Lecture 4 Birth of the Euro
希腊罗马神话课程(王磊)lecture2
2.2 The Creation and Re-creation of Man (4)
2.2.1 Man’s alienation from the divinity and nature • Trick played on Zeus (white bones of ox covered with glistening fat v.s. meat, entrails and fat covered with tripe 肚肠) → white bones burned on smoky altars fire withheld from mortal men • Fire stolen in a hollowed fennel (茴香) stalk • Pandora as a tempting snare to men • fashioned by Hephaestus with gifts from various gods and goddesses → animals killed and (unnaturally) cooked before they are consumed; Pandora to preside
• Cronus and Rhea have 6 sons, afraid of being overthrown by prophesy, he swallows kids
• Cronus = human stupidity, jealousy; Rhea = protective, maternal • Rhea gets advice from Gaia, tricks Cronus into eating rock and has son Zeus raised on Crete by Amalthea, goat nurse → cornucopia
雅思听力-标准
电子邮件符号的念法： . dot @ at - dash/ hyphen _ underscore / slash
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10. 页码&篇章码 Open Book （II）Two, turn to Page forty, Chapter five, look at Lesson ten, and mark the content from Line eight, with color pencil.
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7.单位 温度： Fahrenheit Centigrade 15℃: fifteen degrees （Centigrade或Celsius) 32℉: thirty-two degrees （Fahrenheit ） 0 ℃: naught degree (Centigrade) -5 ℃: five degrees below zero /minus five degrees 长度: meter, kilometer, mile, foot, inch, yard, centimeter, millimeter 重量: gram, kilo, pound 容积: liter/litre, gallon，m3 面积: ㎡, acre
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没有直接给出答案
I was born in London.
I come from New York.
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• 作业 • 背诵常用英文名和国家国籍名
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• 人名拼写练习
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• 练习
• 国家人名练习
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1-20 拼写
one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty First second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth
托福听力TPO14原文Lecture4
托福听力TPO14原文Lecture4下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO14原文中Lecture4的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时，大家也可以登录前程百利论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。
TPO14Lecture4ArcheologyProfessor：When we think of large monumental structures built by early societies and Egyptian pyramid probably comes to mind.But there are some even earlier structures in the British Isles also worth discussing,and besides the well-known circle of massive stones of Stonehenge which don’t get me wrong is remarkable enough,well,other impressive Neolithic structures are found there too.Oh,yes,we are talking about the Neolithic period here,also called new Stone Age,which was the time before stone tools began to be replaced by tools made by bronze and other metals.It was about5000years ago,even before the first Egyptian pyramid that some of amazing Neolithic monuments---tombs, were racketed at the very size around ironed Great Britain and costal islands nearby.I am referring particular to structures that in some cases,look like ordinary natural hills.But we definitely build by humans,well-organized communities of human’s to enclose a chamber or room within stone walls and sometimes with a high,cleverly designed sealing of overlapping stones.These structures are called Passage Graves,because in the chamber,sometime several chambers in fact,could only be entered from the outside through a narrow passage way.Michael：Excuse me,professor,but you said Passage Graves.Was this just monument to honor the dead buried there or were they designed to be used somehow by the living?Professor：Ah,yes!Good question,Michael.Besides being built as tombs,some of these Passage Graves were definitely what we might call Astronomical Calendars,with chambers they flooded with some light on the certain special days of the year,witch must see miraculous and inspired good dealer of they really just wonder.But research indicates that not just light but also the physics of sound help to enhance this religious experience.Michael：How so?Professor：Well,first the echoes.When religious leaders started chanting with echoes bounced off the stonewalls over and over again,it must seem like a whole chorus of other voices,spirits of God maybe join in.But even more intriguing is what physicists called Standing Waves.Basically,the phenomenon of Standing Waves occurs when sound waves of the same frequency reflect off the walls and meet from opposite directions.So,the volume seems to alternate between very loud and very soft.You can stand quite near a man singing in loud voice and hardly hear him.Yet step little further away and voice is almost defining.As you move around chamber,the volume of the sound goes way up and way down,depending on where you are and these standing waves.And often the acoustic makes it hard to identify where sounds are coming from.It is powerful voices that arespeaking to you or chanting from inside your own head.This had to engender powerful sense of all Neolithic worshipers.And another bit of physics I played here is something called Resonance.I know physics,but well I imagine you have all below near of top empty bottles and heard sounds it makes.And you probably notice that depending on its size---each empty bottle plays one particular music note.Or it is the physics might put it,each bottle resonates at a particular frequency.Well, that’s true of these chambers too.If you make a constant noise inside the chamber,maybe by steadily beating drum at certain rate,a particular frequency of sound will resonate.We will ring out intensely,depending on the size of chamber.In some of large chambers though,these intensified sound may be too deep for us to hear,we can feel it.We are mysteriously agitated by a….but it is not a sound our ears can hear.The psychological effects of all these extraordinary sounds can be profound,especially when they seem so disconnected from human doing drumming or chanting.And there can be observable physical effects on people too.In fact,the sounds can cause headaches,feelings of dizziness,increase heartache,that sort of thing,you see.Anyway,what is we experience inside one of these Passage Graves clearly could be far more intense than everyday reality outside which made them very special places.But back to your question,Michael,as to whether these Graves were designed to be used by the living.Well,certainly,we have got to ask economical or calendar function.That seems pretty obvious,and I wanna go into more detail on that now.《考古学》教授：当我们想到早期的社会上人们建造的一些大型建筑物时，埃及金字塔便会浮现于眼前。
2019年TPO2托福听力Lecture4原文文本
