考研英语长难句突破讲义
考研英语长难句讲义-唐启明
化繁为简—破解英语长难句一长难句基本句型特征考研英语长难句的是如何构成的？命题人员在英语原文基础上进行改造时，主要从结构上通过四种方式来使句子更加复杂：1、复合从句2、成分省略3、使用插入成分4、改变句序这四种方式往往相互结合，形成错综复杂的句子，即混合型句子。
目的是提高难度，增强干扰，打断和打乱考生的思维，从而达到检验考生阅读能力和的目标。
下面分别对这四种方式进行解析。
我们要时刻牢记的一点是，考试中的长难句绝大多数为主谓宾或主系表结构，其它成分都是围绕这三个主要成分其中之一。
这就是所有长难句的核心和本质。
必须牢记。
最常见的是围绕主语和宾语（表语）我们要根据这些次要成分的位置和字面意义来推测它们和主干意群的逻辑关系。
在切分意群时，意群的大小根据自己实际理解能力来分解。
标准就是看一眼就能理解的信息（短语或者句子）。
经过训练后，我们看一眼就能把握的意群会越来越多，从而完成从菜鸟到“大虾”的转变。
请看下面例句：The fact that these people live near famous caves, which contain vivid paintings from Europe‟s early humans, leads him to the conclusion that they are extremely likely to be the most direct relatives of the first modern humans in Europe, who supposedly migrated from Africa. (46 words)我们需要做的就是把句子意群切开，化繁为简，分而治之。
目前大多数同学会看到后面的信息就忘掉前面的信息，一句话反复读，但总理不清头绪，浪费大量时间。
通过训练，我们将学会如何快速解开错综复杂的意群，避免信息杂乱无章，清晰地把握句子的含义。
在这里强调，在初级阶段一定要动手做标记，不迈出这一步，我们会永远停留在看到长难句就头脑混乱直到短路的阶段。
2022考研英语长难句课程讲义(学生版)
2022考研英语长难句课程讲义（学生版）目录Lesson1理解长难句阅读的本质（做简法，抓核心）Lesson2-5长难句语法结构划分的基本依据和语法成分的相应处理方式■Lesson2常见长句成分划分介绍■Lesson3各类标点符号在长句成分划分中的作用■Lesson4利用连词（并列连词，从属连词）区分长句的语法主干和非主干■Lesson5对各类从句的处理方式lesoon6综合例句（单独练习课）lesson7长难句重点逻辑的识别+处理lesson8长难句简化与高阶阅读细节题的关联(1)Lesson9长难句简化与高阶阅读细节题的关联(2)Lesson1理解长难句阅读的本质（做简法，抓核心）理解单句的核心信息，首先是词汇，然后是法语提炼In the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest,living patterns changed in the thirteenth century,with large numbers of people moving into large communal dwellings called Pueblos,often constructed at the center of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs.Q:Which of the following is true about Pueblos?A.People tended to live together in PueblosB.Pueblos were mainly built on the brink of canyons快速理解句间关系，并且明确段落结构。
Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of genius.His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical.Up until his time,the task of producing a dictionary on such a large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions about right and wrong usage.推测文章接下去会展开谈论什么内容？Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself.全球最强大的英语语言能力测试系统中，专门的长难句简化训练题型——单句简化题Example1：Indeed,stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features,even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature,that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.A.Stability,a feature of the biological clock's period,depends on changeable factors such as temperature.B.A major feature of the biological clock is that its period does not change despite significant changes in the environment.C.A factor such as temperature is an important feature in the establishment of the biological clock's period.D.Biological activity is not strongly affected by changes in temperature.实战中，如何利用长难句的核心做到快速解题？■2020英语一text2In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,we need a rebalancing of power.30.Which of the following characterizes the scientific publishing model?[A]Trial subscription is offered.[B]Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D]The few feed on the many.★重点记录：Lesson2常见长句成分划分介绍Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust.A team of researchers working together in the laboratory are offering a solution.In just on generation,millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics.Enraged by Entergy’s behavior,the Vermont Senate voted26to4last year against allowing an extensionTo promote this idea,he turned to the university-admissions processe.g.To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.e.g.It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.★重点记录：★重点记录：e.g.Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.e.g.You promised to do something goodSeeing is believing.综合例句Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,progressing toward happier ones before awakening,suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.The book on the table is minesubmit the results of their research to a journal.By1854slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s remaining colonies. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the ruleThe link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic.★重点记录：The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the processThe latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation.Despite these factors,many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems综合例句In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia,which has just been published in Nature,suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two,although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.Instead of a plan of action,they continue to press for more research--a classic case of“paralysis by analysis”.■2012英语一text2A string of accidents,including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in2007and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.Lesson3感各类标点符号在长句成分划分中的作用Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging,fire,or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple,Arthur Einarsen,longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest,found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.A.Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.B.Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.C.Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.D.According to Einarsen,huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest■2008text4罕见双逗号内容考察para6：Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.Only a decade earlier,such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.20.