2018年可锐考研英语阅读理解精选
2018年可锐考研英语经典阅读试题
2018年可锐考研英语经典阅读试题（五）[物理学]The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers’claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation.Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact with a different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively.The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air.Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.Unfortunately there is one real problem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapor through the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximately constant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerant —and thus the thermal energy it carries —is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression.Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climates —where the most heat is needed —heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.1. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoor temperature changes.[B] contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps.[C] describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use.[D] advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps.2. The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation by[A] carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle.[B] pointing out a factual effort in the statement that gives rise to this question.[C] supplying additional relevant facts.[D] denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps.3. It can be inferred from the text that, in the course of a heating season, the heating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when[A] heating is least essential.[B] electricity rates are lowest.[C] its compressor runs the fastest.[D] outdoor temperatures hold steady.4. If the author’s assessment of the use of heat pumps is correct, which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case?[A] Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying to promote.[B] Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implications instead of on facts.[C] Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospective client’s ability to believe.[D] Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know even the mostelementary scientific principles.5. The text suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if[A] they could also be used as air conditioners.[B] they could be moved around to supply heat where it is most needed.[C] their heat output could be thermostatically controlled.[D] people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation.[历史学]Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points —periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one’s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?”and “How did it happen?”have given way to the question “Why did it happen?”Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why”is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its “facts”not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest”explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history ; it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.1. Which of the following best states the main point of the text?[A] The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.[B] Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.[C] Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.[D] The psychological assessment of an individual’s behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.2. The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?[A] The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.[B] Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.[C] Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic diagram.[D] Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.3. The author of the text suggests that psychohistorians view history primarily as[A] a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for the most part, unverifiable.[B] an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare.[C] an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete units.[D] a record the way in which a closed set of immutable psychological laws seems to have shaped events.4. The author of the text puts the word “deepest”in quotation marks most probably in order to[A] signal her reservations about the accuracy of psychohistorians’claims for their work.[B] draw attention to a contradiction in the psychohistorians’method.[C] emphasize the major difference between the traditional historians’method and that of psychohistorians.[D] disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians’claims from her opinion of their method.5. In presenting her analysis, the author does all of the following EXCEPT.[A] Make general statements without reference to specific examples.[B] Describe some of the criteria employed by traditional historians.[C] Question the adequacy of the psychohistorians’interpretation of events.[D] Point out inconsistencies in the psychohistorians’application of their methods.。
2018年可锐考研英语经典阅读试题
2018年可锐考研英语经典阅读试题（一）[经济学类]Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities —as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts”with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often run the danger of becoming- and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.1. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.[C] propose a temporary solution to a problem.[D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm.[B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.[D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.3. It can be inferred from the text that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies”are[A] more popular with large corporations.[B] more concrete.[C] less controversial.[D] less expensive to enforce.4. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s assertion that, in the 1970’s, corporate response to federal requirements was substantial?[A] Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.[B] Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.[C] The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.