201506257学术英语重点整理
2015年高考英语知识清单
2015高考英语知识清单整理人：贺群2015.5.22一．高考英语作文常用谚语格言汇集1.Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
2.God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。
3.Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。
4.Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
5.One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。
6.Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。
7.A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。
8.Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。
9.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。
10.Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。
11.More hasty, less speed. 欲速则不达。
12.It’s never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。
13.All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。
14.A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。
15.Look before you leap. 三思而后行。
16.Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。
17.Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。
2015-2016年高考英语(人教版)要点梳理+重点
必修1Unit 2English around the world要点梳理高效梳理·知识备考●重点单词1.official adj.官方的;正式的;公务的→office n.办公室→officer n.官员2.voyage n.航行;航海3.native adj.本国的;本地的n.本地人;本国人4.actually adv.实际上;事实上5.base vt.以……为根据n.基部;基地;基础→basic adj.基本的;基础的6.gradual adj.逐渐的,逐步的→gradually adv.逐渐地,逐步地7.identity n.本身;本体;身份→identical adj.相同的,一样的→identify v.确定;认出;鉴定8.fluent adj.流利的;流畅的→fluently adv.流利地,流畅地→fluency n.流利,流畅9.frequent adj.频繁的;常见的→frequently adv.常常;频繁地→frequency n.频率;频度age n.使用;用法;词语惯用法→useful a dj.有用的→use n. & v.使用,利用mand n. & vt.命令;指令;掌握→commander n.指挥员,司令员12.request n.& vt.请求;要求13.expression n.词语;表示;表达→express v.表达→expressive adj.富于表情的;有表现力的14.recognize vt.辨认出;承认;公认→recognizable adj.容易认出的;易于识别的→recognition n.认出;认识;识别15.accent n.口音;腔调;重音16.lightning n.闪电17.straight adv.直接地;挺直地adj.直的;笔直的;正直的●重点短语1.because of由于;因为e up走近;上来3.at present 现在;目前4.make use of 利用5.such as例如……;像这种的6.play a part in 扮演一个角色;参与7.ever before 从前8.even if/though即使9.be based on以……为基础10.over time 长期以来11.in the early days 在早期12.the same as相同于●重点句型1.Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before.如今说英语的人比以往任何时候都多,他们有的把英语作为第一语言来说,有的把它作为第二语言或外语。
2015新课标高考英语重点短语归纳(最全)解析
2015年高考英语最新短语（最全）…(money) worth of sth. ……价值……(接数词)…has a population of………人口数量是………times as big as……是……几倍大…times the size of ……是……几倍大a (great/large/small) number of 许多(接可数名词复数；谓语动词用复数)A (together) withB ……A与B 一样，……(谓语动词与A一致) A as well as B ……A跟B一样，……(谓语动词与A一致)A besides B… 除了B以外，A……(谓语动词与A一致)a bit of 一点(接不可数名词) a bit 一点(接形容词)a bunch of 一束、一捆a certain 某一个(接可数名词单数)a copy of 一份(报纸等)a couple of 几个、一些、三两个(接可数名词复数)a crowd of 一群、许多a developed country (一个)发达国家a developing country (一个)发展中国家a diet of healthy foods 一份营养食谱a fallen tree 一棵倒了的树a few moment later 一会儿、不久以后a few pieces of advice 几点建议a good/great deal of 大量(接不可数名词)a good/great many 大量(接可数名词复数)a great deal 许多东西a group of 一群……a highly-developed country高度发达国家a kind of sth. 一类……a knife and fork 一副刀叉a knowledge of 某一学科的知识a lack of 缺乏a large quantity of 大量(接可数、不可数名词)a large/small/great amount of一些(接不可数名词)A like B… 像B一样，A……(谓语动词与A一致)a little bit 一点(接形容词)a little 一点(接形容词)a loaf of bread 一个面包a lost life in a desert 鸿沟a lot more interesting 更有趣a lot more 许多a lucky escape 幸运地逃脱a narrow escape 侥幸逃脱、九死一生a piece of advice 一条建议a place of interest 一处名胜a point of view 一种观点A rather thanB 与其B，不如Aa series of 一系列的a source of ……的一个来源a third ①三个中的一个②三分之一a total of 总计……(接数词)a type of 一种a variety of 一种a waste of money/time/… 浪费(金钱、时间等)a year and a half 一年半above all 最重要的是，首先要according to 根据、依照achieve one's aim/goal 实现某人的目标achieve success 取得成功act a part ①扮演一个角色②假装act as if 假装(接从句，有虚拟语气)act the part of sb. 演……的角色add A to B 把A加到B上add to 增加到add up to 总计(无被动形式)address a/the letter 写信(的地址)address sth. to sb. 给某人讲……admit to 承认advise (that) sb. (should) do建议某人应该做某事(虚拟语气)advise sb. to do 劝说某人去做afford sb. sth. 为某人承担……afford sth. to sb. 为某人承担……afford to do 能够去做after a time 一段时间后after a while 不久after all 毕竟；终究after that 从这以后(用一般现在时)agree on 在……达成共识agree that… 同意……(接从句)agree to do 同意去做agree to one's plan/suggestion采纳某人的计划(建议)agree with one'sidea/opinion/analysis 同意某人的看法(见解)agree with sb. ①(衣服等)适合某人②与……一致③同意、赞同agree with sb. on that point在那方面同意某人的意见ahead of time 事先；提前aim at ①瞄准②追求、旨在All but A…除了A以外所有人(谓语动词与all一致，用复数)all kinds of 各种各样的all of a sudden 突然(单用)all over (Europe) 整个(欧洲)all sorts of 各种各样的all such 所有这些……(接名词用复数)all the same 仍然、依然all the way 全程all the year round 整年all throughthe(night/year/one's life) 整个……all…not… 不都是……(部分否定)allow doing/sb. to do 允许(某人)做某事announce sth. to sb. 向某人宣布……announce to sb. sth. 向某人宣布……answer for 为……负责任anyone who = whoever 任何人(引导主语从句)apart from 除……外还……appear to do 好像……apply for 申请apply one's minds to 专心于appreciate doing 感激做……as a matter of fact 实际上as a result of 由于……as if 似乎、好像(引导方式状语从句)as long as 只要(引导条件状语从句)as one body 像一个人一样as soon as is necessary 如果可能的话尽快……as soon as 一……就……(引导时间状语从句)as though 似乎、好像as well as ①和……一样②与……一样好as well 也；一样ask (that) sb. (should) do 要求某人应该做某事(虚拟语气) ask for a leave 请假ask sb. for advice 取得某人的建议ask some questions of sb. 向某人提问(书面语)at a distance 有一些距离、在远处at a great depth 在很深处at a loss 不知所措、困惑不解at a low/high price 价格低(高) at a low/high speed 速度很慢/快地……at a mouthful 一口、满口at a safe speed 以安全速度行驶at a speed of 以……的速度行驶at a time 一次；有时、曾经at first blush 一瞥at full speed 全速前进at least 至少、最少at least…if not more 如果不是更多，至少也……at most 最多、至多at one time 曾经、以前at present 现在at that very moment 就在那个时候at the ball 在舞会上at the beginning of 在……的开始at the bottom of 在……的底部at the cost of 以……为代价at the crossing 在十字路口at the invitation of sb. 应某人邀请at the latest 最迟、最晚at the most 最多at the price of 以……为代价at the risk of 冒着……的危险at the same time 同时at the sight of 看见at the speed of 以……的速度at the thought of 当……想到at the top of the voice 用最高的声音attempt to do 尝试去做、企图去做attend to sth. 注意；对……关注attitude to/towards sth.对……的态度attract one's attention 吸引某人注意力back and forth 来来往往地、(前后)来回地bark at (狗)向……叫be (good) value for money ……值钱be able to do 能够……、有能力……be about to do when 就要做某事时，突然……be about to do 准备做……(不接时间状语，表示将来)be absent from 不在、缺席be absorbed in 沉迷于……、迷恋于……be active in 在……活跃be admitted into universities被大学录取be afraid of doing 担心某事会发生be afraid of sth./sb. 害怕某人(物)be afraid that… 恐怕……be afraid to do 不敢去做be after sth./sb. 找……be along with 和……一起be an expert on/in/at sth.在……是专家be angry at sth. 对某事感到生气be angry with sb./sth. 对某人(物)感到生气be anxious about 为……感到焦虑be anxious for sth. 急切地要……be anxious to do 急切去做……be ashamed of 感到羞耻、惭愧be at breakfast/lunch/supper在吃早/午/晚饭be at the same level 在同一水平上be aware of sth. 知道be away from 离……远be based on 以……为基础、以……为根据be better off 境况好be blind in one eye 一只眼睛失明、独眼龙be blind to 对……视而不见be busy doing 忙着……be busy with 忙着……be careful 小心be caught in 被困住be concerned about 关心be connected with ……与……有联系be content to do 甘愿做某事、愿意做某事be content with 对……满足be crowded with 挤满了be dangerous ……(对……)构成威胁、是危险的be deaf to 对……听而不闻、充耳不闻be disappointed in sth. 对某事(物)失望be disappointed with sb./sth.