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A]moral considerations.[B]military experience.[C]financial conditions.[D]political stand.In the Mesa Verde area of the ancient North American Southwest,living patterns changed in the thirteenth century,with large numbers of people moving into large communal dwellings called pueblos,often constructed at the edges of canyons, especially on the sides of cliffs.★重点记录：These recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing.★重点记录：★重点记录：Lesson4利用连词（并列连词，从属连词）区分长句的语法主干和非主干These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.②In the last decade or so,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,H&M,and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.Americans,she finds,buy roughly20billion garments a year—about64items per person—and no matter how much they give away,this excess leads to waste★重点记录：The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are,but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter.“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”Politicians have repeatedly“back-loaded”public-sector pay deals,keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.★重点记录：■1993年text3Q45It is their reduction to commercial practice,either through necessity or dedication,or through the availability of new technology,that makes news and money.45.From the passage we learn that.[A]an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice[B]products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago[C]it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one[D]patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents★重点记录：例证：■2010年阅读part BNone of these requirements should deter large retailers from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.Lesson5对各类从句的处理方式名词性从句有以下几类：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?A.These fishes often have a problem opening their mouths while swimming.B.The streamlining of these fishes prevents them from slowing down.C.The streamlining of these fishes tends to slow down their breathing.D.Opening the mouth to breathe can reduce the speed of these fishesThe same dramatic technological changes have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker，more visible，and much more damaging ways.★重点记录：As a result,the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Q2.The word“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)most probably means[A]programs[B]experts[C]devices[D]creaturesThese plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds’falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes,such as along an eroding riverbank,on landslips,or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.A.Because their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present, dandelions are classified as opportunists.B.Dandelions are called opportunists because they contribute to the natural processes of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forestcanopy.C.The term opportunists apply to plants whose seeds fall in places where they can compete with the seeds of other plants.D.The term opportunists apply to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural processesAll groups,including the Fore,who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions.The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.A.The Fore's facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be story characters.B.The Fore was asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories.C.The Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that is seen in Western culture when they acted outstories.D.The Fore was familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in stories例句：Now Utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.Para3:Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face,because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with its1998decision in the so-called state Street Bank case,approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.Q.The word“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)most probably means[A]loss of good will[B]increase of hostility[C]change of attitude[D]enhancement of dignityIndeed,homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly cope.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.★重点记录：In December2010America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)proposed adding a“do not track”(DNT)option to internet browsers,so that users could tell advertisers that they didn’t want to be followed.★重点记录：例句Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.If you see a conversation as a fight or competition,you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were.For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the countryThe defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.lesson6综合例句（单独练习课）■2005text2But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future,and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”■2018text1Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years,yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.■2018text2A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is“reader error,”more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.■2018text3Further arrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned.■2018text4And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer—Congress—insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service,aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.再看托福，感受句内内容的重要性For example,some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them,nevertheless,they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?A.A society’s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.B.The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.C.Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.D.Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that,because they are based on physical laws,have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.A.Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.B.Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength,but physical laws of structure have not changedC.When people first started to build,the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.D.Unlike building materials,the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.Example1：Super-high scores like Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by100.Q.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant's because[A]the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B]creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C]vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D]the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.Lesson7长难句重点逻辑的识别+处理The Whigs were strongest in the towns,cities,and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy,whereas Democrats dominated areas of semi-subsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.A.Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.B.Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas,respectively.C.The farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs'control of the market economy.D.The Democrats'power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fullyoperating.★重点记录：The structure of the backbone shows,however,that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down,even though a fluke was missing.A.Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down,it did not have a backbone.B.The backbone of Ambulocetus,which allowed it to swim,provides evidence of its missing fluke.C.Although Ambulocetus had no fluke,its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.D.By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down,modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam★重点记录：Regrettably,however,the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.Para2：Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.Para3：But such gloominess is misplaced.The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years-so why shouldn‘t we?★重点记录：For example,people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively,whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust,or who think that aggression is never justified,are less likely to behave aggressively.A.People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.B.People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.C.People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.D.People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.★重点记录：The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected,as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.A.Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.B.Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.C.The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in theeffort.D.Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affectedInequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies,but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities,and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men,including,often,their military skills.A.Despite the fact the wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skill and social status.B.Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military.C.Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women.D.In pastoral societies,gender inequality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun,but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.A.One explanation notes that green icebergs stand out among other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions,but this is attributed to an opticalillusion.B.One explanation for the color of green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion that occurs when the light from a near-horizon red Sun shines on a blue iceberg.C.One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to a great variety of light conditions,but green icebergs stand out best among other icebergs when illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun.D.One explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to an optical illusion under special light conditions,but green icebergs appear distinct from other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.Lesson8长难句简化与高阶阅读细节题的关联(1)One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun,but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.A.One explanation notes that green icebergs stand out among other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions,but this is attributed to an opticalillusion.B.One explanation for the color of green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion that occurs when the light from a near-horizon red Sun shines on a blue iceberg.C.One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to a great variety of light conditions,but green icebergs stand out best among other icebergs when illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun.D.One explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to an optical illusion under special light conditions,but green icebergs appear distinct from other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.