吉林大学2012年复试笔试试题
吉林大学材料加工工程复试真题
2012 年吉大复试试题
1.铸件常见的凝固方式？影响铸件质量的因素有哪些？画出一般铸 锭凝固组织示意图，如何消除柱状晶获得等轴晶？
（1）铸件常见的凝固方式有： 逐层凝固方式：纯金属、共晶合金或结晶温度范围很小的合金，铸件断面温度梯 度很大，导致铸件凝固区很小或没有。 合金结晶温度范围大或铸件断面温度梯度小，铸件凝固范围很大。 中间凝固方式：铸件凝固范围介于逐层凝固方式和体积凝固方式之间。 （2）影响铸件凝固方式的因素： a.合金的化学成分：纯金属和共晶合金的凝固温度范围区间（液相线和固相线温 度差）为零，为逐层凝固方式；当合金凝固温度区间很大时，凝固范围宽，为体 积凝固方式。 b.铸件断面温度梯度：温度梯度小，易产生体积凝固方式凝固。 凝固方式对铸件质量的影响： a 逐层凝固方式：易补缩，组织致密；性能好。 b 体积凝固方式：不易补缩，易产生缩松、夹杂和开裂；件性能差。 （3）方法： （1）向熔体中加入强生核剂—孕育处理。 （2）控制浇注条件：采用较低的浇注温度和合适的浇注工艺。 （3）采用金属型铸造，提高铸型的激冷能力。 （4）增大液态金属与铸型表面的湿润角，提高铸型表面的粗糙度。 （5）采用物理方法动态结晶细化等轴晶：振动、搅拌、旋转铸型、 撞击等均可引起固液相对运动，有效减少消除柱状晶区，细化等轴晶。
2011 年吉大复试试题
一 名称解释
1. 热过冷:金属凝固时所需的过冷度若完全由热扩散控制，这样的过冷叫热过 冷，其大小为凝固点与实际温度之差。 成分过冷:合金由于溶质再分配导致界面前沿熔体成分及凝固温度发生变化引起 的过冷。 补：热过冷仅受传热过程控制，成分过冷同时受传热过程和传质过程控制。 2.共晶:随着冷却过程，一个液相等温可逆的转变为两个紧密结合的新固相的反 应。 包晶:随着冷却过程，一个液相和一个固相等温可逆的转变为具有不同组成的固 相的反应。 3. 偏析:铸件凝固之后， 从微观晶粒内部到宏观上各部位，化学成分都是不均匀 的，这种现象称为偏析。 枝晶偏析：通常产生于具有结晶温度范围，能够形成固溶体的合金中。在铸造条 件下，因冷却速度较快，扩散过程难以充分进行，使凝固过程偏离平衡条件，形 成的不平衡结晶。 4.热裂：焊接或液态成形过程中，在高温阶段产生的开裂现象，多在固相线附近 发生，故称为“热裂纹”。 （其形式有凝固裂纹、液化裂纹、高温失延裂纹等） 冷裂：在室温附近，铸件处于弹性状态时，铸造应力超过合金的强度极限出现 的裂纹被称为冷裂纹。 5. 主平面 主应力 一个对称张量必然有三个相互垂直的方向，叫做主方向。在主方向上，下标不 同的分量均为零，于是只剩下下标相同的分量，叫做主值。在应力张量中，主值 就是主方向上的三个正应力， 叫做主应力； 与三个主方向垂直的微分面叫主平面， 主平面上没有剪应力。 6.孕育处理：向液态金属中添加生核剂，影响生核过程、增加晶核数，达到细化 晶粒的目的，叫孕育处理。该生核剂也称孕育剂。 变质处理： 向金属液加入某些微量物质以影响晶体的生长机理，达到改变组织结 构，提高机械性能的目的的处理工艺。 （区别：孕育主要影响生核过程，通过增加晶核数，实现细化晶粒。而变质则主 要是改变晶体的生长过程， 通过变质元素的选择性分布实现改变晶粒生长形貌。 ）
2012年吉大考博英语真题Word版
Part I Vocabulary and Structure (30%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, butthey are inseparable in fact.A. indistinctlyB. separatelyC. inelevantlyD. independently2. The work was done in the of reforms in the economic, social and cultural spheres.A. contextB. contestC. pretextD. texture3. The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt was by the board of trustees.A. approvedB. frustratedC. disclosedD. justified4. Some journalists are found of overstating the situation so that their news may create agreat .A. explosionB. sensationC. exaggeratingD. stimulation5. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, there was little to disprove it.A. by the same tokenB. under the same conditionC. at the same stageD. for the same purpose6. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be in some form.A. given offB. put outC. set offD. used up7. The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.A. unanimousB. abstractC. autonomousD. almighty8. This growth in the of diabetes is due, in part, to an increase in obesity.A. inferenceB. incidenceC. regulationD. repetition9. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around ＄110 billion, the ＄160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.A. in proportion toB. in reply toC. in relation toD. in contrast to10. France’s of nuclear testing in the South Pacitic last month triggered polltical debates and mass demonstrations.A. assumptionB. consumptionC. presumptionD. resumption11. The of a oultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.A. implementationB. demonstcationC. manifestationD. expedition12. Reading the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read our.A. rectitiesB. prolongsC. minimizesD. furnishes13. Previous studies provoked because the used patients whose diagnosis was questionable.A. contrlbutionB. contractionC. controversyD. convergence14. Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close .A. temperamentB. contaminationC. scrutinyD. symmetry15. I never said anything like that at all You are purposely my ideas to prove your points.A. revisingB. contradictingC. distortingD. distracting16. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companies must the qualities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand.A. forfeitB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear17.I was unaware of the critical points invoived, so my choice was quite .A. arbitraryB. rationalC. mechanicalD. unpredictable18. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to further research and further thinking about a particular topic.A. stimulateB. renovateC. arouseD. advocate19. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read letters from their families.A. affectionateB. sentimentalC. intimateD. sensitive20. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just and needs proving.A. spontaneousB. hypotheticalC. intuitiveD. empirical21.The ceremony will as soon as the president arrives.A. commendB. complyC. confrontD. commence22. The barbarous aggressors grew more and more in slaughtering people and burning down their houses.A. amorphousB. ferociousC. audaciousD. egregious23. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become and are no longer used in the present days.A. obsoleteB. obsceneC. obviousD. oblique24. Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy to revenue by limiting commerce.A. disregardB. challengeC. diminishD. reject25. The spectators in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloons slowly into the sky.A. descendingB. ascendingC. escalatingD. elevating26. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advancedmedical , will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.A. interferenceB. interruptionC. interventionD. interaction27. Several intemational events in the early 1990s seem likely to , or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the 1980s.A. revoltB. revolveC. reverseD. revive28. Foreign disinvestments and the of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.A. displacementB. eliminationC. exclusionD. exception29. We are moving towards a more and cooperative society ,which is getting better and better.A fraternalB emotionalC exclusionD illegal30. The student were about who their new teacher would be when thebell rang for their first class in the new semester.A. foreseeingB. speculatingC. fabricatingD. ponderingPart III Reading Comprehension (60%)Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the pat ient’s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease’s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures.51. How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to paragraph two?A. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the disease.B. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune system.C. By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat it.D. Introducing the disease to the body, so that survivors have already fought it.52. What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?A. The way that vaccines protect people from diseases.B. The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseases.C. The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.D. The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.53. The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because .A. saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the few.B. some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine, have negative side effects.C. they don’t always work.D. while many lives are saved, SOME ARE ACTUALLY KILLED BY THE VACCINT.54. The best title for the passage would be .A. “The Smallpox Vaccine: An Analysis”.B. “How Vaccines Work”.C. “Vaccines: Methods and Implications”.D. “A Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines”.55. The main purpose of the passage is to .A. convince the reader that vaccines are not as safe as many think.B. educate the reader on how vaccines are used and some of their dangers.C. educate the reader on the circumstances that would necessitate widespread vaccinations.D. present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpox vaccine. Passage TwoQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiar part of European history, Particularly in the Swiss and French Alps. This is where the direction of wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping out invading armies.In North America, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountains and the lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalanches have occurred in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity and intensity seen in the western mountains.Several methods are used in explaining and predicting avalanches. Scientists and learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that create avalanches are hidden beneath the snow’s surface that predictions are still largely guesswork. Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions when the traverse the slopes.An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whatever is holding it in place. It then breaks loose and slides downhill.Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab. A loose snow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skier’s track, and spreads out like a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free, which multiples as the loose snow moves downhill. Sometimes these avalanches stop after only a few feet. Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill in speeds up to 300 miles per hour. This creates a shock wave that can flatten parts of a forest that are not even touched by the actual avalanche.Slab avalanches are those that have a wide area of snow which breaks loose in a large piece. These can range in size from just a few square feel to thousands of square feet of snow. The most dangerous and common type of avalanche for skiers is the so-called “soft slab” avalanche. This type occurs most often during, or just after a heavy snowfall. The snow hasn’t yet had a chance to settle and adhere to the temperature, the less likely the new snow will form a bond with the existing snow.56. What would be the best title for this passage?A. AvalanchesB. The History of AvalanchesC. Skiers BewareD. Avalanches Can Kill57. According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars?A. They hid the armies approaching the city aiding in the attack.B. They killed the armies approaching the city.C. They blocked paths into the city.D. They snowblinded the approaching armies.58. According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when skiing?A. They only have to worry after a heavy snowfall.B. Avalanches only occur in the Swiss or French Alps.C. They should always expect that an avalanche will occur.D. When skiing in New England, they will never have to worry about an avalanche.59. According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers?A. When the temperature is below 20 degrees F.B. Right before a snowstorm.C. During a snowstorm.D. In the winter.60. According to the passage, which factor causes an avalanche?A. The slope of the mountain.B. The size of the snowfall.C. The amount and intensity of movement around the snowfall.D. The weight of the snow.Passage ThreeQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents s problem.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching.A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to be challenged but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the basis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.As modern science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the time needed to keep up with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the arts college.Althoughscientists are usually “made” in the elementary schools, scientists can be “lost” by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. The solution is not to separate teaching and research but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professor should be given only to those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professors unwilling to teach can be called “distinguished research investigators” of something else.The pace of modern science makes it increasingly difficult to be a great researcher and a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system, but those who say the problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibilities.61. What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?A. The relationship between teaching and research should not be simplified.B. Teaching and research are contradictory.C. Research can never be emphasized too much.D. It is wrong to overestimate the importance of teaching.62. In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to research partly because .A. research improves the quality of teaching.B. students who want to be challenged appreciate research professors.C. professors with achievements in research are usually responsible and tough.D. it is difficult to evaluate teaching quality objectively.63. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following will the author probably agree with?A. Distinguished professors at research universities should concentrate on research only.B. It is of utmost importance to improve teaching in elementary schools in order to train newscientists.C. The separation of teaching from research can lower the quality of future scientists.D. The rapid development of modern science makes it impossible to combine teaching withresearch.64. The title of professor should be given only to those who first and foremost do .A. scientific researchB. teachingC. field workD. investigation65. The phrase “the problem” (Line 4, Para. 5) refers to.A. raising the status of teaching.B. the separation of teaching from research.C. the combination of teaching with research.D. improving the status of research..Passage FourQuestions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage.Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create newjobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.66. Almost all companies involved in new production and development must .A. rely on their financial resources.B. persuade the banks to provide long-term finance.C. borrow large sums of money from friends and people we know.D. depend on the population as a whole for finance.67. The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is .A. repaid to its original owners as soon as possible.B. raised by the selling of shares in the companies.C. exchanges for part ownership in The Stock Exchange.D. invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange.68. When the savers want their money back they .A. ask another company to obtain their money for them.B. look for other people to borrow money from.C. put their shares in the company back on the market.D. transfer their money to a more successful company.69. All the essential services on which we depend are .A. run by the Government or our local authorities.B. in constant need of financial support.C. financed wholly by rates and taxes.D. unable to provide for the needs of the population.70. The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries .A. to borrow as much money as they wish.B. to make certain everybody saves money.C. to raise money to finance new developments.D. to make certain everybody lends money to them.Passage FiveQuestions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage.The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising expenditure for instant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the cause of the consumers’seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product. The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeper reasons, however. This was confirmed by one of motivation research’s classic studies, one often cited in the trade. Mason Haire, of the University of California, constructed two shopping lists that were identical except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, baking powder, bread, canned peaches and potatoes, with the brands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in the fifth place on both lists, read “I lb. Maxwell House coffee” on one list and “Nescafe instant coffee” on the other. One list was given to each person