高一必修一unit4语法

定语从句(I)关系代词的用法
定义—复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句
基本用法：
1. who 指人，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语
2. whom指人，在从句中作宾语
3. whose 指人或物，在从句中作定语
4. which 指物，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语
5. that 指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语
一、定语从句的定义与关系词的分类
1.在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

引导定语从句的词叫关系词，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。

2. 关系词分为关系代词(that, which, who, whom,whose, as等)和关系副词(when, where, why 等)两类。

主句关系
主语代词
Beijing, which is the capital of China is a very beautiful city.
先行词定语从句主句中的表语
中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。

二、关系代词的基本用法
1. who 指人，在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略
The children who were injured in a car accident are being treated in the hospital now.
在车祸中受伤的孩子们现在正在医院接受治疗。

Danny was the man(who) we rescued from the ruins.
丹尼是我们从废墟中救出来的那个人。

2. whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，也可以用who 代替
The boy(whom) the teacher often praises is their monitor.
老师经常表扬的那个男孩是他们的班长。

3. whose 既可以指人，也可以指物，表示“所属”关系，在定语从句中作定语
I want to help the children whose parents died in the earthquake.
我想帮助那些父母在地震中丧生的孩子们。

除了用whose 表所属关系以外,在whom 和which 之前加of 也可以表示所属关系(即of whom, of which)。

这时名词需要特指,应加定冠词,放在of whom, of which 之前或之后均可。

I want to help the children whose parents died in the earthquake.
=I want to help the children of whom the parents died in the earthquake.
=I want to help the children the parents of whom died in the earthquake.
4. which 指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略
The pen(which) you found yesterday is mine.
昨天你发现的那支钢笔是我的。

5. that 既可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可以省略The number of people that come to visit the city each year reaches one million.
每年来参观这座城市的人数达100万。

(that 指人，作主语)
The suitcase that lies on the ground is hers.
地上放的那个手提箱是她的。

(that 指物，作主语)
三、使用定语从句时的注意事项
1.关系词只能用that 而不能用which 的情况
(1) 当先行词为all, everything, nothing,anything, much等不定代词时。

Have you taken down everything that Mr Li said?
李老师讲的你都记下来了吗?
All that can be done has been done.
所有能做的都做了。

(2)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。

The first nov el that I read in English was Jane Eyre.
我读过的第一本英文小说是《简·爱》。

This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.
这是我曾吃过的最美味的食物。

(3)当先行词被all, every, no, the only, the very, the last等修饰时。

That's the only thing that we can do now.
那是我们目前唯一能做的事。

I have found the very pen that I lost yesterday.
我已找到昨天丢的那支钢笔。

(4)当先行词既包括人，又包括物时。

We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.
我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。

2.用which 不用that 的情况
(1)关系代词前有介词时。

I'm looking for a box in which I can put all these eggs.
我在寻找一个能放下所有这些鸡蛋的箱子。

I was impressed by the efficiency with which she handled the crisis.
她应对危机的效率之高给我留下了深刻印象。

(2)在非限制性定语从句中。

Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
足球是很有趣的运动项目，全世界的人都在踢。

His best movie, which won several awards, was about the life of Gandhi.
他最优秀的电影，就是荣获几项大奖的那一部，是关于甘地生平的。

(3)先行词本身就是that时。

What's that which excites you so much?
是什么事情让你如此兴奋?
(4)关系代词后有插入语时。

Here is the English grammar book which, as I've told you,will help improve your English.这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书，它会帮你提高英语水平。

3.用who 不用that 的情况
(1)当先行词为人称代词he, she, they 或one(s), anyone,nobody等指人的不定代词时。

One who puts his heart into it is sure to succeed.
专心致志的人一定会成功。

We don't want anyone who is poor to go hungry.
我们不想让任何贫困的人挨饿。

There is nobody who has no shortcomings.
不存在没有缺点的人。

(2)当指人的先行词是those,或先行词被those 所修饰时。

Those who work hard will get more chances.
工作努力的人会有更多机会。

(3)当指人的先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。

He is the third man who witnessed the murder.
他是见证这起谋杀案的第三个人。

They were the first who arrived there.
他们是去那里的第一批人。

(4)当指人的先行词和定语从句被其他成分分隔时。

The little girl was crying hard who lost her way while looking for her mother.
那个小女孩在找妈妈的途中迷了路，正哭得厉害。

(5)当指人的先行词由两个定语从句修饰(即双重定语从句)时,第二个定语从句只能用who/whom 引导,不能用that。

第二个定语从句的关系代词不可省略。

She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.
她是我所认识的唯一会弹吉他的女孩。

(6) there be 结构中先行词指人时。

There is a beautiful girl who wants to see you.
有个漂亮的女孩想见你。