2019年TPO2托福听力Lecture4原文文本TPO2托福听力Lecture4原文文本Bode’s LawProfessor: OK, let’s get going. Today I’m going to talk about how the asteroid belt was discovered. And ...I’m going to start by writing some numbers on the board. Here they are: We’ll start with zero, then 3, ...6, ...12. Uh, tell me what I’m doing.Female student: Multiplying by 2?Professor: Right, I’m doubling the numbers, so 2 times 12 is 24, and the next one I’m going to write after 24 would be…Female student: 48.Professor: 48, then 96. We’ll stop there for now. Uh, now I’ll write another row of numbers under that. Tell me what I’m doing. 4, 7, 10 …How am I getting this second row?Male Student: Adding 4 to the numbers in the first row.Professor: I’m adding 4 to each number in the first row to give you a second row. So the last two will be 52, 100, and now tell me what I’m doing.Female Student: Putting in a decimal?Professor: Yes, I divided all those numbers by 10 by putting in a decimal point. Now I’m going to write the names of the planets under the numbers. Mercury...Venus...Earth...Mars. So, what do the numbersmean? Do you remember from the reading?Male Student: Is it the distance of the planets from the Sun?Professor: Right, in astronomical units—not perfect, but tantalizingly close. The value for Mars is off by ...6 or 7 percent or so. It’s ...but it’s within 10 percent of the average distance to Mars from the Sun. But I kind of have to skip the one after Mars for now. Then Jupiter’s right there at 5-point something, and then Saturn is about 10 astronomical units from the Sun. Um, well, this pattern is known as Bode’s Law.Um, it isn’t really a scientific law, not in the sense of predicting gravitation mathematically or something, but it’s attempting a pattern in the spacing of the planets, and it was noticed by Bode hundreds of years ago. Well, you can imagine that there was some interest in why the 2. 8 spot in the pattern was skipped, and um ...but there wasn’t anything obvious there, in the early telescopes. Then what happened in the late 1700s? The discovery of ...?Female Student: Another planet?Professor: The next planet out, Uranus—after Saturn. And look, Uranus fits in the next spot in the pattern pretty nicely, um, not perfectly, but close. And so then people got really excited about the validity of this thing and finding the missing object between Mars and Jupiter. And telescopes, remember, were getting better. So people went to work onfinding objects that would be at that missing distance from the Sun, and then in 1801, the object Ceres was discovered.And Ceres was in the right place—the missing spot. Uh, but it was way too faint to be a planet. It looked like a little star. Uh, and because of its starlike appearance, um, it was called an “asteroid. ”OK? “Aster”is Greek for “star,”as in “astronomy. ”Um, and so, Ceres was the first and is the largest of what became many objects discovered at that same distance. Not just one thing, but all the objects found at that distance from the asteroid belt. So the asteroid belt is the most famous success of this Bode’s Law. That’s how the asteroid belt was discovered.TPO2托福听力Lecture4题目文本1.What is Bode's law?a) A law of gravitationb) An estimate of the distance between Mars and Jupiterc) A prediction of how many asteroids there ared) A pattern in the spacing of the planets2.Why does the professor explain Bode's Law to the class?a) To describe the size of the asteroidsb) To explain how the asteroids belt was discoveredc) To explain how gravitational forces influence the planetsd) To describe the impact of telescopes on astronomy3.How does the professor introduce Bode's Law?a) By demonstrating how it is derived mathematicallyb) By describing the discovery of Uranusc) By drawing attention to the inaccuracy of a certain patternd) By telling the names of several of the asteroids4.According to the professor, what two factors contributed to the discovery of the asteroid Ceres?a) Improved telescopesb) Advances in mathematicsc) The discovery of a new stard) The position of Uranus in a pattern5.What does the professor imply about the asteroid belt?a) It is farther from the Sun than Uranus.b) Bode believed it was made up of small stars.c) It is located where people expected to find a planet.d) Ceres is the only one of the asteroids that can be seen without a telescope.6.Why does the professor say this?a) To introduce an alternative application of Bode's Lawb) To give an example of what Bode's law cannot explainc) To describe the limitations of gravitational theoryd) To contrast Bode's Law with a real scientific lawTPO2托福听力Lecture4答案解析第1题：细节题正确答案：D对应原文：2'23"-2'30"...but it’s attempting a pattern in the spacing of the planets, and it was noticed by Bode hundreds of years ago.解析：原文中教授直接提到pattern in the spacing ofo the planets,和选项D直接呼应，表达也基本没变。
欧债危机（Europeandebtcrisis）
欧债危机（European debt crisis）The European debt crisis intensifiedThe spectre of a sovereign debt crisis lingers on the continentWith Greece, Ireland, Portugal's sovereign debt crisis warming, the debt crisis began to spread from the periphery to the core countries, Italy and Spain, who will be the European debt crisis, a fall of "Domino" became the talk of boiling point. As of the end of 2010, Italy's public debt to GDP ratio reached 119%, far higher than the upper limit of 60% "Maastricht treaty" provisions, in the EU after Greece 142.8%. In addition, Italy's economic growth is weak, the export growth trend is weak, the import commodity prices are soaring, and the bad economic environment makes Italy's crisis worse. Spain is also faced with the risk of being involved in the debt crisis. Data show that Spain's budget deficit in 2010 as high as 9.2% of gdp. Although the Spanish government is implementing the biggest budget cuts in 30 years, measures have also been taken to raise the retirement age and reduce the cost of layoffs. But the International Fund believes that Spain's measures to prevent the debt crisis are incomplete and face considerable risk of debt. According to reports, the financial giant Soros will blame the European debt crisis on Germany's selfishness and inaction. He believes that the German Prime Minister Merkel insisted on maintaining its own financial system security, and buried the scourge of today's European debt crisis. Italy's prime minister, Berlusconi, called on Congress to pass the austerity package as soon as possible. However, according to statistics, Italy's economy grew by 1.03% in the first quarter of 2011, and this slow economic growth could fall into recessiononce it meets fiscal austerity. If Italy seeks help from the outside world, it must tighten its economy, so it may be caught in a double predicament of recession and rising public debt. As the third and fourth largest