[D] The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 asdid $77 million in 1972.5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front”organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible.二．The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were —reptiles or birds —are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharpclaws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animal’s body.The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coatof hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.1. It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generally agree that the[A] enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances.[B] structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats.[C] fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight.[D] pterosaurs were reptiles.2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as[A] revolutionary.[B] unlikely.[C] unassailable.[D] probable.3. According to the text, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the[A] size of its wingspan.[B] presence of hollow spaces in its bones.[C] anatomic origin of its wing strut.[D] presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet.4. The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the text suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?[A] An animal’s brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.[B] An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.[C] Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.[D] The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the text?[A] New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.[B] Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each is disputed by means of specific information.[C] Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given.[D] Recent discoveries are described and their implications for future study are projected.。
2018年可锐考研第一轮复习之英语阅读
2018年可锐考研第一轮复习之英语阅读（一）Until about five years ago, the very idea that peptide hormonesmight be made anywhere in the brain besides the hypothalamus was astounding.Peptide hormones, scientists thought, were made by endocrine glands and thehypothalamus was thought to be the brains’only endocrinegland. What is more, because peptide hormones cannot cross the blood-brainbarrier, researchers believed that they never got to any part of the brainother than the hypothalamus, where they were simply produced and then releasedinto the bloodstream. But these beliefs about peptide hormones were questioned aslaboratory after laboratory found that antiserums to peptide hormones, wheninjected into the brain, bind in places other than the hypothalamus, indicatingthat either the hormones or substances that cross-react with the antiserums arepresent. The immunological method of detecting peptide hormones by means ofantiserums, however, is imprecise. Cross-reactions are possible and this methodcannot determine whether the substances detected by the antiserums really arethe hormones, or merely close relatives. Furthermore, this method cannot beused to determine the location in the body where the detected substances areactually produced. New techniques of molecular biology, however, provide a way toanswer these questions. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s that canserve as molecular probes seek out the messenger RNA’s of thepeptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells will containthese mRNA’s. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones butare not identical to them, then the c DNA’s should still bindto these mRNA’s, but should not bind as tightly as they would to m RNA’s for thetrue hormones. The cells containing these mRNA’s can then beisolated and their mRNA’s decoded to determine just what their protein products are and howclosely the products resemble the true peptide hormones. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNAprobes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it cantake years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and thendevelop antiserums to them. Roberts, expressing the sentiment of manyresearchers, states: “I was trained as an endocrinologist. But it became clear to me thatthe field of endocrinology needed molecular biology input. The process ofgrinding out protein purifications is just too slow.”If, as the initial tests with cDNA probes suggest, peptide hormonesreally are made in brain in areas other than the hypothalamus, a theory must bedeveloped that explains their function in the brain. Some have suggested thatthe hormones are all growth regulators, but Rosen’s work on rat brainsindicates that this cannot be true. A number of other researchers propose thatthey might be used for intercellular communication in the brain.1.Which of the following titles best summarizes the text?[A] Is Molecular Biology the Key to Understanding Intercellular Communicationin the Brain?[B] Molecular Biology: Can Researchers Exploit Its Techniques to SynthesizePeptide Hormones?[C] The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Immunological Approach to DetectingPeptide Hormones. [D] Peptide Hormones: How Scientists Are Attempting to Solve Problems of TheirDetection and to Understand Their Function?2.The text suggests that a substance detected in the brain by use of antiserumsto peptide hormones may [A] have been stored in the brain for a long period of time. [B]play no role in the functioning of the brain. [C] have been produced in some part of the body other than the brain. [D] have escaped detection by molecular methods.3.According to the text, confirmation of the belief that peptide hormones arecreated in the brain in areas other than the hypothalamus would forcescientists to [A] reject the theory that peptide hormones are made by endocrine glands. [B] revise their beliefs about the ability of antiserums to detect peptidehormones. [C] invent techniques that would allow them to locate accurately brain cellsthat produce peptide hormones. [D] develop a theory that account for the role played by peptide hormones inthe brain.4.Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a drawback of theimmunological method of detecting peptide hormones? [A] It cannot be used to detect the presence of growth regulators in the brain. [B] It cannot distinguish between the peptide hormones and substances that arevery similar to them. [C] It uses antiserums that are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. [D] It involves a purification process that requires extensive training inendocrinology.5.The idea that the field of endocrinology can gain from developments inmolecular biology is regarded by Roberts with [A] incredulity. [B] derision. [C] indifference.[D] enthusiasm.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】D 【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。
