跨文化沟通(cross-culture-communication)
跨文化交际Cross-cultural Communication
bar to get the drinks.
Activity 3. Gifts
• Task 1. Taking a Look (Listening)(P.151 ) • Task 2. What to take? (Listening) • Q1. How do Chinese accept gifts? • Q2. What do they do after accepting them? • Q3. Is it different from the way in which English natives
• Task 1. Identifying Cultural Differences (P.137)
• Task 2. Having a Roast (Listening)
• Task 3. Phrasing Invitations
• A general rule: The more polite you are trying to be, the longer the phrases you are likely to need to use.
• Treat = an act of paying for something such as food, entertainment, or a gift, for somebody else
• Text Footing the Bill (P.148) • Q1. What does the title mean?
英语论文 跨文化交际 跨文化交际的技巧 Cross-Cultural Communication Skills
Cross-Cultural Communication SkillsWhat is cross cultural communication? Well, it simply refers to interpersonal interaction and communication across different cultures. In our increasingly globalized world, this has become an important issue. Effective cross culture communication is all about overcoming cultural differences across religion, borders, nationality and behavior.Within the business context, the diversity of people in countries and cities means that an element of effective cross cultural communication will always be required whether it is between employees, colleagues, or clients. With proper cross cultural business communication, a company can reap benefits in areas such as improved staff interaction, effective client management and better customer relations. With cross cultural communication training, foreign travel and cultural immersion, one can attain competency in cross cultural communication.Because English is the language of business, those who have English as a first language are distinctly advantaged. It therefore falls to them to take particular care in cross-lingual situations to be sure that they are adjusting their own speaking skills to account for language skill diversity when needed: speaking slowly, using tone for cl arity, avoiding acronyms or idioms, using linguistic “signposts,” etc. Conventions and guidelines for “International English” are developing. These guidelines also serve those for whom English is not a native language as we all strive to bridge the gaps that can occur in cross-cultural communication.Competency in Cross-Cultural Communication Skills Directly Influences Your SuccessMulti-cultural work is complex, and different cultures have a dissimilar concept of what constitutes effective communication. Mutual understanding and common agreement in cross-cultural settings is a special challenge. Even when the simplest of words are understood across cultures in a common language, they can carry different meanings that can produce misunderstandings and thus reduce trust. Most of thechallenges caused by cross-cultural clashes are the result of the failure by some or all parties involved to recognize and account for differences in culturally-based communication styles.Below are some guidelines to help improve your cross cultural communication skills.Cross cultural communications require the following:Listening skills. This is a key skill that many business personnel do not exercise enough. To avoid any cross cultural communication problems, attentive listening is critical to be able to understand meanings and empathize with the speaker.Speaking skills. Speaking well is not about accent, use of grammar and vocabulary or having the "gift of the gab" Rather, cross cultural communication is enhanced through positive speech such as encouragement, recognition or expressing opinions sensitively.Observation. To over any cross cultural communication barriers, one need to be more observant of people's dress, body language, interaction and behavior, as these details contain large amounts of cross cultural information.Patience. While there are times when cross cultural differences can be annoying and frustrating, patience is definitely a virtue in such cases. Through patience, respect can be won and cross cultural understanding will be enhanced.Flexibility. You must be open-minded and adaptable if you wish to achieve successful cross cultural communication. Understanding and addresses cross cultural differences can lead to a breakdown of cultural barriers which in turn lead to better communication and stronger trust between both parties.Following the 5 above-mentioned cross cultural communication needs will help to improve communication and pave the path towards stronger cross cultural relationships.。
跨文化沟通(cross-culture_communication)
多元化
• 多元化的影响：在种族、性别、民族语言 以及性取向等问题在国家政治中日益受到 关注的同时，他们同样影响着人们的工作 环境。
• 原则：当别人跟你谈及一个话题时，要根 据你们两者间现有的相互了解的程度进行 讨论。（例如：打招呼）
cross-cultural communication
跨文化沟通：
定义：
跨文化沟通是指跨文化组织中拥有不同文化背景 的人们之间相互传递信息、交流知识和理解情感的过 程。
每个国家甚至每个族群都 有这自己特有的文化，有些 语言、动作、眼神、表情等 传达信息的方式在你自己所 在的区域内是代表着一种意 思但是在另外一个地方可能 就不是同一种意思。
• 解决多元化的困惑方式：
1、听从律师的建议。不要问一些连自 己都不知道答案的问题。 2、坦率地表露自己的文化困惑，向遇 到过类似困惑的同事寻求帮助。
1、文化困惑： 文化困惑存在在许多方面比如关于私人问题的困惑，商务交往中的困惑 ，民族文化的困惑及语言交流的困惑等等。 2、如何处理文化困惑： （1）、树立跨文化意识。可以主动学习对方的语言、历史、文化和风俗 习惯。 （2）、正确对待文化差异。首先要承认文化差异，其次要正确对到文化 差异。
当塞车时：
日本人：拉长了脸，呆在车里一心中的不耐烦。
美国人：往往拿出一支用 以减轻堵车烦恼的玩具冲 锋枪，扣动扳机，“哒哒” 地扫射一阵，据说此举能 帮助重获“心理平衡”。
德国人：此时应属于最奇特的一种，不但不心烦， 反而感到快乐，这在世界各民族中也许是绝无仅 有的。
• 在经济全球化的过程中，为了培养一名合适的管理人员，必须让他同 来自不同文化背景的学生一起学习
《跨文化交际》教学大纲
《跨文化交际》教学大纲一、课程名称：跨文化交际/Cross-culture Communication二、课程编码：三、学时与学分：34/2四、考核方式：考查，包括平时与期末，分别占30% 和70%五、先修课程：综合英语、英语语法、英语泛读、英语口语、英美国家社会与文化等六、适用学科专业：英语七、教学目的：同英语国家的人们用英语进行有效的交流是学习英语的重要目的之一。
然而有效的交流不仅仅是一个语言技巧问题，还涉及到文化因素。
本课程的主旨是帮助学生解决在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种困惑，促进学生对英语国家概况和英美文化有教为深入的了解，对中国文化与西方文化之间的异同有较为敏锐的感知。
逐步提高学生跨文化交际的实际能力，使学生能够用文化的眼光，认识自己，包容他人。
八、基本教学内容：本课程选用顾曰国主编的《跨文化交际》（Cross-cultural Communication）为教材。
本课程共八个单元。
主要学习方法包括：典型实例分析，模拟交流练习，听公开讲座，交际失误分析，英汉双向翻译练习等。
九、教学内容、基本要求及学时分配1. Part One: Language and Culture in Communication教学内容：介绍语言、文化和交际之间的关系，跨文化交流模式，交流中的各种意义等。
本单元介绍了交际的5个类型 (types of communication)：human communication; animal communication;human-animal communication; human-machine communication; machine-to-machine communication；交际的基本模式：同文化交际(mono-cultural language communication)；跨文化交际(cross-cultural language communication)；介绍各种交际方式中的“意思”的传达。
Cross-cultural-communication跨文化沟通
GlobalLeabharlann riseHowever, with globalization, especially the increase of global trade, it is unavoidable that different cultures will meet, conflict, and blend together. People from different culture find it is difficult to communicate not only due to language barriers, but also are affected by culture styles.Thus the same words can mean different things to people from different cultures, even when they speak the "same" language. When the languages are different, and translation has to be used to communicate, the potential for misunderstandings increases.The study of cross-cultural communication is a global research area. As a result, cultural differences in the study of crosscultural communication can already be found.