economies in the euro area, Italy and Spain are among the most important players in the European economy, and the impact on markets is far weaker than in Greece, when debt defaults occur. In view of the fact that Italy and Spain huge foreign debt, some analysts believe that if the two countries into a debt crisis from market financing, then other EU countries will not have enough power to rescue Italy and Spain, the eurozone may therefore fall apart. From a global perspective, if the European sovereign debt crisis spread to the core countries, the global market will reverse the direction of investment, funds withdrawal from the stock market, commodity markets, access to precious metals markets, such as hedging. This will lead to an obvious fluctuation in asset prices, which may lead to a new round of financial crises. As the debt crisis in Italy and Spain approaches, the euro zone's second largest economy, France, is also facing debt risk. There are signs that market investors are shorting French sovereign bonds, and the debt crisis is pressing.Traces of American debt behind the European debt crisisBehind the European debt crisis is a deeper contest, that is, the United States and Europe are launching a war of currency dominance and debt resources. As a matter of fact, the United States continues to carry out structural authority given by its monetary hegemony". Since the birth of the euro, the euro has been one of the world's most powerful potential competitors, challenging the dollar hegemony system. First, the euro weakensthe dollar's position in international trade. For emerging market countries, the euro provides an alternative currency option to settle the dollar. As the euro area's main export commodities are competitive with the United States, the rise in the euro settlement will inevitably lead to a fall in the dollar settlement. The settlement amount is the pricing power, and the decrease of the US dollar settlement amount means the loss of the pricing power of the United States in the international market. Second, the euro hit the reserve currency position of the dollar. After the birth of the euro, the proportion of the world's total foreign exchange reserves continued to rise, while the dollar continued to decline. A statistical data according to IM F's official foreign exchange reserves, from 1996 to 2009, the dollar in international reserve position has experienced a "inverted U" trend, before the euro was formally established and at the beginning of the establishment, the dollar in international reserve status is rising, the proportion of world reserves from 1995 59% rose to 2001 by the end of 71.5%. But since 2001, the share of the dollar has fallen, and by 2010 it has fallen to 62.1%. However, the threat to the United States seems more than that, and one of the biggest challenges is the scramble for resources between American bonds and European bonds. This is perhaps the biggest concern for the United states. Under the borrowing dependent system, the US long-term international trade deficit and current account deficit can be maintained, and it needs to be guaranteed by the continuous revolving movement of U. S. dollars. To keep the dollar moving round and round, it must depend on exports from other countries in exchange for dollars,Other countries have traded dollars to invest in the UnitedStates by buying American bonds, and the dollar has returned to the United States to finance its debts. What worries the United States is that, like the United States, European countries are basically debt dependent countries". According to the IM F database, world debt issue of the number of the top ten countries, including the United States, 7 European countries and Japan and Australia, the 10 countries foreign bonds accounted for 83.8% of the world, and the eurozone bond market collection scale accounted for 45% of the world. The United States has more than 32% of the shares, this is undoubtedly the biggest challenge for the United States debt dependent system. Since the financial crisis, the Fed has become the biggest buyer of US debt and has monetized its currency through quantitative easing. Since the outbreak of the crisis, the Fed's balance sheet size increased from $899 billion 300 million in June 2007 to $27231 billion in early May 2011, is 3 times more than before the crisis. Now, the Fed is about to stop its $600 billion treasury bond purchase plan in June, and who will continue to take over such a huge debt is the biggest problem. With both the monetary and fiscal pressures on the US, only the creation of a bond that is worse than the US Treasury will allow the financial markets to choose a better one between bad and worse. So, the recent U.S. rating agencies continue to reduce Greece, Ireland, Belgium's sovereign credit rating, turns on the European debt crisis manufacturing turmoil, shorting Euro dollar, using "hedging properties" and a strong stage, the capital back into the United States, while the United States became the winner of the crisis, including Treasury and beauty shares and other institutions bonds popular dollar assets. Although the U.S. Treasury has exceeded the debt ceiling, but the 10 year Treasury yields and30 year Treasury yields hit a five month low, U.S. Treasury bonds being oversubscribed, debt financing smoothly. Between the inside and outside the pincer attack, the European debt crisis is no longer the crisis of the five European countries, the risk of the debt crisis spreading from the marginal countries to the core country is further increasing, and waiting for Europe will be a new round of debt storm. - Zhang MonanEurope's debt crisis or big bangLast weekend, Wei Jianguo, former Vice Minister of Commerce and Secretary General of the China International Exchange Center, said: "in order to guard against risks, China will no longer be eager to buy European debt.". China has bought a lot of European debt (about 1/4 of its foreign exchange reserves), and if the euro falls, China will suffer a huge loss. Europe can only go its own way, China can do very limited". This is a delicate and definite statement. The author believes that this is a correct decision, of course, is a painful decision - not to buy European debt, the United States can not buy more debt, China's foreign exchange reserves to buy what? From the beginning of the euro on Friday afternoon appeared Powei trend, although the U.S. payrolls data range, far less than expected, but the euro is still down after a brief recovery, which indicates that the euro will move closer to the rail under the shock City, probably in the week fell below the 14000 mark integer. The origin of the European