2018年可锐考研英语阅读真题范文
2018年可锐考研英语阅读真题范文（七）Don’t shoot the messengerThey poison the mind and corrupt the morals of the young, who waste their time sitting on sofas immersed in dangerous fantasy worlds. That, at least, was the charge levelled against novels during the 18th century by critics worried about the impact of a new medium on young people. Today the idea that novels can harm people sounds daft. And that is surely how history will judge modern criticism of video games, which are accused of turning young people into violent criminals. This week European justice ministers met to discuss how best to restrict the sale of violent games to children. Some countries, such as Germany, believe the answer is to ban some games altogether. That is going too far. Criticism of games is merely the latest example of a tendency to demonise new and unfamiliar forms of entertainment. In 1816 waltzing was condemned as a fatal contagion that encouraged promiscuity; in 1910 films were denounced as an evil pure and simple, destructive of social interchange in the 1950s rock ’n’roll music was said to turn young people into devil worshippers and comic books were accused of turning children into drug addicts and criminals. In each case the pattern is the same: young people adopt a new form of entertainment, older people are spooked by its unfamiliarity and condemn it, but eventually the young grow up and the new medium becomes accepted-at which point another example appears and the cycle begins again. The opposition to video games is founded on the mistaken belief that most gamers are children. In fact, twothirds of gamers are over 18 and the average gamer is around 30. But the assumption that gamers are mostly children leads to a double standard. Violent films are permitted and the notion that some films are unsuitable for children is generally understood. Yet different rules are applied to games. Aren’t games different because they are interactive? It is true that video games can make people feel excited or aggressive, but so do many sports. There is no evidence that videogaming causes longterm aggression. Games ought to be agerated, just as films are, and retailers should not sell adultrated games to children any more than they should sell them adultrated films. Ratings schemes are already in place, and in some countries restrictions on the sale of adultrated games to minors have the force of law. Oddly enough, Hillary Clinton, one of the politicians who has led the criticism of the gaming industry in America, has recently come round to this view. Last month she emphasised the need for parents to pay more attention to game ratings and called on the industry, retailers and parents to work together. But this week some European politicians seemed to be moving in the other direction: the Netherlands may follow Germany, for example, in banning some games outright. Not all adults wish to play violent games, just as not all of them enjoy violent movies. But they should be free to do so if they wish.二．Doughnut adjust your setHAVE you ever seen anything on television that made you shout or shake your fist in anger at the screen? Televisions are, of course, unable to respond to such reactions. But that could beabout to change. Controlling your television and other home entertainment devices using voice commands or gestures is starting to become possible thanks to a new generation of controllers.Consider, for example, the controller that went on sale last month with Nintendo’s Wii games console. In place of the usual combination of buttons and joysticks, the Wii has a motionsensitive controller. The console can determine how the controller is moving in space and what it is pointing at, and uses that information to control what is happening on screen. Depending on the game, the controller becomes a warrior’s sword or a golf club.For some games, the controller connects up via a cable to a second, smaller handset called the Nunchuk after the weapon favoured by Bruce Lee in his martial arts movies . It is then possible to use one controller for movement, and the other to fire weapons or use items. The number of buttons on both controllers has been reduced to a minimum, as Nintendo hopes to draw in new customers who find existing games consoles too complicated. But whether the Wii will introduce a generation of grandmothers to the joys of karate games remains to be seen.This living room overload is likely to get worse as telecoms operators launch a new generation of television over broadband services, using a technology called IPTV. This will make possible thousands of channels, downloadable programs and films, plus messaging, internet access and games. It will also involve the biggest and most complicated controllers ever seen. The experience isn’t as good as it could be, says Michael Cai of Parks Associates, a consultancy. So some companies believe a new approach is needed.Other companies have looked at using speech based controllers in the living room. One firm, Promptu, developed a voice control system for American cable operators and tested it in conjunction with Motorola, which makes set top boxes. But it has now decided to reposition the technology as a voice based navigation system for mobile phones. A simpler approach is taken by the In Voca voice activated remote control. It is a universal remote control that can recognise 50 separate commands spoken by up to four separate users, from lower volume to Cartoon Network .A recent entry to the field is Apple Computer, a firm renowned for designing elegant, easy to use products. In 2007 it will launch a new device, called the iTV, that acts as a bridge between a television and a computer. It has a deliberately simple remote control that, like Apple’s iconic iPod music player, involves just one button and one wheel. Steve Jobs, the company’s boss, boasts that it is very Apple . Might his company be the one to solve the remote control confusion?