 186), encyclopedic dictionary (p. 186).（0057）《词汇学》样题Part I Definition (20 points)Directions: Defining the following terms with examples.1. aliens2. homophone3. jargon4. compounding5. bilingual dictionaryPart II True or False Decision (15 points)Directions: Decide whether the following statements are T (true) or F (false).1.Every word has two aspects: the outer aspect —written form and the inner aspect —sound.2.Some affixes are free morphemes while some others are bound morphemes.3.Old English is a language of full inflections.4.“Popular words” mainly refer to words of French origin in the English language.5.Strictly speaking, in the English language, there are no two words which are absolutelyidentical in meaning6.We should put our hands on the deck, when we hear “All hands on deck” on a boat.7.In the word “modify”, the root is “mod”, the stem is “modi” and the suffix is “-fy”.8.Most of the affixes are derived from Old English, or from Latin and Greek.9.In the compound word “blood test”, the second part, i.e. “test”, indicates the action upon thefirst part.10.Absolute synonyms can be found in ordinary life, e.g. begin —commence.11.Simile, metaphor and personification are figures of speech based on resemblances.12.Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first elementand secondary stress on the second element.13.Actual meaning refers to the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary.14.Most of the English words are polysemic.15.American English is characterized by creativeness but not conservativeness in usage.Part III Multiple Choice (15 points)Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are 4 wordsor phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one word or phrase that correctly completes the sentence.1. The word “question” is a word borrowed from .A. LatinB. FrenchC. GreekD. Scandinavian2. He is wise enough to see all these fine pretensions.A. outB. toC. throughD. over3. You should remember that the building is a war memorial and speak more .A. respectivelyB. respectablyC. respectfullyD. respected4. The crown jewels are kept in the Tower of London.A. valuedB. valuelessC. invaluableD. usable5. When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas, shouts and cheersfrom it.A. broke upB. broke forthC. broke throughD. break upon6. The scientists realized it would be too to ship all people in one boatbecause it was fragile.A. boldB. daringC. riskyD. dangerous7. The energy gained from the sun can then be used during the night to enable the necessarychemical reactions to in his body.A. precedeB. proceedC. progressD. practise8. There is a of vegetables in Shanghai at the moment because of the coldweather.A. shortageB. wantC. needD. desire9. When the Victorians had family reunions, the hosts went their way to entertainthe guests.A. in forB. overC. out ofD. back on10. Having pushed her son, Eve gave him a dismissive towards the car.A. pushB. pullC. drawD. drag11. Which of the following usually appears in poems?A. horseB. steedC. gee-geeD. nag12. Which of the following words is INCORROCT in word formation?A. unhorseB. unmannedC. unfrostD. unhappy13. Which of the following is formed by blending?A. popB. sightseeC. copterD. boatel14. The antonym of “fresh” in “fresh bread” is ________.A. staleB. stuffyC. fadedD. tired15. I will take you to a most interesting ________ of nineteenth century.A. wonderB. exhibitionC. expositionD. displayPart IV Translation (10 points)Directions: Translating the following sentences into Chinese.1.The sea has smoothed down.2.Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.3.He commanded a fleet of thirty sails.4.Strike while the iron is hot.5.Most of the city families have a fridge.Part V Answer the following questions with examples (20 points)1.What are the relations between a word and its meaning? (6 points)2.What are the classifications of Homonyms? (6 points)3.What are the characteristic features of English idioms? (8 points)]（0057）《词汇学》样题答案Part I Definition (20 points)1.aliensAliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. For examples, “coup d‟état”, “résumé”, “régime”, etc. are all Aliens of French borrowings.2.homophonesHomophones are words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. sun, son;piece and peace; etc.3.jargonJargon are terms peculiar to a class, sect, trade or profession. For example, when the chemist says “Chlorophyll makes food by photosynthesis.”he is talking jargon, which in plain language means “green leaves build up food with the help of light”.poundingCompounding is the word forming process by which tow or even more words are joined to form a new entity. For example, “darkroom (meaning …a room used for photographic processing‟) is formed by joining “dark” and “room” into a new word.5. bilingual dictionaryA bilingual dictionary involves two languages. The main entries are generally defined orexplained in the same language with translations as Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation, etc.Part II True or False Decision (15 points)1~15. FFTTT 6~10 FTTTF 11~15TTFTFPart III Multiple Choice (15 points)1~5 ACCCB 6~10 CBACA 11~15 BCDABPart IV Translation (10 points)1.大海已经平静下来了。
《现代汉语词汇学》教学大纲
第五章 词义和语境的关系................................................................................................................... 670 一、语境对理解词义的作用 ................................................................................................... 670 二、语境对词义的影响 ........................................................................................................... 670 复习与思考题........................................................................................................................... 670 拓展阅读书目........................................................................................................................... 670
英语词汇学 大纲
英语词汇学》课程教学大纲一、说明适用专业四年制本科英语专业先修课程语言学基础总学时36总学分2（一）本课程的目的、要求英语词汇学是英语专业高年级的一门专业课程。
通过本课程的教学，应达到以下的目的和要求：1.初步掌握英语词汇学的基本理论，了解英语词汇的规律。
2.比较系统地理解、掌握英语词汇，扩大词汇量，提高英语语言实践能力。
3.了解英语词汇的来源、发展历史及现状。
4.学会分析英语词汇的结构、类型、意义、理据，相互关系，语义变化方式，过程及用法。
5.了解英国英语和美国英语在词汇上的差异。
6.了解英语词典的发展历史和学会选用英语词典。
（二）内容选取和实施中注意的问题英语词汇学是研究英语语言词汇的一门重要学科。
英语专业的学生在比较熟悉英语语音、语法的情况下，系统地学习和研究英语词汇就显得更加重要。
在内容的选取和具体实施过程中应注意下面一些问题：1．处理好基本理论与语言实践之间的关系，学习基本理论是为了更好地进行语言实践。
在实践的基础上了解和掌握现代英语词汇学的一些基本观点和基本理论。
2.英语词汇学的部分内容在其它课程中学生已零碎地接触过，在教学中应突出系统性，避免简单的重复。
3.强调课前预习，并要求学生查阅指定的参考资料，课堂教学以讲授为主,适当进行小组讨论和练习。
4.充分利用现代化教学手段，加大课堂教学量，提高教学效果。
5.为培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力，对每章后的练习题挑选出一部分进行讲解，引导学生正确运用所学的知识解决问题。
（三）教学方法课前学生充分预习。
1.教师根据教材内容，安排适当的小组讨论。
2.教师要精讲，并补充一些课外内容，使用多媒体教学手段，增加教学容量。
（四）考核方式（1）本课程的考核方式为考查。
（2）三次平时作业成绩占30%。
（3）课程结束前要求学生设计一份试卷，占70%。