对……失望be doing when 正要做某事时，突然……be doing 表达某种语气、感情，如喜爱、赞美、厌恶、痛恨、批判等be done away with 结束、结果be dressed in 穿……be due to do 预计……会怎样be due to sth. 由于、应归于be dying for 渴望be dying to do 急切去做……be eager to do 盼望去做……be engaged in 忙于、致力于be engaged to 与……订婚be equal to 与……相等be expert in/at doing 擅长于……be famous as 作为……而出名be famous for 因为……而出名be famous to sb. 在……中出名be favourable to 有助于、有利于be fit for sth. 适合……be fond of 爱好……be friendly/kind/polite to sb.对某人友好be going to do 即将做……be gone ……不见了be good on sb. 对某人好be hard on sb. 对某人苛刻、为难某人be harmful to 对……有害be honoured for sth. ……因为……受尊敬be in (the) majority 占大多数，处于多数be in business 营业be in danger 处于危险之中be in darkness 在黑暗之中(无光，用于指状态)be in disorder 没有秩序、乱be in earnest 急迫、急切be in good order 有秩序、整洁be in great need 最需要be in hospital 住院be in low/high spirits 情绪低落/高昂be in poor health 身体不好be in/under one's charge 受某人管be in/under the charge of sb.受某人管be introduced into ……被引进be joined to 与……连接be keen on 喜欢be kind for sb. to do sth. 某人做某事(对人)有好处be kind of sb. 某人好be known for 因为……而出名be known to sb. 在……中出名be lacking in 缺乏be longing for 盼望去做…… be longing to do 盼望去做…… be lost ……不见了be lost in sight 看不见be lost in thought 陷入沉思be made from 由……(加工)制成be made into 制成、加工成be made of 由……(直接)制成be made up of ……由……组成be marked with 被标上be measured in 以……来衡量be missing ……不见了be mixed with sth. 用……混合be not in agreement ……是不同的be nothing more than 只不过是be of different sizes/colours/weights/ages/ shapes 尺寸/颜色/重量/年龄/形状不同be of great/no help/value/importance/use to sb. 对某人(没)有很大(帮助等) be of the same kind 同一类be of the same size/colour/weight/age/shape 尺寸/颜色/重量/年龄/形状相同be of this kind 属于这一类be off 离开be on a visit from sp. 从某地来访问be on a visit to sp. 正游览、参观某地be on business 因公(办事等) be on diet 节食be on duty 值日、上班be on fire 着火be on holiday/vacation 在度假be on sale 待售、拍卖be on show 展览；上映be on strike 罢工be on the march 正在游行、正在行军be out of fashion 过时、不流行be out of order 没有秩序、乱be out of reach ①够不着②无能为力be out of work 失业be popular among sb. 在……中流行be popular with sb. 在……中流行be prepared for 为……作准备(接抽象事物)be present at (the meeting)参加(会议)be proud of 以……自豪be put to a new use 被用在了新的用途上be ready for 准备好做……be ready to do 准备好做……be recognised as 被认作是be reduced by 降低了……(接数字、百分数)be related to 与……有联系be responsble for 为……负责任be rich in 在……丰富be satisfied with 对……满意be senior to 比……大be set in 以……为背景be short of 缺少be shown into sp. 被带到某地be spun into thread 被纺成线be strict in sth. 对某事严格要求be strict with sb. 对某人严格要求be successful in doing sth.做……成功be suitable for 适合Be sure(certain) to do… 确信做某事(祈使句)be tired from sth./doing (身体上)劳累、疲劳be tired of sth./doing 厌倦……be tired out 筋疲力尽be to blame (应该)受责备be to do 准备做……be trapped by (the fire) 被(火)围困be treated as 把……当作……对待be under construction 建设中be unwilling to do 不愿去做be up to ①高达、达到②达到境界、进入角色③从事、忙于be well received 接受效果好、广泛接受be willing to do 盼望去做……be worried about 为……担心be worth doing 值得……be worth sth. 值多少be worthy of 值得be/become known as 作为……而出名be/become widely accepted被广泛的接受beat sb. black and blue 把某人打得鼻青脸肿beat sb. on the head 碰某人的头beat sb. to death 打死某人beat sth. flat 把……压平become a success 成功become separated 分开before all 尤其、特别before long 没过多久(常用于将来时、过去时)begin with 以……开始believe in ①信赖、信任②信奉、信仰belong to sb. 属于benefit from 从……获取利益、好处beyond reach 够不着；找不到、消失beyond that 除了那个以外beyond the sea 在海外black out 昏迷、神志不清；停止、中断black tea 红茶blood bank 血站、血库blow away 吹走both of sb. 两个人都……both…not… 不都是……(部分否定)break away from 脱离break down ①分解；破裂②(汽车)抛锚break in 打断……的话break into pieces 打(破)成碎片break off 折断、中断、罢工break one's promise/words破坏某人的诺言、食言break out 分裂、爆发break the record 打破纪录break the rules 违反规则break up 分解bring about 带来、造成bring down 使……下降bring in 引进bring on 引起、导致bring sth. to one's notice 使某人注意……bring up 抚育、养育build up 建立burn down 烧毁burn sth. to the ground 把……烧毁burn up 消耗burst in 闯进、闯入burst into flames 突然着火burst into tears/laughter 突然放声大哭/笑burst out doing 爆发；突然business sense 商业理念by and by 不久以后、很快的by chance 偶然by degrees 逐渐地by far 至今为止by means of 通过……的办法by occasionally 偶然的by ones and twos 三三两两地、零零落落地by oneself 独自地、独立地、单独地by the end 在……以前by thehour/day/week/minute/month/year 按小时/日/周/分/月/年算by the kilogramme/ton 按公斤/吨算by the time 一段时间前(引导时间状语从句)by the way 顺便说一下by this means 用这种方法by weight/length/volume 按重量/长度/容量算call a taxi 打的call at sp. 拜访某地call for ①要求②邀请call in sb. 派人去请call on sb. to do… 号召某人做某事call on sb. 拜访某人call one's attention to sth. 让某人引起对……的注意call to mind 想起call up sb. ①使……想起②给……打电话calm down 镇定下来can't help doing 情不自禁地……can't resist doing 不能抗拒做……carry about 携带、随身带carry away 冲垮；拿走carry forward 发展、发扬carry off 抢走、夺走carry on 进行、继续carry out one's promise 遵守某人的诺言carry out 实行carry with 进行、继续catch a cold 感冒catch fire 着火catch in 被……困住、绊住catch one's attention 吸引了……的注意catch sight of 看到……caught by the… 抓到某人的……(身体部位)cause sb. to be in such a state导致某人到这样的地步change A for B 用B替换Achange into 变成clear away 收拾走、清除clear out 把……请出去clear up ①天晴②解决climb over 翻越close to 靠近某地come about 发生come across 偶然遇见come along 进展、进行come at 袭击、向……打击come away 脱离、掉下come back ①回来②醒过来come down 下降come forth 向前come into being 形成、产生、存在(无被动)come into effect 生效、启用come off 脱离、掉下come on ①加油②进展come out ①产生、出现②被知道③出版、发行④结局、结果come right 直接come round 转身come to ①把注意力转向……②到来come to an end 消亡、灭亡、分裂come to one's notice 引起某人的注意come to oneself 苏醒、恢复知觉come to power 掌权come true 成为现实come up ①上升②发生③产生④(问题、话题、议题)被提出(无被动)come up to 过来come upon 偶然遇见command (that) sb. (should) do命令某人应该做某事(虚拟语气)compare A to B 把A比作Bcompare A with B 把A与B作比较compare notes 交换意见compared with/to A, B… 与A相比，B……(B不用比较级)congratulate sb./sth. (on sth.)祝贺……(取得……的成绩)congratulations on sth. ……的祝贺connect A to B 连接A与B(单方面)connect A with B 连接A与B(两方面)consider sb. to have done 认为某人做了某事consider sb./sth. to be/as把……看作consider sth./doing 考虑(做)……consist of 由……组成content oneself with sth.对……满意continue doing 一直做(同一件事)continue to do 继续做(下一件事)continue with sth. 继续做某事contribute sth. to sth. 为……贡献……convert sth. into sth. 把……转变成……could have done 本来能做成的(却没做成)(虚拟语气)couldn't have done 本来做不成的(却做成了)(虚拟语气)count on/upon 指望、依靠count sth. at 当作cover sth./sb. with sth. 用……盖住……cover the events 报道事件cross out 除去、勾销crowd off 挤出cry out 喊出去cure sb. of 治好某人的(病)cut away 切下；逃跑cut down 砍倒；缩减cut off 切断cut one's hair short 把……头发剪短cut out 切下；删除cut sth. in half 把……切成两半cut sth. into halves 把……切成两半cut sth. into two parts 把……切成两半cut up 割开；切碎daily goods 日用品dance around 到处跳dance to the music 伴着音乐跳舞dare to do 敢于……date back to 起源于、追溯到date from 起源于、追溯到day after day 日复一日day and night 一天到晚day by day 逐日deal in 经营deal with 处理、对待declare sb./sth. to be adj./n.宣称……是……(接形容词或名词)deep into the night 熬夜delay doing/sth. 推迟……demand (that) sb. (should) do要求某人应该做某事(虚拟语气)demand sth. of/from sb. 向某人要求……demand to do 要求去做depend on/upon 取决于、依赖于、依靠describe sth. to sb. 将……描述给(讲给)……despise of sb. 看不起determine sb. to do 使某人下决心做某事determine to do 下决心做某事develop a habit 养成习惯develop an interest in sth. 