in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in another group of the same size. The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe, as far as they could, the kind of woman ( “personality and character”) who would draw up that shopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only one woman in the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on her list, as lazy, only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women felt that the instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife! No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee.71. The fact that producers found resistance to their product despite the fact that they spent more advertising money on instant than regular coffee shows that .A. advertising does not assure favorable sales results.B. companies spent more money on advertising than they should.C. people pay little attention to advertising.D. the more one advertises the better the sales picture.72. In this instance, the purpose of motivation research was to discover .A. why people drink coffee.B. why instant coffee did not taste good.C. why regular coffee was successful.D. the real reason why people would not buy instant coffee.73. This investigation indicated that .A. 50 per cent of housewives are lazy.B. housewives who use instant coffee are lazy.C. many women believe that wives who use instant coffee are lazy.D. wives who use regular coffee are good planners.74. On the results of this test, the producers probably revised their advertising to showa .A. lazy housewife using regular coffee.B. hard-working housewife using instant coffee.C. lazy housewife using instant coffee.D. man obviously enjoying the taste of instant coffee.75. Implied but not stated.A. Despite its advantages, most people disliked instant coffee because of its taste.B. The advertising expenditure for instant coffee was greater than that for regular coffee.C. Very often we do not know the real reasons for doing things.D. Taste is the principal factor in determining what we buy.Passage SixQuestions 76 to 80 are based on the following passage.In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the taxpayers and the litigants—and the litigants, of parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of ameliorating （改善）the situation, but as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a backlog. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their opponents’ evidence Unfo rtunately, at least one study has shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage settlements.Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading (辩护) —the litigants need to make only a one-sentence statement of their claim. By going to this type of court, the plaintiff (原告) waives (放弃) any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.76. The pretrial conference, in theory, is supposed to do all of the following except .A. narrow the issuesB. cause early settlementsC. save judicial timeD. increase settlement costs77. What is the main topic of the passage?A. A ll states should follow California’s example in using small-claims courts in order to freejudges for other work.B. The legislature needs to formulate fewer laws so that the judiciary can catch up on itsolder cases.C. Nobody seems to care enough to attempt to find methods for making the judicial systemmore efficient.。
吉林大学考博英语2012年真题.doc
吉林大学考博英语2012年真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary an(总题数：30，分数：30.00)nguage, culture, and personality may be considered ______ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.（分数：1.00）A.indistinctB.separateC.irrelevantD.independent2.The work was done in the ______ of reforms in the economic, social and cultural spheres.（分数：1.00）A.contextB.contestC.pretextD.texture3.The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt was ______ by the board of trustees.（分数：1.00）A.approvedB.frustratedC.disclosedD.justified4.Some journalists are fond of overstating the situation so that their news may create a great ______.（分数：1.00）A.explosionB.sensationC.exaggeratingD.stimulation5.There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, ______ there was little to disprove it.（分数：1.00）A.by the same tokenB.under the same conditionC.at the same stageD.for the same purpose6.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be ______ in some form.（分数：1.00）A.given offB.put outC.set offed up7.The United Nations Conferences on the Law of the sea would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its ______ declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.（分数：1.00）A.unanimousB.abstractC.autonomousD.almighty8.This growth in the ______ of diabetes is due, in part, to an increase in obesity.（分数：1.00）A.inferenceB.incidenceC.regulationD.repetition9.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.（分数：1.00）A.in proportion toB.in reply toC.in relation toD.in contrast to10.France"s ______ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.（分数：1.00）A.assumptionB.consumptionC.presumptionD.resumption11.The ______ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.（分数：1.00）A.implementationB.demonstrationC.manifestationD.expedition12.Reading ______ the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.（分数：1.00）A.rectifiesB.prolongsC.minimizesD.furnishes13.Previous studies provoked ______ because they used patients whose diagnosis was questionable.（分数：1.00）A.contributionB.contractionC.controversyD.convergence14.Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close ______.（分数：1.00）A.temperamentB.contaminationC.scrutinyD.symmetry15.I never said anything like that at all. You are purposely ______ my ideas to prove your points.（分数：1.00）A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting16.To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companies must ______ the qualities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand.（分数：1.00）A.forfeitB.enhanceC.guaranteeD.gear17.I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite ______.（分数：1.00）A.arbitraryB.rationalC.mechanicalD.unpredictable18.An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ______ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.（分数：1.00）A.stimulateB.renovateC.arouseD.advocate19.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.（分数：1.00）A.affectionateB.sentimentalC.intimateD.sensitive20.Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just ______ and needs proving.（分数：1.00）A.spontaneousB.hypotheticalC.intuitiveD.empirical21.The ceremony will ______ as soon as the president arrives.（分数：1.00）mendplyC.confrontmence22.The barbarous aggressors grew more and more ______ in slaughtering people and burning down their houses.（分数：1.00）A.amorphousB.ferociousC.audaciousD.egregious23.Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become ______ and are no longer used in the present days.（分数：1.00）A.obsoleteB.obsceneC.obviousD.oblique24.Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy to ______ revenue by limiting commerce.（分数：1.00）A.disregardB.challengeC.diminishD.reject25.The spectators in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloons ______ slowly into the sky.（分数：1.00）B.ascendingC.escalatingD.elevating26.An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ______, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.（分数：1.00）A.interferenceB.interruptionC.interventionD.interaction27.Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.（分数：1.00）A.revoltB.revolveC.reverseD.revive28.Foreign disinvestment and the ______ of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.（分数：1.00）A.displacementB.eliminationC.exclusionD.exception29.We are moving towards a more ______ and cooperative society, which is getting better and better.（分数：1.00）A.fraternalB.emotionalC.accidentalD.illegal30.The students were ______ about who their new teacher would be when the bell rang for their first class in the new semester.