debt crisis is the continued decline in competitiveness in the euro area. Before this competition decreased only two or three countries in line, and the debt crisis in Europe is a meeting after the rescue, theeuro zone countries have a obvious weakness. In August, economic data from the core countries of the euro zone were issued with a very negative warning, including Germany's August Manufacturing Purchasing Managers' index, with a final value of 50.9, expected to be 52, the lowest since September 2009. France's Manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index was worse in August, only 49.1. German and French data show that the region's two most powerful countries, the real economy has been growing at almost zero. Although we cannot conclude that Germany and France is a country like Greece dragged down -- save people dragged down is normal, but the conclusion that Germany and France have no spare capacity to save the eurozone two or three countries, is the fact that. Without the economic support of France and France, what happens in the euro area can be expected, and a strong euro is not expected. The second reason for the inevitable occurrence of the European debt crisis is that the rescue plan is impractical. The source of the European debt crisis is the most euro zone countries are a serious violation of financial discipline, but the EU's rescue plan is that Germany and France including the European Central Bank are a serious violation of financial discipline, the use of public funds and savings deposits to buy euro zone government debt line two or three. The results, although we can not say that By no means retrievable, at least to the recipient countries to send the wrong signal, can rely on big body, creditors who. Learned from the foreign media reports, the European Central Bank (ECB) last month decided to purchase the bonds of Italy, the country clearly slow budget consolidation measures.Italy's prime minister Berlusconi's promises to cut huge public debt have gone into empty talk. German media simply said:"because the European Central Bank's intervention, resulting in Italy budget measures even more confusing.". The European Central Bank to buy the bonds of Italy, every budget measures in Italy, the country's bond yields vary due to debt purchase operations of the European Central Bank to decline, the Italy government issued a signal to reduce the deficit can relax. Therefore, the decision to buy Italy's national debt was wrong. It's not just the European central bank that made the mistake. The solution of the European debt crisis is only one, is to give up the tail, the strong euro policy. Of course, this is extremely painful, and the extent of the pain is likely to exceed that of the US subprime crisis in 2008. Third reasons why the debt crisis is inevitable happened 17 euro zone countries is a mess, but not as strong as steel making. The European debt crisis spread from Greece to Ireland, where euro zone leaders gathered countless times, and each time made a statement to the world, showing how strong the euro zone was and how powerful it was. But as soon as the meeting is over, the noise is immediately transmitted through the media, and the small action is constant. Fourth reasons why the debt crisis inevitably happened in real is the main countries of the euro zone leaders lack the political sensitivity andforward-looking, misjudge the situation. How to solve the European debt crisis? It's difficult to drag out September, and the solution is not to buy bonds of troubled countries in the euro area, nor to create what is known as the euro zone's unified bond market. The only way is docked, Greece should be expelled from the euro zone. But objectively speaking, the best moment has been missed, because Italy, the euro zone third, which is much larger than Greece, will have an accident, followed by Spain, Portugal, ireland. To save it, the euro zone has no suchstrength. The last way is to push the euro zone high debt countries selling assets to repay, but the price is only suihangjiushi. The market would work only if the offer was lower, which would require a fall in the euro! To be sure, the ultimate solution to the European debt crisis is to be assessed after the euro crash. Today, the euro has fallen below the European Central Bank's defense line 13850, the lowest drop to 13386, will need at least 15% decline in the future. What about China? Only to see, can not buy, do not want to cover. Foreign exchange reserves are "cocktail", the euro is relative to other currencies down, the euro fell, the dollar will rise, and other currencies will rise. We can be thankful that holdings of euro assets are not many, 1/4 foreign exchange reserves in value, another 3/4 of the reserves in the appreciation of the euro, even if we suffer greatly, loss is not big. The problem is that the euro can not be bought in the future, and the foreign exchange reserves can not continue to increase substantially. The lessons of the European debt crisis tell us not only about the problems in the euro zone countries, but also that the currencies of almost all countries in the world are unreliable. The sure solution is not to expand the reserves indefinitely, but to spend the reserves.The spread of the European debt crisisThe European debt crisis is spreading to the core of the euro zone, this time in france. Moodie, a prominent rating agency, has warned that in the next 3 months whether to consider the French Treasury AAA rating "negative" will be considered". Negative observation is often the prelude to a downgrade. Moodie said in a statement, as with other euro zone sovereigncountries, France's financial position has weakened; the global financial and economic crisis in France, led to the financial indicators is the worst in other AAA countries. At present, a total of 6 countries enjoy the euro area AAA rating, namely France, Germany, Holland, Finland, Austria and Luxemburg, France's highest level of debt. IMF said public debt in France would reach 85% of GDP in 2011 and high in the world class AAA countries. The spread between French and German bunds widened to a record 93.2 basis points in October 17th, compared with just 29 basis points in April. A new wave of pressure on the French rating was largely caused by the exposure of its banking system to sovereign debt in Europe, as well as increased bailouts for other countries. The European Union is preparing to require European banks to increase the size and quality of their core capital, and the government will inject capital into substandard banks. Besides its own burden, France, the second largest economy in the euro area, is