表现出对……的兴趣develop films 制作电影devote sth./oneself tosth./doing 把……奉献给……die away (气味、声音、光线)逐渐消失、变弱die down 平息、变弱、逐渐消失die from polluted air/overwork/an accident/… 因为(空气污染、过度劳累、事故等)而死die of grief/cold/hungry/oldage/… 因为(悲伤、寒冷、饥饿、年老等)而死die out 灭绝；死光、死绝dig out 挖出direct sb. to do 指导、要求某人去做direct that sb. should do 命令某人去做discourage sb. from sth./doing 阻碍某人做某事dislike doing/sb./sth. 不喜欢……dive off 从……跳水divide sth. by sth. ……除以…… divide sth. into 将……分成do a good deed 做好事do away with 废除do damage to 损害do good/harm to sb./sth. 对……有好处(坏处)do not give in an inch 一寸不让do research on/in/about/into sth. 研究……do sb. a favour 帮某人一个忙do sb. good/harm 对某人有好处(坏处)do sb. the favour to do/of doing 帮某人忙做……do sth. alone 自己、靠自己do sth. at the right time 在合适的时候做某事do sth. by hand 手工制作(常用被动)do sth. by turns 轮流做……、依次做……do sth. deep/far into the night 熬夜do sth. for fun 做……为了取乐do sth. in good faith 诚实地……do sth. on purpose 有目的地做do up ①系上、扣上②收拾整理do with 处理double one's output 使(产量等)成倍增长draw a deep breath 深呼吸draw conclusions 下结论draw in ①(车)进站②引诱draw one's attention 吸引某人注意力draw quick interest 获得快捷利润draw up 草拟、拟定dream of sth./doing 梦想drink to 为……干杯drive sb. to tears 使某人哭drop in at sp. 拜访某地drop in on sb. 拜访某人eager for 渴望early bird 早起者、早到者earn one's living 谋生easy-going 随和、平易近人eat one's words 收回某人(说过)的话eat up 吃光either A or B 是A或者是B(谓语动词就近一致)encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做……end up with 以……结束enter for 报名参加escape being done 逃避被……escape doing sth. 逃避做……escape from sp. 从……逃离ever lasting 永不停止的、永远的every one of sb./sth. ……中的每一个every other… 每两个……every two…每两个……except for 除了(用于两种不同的事物)expect sb. to do 期望某人……expect sth. to be done 期望某事被……expect to be/do 期望会……explain sth. to sb. 向某人解释……explain to sb. sth. 向某人解释……export to 向……出口face to face 面对面(作状语)face-to-face 面对面的(作定语)fail to do 失败、未做成fall asleep 睡着了fall behind 落后fall ill 生病fall in love with sb. 爱上某人fall off 掉下fall to pieces 消亡、灭亡、分裂、崩溃far and near 远近、到处、四面八方far and wide 广泛地far more interesting 更有趣far more 许多fast asleep 熟睡feed on sth. 以……为食feed sb./sth. with/on sth.用……喂养feed sth. to sb./sth. 把……喂养给……feel alone 感到孤单feel like doing…/sth. 喜爱(做)……feel lonely 感到孤单feel one's way 摸索着前进feel out 探索某人的意图feel sb. on the head 摸某人的头feel terrible 感觉不舒服feel well 感觉舒服few such mistakes 这么少的错误fight against 与……作斗争、与……交战fight back 回击fight for sth. 为了……而斗争figure on 指望、计划、打算figure out ①解决②计算出来、合计出fill with 充满find out 找出、查明find sb./sth. do 发现……做过……find sb./sth. doing 发现……正在……find sb./sth. done 发现……被……finish off 结束、完成fire at 向……开火fire escape 火灾安全出口fire out ①消沉、一蹶不振②开除、解雇fire up 火冒三丈、发火first aid 急救first of all 首先fit club 健身俱乐部fix a time/date for sth./doing确定……的日期fix a time/date to do 确定日期做某事fix A to B 把A固定在B上fix one's attention on sth. 把某人的注意力集中到……上fix one's eyes on sth. 目不转睛、凝视、把注意力集中在……上fix sb. sth. 为……准备……fix sth. for sb. 为……准备……float off 漂浮fly over (从上面)飞越fold up 折叠起来follow one's advice on 听从……的建议follow the rules 遵守规则fool about/around 游手好闲、闲荡fool sb. into doing sth. 哄骗某人做某事for (political) reasons 由于(政治)原因for a while 一段时间for ages 很久for example 例如for fear that 担心for free 免费的for God's sake 看在上帝的面上for good 永久地、一劳永逸地for instance 例如for one thing 首先for one's sake 为……起见for oneself 为了自己for sale 准备出售for the first time 第一次for the sake of 为……起见forbid sb. to do 禁止某人做某事force oneself to one's feet挣扎着站起来force sb. to do 强迫某人做…… foreign affairs 外交事务、外事、外务form a habit 养成习惯frankly speaking 坦白地说free from 没有、免除from a great distance 远距离from cover to cover 从头到尾from door to door 一家挨着一家from side to side 左右摇摆from that time on 从那时起from the beginning 从一开始from time to time 时常、经常gain in 获得generally speaking 一般来说get across 通过、越过、穿过get along (well) with ①与某人相处(得好) ②进展(顺利)get broken 弄坏了get burnt 烧着了get caught in 遇到get changed 换衣服get close to sth./sb. 与……接近get down to sth./doing 开始去做……get good from sth. 从……中得到好处get hold of 把握住；抓住get hurt 受伤了get in touch with 与……取得联系get in 进入get into ①坐进(轿车、出租车等) ②陷入(某种状态)之中get into the habit of 养成……的习惯get it settled 确定get married 结婚(强调动作)get off ①下车②脱下get on (well) with sb./sth. 与某人(事、物)相处(得好)get on the right track 走上正轨get over 恢复、克服get paid ……被付钱、得钱、挣钱get ready for sth. 准备好……get rid of 去除get sb. to do/doing/done 让某人……get separated 分开get sth. on ……有某事get sth. ready for 为……作准备get through ①接通(电话) ②通过(考试) ③完成(工作、任务)④通过(议案、计划) ⑤消息传到……get tired of sth./doing 感到厌倦get to know sb. (刚刚)认识某人get to 够得着get together 聚会get up to one's feet 站起来get word 得到消息get worse 越来越坏了give a birth to a baby 生小孩give a hand 帮助give a promise 许下诺言give A sth. for B 把为B准备的……给Agive a talk 做报告；做演讲give a thought to sb./sth. 想象、思考give an order for sth. 订购……give away 把……送出去give back 送回去、拿回去give birth to 生产、生育give in 屈服、投降、让步(不及物)give off 散发、发出(气味、光线、声音)give one'slove/wishes/regards to sb.给某人的(问候等)give out ①发出(气味、光线、声音) ②用尽③精疲力尽give over 交托、停止、放弃give sb. a lift 搭车give sb. a message 给(收信人)留/传个信give sb. advice on sth./how todo 给某人……的建议give sb. sth. 把……给某人give sth. away 把……送出去give up sth./doing 放弃give way to 让位给……go aboard a plane/ship 登飞机/船go abroad 出国go after 追逐、追求go against 违背Go ahead. (口语)鼓励某人做某事、去做吧go all the way back to the timeof 起源于go bad 变坏go by 经过go down 下降、减弱go in for 从事、投身于go mad about sth./doing 痴迷于……，为……疯狂go missing 不见、丢失go off ①离去②变质go off duty 下班go on a trip on sp. 游览、参观某地go on board 登(船、飞机)go out 出去；(灯火)熄灭go over to 到……去go over 温习、复习；检查go through ①穿过②仔细察看③经历go to sp. for a holiday 到……度假go up to 上到……上go up 上升、增强go with ①和……一起去②(颜色、款式等)搭配Good luck with your trip. 祝你一路顺风。
学术英语必须掌握的英语语法知识点汇总
学术英语必须掌握的英语语法知识点汇总在学术写作中，正确使用英语语法非常重要。
下面是一些学术英语必须掌握的英语语法知识点的汇总：1. 时态- 过去时态：用于描述过去发生的事情，如"I conducted a research study last year."- 现在时态：用于描述当前的事实或常规，如"Research shows that..."- 将来时态：用于描述将来要发生的事情，如"I will present my findings at the conference next week."2. 主谓一致- 当主语为单数时，谓语动词也要用单数形式，如"The experiment *is* ongoing."- 当主语为复数时，谓语动词也要用复数形式，如"The results *show* that..."3. 名词性从句- 名词性从句可作主语、宾语或表语，如"What he said*surprised* me."- 名词性从句引导词包括that, whether, who, whom, whose, which等。
4. 句子结构- 并列句：两个或多个句子并列在一起，用and, but, or等连词连接，如"I conducted the experiment, and I analyzed the data."- 从句：一个句子包含一个或多个从句，如"If the results are inconclusive, further research is needed."5. 限定词- 冠词：a, an, the- 代词：he, she, it, they, them等- 形容词：描述名词的特征或性质的词，如"important," "interesting"6. 介词- 介词用于表达方向、位置、时间等关系，如"in," "on," "at," "of," "to"学术英语的语法知识点是非常广泛的，上述只是一些基本的要点。
学科英语语言知识点总结