（五）教学内容与学时分配教学章节教学内容学时安排备注1词的概述42词的结构和词的构成方式4词的理据24词的语义特征25词义的变化46词的语义分类47词的联想与搭配48英语习语4补充材料英语字典4考核2机动2二、大纲内容第一章词的概述1. 为词的定义2. 词的语音和意义3. 词的词汇意义和语法意义4. 词的意义与概念5. 词与词项6. 词与词汇说明：（1）本章从词的定义讲起，分别介绍一些哲学家、语言学家对词的定义，着重介绍马克思主义语言学家对词的定义。
词汇学教学大纲
《词汇学》课程教学大纲课程名称：《词汇学》课程类别：专业选修课考核类别：考查适用对象：本科适用专业：英语总学时、学分：36学时2学分一、课程教学目的本课程是英语专业的一门专业方向选修课。
本课程的教学目的在于要求学生掌握英语词汇学的基本知识和基本理论，从而更科学地学习英语词汇，运用词汇学中所学到的基本知识和理论来分析和理解英语词汇，正确地使用英语词汇。
二、课程教学要求词的基本知识、英语的亲属关系与英语词汇的形成和发展、词的形态结构和构成方法、词的意义、语义关系、词义的演变、英语习语、英语词典等。
三、先修课程语音、语法、听力、口语等专业基础课程，基础英语等专业核心课程以及阅读等专业方向课程。
四、课程教学重、难点重点：词的基本知识；英语词汇的形成与发展；英语构词法；词义的演变；英语习语；难点：词的意义；语义关系和语义场。
五、课程教学方法（或手段）（一）教学手段1. 教师讲解，学生做笔记（采用多媒体教学）；2. 学生自学、撰写学期或章节论文；3. 引导学生结合自己学习中碰到的问题进行讨论。
（二）教学方法采用教师为主导，学生为主题的教学模式，注重培养学生的系统思维能力和实际解决问题的能力，采用启发式、讨论式的教学方法，充分调动学生的积极性，发挥学生的能动性和创造性，并注重语言理论与实践结合起来，引导学生用理论解决学习中的实际问题。
教师布置阅读任务要求学生在课下阅读，然后在课上一起讨论，也可以在本课程网站上发帖讨论，或在线完成作业等。
六、课程教学内容第一章词汇学和词（2学时）一、教学内容（一）什么是词汇；（二）什么是词；（三）语言分析中的词；（四）词的类别；（五）词汇词和语法词；（六）词和语义场。
二、重、难点提示（一）重点：词的分类；词汇词和语法词；（二）难点：词的定义；词和语义场；基本词汇的特点。
第二章一些基本概念和词的意义（4学时）一、教学内容（一）语素，词位和语子；（二）词的意义；（三）七种意义；（四）词根和词干；（五）多义关系；（六）同音同形异义关系；二、重、难点提示（一）重点：词素；词素变体；（二）难点：词素的分类；词根和词干；多义关系；同音同形异义关系。
词汇学考试大纲
英语词汇学考试大纲一、英语词汇学考试大纲：1、英语词汇概述：（8%）（1）英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展：英语的谱系关系；英语的三个发展阶段。
（2）英语词汇的构成：基本词汇与专用词汇；英语词汇中的本族词与外来词。
（3）英语词汇的三大特点：数量大、来源广、变化多。
2、英语构词法：（27%）（1）英语单词的结构：词根、词干、前缀、后缀；自由语素与非自由语素；构词不达意成份。
（2）构词法：词缀法、合成法、转成法、缩略法、逆成法、混成法、拟声法、元音替换法、重音变换法、短语合成法、双词合成法、专有名词转成法。
3、词的意义及其演变：（45%）（1）词的定义；词的词汇意义与语法意义；词义与概念；词的理据。
]（2）词的多义性（单义词与多义词）。
（3）词义演变的类型（辐射型；连锁型）（4）词义历史发展的倾向：词义的扩大；词义的缩小；词义的扬升；词义的贬降；词义的转移。
（5）词与词之间的语义关系：同义关系；反义关系；同形或同音异义关系；上下义关系；语义场。
（6）词义的类型：概念意义；内涵意义；风格意义；感情意义；联想意义；搭配意义；主题意义。
（7）词的比喻意义：隐喻、换喻。
4、英语习语：（15%）（1）习语的定义。
（2）英语习语的分类：从语义角度；从来源角度；从功能角度分类。
（3）习语的运用。
5、美国英语：？？？（1）美国英语形成的历史背景。
（2）美国英语的特点。
（3）美国英语与英国英语的比较。
（4）美国英语对英语发展的影响。
6、英语词典：（5%）（1）种种不同类型的英语词典。
（2）美国出版的英语词典与英国出版的英语词典的比较。
（3）英语词典的使用。
全国考试题型：题数计分时间（分钟）一、选择题： 15 30% 15二、填空题： 5 10% 5三、匹配题： 10 10% 10四、分类题： 10 10% 10五、名词解释： 5 10% 20五、简答题： 3 12% 30六、论述题： 2 18% 60合计： 50 100% 150(1)单项选择题 30分（每小题2分） 20(2)教程内容填空题 10分（每小题2分） 15(3)匹配题 10分（每小题1分） 15(4)判断填空题 10分（每小题1分） 20(5)术语解释题 10分（每小题2分） 20(6)简答题 12分（每小题4分） 30(7)分析题 18分（每小题9分） 30认知领域能力层次要求的分数比例识记（A） 20%领会（B） 30%简单应用（C） 30%综合应用（D） 20%课程中各章在试卷中的分数比例第一、二章 15%第三、四章 20%第五、六章 25%第七章 10%第八章 10%第九章 15%第十章 5%广东省考试题型：一、是非题： 10%，1分 *10题，共10分钟。
英语词汇学课程大纲
英语词汇学课程大纲一、课程简介本课程旨在帮助学生深入了解英语词汇学的基本理论和方法，提高他们的词汇掌握能力和运用能力。
通过系统学习，学生将能够更好地应对英语词汇的各种使用场景，提高自己的听说读写能力。
二、课程目标1. 掌握英语词汇学的基本概念和理论。
2. 学会使用词汇学的分析方法，快速有效地掌握新词汇。
3. 提升词汇存储和词汇运用的能力。
4. 培养学生对英语词汇的敏感度和准确度。
5. 加强学生的词汇拓展和应用能力。
三、课程内容1. 词汇学导论- 词汇学的定义和研究范畴- 词汇与语言运用的关系2. 词汇的形态学- 词缀、词根和派生- 合成和转化- 词类和词汇分类3. 词汇的语义学- 词义和词汇义项- 上下文词汇义变化- 词汇关系和语义网络4. 词汇的语用学- 语用角度解读词汇- 词汇的语用扩展和修辞手法5. 词汇学习策略- 词汇记忆和记忆技巧- 词汇学习中的输出训练- 词汇学习资源和工具的应用6. 词汇教学与评估- 词汇教学方法和技巧- 词汇教学的评估和反馈四、教学方法1. 理论授课：通过讲解和示范，向学生介绍英语词汇学的基本理论和相关知识。
2. 跟读练习：学生跟随老师的发音进行词汇的模仿和训练，提高语音和语调的准确性。
3. 词汇分析：通过案例分析和练习，学习如何分析词根、词缀和派生形式，快速掌握新词汇。
4. 语境运用：通过阅读和听力材料，让学生在真实语境中理解和运用词汇，增强语言综合能力。
五、评估方式1. 课堂讨论和问答2. 课后练习和作业3. 期中考试4. 期末考试六、参考教材1. 《英语词汇学导论》作者：张燕平2. 《英语词汇学教程》作者：郭建华3. 《英语词汇学教程》作者：赵玉华七、参考资料1. Aitchison, J. (2012). Words in the mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon. 4th Edition, Wiley-Blackwell.2. Nation, P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.以上为英语词汇学课程大纲，希望能够帮助学生在词汇学习中建立起系统的知识框架，提升词汇应用能力和学习效果。