Orientation
Cross-cultural communication endeavours to bring together such relatively unrelated areas as cultural anthropology and established areas of communication. Its core is to establish and understand how people from different cultures communicate with each other. Its charge is to also produce some guidelines with which people from different cultures can better communicate with each other.The study of languages other than one's own can serve not only to help one understand what we as humans have in common, but also to assist in the understanding of the diversity which underlines our languages' methods of constructing and organizing knowledge.
cross-cultural communication跨文化交流
Cross-Cultural Communication: Definition, Strategies & ExamplesCross-cultural communication is imperative for companies that have a diverse workforce and participate in the global economy. It is important for employees to understand the factors that are part of an effective, diverse workforce.Cross-Cultural CommunicationCross-cultural communication has become strategically important to companies due to the growth of global business, technology and the Internet.Understanding cross-cultural communication is important for any company that has a diverse workforce or plans on conducting global business. This type of communication involves an understanding of how people from different cultures speak, communicate and perceive the world around them.Cross-cultural communication in an organization deals with understanding different business customs, beliefs and communication strategies. Language differences, high-context vs.low-context cultures, nonverbal differences and power distance are major factors that can affectcross-cultural communication.Let's take a look at how cross-cultural differences can cause potential issues within an organization. Jack is amanager at a New Mexico-based retail conglomerate. He has flown to Japan to discuss a potential partnership with a local Japanese company. His business contact, Yamato, is his counterpart within the Japanese company. Jack has never been to Japan before, and he's not familiar with their cultural norms. Let's look at some of the ways that a lack of cultural understanding can create a barrier for business success by examining how Jack handles his meeting with Yamato.High- Vs. Low-Context CultureThe concept of high- and low-context culture relates to how an employee's thoughts, opinions, feelings and upbringing affect how they act within a given culture. North America and Western Europe are generally consideredto have low-context cultures. This means that businesses in these places have direct, individualistic employees who tend to base decisions on facts. This type of businessperson wants specifics noted in contracts and may have issues with trust.High-context cultures are the opposite in that trust is the most important part of business dealings. There are areas in the Middle East, Asia and Africa that can be considered high context. Organizations that havehigh-context cultures are collectivist and focus on interpersonal relationships. Individuals fromhigh-context cultures might be interested in getting to know the person they are conducting business with in order to get a gut feeling on decision making. They may also be more concernedabout business teams and group success rather than individual achievement.Jack and Yamato ran into some difficulties during their business negotiations. Jack spoke quickly and profusely because he wanted to seal the deal as soon as possible. However, Yamato wanted to get to know Jack, and he felt that Jack spoke too much. Yamato also felt that Jack was only concerned with completing the deal for his own self-interest and was not concerned with the overall good of the company. Jack's nonverbal cues did not help the negotiations either.Nonverbal DifferencesGestures and eye contact are two areas of nonverbal communication that areutilized differently across cultures. Companies must train employees in the correct way to handle nonverbal communication as to not offend other cultures. For example, American workers tend to wave their hand and use a finger to point when giving nonverbal direction. Extreme gesturing is considered rude in some cultures. While pointing may be considered appropriate in some contexts in the United States, Yamato would never use a finger to point towards another person because that gesture is considered rude in Japan. Instead, he might gesture with an open hand, with his palm facing up, toward the person.Eye contact is another form of nonverbal communication. In the ., eye contact is a good thing and is seen as a reflection of honesty and straightforwardness.However, in some Asian and Middle Eastern cultures, prolonged eye contact can be seen as rude or aggressive in many situations. Women may need to avoid it altogether because lingering eye contact can be viewed as a sign of sexual interest. During their meeting, Jack felt that Yamato was not listening to his talking points because Yamato was not looking Jack in the eyes. However, Yamato did not want Jack to think he was rude, so he avoided looking directly into Jack's eyes during his speech.Language DifferencesThe biggest issue dealing withcross-cultural communication is the difficulty created by language barriers. For example, Jack does not speak Japanese, so he is concerned with his ability to communicate effectively withYamato. There are some strategies that Jack can use to help establish a rapport with Yamato. Jack can explain himself without words by using emotions, facial expressions and other nonverbal cues. He can also use drawings and ask for an interpreter.Additionally, companies that have to deal with cross-cultural communication can hire employees with proficiency in other languages. Fortunately for Jack and Yamato, they both had excellent translators who communicated their words. The next cross-cultural issue regards how individuals deal with power distance.Power DistancePower distance relates to how power is distributed within an organization. Typically, American companies utilize a low power distance and have more informal hierarchies that allow for interaction between executives and their subordinates. Managers ask for feedback from employees and will even socialize with subordinates. Companies with high power distance are typically very hierarchical in nature and have severe differences in authority. Some Japanese companies may utilize this power structure.。
跨文化交流Cross-Cultural Communication
Communication Strategies
• Yet sometimes intermediaries can make communication even more difficult. If a mediator is the same culture or nationality as one of the disputants, but not the other, this gives the appearance of bias, even when none exists. Even when bias is not intended, it is common for mediators to be more supportive or more understanding of the person who is of his or her own culture, simply because they understand them better. Yet when the mediator is of a third cultural group, the potential for crosscultural misunderstandings increases further. In this case engaging in extra discussions about the process and the manner of carrying out the discussions is appropriate, as is extra time for confirming and re-confirming understandings at every step in the dialogue or negotiating process.