三．Behind the bleeding edgeMANKIND’S progress in developing new gizmos is often referred to as the march of technology . That conjures up images of constant and relentless forward movement orchestrated with military precision. In reality, technological progress is rather less orderly. Some technologies do indeed improve at such a predictable pace that they obey simple formulae such as Moore’s law, which acts as a battle plan for the semiconductor industry. Other technologies proceed by painful lurches-think of third generation mobile phones, or new versions of Microsoft Windows. And there are some cases, particularly in the developing world, when technological progress takes the form of a leapfrog.Such leapfrogging involves adopting a new technology directly, and skipping over the earlier, inferior versions of it that came before. By far the best known example is that of mobile phones in the developing world. Fixed line networks are poor or non existent in many developing countries, so people have leapfrogged straight to mobile phones instead. The number of mobile phones now far outstrips the number of fixed line telephones in China, India and sub Saharan Africa.There are other examples. Incandescent light bulbs, introduced in the late 1870s, are slowly being displaced in the developed world by more energy efficient lightemitting diodes , in applications from traffic lights to domestic lighting. LEDs could, however, have an even greater impact in parts of the developing world that lack mains power and electric lighting altogether. LEDs’greater energy efficiency makes it possible to run them from batteries charged by solar panels during the day.Being behind the bleeding edge of technological development can sometimes be a good thing, in short. It means that early versions of a technology, which may be buggy, unreliable or otherwise inferior, can be avoided. America, for example, was the first country to adopt colour television, which explains why American television still looks so bad today: other countries came to the technology later and adopted technically superior standards.The lesson to be drawn from all of this is that it is wrong to assume that developing countries will follow the same technological course as developed nations. Having skipped fixed line telephones, some parts of the world may well skip desktop computers in favour of portable devices, for example. Entire economies may even leapfrog from agriculture straight to hightech industries. That is what happened in Israel, which went from citrus farming to microchips; India, similarly, is doing its best to jump straight to a hightech service economy.Those who anticipate and facilitate leapfrogging can prosper as a result. Those who fail to see it coming risk being jumped over. Kodak, for example, hit by the sudden rise of digital cameras in the developed world, wrongly assumed that it would still be able to sell old fashioned film and film cameras in China instead. But the emerging Chinese middle classes leapfrogged straight to digital cameras-and even those are now outnumbered by camera phones.。
2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选
2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选（十）Fossil feathers羽毛化石Not just for the birds并非鸟类独有A trove of fossils sheds light on the evolution of feathers珍贵羽毛化石的发现能够更好地阐释羽毛的进化过程THE fossil record is, famously, full of holes.众所周知，化石记录总是漏洞百出。
One such lacuna has been the absence of well-preserved feathers from the Cretaceous-theperiod between 145m and 65m years ago that ended with the mass extinction that wipedout the dinosaurs.一个漏洞就是由于人们无法找到白垩纪时期保存完好的羽毛，因而该时期羽毛化石的记录一直处于空白状态。
白垩纪是距今1.45亿年到6500万年的一段时期，末期发生了导致恐龙消失的物种大灭绝。
Now, this gap has been partly filled.如今，这段空白得到了部分填充。
In this week s Science, a team led by Ryan McKellar from the University of Alberta report thediscovery of eleven feathers preserved in amber from the latter part of the Cretaceous,about 70m-85m years ago.本周，瑞安?麦凯乐领导的研究小组在《科学》杂志上发表报告称，他们发现了11种白垩纪后期封存在琥珀里的羽毛。
Intriguingly, not all of them seem to come from birds.有趣的是，这些羽毛并不都属于鸟类。
2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选
2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选第一篇：2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选（三）Facebook and privacy Sorry, friends脸谱和用户隐私对不起，朋友The giant social network is castigated for serious privacy failings社交网巨头因严重隐私缺陷而遭受公众谴责FACEBOOK has been playing with fire and has got its fingers burned, again.脸谱一直在玩火，这次它又烧伤了自己的指头。
On November 29th America s Federal Trade Commission announced that it hadreached a draft settlement with the giant social network over allegations that it hadmisled people about its use of their personal data.11月29日美国联邦贸易委员会声明已和该社交网巨头关于公众对它欺骗用户、滥用用户个人信息的控诉初步达成解决方案。
The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook, which boasts over 800m users,betrayed its users trust.这份解决方案的细目明确说明，脸谱网背叛了它所声称的八亿用户的信任。
It is also notable because it appears to be part of a broader attempt by the FTC to craft anew privacy framework to deal with the swift rise of social networks in America.FTC有个更大的计划，那就是创建一个新的隐私框架以应对美国快速攀升的社交网用户。
2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选
2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选（六）Palaeontology Do the locomotion古生物学活动活动The earliest animal tracks yet found have been unearthed in Canada在加拿大出土了迄今为止发现的最早动物足迹ONE of the greatest mysteries of the history of life is the Cambrian explosion.寒武纪的大爆炸是生命史中最大的谜团之一。
Prior to 560m years ago, animal fossils are rare.5.6亿年以前的动物化石寥寥无几。
Then, in a geological eyeblink, they become common.然而，只过了地质史上一瞬间的功夫，它们便多得不足为奇了。
Shelly creatures such as trilobites and brachiopods, of whose ancestors there is little sign inthe rocks, are suddenly everywhere.像三叶虫、腕足动物此般壳类动物的祖先没有在岩层中留下什么痕迹，但它们的遗迹却突然间比比皆是。
Biologists would dearly love to know what happened.生物学家们迫不及待地想知道当时到底发生了什么。