the second largest contributor to EU bailout funds. The euro zone is now studying how to expand the size of EFSF's borrowing to prevent a larger economy, such as Italy and Spain, into a crisis, which will add to the burden on public finances in france. In addition, the French economic growth situation also makes public finances not optimistic. In October 18 Pakistan Lu admitted that the forecasts for 2012 GDP growth of 1.75% will be too optimistic.Faubion Zulegdze, the chief economist at the European Policy Centre, argues that France is not very different from Spain in terms of its economic growth potential. The pressure on France's sovereign rating will make it harder for the euro zone to respond to the debt crisis. At present, the AAA rating of EFSF is based on the rating levels of the various fundedcountries, so Moodie also said in 17, if France suffered a downgrade, EFSF's highest rating will be questioned. In response, Europe is working to advance the permanent crisis response mechanism, the European stability mechanism (ESM). The most important feature of ESM is that it enjoys the status of an international institution like IMF without the impact of the investor rating. As scheduled, ESM will replace EFSF in the summer of 2013, but now Europe hopes to advance it by a year, at least in 2012。
大学英语听说教程第四册答案
Unit 1Part BTextExercise 1: 1. b 2. c 3.aExercise 2: 1. F 2. T 3. F 4.F 5. F. 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.T Part C1. c2. d3. c4. a5. bPart Dgreen: sign of life and of hopeblue: color of the sky and the seaorange: color of health and strengthred: color of danger and bravery; of passion and lovepurple: color of royalty an powerindigo: color of silencerainbow: sign of hope for tomorrowUnit 2Part BTextExercise 1: 1. d 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. d 6. aExercise 2: (omitted)Part C1.Americans move about a great deal at parties.2....as soon as there are more people than chairs in a room...3.you will see first one and then another make some excuse to get to hisfeet4.sitting becomes static5.introduce themselves6.drift around a room7.you are expected to reply by giving your name and introducing the person with you8.merely nod and smile9.she extends it10.just nods and greets herPart D1.In Japan, you should hold a business with both hands and read the name and the job title carefully. so do not hold the card with one hand a nd put it into your pocket without reading it.2.In Mexico, it is usual for men to touch each other in a friendly way and it is considered unfriendly if you move away when you are touched.3.IN Korea, eye contact means sincerity and respect to the speaker.4.In China, you should avoid criticizing people, otherwise you will embarrass them.5.Kate pretended to criticize her Chinese business partner with the intention of amusing him.6.In China, you should avoid confrontation with people.7.People in Scotland and Wales will be offended if you call them English.It is because England is not one part of the United Kingdom.8.Rob doses not like to be touched and stared at.9.English people tend to look away when talking to each other.Unit 3Part BTextExercise 1:1.radio/TV2.celebrations/world3. a weekly column/Daily Star4.can't afford5.couple/hundred6.eighteen/age/accepted/adult/vote/buy wines/drive a car7.considered/mature/boys8.Turkey, Egypt, Indonesia, and Senegal.Exercise 2: 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.TPart C1.F2.F3.T4.F5.F6.T7.T8.F9.T 10.FPart D1.The reasons why boundaries between countries are fading.2.fading of boundaries of class and caste in societies/relaxation of immigration laws in many counties/freedom for people to convert to other relig ions/birth of the Internet3.They are Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.4.21or more.5.The adoption and circulation of the single currency, the euro.Unit 4Part BTextExercise 1:1.put the OHP on the table2.press the buttons in and lift this part up until it snaps into place3.turn the OHP round so the head is facing towards the screen or a white wall4.plug it in5.switch it on6.place the transparency on the stage7.move the flap up or down to raise or lower the image8.turn the wheel to make the image sharpExercise 2:1.place the OHP about 2 meters from the wall or screen2. a screen works better than a wall3.leave the OHP switched on when using it and place a piece of paper over the glassPart C1.in the address book or contact list2."CCs" stands for copies of a message. when you want other people toget copies of the same email message, you send them "CCs".3.you can copy sentences and paste them in other places4.you can run the spell checker5.you double click the word an type the new word over it.Unit 5Part BTextExercise 1: 1. D 2. C 3. D 4. CExercise 2:1.Firstly, it is a fact that some people were born with better memories.2.Secondly, different things are kept in different parts of the brain. Ideas,words and numbers are stored in the left-hand side and images, soundsand smells in the right-hand side.3.Thirdly, unusual experiences can produce chemicals such as adrenaline in our body which can boost memory.4.Fourthly, how well we remember something is also affected by the context in which we learn about it.5.Finally, the more often you recall a memory, the more likely you are to remember it. If you don't, you lose it.Part C1.Four2.Because Australia is shaped a bit like a dog.3.Break it into smaller ones and then think of what the numbers remindus of.4.Try to follow the directions in our mind.5.Try to build them into a story.Part D1.T2.F3.F4.F5.T6.F7.T8.TUnit 6Part BTextExercise 1: 1. C 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. BExercise 2:1.if a man with a fortune cannot make himself easier and freer than those who are not, he gains nothing. Nothing except glittering baggage thatmust be attended to.(d)2.the larger a man's roof, the more snow it collects.(a)3.the lust for comfort is a stealthy thing that enters the house a guest, and then becomes a host, and then a master.(b)4.things are in the saddle, and ride mankind.