学科英语语言知识点总结IntroductionAcademic English refers to the use of the English language in the context of learning and researching in higher education institutions. It is characterized by a more formal and technical style of writing, and it is used to convey complex ideas and communicate in academic settings. In order to effectively engage in academic English, it is essential to have a strong understanding of the language and its various components. This article will provide a comprehensive summary of key language knowledge points in academic English, including grammar, vocabulary, and discourse.GrammarGrammar is the structure of language, and it is essential for understanding and producing coherent and accurate sentences. In academic English, there are several key grammar points that are particularly important.Tense and AspectUnderstanding tense and aspect is crucial for expressing the time and duration of an action or event. There are several tenses in English, including past, present, and future, as well as various aspects that convey the completeness or progressiveness of an action. For example, the simple past tense is used to describe completed actions in the past, while the present perfect tense is used to link the past and the present, indicating that an action has occurred at an unspecified time before now.Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-verb agreement refers to the relationship between the subject and the verb in a sentence. The verb must agree with the subject in terms of number and person. For example, in the sentence "She walks to school," the singular subject "she" requires the singular form of the verb "walks."ArticlesArticles are small words that refer to a noun and indicate whether it is specific or general. There are two types of articles in English: definite (the) and indefinite (a/an). Understanding when and how to use articles is important for conveying precision and specificity in academic writing.ParallelismParallelism involves using the same grammatical structure for similar ideas within a sentence or paragraph. This ensures that the writing is clear, balanced, and cohesive. For example, "She enjoys hiking, swimming, and cycling" demonstrates parallelism in listing activities.ModifiersModifiers are words or phrases that provide additional information about a noun or verb. It is important to place modifiers close to the words they modify to avoid ambiguity or confusion. Additionally, proper placement of modifiers helps to create smooth and coherent sentences.ConjunctionsConjunctions are words that connect clauses or sentences. There are different types of conjunctions, including coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or) and subordinating conjunctions (because, although). Understanding how to use conjunctions effectively is essential for creating complex and varied sentence structures.Modal VerbsModal verbs are auxiliary verbs that express possibility, necessity, or ability. Examples of modal verbs include can, could, may, might, must, and should. Modal verbs are often used to convey degrees of certainty, obligation, or permission.PrepositionsPrepositions are words that indicate the relationship between nouns, pronouns, and other words in a sentence. They are essential for expressing location, time, and direction. Proper use of prepositions is important for conveying precise meaning in academic writing.PunctuationPunctuation marks, such as commas, semicolons, and colons, are essential for organizing and structuring written language. Proper punctuation helps to clarify meaning, indicate pauses, and separate clauses and phrases. Additionally, punctuation contributes to the overall coherence and flow of the writing.VocabularyVocabulary refers to the words and phrases used in a particular language. In academic English, a rich and varied vocabulary is essential for expressing complex ideas and engaging with academic texts. Key vocabulary knowledge points include:Academic Word ListThe Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of words that are commonly found in academic texts across different disciplines. These words are considered essential for academic success and are often used to assess English language proficiency. Examples of words from the AWL include analyze, hypothesis, methodology, and variable.Discipline-Specific VocabularyIn addition to general academic vocabulary, it is important to develop an understanding of discipline-specific vocabulary related to a particular area of study, such as biology, psychology, or economics. This vocabulary includes technical terms and jargon that are used within a specific field and are essential for effective communication and comprehension.Word FormationUnderstanding word formation processes, such as prefixes, suffixes, and root words, is important for expanding vocabulary and understanding the meanings of unfamiliar words. For example, the prefix "pre-" means "before," and the suffix "-ology" denotes "the study of."CollocationsCollocations are words that often occur together and have a natural and idiomatic relationship. For example, we say "make progress," "conduct research," and "reach a conclusion" rather than using different verbs with the same nouns. Understanding collocations is important for natural and effective language use.Synonyms and AntonymsSynonyms are words that have the same or similar meanings, while antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. Developing a strong knowledge of synonyms and antonyms is important for enriching vocabulary and avoiding repetition in writing.DiscourseDiscourse refers to the organization and structure of written and spoken language, including the ways in which ideas are connected and presented. Understanding discourse knowledge points is essential for producing coherent and cohesive academic communication.Paragraph StructureA well-structured paragraph consists of a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence. The topic sentence introduces the main idea of the paragraph, while the supporting sentences provide evidence, examples, and explanations. The concluding sentence summarizes the key points and connects the paragraph to the overall argument. Coherence and CohesionCoherence refers to the overall clarity and logical progression of ideas in a piece of writing, while cohesion refers to the ways in which different parts of the text are connected and relate to each other. An effective academic text is both coherent, with clear and logical organization, and cohesive, with smooth transitions and connections between ideas. ArgumentationArgumentation involves presenting and supporting a claim or position with evidence, reasoning, and justification. Effective argumentation in academic writing requires logical and critical thinking, as well as the use of rhetorical strategies and persuasive language.Summarizing and ParaphrasingSummarizing and paraphrasing are important skills for engaging with academic texts and incorporating sources into one's own writing. Both summarize and paraphrase key information from an original text, but they differ in terms of length and level of detail. Quoting and ReferencingQuoting involves using the exact words of an original source, while referencing involves citing the ideas, information, or data of others. Proper quoting and referencing are important for acknowledging sources, supporting arguments, and avoiding plagiarism. ConclusionIn conclusion, academic English encompasses a wide range of language knowledge points, including grammar, vocabulary, and discourse. Developing a strong understanding of these language components is essential for effectively communicating and engaging in academic settings. By mastering key grammar points, expanding vocabulary knowledge, and understanding discourse structures, students and researchers can produce clear, coherent, and compelling academic writing.Overall, academic English requires a high level of language proficiency and a deep understanding of the language's various components. With continuous practice and attention to language knowledge points, individuals can effectively engage with academic texts, present complex ideas, and contribute to the academic community.。