跨文化交际概念
跨文化交际概念“跨文化交际”的英语名称是“cross-cultural communication（或inter-cultural communication）”。
它指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际，也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。
通俗来说就是如果你和外国人打交道（由于存在语言和文化背景的差异），应该注意什么问题，应该如何得体地去交流。
从对外汉语专业的角度，“跨文化交际”的概念可以这样界定：在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
它包含以下几个要点：1.交际双方必须来自不同的文化背景文化背景的差异是一个宽泛的概念，既是指不同文化圈之间的差异，也是指同一文化圈内部亚文化之间的差异。
不过立足对外汉语专业，文化差异主要指不同文化圈之间的差异，尤其是中国和欧美国家的文化差异。
因为从跨文化交际的实际情形来看，由于文化背景的差异导致交际失误，容易引起冲突的主要是中国和欧美国家的人际交往。
中国同亚洲地区国家，如日本、韩国以及东南亚一些国家的人际交往，虽然也有文化差异的一面，但要顺利的多，这是因为这些国家与中国同属东方文化圈，彼此之间在文化取向和交际规范方面有很多相通的地方。
[1]2.交际双方必须使用同一种语言交际这是显而易见的，假如一方使用一种语言，而另一方使用另外一种不同的语言，交际是无法进行的。
但是，既然交际的双方来自不同的文化背景，又要使用同一种语言，那么用来交际的语言对一方来说是母语，而对另一方来说必然是第二语言（习得的“目的语”）。
比如一个中国人与一个美国人交谈，他们可以选择使用汉语，也可以选择使用英语，这样他们就可以用同一种语言直接交际，而不需要通过翻译这个中间环节。
这样界定的着眼点也是由对外汉语专业的特点决定的。
3.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际跨文化交际的途径多种多样。
可以是语言符号的交际，也可以是非语言符号的交际，如商品、画报、实物、影像、演出到其他物化形式符号的交际；可以是现场的双向交际，也可以是通过媒介的单向交际，如电视、广播、报刊、广告等传播方式的交际；可以是口语交际，也可以是书面交际，如信函、公文等的来往。
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当塞车时：
日本人：拉长了脸，呆在车里一声不吭。
德国人：此时应属于最奇特的一种，不但不心烦， 反而感到快乐，这在世界各民族中也许是绝无仅 有的。一位德国工程师对此解释说，此时会产生 一种“共度难关”时的“同志式感觉”——大家 可以好好地一起感叹上一阵子，等道路畅通，一 种共同被“解放”的轻松感又会油然而生。 中国人：最有行动力的应当属于中国人，在焦急 等待中走出车厢，自己充当交警。
日本人是用眼吃饭： 说日本人用眼吃饭，并不是贬低日本人，而是日本人长期的岛国 心态，造就了他们的饮食习惯，由于日本是一岛国，物产相对来说比 较匮乏，有的食材需要长期进口，所以他们把饮食的风格放在少而精 上，做得量很少，但是食材选择以活的海鲜为主，用的器皿也是非常 讲究，但是都突出一个小字，让人吃起来赏心悦目，但是每次的食量 都不是太大，所以我们中国人吃日本料理都说吃不饱，而日本人却养 成这样的饮食习惯，所以你在日本很少见到大腹便便的人。