■2018英语二T4While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks,they were wrong:the detailed daily plans demotivated students.37.The study in the early1980s cited by Harfordshows that.A.distractions may actually increase efficiencyB.daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC.students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD.detailed plans may not be as fruitful as expected■2015英二T2Their thesis---that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact---was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students.29.The author of the paper believe that first-generation students[A]are actually indifferent to the achievement gap[B]can have a potential influence on other students[C]may lack opportunities to apply for research projects[D]are inexperienced in handling their issues at college■2019英二T4They could even be detrimental,satisfying a need to have"done our bit"without ever progressing onto bigger,bolder,more effective actions—a kind of"moral licensing"that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.37.The author is concerned that“moral licensing”mayA.mislead us into doing worthless thingsB.prevent us from making furthereffortsC.weaken our sense of accomplishmentD.suppress our desire for success■2014T2Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the“above average effect”,or“illusory superiority”,and shown that,for example,70%of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership,93%in driving and85%at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.26.According to the first paragraph,social psychologists have found that.[A]our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B]illusory superiority is baseless effect[C]our needs for leadership is unnatural[D]self-enhancing strategies are ineffective■2012英语一text2A string of accidents,including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in2007and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.28.According to Paragraph4,Entergy seems to have problems with its.[A]managerial practices[B]technical innovativeness[C]financial goals[D]business vision■2014text4英一Today,professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets or self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate,intellectual investigation.39.The author implies in Paragraph5that professors are[A]supportive of free markets.[B]cautious about intellectual investigation.[C]conservative about public policy.[D]biased against classical liberal ideas.Lesson9长难句简化与高阶阅读细节题的关联(2)■2016英二T2Under the plan,for example,the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill,harm,or disturb the bird,as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.Negotiated by USFWS and the states,the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with2new acres of suitable habitat.28.It can be learned from Paragraph3that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they.[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation[B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat[C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job[D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations■2014text4英语一In2010,leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by“federal,state and local governments,universities,foundations,educators,individual benefactors and others”to“maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”17.Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A]retain people’s interest in liberal education.[B]define the government’s role in education.[C]keep a leading position in liberal education.[D]safeguard individuals’rights to education.■2013英语一text3Look up Homo sapiens in the“Red List”of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature(IUCN),and you will read:“Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed,adaptable,currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall populationdecline.”32.The IUCN’s“Red List”suggest that human being are.[A]a sustained species[B]a threaten to the environment[C]the world’s dominant power[D]a misplaced race。
2024版考研长难句分析课件
考研长难句分析课件•引言•长难句的句法结构分析•长难句的词汇特点与应对策略•长难句的翻译技巧与实践目•长难句的仿写与创作•长难句在考研英语写作中的应用录引言提升阅读理解能力长难句是考研英语阅读中的难点和重点，掌握长难句的分析技巧有助于提升阅读速度和准确性。
增强翻译能力长难句的翻译是考研英语翻译部分的重要考点，通过学习和练习长难句的翻译，可以提高翻译水平。
拓展写作思路掌握长难句的表达方式和写作技巧，可以丰富英语写作的表达手段，提升写作水平。
考研英语长难句的重要性长难句的定义与特点定义特点学习目标与要求学习目标通过本课程的学习，学生能够熟练掌握长难句的分析方法，提高阅读、翻译和写作能力。
学习要求学生需要具备一定的英语语法基础，能够识别和分析句子的基本成分和语法结构，同时需要具备一定的词汇量和阅读理解能力。
在学习过程中，学生需要积极参与课堂讨论和练习，认真完成课后作业和练习，不断巩固和加深对长难句的理解和掌握。
长难句的句法结构分析01020304主语和谓语的基本构成主语和谓语的扩展形式主谓一致的原则和特殊情况主语和谓语的省略与倒装主谓结构及其扩展02030401并列句与复合句并列连词及其用法并列句的结构和分类从属连词及其用法复合句的结构和分类定语从句与状语从句定语从句的结构和分类关系代词和关系副词的用法插入语与同位语01插入语的定义和用法02同位语的定义和用法03插入语与同位语的辨析04插入语与同位语在句子中的作用长难句的词汇特点与应对策略高级词汇的识别与理解识别高级词汇01理解高级词汇的引申义02积累高级词汇031 2 3一词多义的应对熟词僻义的应对积累一词多义和熟词僻义的例子一词多义与熟词僻义的应对词组搭配与习惯用法的积累词组搭配的积累习惯用法的积累长难句的翻译技巧与实践直译与意译的选择直译意译根据汉语表达习惯，对原句语序进行适当调整，如将时间、地点状语放在句首，将长定语放在被修饰词之后等。
增词减词为了更准确地表达原文含义，有时需要增加或减少一些词语，如补充主语、宾语、连词等，或删除重复、冗余的词语。
语法长难句讲义
2015考研英语考研英语长难句解析一、考研英语长难句之定语从句一、定语从句定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。