(教师专用)2015届英语高考总复习语言基础知识 考点归纳拓展：选修七 Module 5 Ethnic Culture
[核心单词]fasten v．固定(某物)，使(某物)牢固；系牢，扎牢[经典例句]“Fasten your seatbelts”，Hockfield said.(2012·四川·阅读理解D) Hockfield说道：“系好你的安全带。
”fasten...on/to...把……固定到……上fasten one's attention on 集中注意力于；认真地考虑fasten up系住，使联结在一起，把拉链拉好①Please ____________ your work.请把注意力集中在工作上。
②He ________ his coat and hurried out.他扣好大衣就匆匆出去了。
③The students wrote down their names and fastened them to their breast pockets as I required.按照我的要求，学生把名字写在卡片上并把那些卡片别在胸前口袋上。
答案①fasten your attention on②fastened upadjust v．使适应；适应；调节，调整；校准[经典例句]When economic circumstances change, business needs time to adjust.当经济环境改变的时候，企业需要时间来适应。
(1)adjust sth to sth调整……以适应……adjust to sth/doing sth 适应于(做)……adjust oneself to 使自己适应于……(2)adjustment n. 调整；调节；适应make an adjustment /adjustments作出调整①He can't adjust himself to the whirl of modern life in this big city.他无法适应这个大都市的现代生活的忙碌。
大学英语精读材料2015版 复习重点
Test OnePart 1: VocabularyFill in each of the blanks in the following sentences with a word or phrase from the box below. Change the forms where necessary.1.Many of the students ______ that the exam was too hard.2.Can you turn the music down, please? I can’t ______ on my work.3.You ______ fail the exam if you don’t do any revision.4.At first, Tom found it difficult to ______ what his teachers said in class.5.After spending a year in Australia, the little girl has gained quite a good ______ of spoken English.6.The newly-elected government has begun the painful ______ of working out its policies and strategies.7.______ being fun and good exercise, swimming is a very useful skill.8.After explaining his plan in great detail, Bob ______ its main points in a few sentences.9.Young as she is, Mary is very good at ______ difficult customers.10.The marketing department is working on new ______ to improve the company’s share of the market.Part 2: Paragraph Information MatchingIn this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.The Truth about Sports and Weight LossBy Katrina CollinsDangers of Extreme Weight Loss and Gain in MMA.A)According to a study by Michelle T. Barrack from the University of California, Davis, and her colleagues, "Teenagegirls who stringently restrict their energy intake while involved in endurance sports may end up with low bone density.Preliminary evidence from a study involving 93 female high school cross-country runners shows an association between low bone mass values and more intensive dietary restraint, according to a report in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition."B) For the 13-to-18 year-old athletes assessed, investigators defined high levels of dietary restriction as "girls who reportednot eating for 8 hours or more, consciously restricting amounts or types of food, and following strict calorie or serving size limits for 16 days or longer during the month."C) Measurements of the girls’ bone mineral density in the lower spine and thighbone (股骨) were recorded, and the resultswere not surprising —they found that the girls with increased dietary restraint had the lowest bone mass values.Conversely, the study found that "weight or shape concerns in the absence of dietary restraint practices were not associated with low bone mass."D) According to Barrack, "These findings suggest that young runners and their support system, including parents, coaches,and athletic trainers, should make sure that girls expending hundreds of calories on a daily basis are not stringently restricting their energy intake." The same could be said about young women in mixed martial arts (MMA).E) Many females are taking up martial arts and in particular, MMA. While MMA is one of the fastest growing sports in theworld today, female fighters are still struggling with finding fights. They want to fight but the problem is finding worthy opponents and available venues. Oftentimes, in order to compete, they're forced to quickly reduce or increase their weight to accommodate another fighter and fit into their weight class. This may be an easy thing to do when you're 18, 21, or 25 and in fact you may not even feel the damage done to your body during this time. But you will feel the results as you get older. Your bones will become brittle and break easily. As a fighter in MMA, this should be the last thing you want to have happen.F) This leads to the question: are there other options available? YES! As an athlete, and as a fighter, you actually have a lotof options. The first, of course, is to "just say no"! If an event promoter calls you to fight at below or above your normal weight, say NO. Even if your manager or agent asks you to change your weight, don't do it. And if they do, go find another manager. I don't know about you, but I'd rather have someone who had my best interests at heart, not theirs. It's one of the reasons why you're paying them. So don't get caught up into that trap. If enough of us keep saying "NO", they'll stop asking, and instead will be forced to look for and find two fighters who are starting from the same weight class.G) Don't eat fast foods. Have you seen "Super Size Me" or "Fast Food Nation"? Yeah. Stuff isn't good for you. I mean, thinkabout it. You train all day long, now your body's starving for fuel, and you give it junk. Not just normal junk, but the kind that'll clog up your arteries (动脉), make you sluggish, and kill you. No kidding. According to , fast food places (I refuse to call them restaurants) don't use normal cooking oil which of course is full of fat. Rather, they use a SPECIALL Y-CREATED cooking oil that is generally special hydrogenated (使氢化合物的) cooking oil. Check it out that they even make sure their special cooking oil "undergoes a process designed to increase its shelf life. This process makes it downright dangerous for human consumption as it produces high levels of trans-fats. These fat compounds are barely recognizable as food by the human body and end up getting stored as fat cells or heading right to an artery to start clogging it up." (SOURCE: /dangers-fast-food) And we wonder why we see so many fighters and athletes who are still fat. We wonder ourselves why we're so sluggish.We work out, train hard — and then hit the drive-thru window on the way home. Question answered.H) Do you really