(c)Part CExercise: 1.c 2.d 3.a 4.b 5.bPart D1.He is CEO and co-founder of John Paul Mitchell Systems2.Hair care products.3.It makes about $200 million in the sales per year.4.He joined forces with his friends Paul Mitchell, who was one for America's most influential hair designers then, and together they introduced arevolutionary hair setting and styling method.5.The successful people persist even during the toughest times, but the unsuccessful give up.6.Because DeJoria believes that fewer people can do more.7.They have 87 employees worldwide although they probably should hirefive or six hundred people.8.They are paid more than others in the industry but hey have to do more as well.9.He thinks it his duty to donate to worthwhile projects and causes.10.Success unshared is a failure.Unit 7Part BText 1Exercise 1: 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. AExercise 2:1.Nonsmokers seem to have won the battle because smoking is banned not only inpublic places like theaters and airports but also in all workplaces. The numberof places where people are allowed to smoke has gradually become smaller an smaller.2.They have banned smoking in parks and recreation centers. In Los Angeles, forexample, they have implemented a smoke-free park policy, officially designatingsmoke-free zones in all 375 parks and recreation centers in the city. And since January 1, 2002 all parks in California have become smoke-free to safeguard children from the harmful effects of secondhand tobacco smoke and dangerous tobacco waste.Part CThe World Health Organization has named May 31 as World No Tobacco Day. Mark ing the day this year, the WHO announced that there was a 33 percent growth in the Asian cigarette market from 1999-2000.In Singapore, there has been an increase of smokers, which reflects the popularity of the addictive habit in Asia. Statistics show that seven Singaporeans die every day fro m smoking-related diseases in this country of 3.5 million people.Now, smoking will become socially unacceptable under a campaign by Singapore’s g overnment to use family and social pressure to get smokers to kick the habit. The ca mpaign, launched in April 2002, is the latest weapon employed by the state against t he spreading smoking habit. “Show them you care. Help them stop smoking,” is the campaign’s slogan, aimed at obtaining the help of loved ones to help smokers stop th eir nicotine habit. As part of its effort to discourage smoking, the government of Sin gapore has been putting up advertisements in newspapers, on TV and the Internet, sh owing parents quitting smoking so as not to worry their children.Part DOmittedUnit 8Part BText 1Exercise 1: 1. c 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. dExercise 2: Medical Record: OmittedPart COld age in the United States presents many problems and 1) opportunities. As a resul t of 2) improved medical services, people live longer than they used to. This increase in 3) longevity creates a wide range of 4)social needs. The medical specialty of gerontology has opened up new research areas and careers related to the elderly.Because of changes in the family structure 5)from extended to nuclear, the elderly h ave to create 6) existence apart from basically small family units. This situation is 7) com plicated by the fact that may of their friends may have died and their children may have moved away.The elderly must set up a new life. Often, 8) the elderly must rely on a fixed incom e—Social Security and pensions—and gradually diminished savings. 9)While some live wi th their children, many more live by themselves, with a friend or in a nursing home.However, the increasing proportions of elderly people in society has given them a ne w political power. 10) They have formed organizations to voice their own needs and conc erns to local, state and federal agencies. Lobbying for such issues as increased Social Sec urity benefits, better health care, income tax benefits and rent controls has brought to the public an increased awareness of the determination of the elderly to assert their ability to deal effectively with their own lives.Part D OmittedUnit 9 Part BText 1Exercise 1: 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. d Exercise 2: 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F Part C1. A2. B3. D4. C5. D6. A7. C8. BPart D omittedUnit 10 Part BText 1Exercise 1: 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. D Exercise 2: omittedPart CProgram: Talk of the NationHost: Jenny ButlerGuest: Dr. James of Maryland UniversityTopic: Internet addictionHarmful effects of Internet addiction: Relationship problems or problems in maintainin g gradesWarning signals showing you are starting to get addicted: Impulse to go online begi ns to affect other areas of life. Begin to feel anxious or depressed or empty or lon ely when not online.How to avoid Internet addiction: Have some sort of balance in life.。
地道英语内参：为什么老外喜欢用名词表达
为什么老外喜欢用名词化表达名词化的结构名词化结构主要是以英语名词短语代替汉语一个句子,它可以避免人称主语,从而防止句子结构过于臃肿。
法律英语常用结构复杂的长句。
从句子特征来看,还是名词结构占优势,而不是从句或动词的优势。
（1）The buyer shall furnish ocean vessels for the transportation of the rice under this contract.（2）The buyers shall give the notice of the vessel’s name beforehand.（3）The storage of the rice shall be done in the way stated.（4）A certificate is needed attesting the existence of such event.1.动词的名词化作为一种专用英语,简洁和客观是经贸英语的灵魂,故在一般英语中用动词表示的内容,经贸英语却惯于将动词名词化,并由此产生一个名词化结构,让原来的施动意义隐含在结构的深层里。
把动词名词化,表述从“动”转为“静”,语言变得更为客观;使用动词名词化结构,可以替代一个从句甚至一个句子,语言变得更为简洁。
1.1动词名词化的基本形式就形态变化而言,经贸英语动词的名词化通常有两种:一是后缀派生法,即把-al, -sion, -tion, -ment等后缀分别加在不同的动词词尾,在句法研究中这种词称为动词派生名词(deverbal noun);二是零位派生法(zero derivation),也就是说不借助后缀直接由动词转化为名词,本文将这种词称为动词转类名词(conversion noun)。
例如:(1) the conclusion of difficult negotiations(2) the formulation of export sales contracts(3) the participation in GATT(4) the involvement in international economy and trade activities(5) a decline in industrial production and a marked upturn in inflation(6) the fall in the growth rate of the world economy1.2动词名词化结构的两种形态动词名词化时,动词原来所带的客体和主体转化为名的修饰语或附加成分后,就构成了一个动词名词化结构,常见的形式有两种:一是动词原来所带的客体由一个介词(其中及物动词介词of)或不定式符号to引导,接在动词派生名词或动词类名词后面,形成一个后置修饰语,而主体往往以名词的格形式转化为动词派生名词或动词转类名词的前置修饰语例如:(7) Recently China reduced tariffs substantially.(8) China’s recent substantial reduction of tariffs(9) Ericsson studied the target market carefully.(10) Ericsson’s careful study of the target market(11) The new-to-export firm failed to treat international distributors on an equal basis with domestic counterparts.(12) the new-to-export firm’s failure to treat international distributors on a equal basis with domestic counterparts二是客体和主体均转化为后置修饰语,客体在前,由一个介词(其中及物动词由介词of)或不定式符号to引导;主在后,通常由介词by引导。
全新版大学英语综合教程第四册第四单元讲义
Global Reading Detailed Reading
After Reading
Unit 4 Globalization Supplementary Reading
Part Division of the Text Match the ideas Further Understanding
Before Reading
China and the WEF
Before Reading
Global Reading Detailed Reading
After Reading
Unit 4 Globalization Supplementary Reading
The World Economic Forum An independent, international organization incorporated as a Swiss not-for-profit foundation whose motto is “DeetaniletdrReeapdinrgeneurship in the global public interest”. It believes that economic progress without social development is not sustainable, while social development without economic progress is not feasible.