意大利人：不停地按喇叭， 以发泄心中的不耐烦。
奥地利人：往往猛烈击掌，表示焦急。
荷兰人： 一般会用 力跺脚， 表示“已 缺乏耐 心”。
视会 卢 后大 森 又扮 堡 大鬼 人 笑脸 ： 。， 此 互时
美国人：往往拿出一支用 以减轻堵车烦恼的玩具冲 锋枪，扣动扳机，“哒哒” 地扫射一阵，据说此举能 帮助重获“心理平衡”。
cross-cultural communication
小组成员： 陈莎 赖瑶 阳靓芳 魏巧明 郑天 向卫平 唐文德
作为一个有抱负有理想的大学生，具备有效沟通的 能力是很重要的，而随着全球一体化，跨文化沟通 也越来越重要也越发普遍。
所以：
要想在世界这个大舞台上获得有用信息展 现本国独特的魅力，就必须与国际接轨， 了解其它国家的文化，与其进行跨文化沟 通。
有了障碍就必须解决障碍 ：
在生活上：
了解文化差异 认同文化差异 融合文化差异
其实，就 是不断的学 习，不断的 行走，不断 的去接触， 去看见，去 与人打交道 这样知道的 越多，遇到 的人越多， 与人相处的 方式也会学 到的越多。
工作上：
树立共同价值观 推行竞争性的人力资源管理体制 严格规章制度 重视员工培训辅以娱乐交谊活动
跨文化沟通：
定义：
跨文化沟通是指跨文化组织中拥有不同文化背景 的人们之间相互传递信息、交流知识和理解情感的过 程。
与一般意义上的沟通相比，跨文化沟通难度更 大，技巧性更强。因为，它涉及语言、习俗等 文化上的差异，沟通不当则会导致沟通无效甚 至关系恶化。
每个国家甚至每个族群 都有这自己特有的文化，有 些语言、动作、眼神、表情 等传达信息的方式在你自己 所在的区域内是代表着一种 意思但是在另外一个地方可 能就不是同一种意思。
过期药还敢卖？？
某女士花100多元钱买了一瓶羊胎素胶囊， 王女士回家一看，瓶身上面标注的生产日期是 “06.01.09”，不由得怒从心头起。“这样的药竟 还敢往外卖。”她准备找药店找个说法。16日下 午，某女士来到买药的药店，发现整个事件原来 是个大乌龙!“这是外国的药，日期书写格式和中 国是相反的，这行生产日期的正确解读是2009年 1月6日。”药店负责人说。
文化差异 ：
cultural differences
饮食文化差异 ： 美国人是用脑子吃饭： 我一天需要消耗多少大卡的 热量，我就补充多少大卡，很少讲究口 味。而且烹调的方法主要还是以油炸为主。
法国人是用心吃饭： 法国人的饮食在世界上来讲是比较讲究的，法国 大菜的制作可以说是极费心思的，有的菜从选用食材 到制作需要几天的时间，选料之讲究、做工之精细、 色彩之搭配均堪称世界之典范。
中国人：最有行动力的应当属于中国人， 在焦急等待中走出车厢，自己充当交警。
VS
差异：
1、世界观的不同 4、学习目的的不同
2、宇宙观的不同
5、时间观的不同
3、思维方式的不同
6、沟通方式的不同
跨文化沟通障碍：
一、组织内部的沟通障碍 （1）员工结构的改变增加了沟通的难度 （2）组织层次和部门的冗杂，导致信息丢失 二、组织外部的沟通障碍 （1）信息多元化 （2）社会文化多元化 （3）组织外部沟通对象多元化