（分数：1.00）A.foreseeingB.speculatingC.fabricatingD.pondering二、Part Ⅱ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)New research from Australia supports the belief that many pet owners have—it shows that pets are good for your health. The 1 of this new study suggest that people who have pets are 2 less risk from heart disease than 3 who do not.Ironically this 4 study on pets was intended to 5 the myth that pets are good for your health. Earlier research 6 the benefits of owning pets received a lot of 7 , but the results were not good enough to 8 the more skeptical doctors. The new research was carried 9 over three years and examined 6000 people, the largest group yet involved in 10 a study. They took tests that measured a 11 of different factors known to be 12 in heart disease— 13 and blood levels of cholesterol (胆固醇) and triglyceride (甘油三酸酯). 14 , people were asked about their lifestyles.The 800 people who owned pets had 15 levels on each of the factors 16 than those who did not own pets. The differences were even greater than those found in similar studies on people who 17 to vegetarian diets or took 18 exercise. The study also showed that it did not matter 19 kind of pet was owned—a cat was as good as a dog—so the benefits could not be attributed 20 the exercise involved in walking a dog.（分数：10.00）B.conclusionsC.indicationsD.signsA.inB.onC.atD.ofA.othersB.onesC.theseD.thoseteterttertestA.exploreB.explodeC.exploitD.expressA.aboutB.inC.onD.ofA.publicityB.publicC.publicanD.publicationA.consultB.convertC.convictD.convinceA.onB.outC.throughD.forA.soB.suchC.howD.whatA.kindB.sortC.varietyD.differenceA.includingB.involvingC.includedD.involvedA.blood pressureC.indigestionD.high feverA.HoweverB.AlsoC.ThereforeD.SoA.similarB.sameC.lowerD.fewerA.calculatedB.testedC.mentionedD.measuredA.switchedB.shutC.ateD.directedA.inB.outC.upD.overA.whatB.whichC..aD.theA.throughB.toC.byD.for三、Part Ⅲ Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patient"s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body"s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease"s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient"s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version ofthe disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient"s death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970"s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures.（分数：10.00）(1).How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to Paragraph Two?（分数：2.00）A.By training the immune system to fight weaker versions of the diseaseB.By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune systemC.By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat itD.Introducing the disease to the body, so that survivors have already fought it(2).What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?（分数：2.00）A.The way that vaccines protect people from diseasesB.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseasesC.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic diseaseD.The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines(3).The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because ______.（分数：2.00）A.saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the fewB.some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine, have negative side effectsC.they don"t always workD.while many lives are saved, some are actually killed by the vaccine(4).The best title for the passage would be ______.（分数：2.00）A."The Smallpox Vaccine: An Analysis"B."How Vaccines Work"C."Vaccines: Methods and Implications"D."A Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines"(5).The main purpose of the passage is to ______.（分数：2.00）A.convince the reader that vaccines are not as safe as many thinkcate the reader on how vaccines are used and some of their dangerscate the reader on the circumstances that would necessitate widespread vaccinationsD.present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpox vaccine五、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiar part of European history. Particularly in the Swiss and French Alps. This is where the direction of wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping out invading armies.In North America, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountains and the lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalanches have occurred in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity and intensity seen in the western mountains. Several methods are used in explaining and predicting avalanches. Scientists are learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that create avalanches are hidden beneath the snow"s surface that predictions are still largely guesswork. Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions when they traverse the slopes.An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whatever is holding it inplace. It then breaks loose and slides downhill.Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab. A loose snow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skier"s track, and spreads out like a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free, which multiples as the loose snow moves downhill. Sometimes these avalanches stop after only a few feet. Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill in speeds up to 300 miles per hour. This creates a shock wave that can flatten parts of a forest that are not even touched by the actual avalanche.Stab avalanches are those that have a wide area of snow which breaks loose in a large piece. These can range in size from just a few square feel to thousands of square feet of snow. The most dangerous and common type of avalanche for skiers is the so-called "soft slab" avalanche. This type occurs most often during, or just after a heavy snowfall. The snow hasn"t yet had a chance to settle and adhere to the existing snow. The heavier and the wetter the snow and the colder the temperature, the less likely the new snow will form a bond with the existing snow.（分数：10.00）(1).What would be the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.AvalanchesB.The History of AvalanchesC.Skiers BewareD.Avalanches Can Kill(2).According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars?（分数：2.00）A.They hid the armies approaching the city aiding in the attackB.They killed the armies approaching the cityC.They blocked paths into the cityD.They snowblinded the approaching armies(3).According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when skiing?（分数：2.00）A.They only have to worry after a heavy snowfallB.Avalanches only occur in the Swiss or French AlpsC.They should always expect that an avalanche will occurD.When skiing in New England, they will never have to worry about an avalanche(4).According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers?（分数：2.00）A.When the temperature is below 20 degrees FB.Right before a snowstormC.During a snowstormD.In the winter(5).According to the passage, which factor causes an avalanche?（分数：2.00）A.The slope of the mountainB.The size of the snowfallC.The amount and intensity of movement around the snowfallD.The weight of the snow六、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents s problem.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching.A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to bechallenged but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the basis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.As modem science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the time needed to keep up with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the arts college. Although scientists are usually "made" in the elementary schools, scientists can be "lost" by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. The solution is not to separate teaching and research but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professor should be given only to those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professors unwilling to teach can be called "distinguished research investigators" of something else.The pace of modem science makes it increasingly difficult to be a great researcher and a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system, but those who say the problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibilities.（分数：10.00）(1).What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The relationship between teaching and research should not be simplifiedB.Teaching and research are contradictoryC.Research can never be emphasized too muchD.It is wrong to overestimate the importance of teaching(2).In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to research partly because ______.（分数：2.00）A.research improves the quality of teachingB.students who want to be challenged appreciate research professorsC.professors with achievements in research are usually responsible and toughD.it is difficult to evaluate teaching quality objectively(3).According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following will the author probably agree with?（分数：2.00）A.Distinguished professors at research universities should concentrate on research onlyB.It is of utmost importance to improve teaching in elementary schools in order to train new scientistsC.The separation of teaching from research can lower the quality of future scientistsD.The rapid development of modern science makes it impossible to combine teaching with research(4).The title of professor should be given only to those who first and foremost do ______.（分数：2.00）A.scientific researchB.teachingC.field workD.investigation(5).The phrase "the problem" (Line 3, Para. 5) refers to ______.（分数：2.00）A.raising the status of teachingB.the separation of teaching from researchC.the combination of teaching with researchD.improving the status of research七、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange. There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.（分数：10.00）(1).Almost all companies involved in new production and development must ______.（分数：2.00）A.rely on their financial resourcesB.persuade the banks to provide long-term financeC.borrow large sums of money from friends and people we knowD.depend on the population as a whole for finance(2).The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is ______.（分数：2.00）A.repaid to its original owners as soon as possibleB.raised by the selling of shares in the companiesC.exchanges for part ownership in The Stock ExchangeD.invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange(3).When the savers want their money back they ______.（分数：2.00）A.ask another company to obtain their money for themB.look for other people to borrow money fromC.put their shares in the company hack on the marketD.transfer their money to a more successful company(4).All the essential services on which we depend are ______.（分数：2.00）A.run by the Government or our local authoritiesB.in constant need of financial supportC.financed wholly by rates and taxesD.unable to provide for the needs of the population(5).The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries ______.（分数：2.00）A.to borrow as much money as they wishB.to make certain everybody saves moneyC.to raise money to finance new developmentsD.to make certain everybody lends money to them八、Passage Five(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising expenditure for instant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the cause of the consumers" seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product. The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeper reasons, however. This was confirmed by one of motivation research"s classic studies, one often cited in the trade. Mason Haire, of the University of California, constructed two shopping lists that were identical except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, baking powder, bread, canned peaches and potatoes, with the brands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in the fifth place on both lists, read "I lb. Maxwell House coffee" on one list and "Nescafe instant coffee" on the other. One list was given to each person in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in another group of the same size. The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe, as far as they could, the kind of woman ("personality and character") who would draw up that shopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only one woman in the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on her list, as lazy, only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women felt that the instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife! No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee.（分数：10.00）(1).The fact that producers found resistance to their product despite the fact that they spent more advertising money on instant than regular coffee shows that ______.（分数：2.00）A.advertising does not assure favorable sales resultspanies spent more money on advertising than they shouldC.people pay little attention to advertisingD.the more one advertises the better the sales picture(2).In this instance, the purpose of motivation research was to discover ______.（分数：2.00）A.why people drink coffeeB.why instant coffee did not taste goodC.why regular coffee was successfulD.the real reason why people would not buy instant coffee(3).This investigation indicated that ______.（分数：2.00）A.50 per cent of housewives are lazyB.housewives who use instant coffee are lazyC.many women believe that wives who use instant coffee are lazyD.wives who use regular coffee are good planners(4).On the results of this test, the producers probably revised their advertising to show a ______.（分数：2.00）zy housewife using regular coffeeB.hard-working housewife using instant coffeezy housewife using instant coffeeD.man obviously enjoying the taste of instant coffee(5).Which of the following is implied but not stated?（分数：2.00）A.Despite its advantages, most people disliked instant coffee because of its tasteB.The advertising expenditure for instant coffee was greater than that for regular coffeeC.Very often we do not know the real reasons for doing thingsD.Taste is the principal factor in determining what we buy九、Passage Six(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the taxpayers and the litigants—and the litigants, or parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of ameliorating (改善) the situation, but as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a backlog. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their opponents" evidence. Unfortunately, at least one study has shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage settlements. Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading (辩护)—the litigants need to make only a one-sentence statement of their claim. By going to this type of court, the plaintiff (原告) waives (放弃) any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.（分数：10.00）(1).The pretrial conference, in theory, is supposed to do all of the following except ______.（分数：2.00）A.narrow the issuesB.cause early settlementsC.save judicial timeD.increase settlement costs(2).What is the main topic of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.All states should follow California"s example in using small-claims courts in order to free judges for other workB.The legislature needs to formulate fewer laws so that the judiciary can catch up on its older casesC.Nobody seems to care enough to attempt to find methods for making the judicial system more efficientD.While there are many problems with the court system, there are viable suggestions for improvement(3).The word "litigants" means most nearly ______.（分数：2.00）A.jury membersmentatorsC.parties in a lawsuitD.taxpayers(4).Which of the following is true about small-claims courts?（分数：2.00）A.It is possible to have one"s case heard by a jury if he or she is dissatisfied with the court"s decisionB.The litigants must plead accurately and according to a strict formC.The decision may not be appealed to a higher courtD.The parties may not present their cases without an attorney"s help(5).What can we assume from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Most people who feel they have been wronged have a ready remedy in courts of law。