Unit 4 Globalization
Before Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading Supplementary Reading
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Lecture 4Birth of the Euro欧元诞生Stage 1 DictationYou will hear a list of words and expressions that will appear in the incoming lecture. Please write them down in the space provided below.1) legal tender2) stabilize3) fluctuation4) unit of accounting5) Maastricht Treaty6) budget deficit7) national debt8) peg9) invoicing10) traveler’s check11) mint12) price transparency13) investment fund14) fragmented15) liquid16) flaw17) inherent18) boast19) treasury20) European sovereign debt crisisStage 2 Listening ComprehensionNow, you will listen to a lecture on Birth of the Euro two times. This lecture is delivered at a fairly slow speed. As you listen, find answers to the following questions:1.Who are the members of the Eurozone?They are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Slovenia, Cyprus, Malta, Slovakia, and Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.2.What was the goal of the Treaty of Rome?It was to create a common market in Europe in order to increase economic prosperity and contribute towards an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe.3.What happened in 1979?The European Monetary System was established and the European Currency Unit (ECU) was created.4.When the euro was first introduced, what did the Eurozone countries do?They officially pegged their exchange rates to the euro and began to use it in non-cash transactions and accounting.5.How does the euro enable the Eurozone market to function more efficiently andgrow more steadily?Through price transparency, elimination of exchange rate fluctuations, elimination of various transaction costs, enhanced competition, and more attractive opportunities for foreign investors.6.Why is the euro accused as “an incomplete currency”?According to George Soros, the euro is an incomplete currency, for the Eurozone “established a monetary union without a political union.” T he European Central Bank was created but a common treasury was not in place. Because a sovereign banking system is missing from the design, “the euro has become the focal point of the current [European sovereign debt] crisis.”Stage 3 Guided Note-takingIn this stage you are guided to take notes on the lecture. As you listen, try to complete the spaces left for notes. In order to speed up your note-taking, use symbols and abbreviations wherever possible.Lecture Script:Birth of the EuroOn January 1, 1999, the world witnessed one of the most profound and far-reaching economic events of modern history: the euro was born. As you may know, the euro is the common currency and sole legal tender of the Eurozone, also known as Euro Area or Euroland. Currently, the Eurozone has a population of over 330 million, larger than that of the United States. The founding members of the Eurozone are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Later, Greece joined in 2001, Slovenia in 2007, both Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania in 2015.But the euro didn’t come overnight. As a matter of fact, the euro has walked a long way to get to where it is now. To give you an idea of what the euro has gone through, I begin with the early efforts made by Europe after World War II.In 1951, in order to promote European economic cooperation, Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed the Paris Treaty to create the European Coal and Steel Community. Then in 1957, these countries entered into the Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC). Their objective was for Europe to create a “common market” to increase economic prosperity and contribute towards “an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe”. However, the Treaty of Rome made no mention of an economic and monetary union and a single currency.It was not until two decades later that the movement toward a common currency accelerated. In 1979, the European Monetary System took effect in an attempt to stabilize inflation and stop large exchange-rate fluctuations among European countries. This system led to the creation of a currency unit called ECU. You may wonder: what is ECU? ECU stands forEuropean Currency Unit, which was a basket of the currencies of the EEC member states. But the ECU was not an actual currency. It was developed by the members as a unit of accounting; that is to say, it was an artificial currency initiated for their internal accounting purposes.In 1992, a more ambitious move was taken. The members of the European Community signed the Maastricht Treaty, setting a deadline of January 1999 for a shared currency. The treaty created the European Union (EU) of 12 countries on November 1, 1993 and laid the groundwork for shared economic and monetary policies. In order to participate in the new currency, member states had to meet strict criteria, such as a budget deficit of less than 3% of their GDP, a debt ratio of less than 60% of GDP, low inflation, and interest rates close to the EU average.Through the 1990s, the necessary financial institutions were put in place. For example, the European Central Bank (ECB), headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany, was set up in 1998. The ECB was to be responsible for setting a single monetary policy and interest rate for the adopting nations.Then, on January 1, 1999, the euro was introduced to world financial markets, replacing ECU at a ratio of 1:1. The 11 Eurozone countries officially pegged their exchange rates to the euro and began to use it in non-cash transactions and accounting. Companies started using the euro for internal reporting, invoicing and issuing bonds. Stocks began trading in euros. Banks started to offer euro credit-card accounts. People were able to pay mortgages and use t raveler’s checks in