want to clog up your arteries? Lose your bone density? Starve yourself? All for the sake of a 15 minutefight? If so, you need to rethink some things.I) How about another option? Eat well and use some good old fashioned common sense by eating "whole" foods. What are the whole foods you ask? I can hear a lot of you right now. "I'm no hippie! I don't want to eat all that organic crap! It's too expensive and I hate that health food stuff! I don't have a health food store in my area!" That's not what I said. I said "whole foods." Whole foods are foods that have undergone very little processing and that have been grown or producedwithout the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. You can find this stuff at your local grocery store! No kidding! It's all found in the fresh food section and in the outskirts of the store. So you need to eat things like fresh vegetables, fruit, nuts, milk, eggs, cheese, yogurt, beans (not the kind in a jar), rice, etc. Think of it this way, whole foods are usually those types of foods that will spoil after a period of time, if you don't refrigerate or eat it. If you stick to these foods, your body will love and reward you! You'll lose weight if you need to, gain weight (unless you're one of those with a really fast metabolism (新陈代谢) and have a hard time gaining ) if you need to, and/or maintain your weight once you get to your optimum level. You'll feel good, train well, sleep well and feel fit and full!J) Another option? Follow a quality nutritional program. (Notice I didn't say "diet" program. Your "diet" is actually what you eat every day. It's not really what you do to lose weight, although that's what we've turned it into. So I don't use the word diet anymore. Nutritional program sounds so much better, don't you think?) Eat healthy. Stick to good, whole foods. Eat what I call "good protein" like nuts and beans with rice. And if you think I'm kidding, ask my friends who've spent any amount of time with me. I drink juice, and I eat a lot of nuts, dates, raisins, and fruit. My body loves that stuff more now than anything! Additionally, I've found that the nutritional plan described by Dr. Robert Haas in his book "Eat to Win the Sports: Nutrition Bible for a New Generation" to be a good one to follow, but that's just my personal opinion. (I'm not endorsing it, just telling you what's worked for me.)K) No matter what, stop starving yourself to lose weight, or piling up the protein and to gain a bunch of weight before a fight. Start eating healthy NOW! Let your body figure out the weight it SHOULD be and stay there. And the next time a promoter asks you to change your weight to accommodate another fighter for an event — JUST SAY NO!______ 1. Female MMA fighters quickly increase or decrease their weight so as to find their proper opponents or fit into their weight class.______ 2. According to a report in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, more intensive dietary restraint is associated with low bone mass values in female high-school runners.______ 3. A nutritional program is to stick to good, whole foods, such as nuts and beans with rice.______ 4. It's not recommended to eat fast foods, because they are harmful to our health.______ 5. Whether you are going to gain or lose weight, you should start eating healthy and make it clear about your ideal weight.______ 6. Female MMA fighters shouldn't stringently restrict their energy intake.______ 7. So many fighters and athletes are still fat because of high intake of fast foods.______ 8. Whole foods will benefit human body a lot in the long run.______ 9. Stringent restrictions of energy intake might be the cause of lower bone mass values in the athletes being assessed.______ 10. MMA athletes are supposed to say “NO” when their manager or agent asks them to c hange their weight or fight at below or above their normal weight.Part 3: Reading ComprehensionThere are two passages followed by some multiple choice questions. Choose the best answer for each question. Passage 1Minh Pham was born in Vietnam(越南). He left when he was 21 years old. Minh has been in America for almost two years. There is still much he does not understand about America.Once Minh was in a grocery store. He saw an old man and an old woman. They wanted a box of cereal(麦片). The box w as on a high shelf. The man and woman couldn’t reach it .Minh saw a stepladder. He got on the ladder and got the box. He handed it to the elderly couple. They thanked him.“Where are your children?” asked Minh. “Why don’t they help you buy food?”“Our children have their own lives,” said the man and woman. “We like to be free to do as we like.” Minh doesn’t think this is right. In his country, children help their parents. Minh gave the elderly couple his phone number. He told them to call him if they needed help. One night they asked Minh to dinner, but they never asked him for help.One day, Minh was walking with a Vietnamese friend. The two were going to a film. Minh wanted to go to a restaurant first. Minh took his friend’s hand. He pulled him toward the restaurant. People on the street stared at Minh. In Vietnam, friends often hold hands. Minh found out that people in America are not used to men holding hands.Minh Pham is going through a process known as resocialization (重新与社会公认准则保持一致). Socialization is the process through which a person learns to live in a society. Everyone goes through this process. Minh went through it when he lived in Vietnam. But the Vietnamese way of life is much different from the American way of life. When Minh came to America, he had to learn a new way of life. He had to learn how to live in a new society.Minh has learned a lot about American life in two years. He still has a lot to learn. The process of resocialization can take many years.1. The main idea of the passage is that one should ____________.A. ignore cultural differencesB. learn to live in the new countryC. travel all over the worldD. learn to act on one’s own2. According to the passage, Minh thought the old couple should ____________.A. ask their children for helpB. encourage each other and help each otherC. rely on themselvesD. live a quiet and comfortable life3. The passage tells us that it is necessary for ____________ to learn to live in a new society.A. people who have a hard lifeB. everyone who comes to a new environmentC. Asians who have not learned a foreign language and lack practical experienceD. those who have a smooth life in their own country.4. It seemed that people felt surprised when they saw that Minh and his friend_____.A. were VietnameseB. were immigrants (移民)C. were holding handsD. were quarreling5. It is hard to ____________ when one comes to a new country.A. learn as many foreign languages as possibleB. get used to the local weather and climateC. greet foreignersD. avoid culture