吉林大学材料加工工程复试真题
2011年吉大复试试题一名称解释1. 热过冷:金属凝固时所需的过冷度若完全由热扩散控制，这样的过冷叫热过冷，其大小为凝固点与实际温度之差。
成分过冷:合金由于溶质再分配导致界面前沿熔体成分及凝固温度发生变化引起的过冷。
补：热过冷仅受传热过程控制，成分过冷同时受传热过程和传质过程控制。
2.共晶:随着冷却过程，一个液相等温可逆的转变为两个紧密结合的新固相的反应。
包晶:随着冷却过程，一个液相和一个固相等温可逆的转变为具有不同组成的固相的反应。
3. 偏析:铸件凝固之后，从微观晶粒内部到宏观上各部位，化学成分都是不均匀的，这种现象称为偏析。
枝晶偏析：通常产生于具有结晶温度范围，能够形成固溶体的合金中。
在铸造条件下，因冷却速度较快，扩散过程难以充分进行，使凝固过程偏离平衡条件，形成的不平衡结晶。
4.热裂：焊接或液态成形过程中，在高温阶段产生的开裂现象，多在固相线附近发生，故称为“热裂纹”。
（其形式有凝固裂纹、液化裂纹、高温失延裂纹等）冷裂：在室温附近，铸件处于弹性状态时，铸造应力超过合金的强度极限出现的裂纹被称为冷裂纹。
5. 主平面主应力一个对称张量必然有三个相互垂直的方向，叫做主方向。
在主方向上，下标不同的分量均为零，于是只剩下下标相同的分量，叫做主值。
在应力张量中，主值就是主方向上的三个正应力，叫做主应力；与三个主方向垂直的微分面叫主平面，主平面上没有剪应力。
6.孕育处理：向液态金属中添加生核剂，影响生核过程、增加晶核数，达到细化晶粒的目的，叫孕育处理。
该生核剂也称孕育剂。
变质处理：向金属液加入某些微量物质以影响晶体的生长机理，达到改变组织结构，提高机械性能的目的的处理工艺。
（区别：孕育主要影响生核过程，通过增加晶核数，实现细化晶粒。
而变质则主要是改变晶体的生长过程，通过变质元素的选择性分布实现改变晶粒生长形貌。
）二．根据形核与长大的特点说明固体相变分为哪几类，并且分别说明条幅转变、马氏体转变和贝氏体转变各属于哪一类。
吉大复试题目(1)
2006年硕士生综合面试试题1.两会是哪两会？召开时间？主题是？2.报考的专业方向如何？为什么？你认为该专业的发展前景如何？3.试将13转换为二进制数或者将1011转换成十进制数。
4.计算机有哪几部分组成？5.20钢（45钢）是中、低、高碳钢中的哪一种？它们的含碳量大概有多少？低碳钢的含碳量最高极限是多少？6.钢回火的目的是什么？7.设计汽车燃油经济性（汽车动力性、排放性能）的测试实验？8.衡量材料的机械性质的指标都包括哪些？9.什么是胡克定律？它反映了什么关系？10.汽车一般有哪几部分组成？2007年硕士生复试综合面试试题1.计算机性能指标有哪些？主板有哪几部分组成？2.发动机曲轴有什么工艺制造有什么材料制造？3.说一说传动系和制动系有哪几部分组成？2008年硕士生复试综合面试试题1.两个体积相同的小球，一个铜球，一个铁球，同时从20层楼的高度下落。
哪一个先落地？为什么？2.废弃涡轮增压的原理及组成。
3.汽车行驶的阻力有哪些。
4.国家主席，副主席有哪些？温家宝当了几年的总理？英语口语：介绍一下你的家庭，如果有可能你愿意在世界的哪一个城市居住？还有一些关于环境保护的！2007年研究生复试笔试试题一、名词解释1、汽车使用条件：2、汽车使用经济性：3、汽车的主动安全、被动安全：4、汽车的机动性：5、汽车行驶平顺性：二、简答题1、汽车在坏路和无路条件下的使用特点和应采取的措施。
2、汽车的公害有哪些？画出排气中CO、HC及NOx浓度与空燃比的关系，分析CO和HC的形成原因。
3、汽车燃油经济性的评价指标？画出百公里燃油消耗图？提高汽车燃油经济性的结构措施？三、论述题1、什么是走合期？为什么要经过走合期？走合期应采取的措施有哪些？2、低温条件下使用的主要问题是什么？发动机的启动困难有哪些？2008年研究生复试笔试试题一、名词解释1、汽车使用性能：2、汽车通过性：3、汽车整备质量利用系数4、汽车主动安全性：5、汽车使用经济性：6、汽车工作能力：7、汽车公害：8、汽车故障：9、汽车经济使用寿命：10、空载量二、简答题1、提高汽车被动安全性的主要措施。
吉林大学2012年考研复试分数线公布
吉林大学2012考研复试分数线各相关单位：根据教育部有关文件精神，经学校研究决定，现将我校2012年硕士研究生入学考试统考和联考考生参加复试分数基本要求公布，具体内容见下：二、单独考试(含强军计划、援藏计划)、少数民族高层次骨干人才计划复试基本要求将根据教育部相关政策另行通知。
三、关于复试1、此复试基本分数线只是我校的最低复试分数要求。
各学院(所)在学校已经公布的复试分数线基础上，可根据学科专业特点、招生计划、整体考试情况等，上调复试分数线。
考生须同时达到学校复试分数基本要求和报考学院(所)调整后的复试分数线，方有资格参加复试。
各学院(所)要在复试前公布考生进入复试的资格条件和参加复试考生名单或考号，并提前通知考生。
2、各招生单位在3月20日--3月31日期间组织复试，同时组织考生体检。
具体复试时间、地点及相关要求，考生可向报考学院(所)研究生办公室咨询。
3、复试前各学院(所)均需对考生进行进一步的资格审查。
4、我校各专业均实行差额复试，并对考生的专业课或实验(实践)能力、综合素质能力、外语听说能力等方面进行全面考查，请参加复试考生作好准备。
具体事宜请详见各院(所)的复试要求。
四、关于调剂1、对合格生源不足的学科专业，可以在校内外相同或相近专业合格生源中进行调剂录取，但不允许跨学科门类调剂。
校内调剂考生必须符合考生第一志愿所报专业的复试分数线;校外调剂考生要符合我校相关专业的复试分数线和教育部公布的复试分数基本要求。
2、学术型研究生可向专业学位研究生调剂，须符合专业相同或相近的原则(医学专业按国家相关文件执行);学术型研究生各专业之间调剂，须符合考试科目相同或相近的原则;工程硕士专业学位间调剂，须符合统考科目相同的原则。
3、校内调剂的考生，应由考生本人填报“校内调剂申请表”，送交接收调剂考生的学院(所)，由各学院(所)统一报送研招办。
研招办审核通过后，将校内调剂考生的电子文档转交接收单位，再进行复试。
2012年吉大考博英语真题
2012年吉大考博英语真题Part I Vocabulary and Structure (30%) Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentencethere are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONEthat best completes the sentence. Then markthecorresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEETwith a single line through the center.1. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, butthey are inseparable in fact.A. indistinctlyB. separatelyC. inelevantlyD. independently2. The work was done in the of reformsin the economic, social and cultural spheres.A. contextB. contestC. pretextD. texture3. The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt wasby the board of trustees.A. approvedB. frustratedC. disclosedD. justified4. Some journalists are found of overstating the situation so that their news may create agreat .A. explosionB. sensationC. exaggeratingD. stimulation5. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, there was little todisprove it.A. by the same tokenB. under the same conditionC. at the same stageD. for the same purpose6. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causesenergy to be in some form.A. given offB. put outC.debates and mass demonstrations.A. assumptionB. consumptionC. presumptionD. resumption11. The of a oultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physicalaspect in the life style of the people.A. implementationB. demonstcationC. manifestationD. expedition12. Reading the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes whatwe read our.A. rectitiesB. prolongsC. minimizesD. furnishes13. Previous studies provoked because the used patients whose diagnosiswasquestionable.A. contrlbutionB. contractionC. controversyD. convergence14. Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close . A. temperament B. contamination C. scrutiny D. symmetry15. I never said anything like that at all You are purposely my ideas to prove yourpoints.A. revisingB. contradictingC. distortingD. distracting16. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companies must thequalities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand.A. forfeitB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear17.I was unaware of the critical points invoived, so my choice was quite .A. arbitraryB. rationalC. mechanicalD. unpredictable18. An important property of a scientifictheory is its ability to further research andfurther thinking about a particular topic.A. stimulateB. renovateC.arouse D. advocate19. All the off-shore oil explorers were inhigh spirits as they read lettersfrom theirfamilies.A. affectionateB. sentimentalC. intimateD. sensitive20. Whoever formulated the theory of theorigin of the universe, it is just and needs proving.A. spontaneousB. hypotheticalC. intuitiveD. empirical21.The ceremony will as soon as the president arrives.A. commendB. complyC. confrontD. commence22. The barbarous aggressors grew more andmore in slaughtering people andburningdown their houses.A. amorphousB. ferociousC. audaciousD. egregious23. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become and are nolonger used in the present days.A. obsoleteB. obsceneC. obviousD. oblique24. Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy to revenueby limiting commerce.A. disregardB. challengeC. diminishD. reject25. The spectators in the stadium cheered upwhen they saw hundreds of colorful balloons slowly into the sky.A. descendingB. ascendingC. escalatingD. elevating26. An increasing proportion of ourpopulation, unable to live without advancedmedical , will become progressivelymore reliant on expensive technology.A. interferenceB. interruptionC. interventionD. interaction27. Several intemational events in the early1990s seem likely to , or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the 1980s.A. revoltB. revolveC. reverseD. revive28. Foreign disinvestments and the ofSouth Africa from world capital marketsafter1985 further weakened its economy.A. displacementB. eliminationC. exclusionD. exception29. We are moving towards a more and cooperative society ,which is gettingbetter and better.A fraternalB emotionalC exclusionD illegal30. The student were about whobell rang for their first class in the newsemester.A. foreseeingB. speculatingC. fabricatingD. ponderingPart III Reading Comprehension (60%) Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patient’s body to develop immunity to thevirus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease’s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune case of thesmallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures.51. How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to paragraph