Recent discoveries at the delightfully named Mistaken Point, in Newfoundland, serve to lift theveil slightly.纽芬兰岛上有个地方名字很有趣，叫“错误点”，正是最近在这里的一些发现轻轻掀起了这个神秘面纱的一角。
These findings are not of Precambrian animals themselves, but of their tracks. And these,paradoxically, may be more useful.发现的并不是寒武纪前的动物本身，而是它们的足迹。
2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选
2018年可锐考研英语阅读文章精选（五）Gene therapy基因疗法Genetic mutations predict which cancers willrespond to treatment基因突变将预测某种治疗会对哪些癌症起作用THE International Cancer Genome Consortium, analliance of laboratories that is trying to produce adefinitive list of the genetic mutations that causecancer, is accumulating data at an astonishing rate. About 3,000 individual breast tumours,for example, have now had their genotypes published. But these data will not, bythemselves, help patients. For that, they have to be collected in the context of a drug trial.And this is just what Matthew Ellis and his colleagues at Washington University in St Louishave done for women suffering from breast cancer. Their methods, if they prove to work forother cancers too, may revolutionise treatment.国际癌症基因组协作组是试图建立一份会引起癌症的基因突变完整清单的实验室联盟，它积累数据的速度让人吃惊。
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2018年可锐考研英语阅读理解精选（五）Text5The haunting paintings of Helene Schjerfbeck, on show in the final leg of a travelling tour that has already attracted thousands of visitors in Hamburg and The Hague, may come as a surprise to many. Few outside the Nordic world would recognise the work of this Finnish artist who died in 1946. More people should. The 120 works have at their core 20 self-portraits, half the number she painted in all. The first, dated 1880, is of a wide-eyed teenager eager to absorb everything. The last is a sighting of the artist’s ghost-to-be; Schjerfbeck died the year after it was made. Together this series is among the most moving and accomplished autobiographies-in-paint.Precociously gifted, Schjerfbeck was 11 when she entered the Finnish Art Society’s drawing school. "The Wounded Warrior in the Snow", a history painting, was bought by a private collector and won her a state travel grant when she was 17. Schjerfbeck studied in Paris, went on to Pont-Aven, Brittany, where she painted for a year, then to Tuscany, Cornwall and St Petersburg. During her 1887 visit to St Ives, Cornwall, Schjerfbeck painted "The Convalescent". A child wrapped in a blanket sits propped up in a large wicker chair, toying with a sprig. The picture won a bronze medal at the 1889 Paris World Fair and was bought by the Finnish Art Society. To a modern eye it seems almost sentimental and is redeemed only by the somewhat stunned, melancholy expression on the child’s face, which may have been inspired by Schjerfbeck’s early experiences. At four, she fell down a flight of steps and never fully recovered.In 1890, Schjerfbeck settled in Finland. Teaching exhausted her, she did not like the work of other local painters, and she was further isolated when she took on the care of her mother . "If I allow myself the freedom to live a secluded life", she wrote, "then it is because it has to be that way." In 1902, Schjerfbeck and her mother settled in the small, industrial town of Hyvinkaa, 50 kilometres north of Helsinki. Isolation had one desired effect for it was there that Schjerfbeck became a modern painter. She produced still lives and landscapes but above all moody yet incisive portraits of her mother, local school girls, women workers in town . And of course she painted herself. Comparisons have been made with James McNeill Whistler and Edvard Munch. But from 1905, her pictures became pure Schjerfbeck."I have always searched for the dense depths of the soul, that have not yet discovered themselves", she wrote, "where everything is still unconscious-there one can make the greatest discoveries." She experimented with different kinds of underpainting, scraped and rubbed, made bright rosy red spots; doing whatever had to be done to capture the subconscious-her own and that of her models. In 1913, Schjerfbeck was rediscovered by an art dealer and journalist, Gosta Stenman. Once again she was a success. Retrospectives, touring exhibitions and a biography followed, yet Schjerfbeck remained little known outside Scandinavia. That may have had something to do with her indifference to her renown. "I am nothing, absolutely nothing", shewrote. "All I want to do is paint". Schjerfbeck was possessed of a unique vision, and it is time the world recognised that.1. Schjerfbeck’s paintings may come as a surprise to many because_____.[A] her paintings are rarely known outside the Nordic world[B] her paintings have never been on show out of the Nordic world[C] her paintings have the power to haunt people whoever have seen them[D] her paintings focus on supernatural elements such as ghosts2. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?[A] "The Convalescent" is in fact a portrait of Schjerbeck in her childhood.[B] "The Convalescent" is a reflection of Schejerbeck’s sentimental childhood.[C] "The Convalescent" is made as a result of an accident in Schejerbeck’s childhood.[D] "The Convalescent" is featured by the child’s stunned, melancholy expression.3.Schejerbeck chose to live a secluded life mainly because of ____.[A] she was exhausted by her teaching job[B] her personality prefers this kind of style[C] she could not appreciate the work of the other local painters[D] her mother’s health condition required her to adopt such a life style.4.Schjerfbeck remained little known outside the Nordic world probably because_____.[A] she did not make efforts to publicize her works.[B] she knew that her works would gain worldwide recognition one day.[C] she only cared about her painting instead of personal fame.[D] the last thing she was interested in was to have people disturb her5. We can infer from the passage that the most outstanding characteristics of Schjerfbeck’spaintings is_____.[A] her vivid characterization of common people[B] her capture of the characters’soul[C] the melancholy expression of the characters[D] her unconscious sense of some mysterious elements篇章剖析：这篇文章介绍了画家Schejerbeck的创作经历。