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C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word（he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.）1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up theword just automatically suggest the animal in question.1.3 sound and form ：1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词borrowed words外来词denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词translation-loans 译借词semantic-loans 借义词1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点C h a p t e r2D e v e l o p m e n tIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2.1 Indo-European印欧语Eastern set：东部诸语族：Western set：西部诸语族：Balto-Slavic 波罗的海-斯拉夫语Indo-Iranian 印度-伊朗语Armenian 亚美尼亚语Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语Celtic 凯尔特语Italic 意大利语Hellenic 希腊语——GreekGermanic 日耳曼语Persian 波斯语Bengali 孟加拉国语Hindi 印地语Romany 普吉赛语Prussian 普鲁士语Lithuanian 立陶宛语Polish 波兰语Czech 捷克语Bulgarian 保加利亚语Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语Russian 俄语Norwegian 挪威语Icelandic 冰岛语Danish 丹麦语Swedish 瑞典语German 德语Dutch 荷兰语Flemish 佛兰德语English 英语Portuguese 葡萄牙语Spanish 西班牙语French 法语Italian 意大利语Roumanian 罗马尼亚语Scottish 苏格兰语Irish 爱尔兰语Welsh 威尔士语Breton 布里多尼语Scandinavian languages斯堪的纳维亚语Latin 拉丁语言2.2 Historical review 历史概述2.3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development50000-60000 words 5万~6万间词汇 Highly inflected 高度转折 complex endings 复杂的结尾 vowel changes 元音变化French words 法语词汇 leveled endings 水平结尾 Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语 Late Modern English (1700-up to the present) 晚期现代英语Borrow 借词new words 新词 no endings 无结尾 from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language 。
从古英语的综合型语言发展成了现在的分析型语言。
the rapid development of modern science and technology （45 ％ ） 现代科学和技术的迅猛发展（ 45 ％ ）social, economic and political changes （11 ％ ） 社会，经济和政治的变化（ 11 ％ ）the influence of other cultures and languages （ 24 ％ ） 其它文化和语言的影响（ 24 ％ ） Creation 创词 —— formation of new words, most important semantic change 旧词新义 —— old form with new meaning, new usagesborrowing 借词 —— vital roleOld English (450--1150) —— Anglo-Saxon 古英语 盎格鲁-撒克逊语Middle English (1150-1500)中古英语Modern English (1500-up to now)现代英语three main sources 三种主要来源3.1 Morphemes 词素Definition: These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is "the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words".词素是―构词中最小功能单位‖。
3.2 Allomorphs 语素变体Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. 'They are actual spoken , minimal carriers of meaning'. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. 词素是一个音素发音的语素。
词素是真正能发音的最小的意义载体。
morpheme 3.3 Types of Morphemes3.4 Root and StemThe affixation and compounding involve different word-forming elements词缀法和混合涉及不同的词语构成因素monomorphemic words ：can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. 单语素词 在句子中独立起作用 allomorphs ：the alternative morphs of the same morpheme 词素变体 可替换语素（音标）的相同词素 free morpheme —— free root 自由语素自由词根bound morpheme 粘着语素 bound root ：fundamental meaning 粘着词根 基本意义 affix 词缀（附加物） attach, modify 附着，修饰 Inflectional affix —— attached to the end of words 附在词尾 曲折词缀 Grammatical relationships 文法关系derivational affix派生词缀prefix 前缀 Suffix 后缀 affix 词缀 root or stem 词根或词干Independent 独立free grammatical units 自由的语法单位 complete meanings 完整的意义Word formation 构词的方式4.1 Affixation 词缀法 falls into two subclasses （子类）:Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation , for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives .词缀法可定义为通过给词干加结构词词缀或派生词缀构成新词的一种构词方法。