在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。
对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。
此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。
例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题)例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly.例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled.例 6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.例7. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital.例8.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishinghouses that work in relation to one another.(2005年真题)二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句例1. The audience leraned form the internet the news that a serious explosion broke out in Xi’an a few days ago.例2.The rumor that she eloped with her boyfriend just cannot hold water, for I saw her at home just now.例3.However, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.(2009年第3篇)三、考研英语长难句之倒装句倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。
考研英语长难句讲义
考研英语长难句突破课程讲义主讲：屠皓民第一讲句子的基本成分句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语/表语、定语、状语和补语。
注：“_____”的部分是主干部分。
例：Such characteristics make them perfect candidates.谓语是整个句子的最重要的部分，也是整个句子的突破口。
只有谓语是没有从句的概念的。
一、谓语1、实义动词，即行为动词，watch, play及物动词：后面直接宾语不及物动词：后面加介词+宾语We have friends all over the world.The examination ended at 11:30 am.They are looking for the lost wallet..不及物动词有的时候也可以做及物动词来用，比如close，begin, study, leave, work等The post offices close at 9:00 o’clock PM.Close the window!形式变化：时态变化，语态变化，用情态动词+实义动词的原型，情态动词+ have+过去分词形式2、系动词(构成系表结构)Be动词持续的系动词：keep，taste，…后面加形容词He always kept silent at the meeting.The search proved difficult.二、主语和宾语(1)认识名词：①名词是用来表示人，事物，地点，以及抽象事物名称的。
比如：人：John，sister，father事物：water，air，sun，computer地点：London，theater抽象事物：love，happiness，imagination，hope②名词的数：注意单复数③名词的格：‘s以及of逻辑语义：Rachel：I’m Carol’s ex-husband's sister's roommate.Doctor：I’m your roommate's brother's ex-wife's obstetrician. (产科医生)——老友记of: 理清逻辑语义表示所有关系：翻译方法：“A of B”翻译成“B的A”The rapidity of the motion of the wing of the hummingbird is remarkable.The coming of age of post-war baby boom brought remarkable influence upon American society.特殊：China is proud of its five thousand years of the history and culture.(2)语法功能：充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。
考研英语语法长难句讲义-20130420
考研英语语法长难句讲义主讲：朱冉第一部分：句法原则第一篇：方法与考点长难句的特点In Africa I met a boy，who was crying as if his heart would break and said，when I spoke to him，that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days.1）In Africa I met a boy，2）a boy who was crying as if his heart would break and said that he was hungry3）because he had had no food for two days.4），when I spoke to him，二，方法2.1复合句：看连词，分从句方法：“连词与动词配比原则”：在分析句子结构时，我们可以先找到句中的连词，再找与之对应的从句的谓语动词; 或者先找谓语再找对应的连词。
当我们把连词与对应的谓语动词划分清楚后，整个难句的结构也就迎刃而解了。
例：This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.1）This trend began during the Second World War,2）when several governments came to the conclusion3）the conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.4）that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment【T】这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
考研长难句解读讲义
考研长难句解读讲义考研长难句解读1．什么是长难句The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergenceof mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just anideal but anideology. But somewhere in the 19th century,more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went fromWordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil. In the West, before masscommunication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which remindedworshippers that their souls were in great peril andthat they would someday be meat for worms.英语句式五大基本句型主谓，主谓宾，主谓双宾，主谓宾补，主系表四大基本句式陈述，疑问，祈使，感叹长难句三大高级句型强调，从句（非谓语、定语、主语、表语、宾语、同位语、状语），倒装长难句四大难点从句，省略，插入，句序长难句四大考查阅读，完型，翻译，写作从句――修饰成分：名词性，形容词性，状语，非谓语省略――避免重复：名词，动词，结构，句子插入――补充说明：主谓结构，介宾结构，同位语句序――特殊表达：倒装2．长难句解读步骤去枝叶，留主干 A．找谓语动词？――谓语，非谓语 He comes see me.Beat you is not my fault. 有动词，有句子。
考研英语语法长难句讲义-第1-3课【】
• To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
第二课 难点稍露尖尖角 并列句...................................................................................................7 一 什么是并列句？.................................................................................................................7 二 并列连词及与其同义的逻辑关系词.................................................................................7 三 并列句的考点分析.............................................................................................................7
• There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
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2012考研英语长难句突破讲义适用对象：考研学子，四级，六级英语学习或相当英语者。
课程目的：打破英语阅读学习的幻觉，真正获得一扇通向别样美丽世界的窗户，人生从此再无长难句。
为英语写作夯实基础。
第一部分方法论讲解⏹引子我们为什么要精读句子？skimming自由笔记区scanningintensive reading⏹阅读的实际过程是什么泛读，寻找具体的信息，⏹阅读在句子层面的障碍➢简单句的障碍来源:简单句的障碍来源：定语：修饰名词前置定语（前置定于不造成阅读障碍）前置定于就是个形容词：包括形容词本身，单个的分词，名词。