two?A. By passing information on how to fightthe disease to the disease.B. By passing information on how to fightthe disease to the immune system.C. By weakening the disease so that theimmune system can defeat it.D. Introducing the disease to the body,so that survivors have already fought it.52. What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?A. The way that vaccines protect peoplefrom diseases.B. The effectiveness of vaccines ineradicating certain diseases.C. The practical use of a vaccine tocontrol an epidemic disease.D. The possible negative outcome ofadministering vaccines.53. The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because .A. saving the many would not necessarilyjustify the death of the few.B. some vaccines, such as the smallpoxvaccine, have negative side effects.C. they don’t always work.D. while many lives are saved, SOME AREACTUALLY KILLED BY THE VACCINT.54. The best title for the passage would be .A. “The Smallpox Vaccine: An Analysis”.B. “How Vaccines Work”.C. “Vaccines: Methods andImplications”.D. “A Warning on the Negative SideEffects of Vaccines”.55. The main purpose of the passage is to .A. convince the reader that vaccines arenot as safe as many think.B. educate the reader on how vaccines areused and some of their dangers.C. educate the reader on thecircumstances that would necessitatewidespread vaccinations.D. present the method by which vaccinesare used through the case of the smallpox vaccine.Passage TwoQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiar part of European history, Particularly in the Swiss and French Alps. This is where the direction of wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping out invading armies.In North America, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountains and the lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalanches have occurred in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity and intensity seen in the western mountains.Several methods are used in explainingand predicting avalanches. Scientists and learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that create avalanches are hidden beneath the snow’s surface that predictions are still largely guesswork. Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions when the traverse the slopes.An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whatever is holding it in place. It then breaks loose and slides downhill.Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab. A loose snow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skier’s track, and spreads out like a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free, which multiples as the loose snow moves downhill. Sometimes these avalanches stop after only a few feet. Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill in speedsup to 300 miles per hour. This creates a shock wave that can flatten parts of a forest that are not even touched by the actual avalanche.Slab avalanches are those that have a wide area of snow which breaks loose in a large piece. These can range in size from just a few square feel to thousands of square feet of snow. The most dangerous and common type of avalanche for skiers is the so-called “soft slab” avalanche. This type occurs most often during, or just after a heavy snowfall. The snow hasn’t yet had a chance to settle and adhere to the temperature, the less likely the new snow will form a bond with theexisting snow.56. What would be the best title for this passage?A. AvalanchesB. The History of AvalanchesC. Skiers BewareD. Avalanches Can Kill57. According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars?A. They hid the armies approaching thecity aiding in the attack.B. They killed the armies approaching thecity.C. They blocked paths into the city.D. They snowblinded the approachingarmies.58. According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when skiing?A. They only have to worry after a heavysnowfall.B. Avalanches only occur in the Swiss orFrench Alps.C. They should always expect that anavalanche will occur.D. When skiing in New England, they willnever have to worry about an avalanche.59. According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers?A. When the temperature is below 20degrees F.B. Right before a snowstorm.C. During a snowstorm.D. In the winter.60. According to the passage, which factor causes an avalanche?A. The slope of the mountain.B. The size of the snowfall.C. The amount and intensity of movementaround the snowfall.D. The weight of the snow.Passage ThreeQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they alsoignore deeper and more important relationships.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents s problem.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching. A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to be challenged but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the systemshould present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the basis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.As modern science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the time needed to keep up with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the arts college. Although scientists are usually “made” in the elementary schools, scientists can be “lost” by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. The solution is not to separate teaching and research but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professor should be given only to those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those who profess and it is perhaps timefor universities to reserve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professors unwilling to teach can be called “distinguished research investigators” of something else.The pace of modern science makes it increasingly difficult to be a great researcher and a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system, but those who say the problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibilities.61. What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?A. The relationship between teaching andresearch should not be simplified.B. Teaching and research arecontradictory.C. Research can never be emphasized toomuch.D. It is wrong to overestimate theimportance of teaching.62. In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to research partlybecause .A. research improves the quality ofteaching.B. students who want to be challengedappreciate research professors.C. professors with achievements inresearch are usually responsible and tough.D. it is difficult to evaluate teachingquality objectively.63. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following will the author probably agree with?A. Distinguished professors at researchuniversities should concentrate on research only.B. It is of utmost importance to improveteaching in elementary schools in orderto train newscientists.C. The separation of teaching fromresearch can lower the quality of future scientists.D. The rapid development of modernscience makes it impossible to combine teaching withresearch.64. The title of professor should be given only to those who first and foremost do .A. scientific researchB. teachingC. field workD. investigation65. The phrase “the problem” (Line 4, Para.5) refers to .A. raising the status of teaching.B. the separation of teaching fromresearch.C. the combination of teaching withresearch.D. improving the status of research.. Passage FourQuestions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage.Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation thesavings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.66. Almost all companies involved in new production and development must .A. rely on their financial resources.B. persuade the banks to providelong-term finance.C. borrow large sums of money from friendsand people we know.D. depend on the population as a whole forfinance.67. The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is .A. repaid to its original owners as soonas possible.B. raised by the selling of shares in thecompanies.C. exchanges for part ownership in TheStock Exchange.D. invested in different companies on TheStock Exchange.68. When the savers want their money back they .A. ask another company to obtain theirmoney for them.B. look for other people to borrow moneyfrom.C. put their shares in the company backon the market.D. transfer their money to a moresuccessful company.69. All the essential services on which we depend are .A. run by the Government or our localauthorities.B. in constant need of financial support.C. financed wholly by rates and taxes.D. unable to provide for the needs of thepopulation.70. The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalizedindustries .A. to borrow as much money as they wish.B. to make certain everybody saves money.C. to raise money to finance newdevelopments.D. to make certain everybody lends moneyto them.Passage FiveQuestions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage.The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising expenditure for instant coffee was far greater than thatfor regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the cause of the consumers’seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product. The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeper reasons, however. This was confirmed by one of motivation research’s classic studies, one often cited in the trade. Mason Haire, of the University of California, constructed two shopping lists that were identical except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, baking powder, bread, canned peaches and potatoes, with the brands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in the fifth place on both lists, read “I lb. Maxwell House coffee” on one list and “Nescafe instant coffee” on the other. One list was given to each person in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in another group of the same size. The women were asked to studytheir lists and then to describe, as far as they could, the kind of woman ( “personality and character”) who would draw up that shopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only one woman in the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on her list, as lazy, only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women felt that the instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife! No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee.71. The fact that producers found resistance to their product despite the fact that they spent more advertising money on instant than regular coffee shows that .A. advertising does not assure favorablesales results.B. companies spent more money onadvertising than they should.C. people pay little attention toadvertising.D. the more one advertises the better thesales picture.72. In this instance, the purpose of motivation research was to discover .A. why people drink coffee.B. why instant coffee did not taste good.C. why regular coffee was successful.D. the real reason why people would notbuy instant coffee.73. This investigation indicated that .A. 50 per cent of housewives are lazy.B. housewives who use instant coffee arelazy.C. many women believe that wives who useinstant coffee are lazy.D. wives who use regular coffee are goodplanners.74. On the results of this test, the producers probably revised their advertising to show a .A. lazy housewife using regular coffee.B. hard-working housewife using instantcoffee.C. lazy housewife using instant coffee.D. man obviously enjoying the taste ofinstant coffee.75. Implied but not stated.A. Despite its advantages, most peopledisliked instant coffee because of its taste.B. The advertising expenditure for instantcoffee was greater than that for regular coffee.C. Very often we do not know the realreasons for doing things.D. Taste is the principal factor indetermining what we buy.Passage SixQuestions 76 to 80 are based on the following passage.In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the taxpayers and the litigants—and the litigants, of parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of ameliorating （改善）the situation, but as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a backlog. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow theissues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their oppon ents’ evidence Unfortunately, at least one study has shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage settlements.Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading (辩护) —the litigants need to make only aone-sentence statement of their claim. By going to this type of court, the plaintiff (原告) waives (放弃) any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.76. The pretrial conference, in theory, is supposed to do all of the following except .A. narrow the issuesB. cause early settlementsC. save judicial timeD. increase settlement costs77. What is the main topic of the passage?A. All states should follow California’sexample in using small-claims courts in order to freejudges for other work.B. The legislature needs to formulatefewer laws so that the judiciary can catch up on itsolder cases.C. Nobody seems to care enough to attemptto find methods for making the judicialsystemmore efficient.D. While there are many problems with thecourt system, there are viable suggestions forimprovement.78. The word “litigants” means most nearly .parties in a lawsuit D. taxpayers79. Which of the following is true about small-claims courts?A. It is possible to have one’s case heard by a jury if he or she is dissatisfied with the court’s decision.B. The litigants must plead accurately and according to a strict form.C. The decision may not be appealed to a higher court.D. The parties may not present their cases without an attorney’s help.80. What can we assume from the passage?A. Most people who feel they have beenwronged have a ready remedy in courts of law.B. Many people would like to bring a caseto a court, but unable to because of thecost andtime required.C. The judicial system in the United States is highly acclaimed for its efficiency.D. Pretrial conferences will someday probably have replaced trials completely.。
2012年吉林大学823经济学(政治经济学、西方经济学)考研真题及详解
2012年吉林大学823经济学（政治经济学、西方经济学）考研真题及详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研资料，经济学参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行解答。
政治经济学部分一、名词解释1．虚拟资本答：虚拟资本是指能定期带来收入的，以有价证券形式表现的资本。
其主要有两种形式：一种是信用形式上的虚拟资本，主要有期票、汇票、银行券、纸币、国家债券、各种证券抵押贷款等；另一种是收入资本化形式上产生的虚拟资本，主要由股票、债券构成。
典型的虚拟资本形式是股票和债券。
虚拟资本自身没有任何价值，而是对未来收入的一种索取权凭证。
它是独立于实际资本之外的一种资本形式。
它是实际资本的纸质复制品，是虚拟的一种资本形式。
虚拟资本的买卖价格不是依据其票面值，而是根据其预期收入来确定的。
计算公式为：虚拟资本价格＝预期收益/平均利率。
虚拟资本的价格与其预期收益成正比，与平均利率成反比，而与实际资本的价值变动无直接关系。
虚拟资本是信用制度发展的结果，同时也改变信用，特别是银行信用本身。
货币的虚拟化是信用制度产生的前提；借贷资本信用关系是虚拟资本产生的根据；社会信用制度的逐步完善是虚拟资本生产的基础。
2．国家信用答：国家信用是指国家借助于举债向社会公众筹集资金的一种信用形式。
国家在这种信用关系中处于债务人的地位。
国家信用在国内的基本形式是国债，它通常以发行公债券和国库券的形式来实现。
政府发行公债券和国库券，主要用于弥补财政赤字和其他非生产性开支。
购买政府债券的通常是商业银行、保险公司、股份公司、各类企业和个人。
只要政权稳定，国家信用的信用度是最高的。
二、社会主义市场经济本质上是社会主义基本经济制度与市场经济的有机结合，而公有制与市场经济结合是其中的关键所在。
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吉林大学2012年复试笔试试题（回忆版）
汽车理论（每题10分）
一、动力性的评价指标是什么？为提高动力性，应该如何设计汽车结构？
二、稳定性因数是什么？有哪几个参数表征稳态转向特性？
三、影响燃油经济性的因素有哪些？从结构方面和使用方面该如何提高燃油经济性？
四、图示说明什么是制动器制动力和地面制动力？地面制动力是否可以无限制地随制动器
制动力无限制地增加？受什么限制？
五、什么是汽车悬架的偏频？表达式是什么？强调舒适性的汽车选用的悬架一般比较软？
为什么？它对汽车的其他性能有什么影响？
汽车设计
六、名词解释（10分）
（1）汽车整备质量
（2）离合器后备系数
（3）轮胎负荷系数
（4）制动器效能因数
（5）悬架的动挠度
七、简答题
（1）变速器的设计要求是？
（2）与弧齿锥齿轮相比，双面齿轮的优缺点是什么？
（3）制动器摩擦摩擦衬片的材料应满足的要求是什么？
（4）什么是制动器角传动比的变化规律？在不加动力转向装置的条件下，如何解决“轻”
与“灵”的矛盾？
（2）图示说明驱动桥壳强度计算时计算载荷的确定。
九、
（1）汽车设计时，为行驶安全性考虑，前轮和后轮哪个县抱死拖滑？应做如何设计？
（2）现有单片离合器和双片离合器，摩擦片直径相同，所能传递的最大力矩Temax相同，问所作用的踏板力是否相同？哪个比较小？为什么？。