shock and get used to the new life Passage 2Someone said to a man, “Travel and see the world.” He answered, “Why should I? People are the same everywhere. They are born. They are babies. They are children. They are adults. They grow old. They die .They have the same feelings. They feel love and hate, happiness and sadness, security and fear, pride and shame. That is why I do not want to travel. I can learn everything here. I’m going to stay home.”The man was right. He was also wrong. People are the same, but people are also different. They all have the same pattern of life — birth, youth, old age and death. But these stages of life have different values in different cultures. Also, while all people have the same feelings, the causes of these feelings are different. A situation that may bring happiness in one place may not bring happiness in another place.For example, in many countries old age is a happy time. Young people in these countries show respect to the old. In Korea, old people are honored and respected. When they are too old to live alone, they live with a son, daughter, or other relatives. When they become 61 years old, it is a very happy and important event. There is a big party with many guests.They receive many gifts. When people reach this time in life, the attitudes of their family and their community change toward them. Their position in life is good because they receive honors and respect. Everyone looks forward to this time.In the United States, it is quite different for old people. Most old people do not live with their children or relatives. For many North Americans, old age is not a happy time. Most North Americans want to stay young. They try to act like young people as long as possible. They even try to speak the language of the young. They do not like to grow old because they will not get honor or respect or attention. Also, businesses do not want old people to work for them. So, old people usually live alone and they do not have many things to do. Old age can be a sad and lonely time for them.6. The reason why the man did not have the intention of travelling was that _____.A. he thought he already knew about people in other places.B. he was too old to travel any moreC. he could not understand people in other countries since he was deafD. he preferred to stay home to enjoy his leisure time.7. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. People all over the world are the same, but they are also different.B. Different values are reflected in different stages of life in different cultures.C. People react differently to the same situation.D. The reasons for the same feelings are also the same in different cultures.8. In Korea, people__________.A. think being young is the same as being oldB. are afraid of old ageC. are longing for old ageD. value their youth most9. Compared with American old people, the old in Korea _____.A. enjoy living alone and supporting themselves.B. Can lead an honored and respected lifeC. Can act like the youngD. Are not respected and do not receive due attention10. The word “businesses” in Paragraph 4 means_______.A. managersB. consumersC. shops or factoriesD. busy peoplePart 4: ClozeIn this part, you will read a passage with 10 blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the one that best fits into the passage.Learning (1) help make the difficult task of studying English easier. For instance, it is beneficial to treat new words in different ways according to how (2) they occur in everyday use: active words you must practice over and over again; useful words you must (3) to memory; words that seldom occur in everyday situations require just a nodding (4) . It also pays to watch out (5) idiomatic ways of saying things in English. As idiomatic usage often causes difficulties for Chinese students, you must pay close attention to the way native speakers (6) .Language learning is, in fact, an active (7) . Students who make a conscious effort to practice English, who seek out (8) to use what they have learned, are more successful than those who rely (9) the teacher to do the whole job. Undoubtedly, it is all important to put into practice through speaking and writing what you have (10) from reading and listening.1. A. stages B. strategies C. tragedies D. remedies2. A. rare B. rarely C. frequent D. frequently3. A. commit B. put C. give D. take4. A. assistance B. resistance C. instance D. acquaintance5. A. in B. of C. for D. at6. A. advocate B. complicate C. communicate D. associate7. A. proceed B. precede C. process D. possess8. A. solutions B. conditions C. approaches D. opportunities9. A. on B. in C. at D. to10. A. heard B. absorbed C. practiced D. readPart 5: TranslationComplete the following sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.1. It is well known that this disease ________________________________________(至少部分地是由于吸烟过多).2. Mary complained that she ____________________________________________(常发现和她女儿无法沟通).3. I hope you can ______________________ (拿出一个比这更好的解决办法).4. __________________________ (当他渐渐获得了信心), his words came out spontaneously.5. These expensive drawings must not _______________________ (直接暴露在阳光之下) .Test TwoPart 1: VocabularyFill in each of the blanks in the following sentences with a word or phrase from the box below. Change the forms where1.Our history professor explained the ______ cause of the First World War.2.As a fireman, you must be ready to ______ hardships and even suffer death.3.I think we should let Mary go camping with her classmates. ______, she is a big girl now.4.After much thought, we ______ agreed to let him go.5.They’ve ______ for her to be operated on by the best doctors.6.Jim had a ______ problem with his car, but he fixed it himself.7.To the old lady’s great ______ , Myra did not come, nor did she send her any present.8.Prof. Smith is not a stranger to us. We’ve met him o several ______.9.He hasn’t got enough clothes on — look, he’s ______ with cold.10.Let’s go to the park. It’s just ______.Part 2: Paragraph Information MatchingIn this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Are You Superstitious?By Cristina NutaA)When was the last time you crossed your fingers or said, "Bless you" to someone who sneezed? Have you felt awfulwhen you've broken a mirror? Do you own a rabbit's foot? Do you get the heebie jeebies on Friday the 13th? If any of the above rings a bell, then join the over 50% of the population who admit to being a bit superstitious.B)It is very well-known that many people nowadays believe in superstitions. For example, Tuesdays are considered to beunlucky days and we expect three bad things to happen to us during such a day. Then, if it is Friday, the thirteenth, other bad happenings will wait for us. Not to forget the owl singing at night just in one of the trees we have near our house, as it will announce