后置定语形容词短语：形容词+介词+名词现在分词短语n. + 过去分词短语不定式短语介词短语表语形容词定语的障碍要前置以消除障碍定语从句（不属于简单句范畴）定语从句的作用：修饰名词；连接句子（有两个共有名词的句子）；表明因果关系今生：I have three books of which the red is my favorite.前世：I have three books. The red of those is my favorite.关系代词：人称代词：who,that,which,whom,as+非完整句物主代词：whose+完整句定语从句的连接词：关系连词：when ,where ,why ,how介词+关系代词：(that、as不能放在介词后面表示定语从句，且in that 等于because)充当状语时候+完整句；定语+完整句；宾语/表语+非完整句定语从句的处理方法：第一种：拆分（关键点是关联词）；第二种，找指代（关系代词指代什么）Eg1.A poem line describes a f ight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river.Eg2. Man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.同位语普通同位语:A,B.A or BA of B句子，—名词（修饰成分）Eg1.Robots will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.同位语从句That+完整句插入语：任何成分都可以充当插入语，但常常是同位语万能插入语：（阅读时面对插入语和同位语可删除，但是在写作中要尽量多的用插入语，同位语）Rather than: 肯前否后的结构状语：修饰动词或者整个句子副词介词短语现在分词过去分词独立主格不定对待状语采取剥离的方式例1：Using techniques developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger,was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments and rocks from the ocean floor.Techniques翻译成技法例2：A few art collectors---James Bowdoin Ⅲof Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia---introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value art and the need for institutions devoted its encouragement.Establish 翻译成确立institution 是制度的意思（一种不是强制的、约定俗成的制度）动+介+名1+名2：其中介词+名词1充当状语➢非简单句的障碍来源把非简单句拆分为一个个简单句✧非简单句的障碍解决方案关联词和主句专一原则关联词: 关系代词嵌套关系连词嵌套并列连词并列标点符号：冒号和破折号可以连接句子（主从关系），分号是并列关系主句专一原则:有N个分局，只能有N－1个关联词；一个句子只能有一个主句，主句中没有关联词。
✧句子之间的关联方式1.并列并列联词的用法并列连词连接前后功能性质用法完全一致的成分，从后往前寻找对应点。
And , or , but并列连词表示并列的终结。
2.嵌套常见的复杂句形式名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句.三大从句：形容词性从句：定语从句.副词性从句：状语从句常见的关联词：名词性从句：关系代词：只有一个what关系连词：when,where,how形容词性从句：见定语从句副词性从句：见后表格；区分几个句式：It is true that she is a boy. It+系动词+关系连词+句子It appears that this county is getting stronger. It +不及物动词+关系连词+句子The sun rises that looks beautiful. 主语+系动词+关系连词+句子The news is true that she is a boy. 主语+不及物动词+关系连词+句子✧ 层次化句子阅读方法 1.层次化结构的表示形式: 2.括号匹配法:保证每个括弧中都是完整的简单句● 画左括号的条件 出现句间关联词的时候● 画右括号的条件 1、句子终结的时候2、出现了句间并列连词的时候 P.S:笔记区状语的就近原则：spectacularly 修饰Undertaken 这个动词小结区：区分句子当中分局间的嵌套和并列关系，括号法本身并不是一种方法，而是一种工具，去区分句子中是嵌套还是并列例1：However, for many years, physicists thought （ that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously ） and that （stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker ）. 例2：It appeared that （ Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families （that occurred through all the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution ））. 例3：The history of clinical nutrition or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras : (the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when (it was recognized for the first time that （ food contained constituents (that were essential for human function )） and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents))). 例3：The history of clinical nutrition or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents.例4：The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the factthat reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly.3.完整信息链法缘起：主谓隔离：主语和谓语中间通常会加入修饰成分，常为定语或同位语。
谓宾隔离：谓语和宾语之间，常放入状语，多为介词短语。
解决之道：主谓解决，句子开头的第一个独立名词为句子主语（之前没有介词或者关联词），应该和其匹配的动词在一起，中间成分跳读。
谓宾解决：动+介+名1+名2.笔记区例1.The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way inwhich North American entrepreneurs—even without technologicalimprovements—had broadened the scope of the outwork system thatmade manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to asuccession of workers who each performed a single step of theproduction process.例2．Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world justopening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts toshare and partly uncover its global network of underwater listeningsystem built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.例3. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilledworkers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists todayis directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenthcentury.例4：Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usuallynot exactly like its modern counterpart, the most obvious differencebeing that it is often much heavier.(独立主格)非谓语动词和独立主格做状语：非正常语序之倒装句：➢倒装句的分析方法倒装句的定义：倒装句的分类:倒装句的处理流程:部分倒装：1. 部分倒装的定义：2. 部分倒装的识别和还原：..完全倒装： 1.完全倒装定义：2.完全倒装的存在环境:2.1能够在句子中充当主语和表语的成份3.完全倒装的判断流程笔记区笔记区例1：Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial ofthe value of nutritional therapies in medicine. 例2：Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. 例3：With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression...例4：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War is the country’simpressive population growth.例5：Among the species of seabirds that use thewindswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in thesummer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young arecommon murres, Atlantic puffins, black-leggedkittiwakes, and northern gannets.例6：Most important, perhaps, was that they had allmaintained with a certain fidelity the technique andcomposition consistent with those of America’s firstpopular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a careerpainting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering theHudson River.例7：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the filmsmade before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never beenreal silent.例8：Coincident with concerns about the accelerating lossof species and habitats has been a growing appreciation ofthe importance of biological diversity, the number ofspecies in a particular ecosystem, to the health of theEarth and human well-being.例9：Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into thelarger cities of the United States during the late nineteenthcentury was a domestic migration from town and farm tocity, within the United States.例10：Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservationof these fossils, they might well have been classified asdinosaurs.➢强调句的分析方法1.强调句的构成。