euros, too.However, for quite some time, both the euro and the national currencies of the Eurozone countries coexisted, and the euro existed only in the form of cashless payments such as checks, transfers, and bank cards. It was not until January 1, 2002 that euro banknotes and coins entered circulation. During the first two months of 2002, the national currencies of the member countries were completely replaced by the euro. In preparation of the euro paper money and coins, 15 billion pieces of paper money were produced and 50 billion coins were minted.Since the introduction of the euro, there have been a number of clear benefits to the Eurozone citizens. In the first place, people can travel more easily both within and outside the euro area because they don’t need to change currencies every time they cross a border. Secondly, the single currency allows the European Union’s single market to function more efficiently and grow more steadily through price transparency, elimination of exchange rate fluctuations, elimination of various transaction costs, enhanced competition, and more attractive opportunities for foreign investors. Thirdly, a single currency zone opens up huge opportunities for both savers and borrowers. For one thing, the euro helps provide a single market for financial operators such as banks, insurers and investment funds; for another, small and fragmented national capital markets evolve into a larger, deeper and more liquid financial market. As a result, savers are offered wider and more diversified investment and saving opportunities, while borrowers can raise money more easily on capital markets. However, critics argue that the euro has inherent flaws. George Soros, a well-known investor, claims and I quote, “The eur o is an incomplete currency to start with. In 1992, Maastricht Treaty established a monetary union without a political union. The euro boasts a common central bank but it lacks a common treasury. It is exactly that sovereign banking that financialmarkets are now questioning and that is missing from the design. That is why the euro has become the focal point of the current [European sovereign debt] crisis.” End quote. Nevertheless, the euro has become one of the four major world currencies, along with the U.S. dollar, the British pound, and the Japanese yen. So, good-bye marks, good-bye francs, good-bye lira, good-bye guilder, good-bye peso, and good-bye so forth.Note-taking Model:Topic: Birth of the Euro1/1/1999 € = sole leg. tender - €zone/area/land w/ pop. +330 m. > USA-founders: Aus. Bel. Fin. Fr. Germ. Ir. It. Lux. Net. Port. + Sp.-Gr. (2001), Slon. (07), Cyp. & Mal. (08), Slok. (09), Est (11)-Latv. (14) & Lith. (15)1951 - prom. Eur. econ. coop – Bel. Fr. WG. It. + Lux. signed Paris Treaty- ECSC created1957 - T/ Rome → EEC- obj. → com. mkt. - ↑ econ. prosp.→ closer u. – Eur. peop.- b. no econ. & mon. u. / single cur.1979 - EMS → stab. infl. & stop FX fluct.- ECU = basket of cur. – EEC memb.= unit of acctg. (artif. cur.)1992 - Maastricht T. – deadline (1/1999) for sh. cur.– EU (12 cos.) – 11/1/1993–grwk. – sh. econ. + mon. pol.–Criteria: 1) budg. def. < 3% GDP2) debt ratio < 60% GDP3) low infl.4) i. r. ≈ EU avg.1998 - ECB – Frkfurt. Germ. – resp.: set single mon. pol. + i.r. – memb.1/1/1999 - € repl. ECU – 1:1-€zone cos. peg. exch. r. - € - noncash trans. + acctg.-€ - int. rep., invoicing, iss. bond, tr. st., cr.-c. a/c, mortg., trav. check(cashless)1/1/2002 - € bknts. + coinsFeb. 2002 - nat. cur. repl. ← € (15 b n. paper notes + 50 bn. coins)benefits 1. trav.easily w/i + outside €area ∵no $ change2. single mkt. func. eff. & gr. stead. ← pr. transp., no FX fluct., no trans.costs, enh. comp. + attr. opp.3. opp. → savers + investors∵single mkt. = larger, deeper + more liq.- saver: diversif. invt. + svg. opp.- borrower: raise $ easily – cap. mkt.flaws - inherent-G. Soros: “…incomplete…; Maastr. T. …mon. u. w/t pol. u. …common c.b. but …lacks … com. treasury. …s overeign bkg.… ismissing…That’s why € = focal point …current ESD crisis.”major wld. cur. - US$, £, ¥, €bye → DM, fr. lira, guilder, peso, etc.Stage 5 Testing 1: Multiple-Choice QuestionsNow you will hear 10 questions about the information you heard in the lecture. Each question will be spoken two times, but it will not be written out for you. You must listen very carefully to each question. After hearing a question, you must read the four possible answer choices provided. You will then refer to your notes and select (a), (b), (c) or (d) – whichever is the best choice.1.When did Malta join the Eurozone? (b)2.Which of the following groups are the founders of the European Coal and SteelCommunity? (a)3.Which of the following descriptions is a characteristic of the ECU? (c)4.When was the European Union established? (b)5.What are the requirements for becoming a member of the Eurozone? (d)6.Where is the European Central Bank located? (a)7.How was the euro used between January 1999 and January 2002? (d)8.How many euro banknotes and coins were produced in order to replace the nationalcurrencies of the member countries in 2002? (b)9.Why is the Eurozone able to offer more opportunities to both savers and investors? (a)10.Which of the following was the original currency unit of the Netherlands? (c)Stage 5 Testing 2: True-False StatementsIn this part of the test, you will read ten statements about the information presented in the lecture. First read the statement carefully. Then check your notes to decide whether the statement is true or false. If it is true, write a T in the blank space before the statement; if it is false, write an F in the blank.1 (T);2 (F);3 (F);4 (T);5 (F);6 (T);7 (F);8 (T);9 (F); 10 (T)Stage 7 Expanded ReadingIn this stage you are expected to broaden your horizon into the topic of the lecture. Please read the following article carefully.参考译文：欧元危机与零售业2008年9月15日，美国投行巨头雷曼兄弟破产，引发了全球金融危机。