that maybe somebody close to us will soon die. But one of the most unlucky signs that something horrible will happen to us in the proximate future is to see a black cat crossing our way. And if that black cat passes in front of us especially before our exam in Math, then it is well-known that our test paper will be a failure.C)Some Superstitions Are Obvious:If you dry your hands on a towel while someone else is using it, you'll fight with that person (probably before your hands are dry)●It's bad luck to leave your house with all the doors open (but good luck for burglars)●Never hit a child with a broom, it will make him stupid (especially if you hit him over the head)●It's bad luck to kick a cat (possibly for you as well as the cat)●It's bad luck to put three lamps on a table (especially if you plug them all into the same power point)●Shoes on a bed will cause a family fight (particularly if they are muddy)D) Some Superstitions Are Surprising:●If you kiss your elbow, you'll change your sex (cheaper than surgery)●If a girl steps over a broom lying on the floor, she'll be a mother before she's a wife (must be a lot of brooms lyingabout)●If you sew on a Sunday you'll have to rip out every stitch with your nose before you can get into heaven (I used totry something similar by telling my kids they'd have to eat their mountain of discarded veggies before they got into heaven — that didn't work either)●You must never greet the sun by speaking to it, e.g. "Hello sun", when it re-appears after being overcast, or it willgo right back into the clouds again. (No wonder it rains so much in Ireland.)●Apparently if you cross your fingers when you tell a lie, it doesn't count against your character. (Someonesuggested that this is why so many politicians keep their hands in their pockets when they speak).E)Superstitions are activities that have no effect on events but exist because of coincidental rewards and society'sprejudices. They are rooted in the philosophy that a symbolic act will bring about a physical reality. In a world where we face so many important and uncertain challenges, superstitions provide the illusion that we can somehow control our fates. We derive comfort from thinking we can either avoid an undesirable result or bring about a desired result.Superstitions reduce tension and give us a sense that what we're doing can help us out. In this way, they can be extremely useful tools.F)Even if you're not a believer, we think you'll get a kick out of some of the behaviors people practice in the hope theywill bring them luck. Throughout history, around the globe, strange rituals live on. In China consumers are willing to pay huge sums of money for the right phone number and will shun others. One businessman paid $20,000 for a number he liked. The worst possible combination is one ending in 547424, because in Chinese it sounds like, "I die, my wife dies, my child dies." In the Philippines, if you're taking a picture with two friends, don't stay in the middle as something bad might happen to you. Position yourself in either the left or right, or better yet add a few more people to the photo.Oh, and never take a bath on the day of your birthday... it brings bad luck. In Cuba if you leave a glass of water at your bedside overnight and there are bubbles in the glass the next morning, you are surrounded by good spirits. Women tend to be significantly more superstitious than men —or at least they admit to it in more studies —and less educated people have more superstitions than better educated. Being superstitious is often a family tradition. If your parents are, chances are you will be too.G)Superstitions help out with the performance anxiety that is an occupational hazard for lots of athletes. Baseball playerWade Boggs has eaten chicken before each game for over twenty years. Basketball player Michael Jordan admits he has to lace up his shoes a certain way before every game. Babe Ruth took a swat at butterflies on the diamond because hewas sure they were bad luck. Hockey legend Wayne Gretzky habitually tucked the right side of his jersey(运动衫) behind his hip pads for luck before every game.H)Weddings are rich in superstitious ritual. A bride wears "something borrowed" from a previous bride who has a happymarriage; she wears "something blue" because it signifies virtue. A Chinese bride is never supposed to look in a mirror to insure there will only be one bride.I)Actors are considered to be in one of the most superstitious professions. Everyone knows you never wish an actor goodluck. Instead you say, "Break a leg." By wishing someone good luck, you're supposed to give your own luck away. Real flowers, jewels, money, mirrors and coffins are considered bad luck onstage. It's good luck if an actor's shoes squeak on his entrance, or if a cat makes its home in the theater. Fear of change is usually at the heart of actors' superstitions. If he has a success on opening night, he hesitates to change anything during the run.J)So superstitions are rooted in the profound lack of self-control we feel, especially in anxious times. Our minds create explanations for phenomena beyond our comprehension. So rub a rabbit's foot and pluck some daisies (he does love you, after all). Especially in today's world, it can't hurt!______ 1. In the Philippines, you are advised not to stand in the middle while taking a photo with two friends, because something bad might happen to you.______ 2. It is an obvious superstition to believe putting shoes on a bed will result in a family fight.______ 3. Over half of the population admitted that they are somehow superstitious.______ 4. Superstitions can be very useful because they can make us less nervous while facing uncertain challenges.______ 5. According to a superstitious belief, seeing a black cat running across your way is an unlucky sign.______ 6. Performance anxiety may be relieved by superstitions for many athletes.______ 7. The author holds the view that never greeting the sun is a surprising superstition.______ 8. Illiterate women are most likely to be superstitious.______ 9. In a wedding ceremony, a bride puts on something blue, which indicates virtue.______ 10. For the phenomena that we fail to comprehend, we create explanations, which become superstitions.Part 3: Reading ComprehensionThere are two passages followed by some multiple choice questions. Choose the best answer for each question. Passage 1The advantages and disadvantages of a large population have long been a subject of discussion among economists. It has been argued that the supply of good land is limited. To feed a large population, poor land must be cultivated(耕种) and the good land worked intensively(精耕细作地). Thus, each person produces less and this means a lower average income than could be obtained with a smaller population. Other economists have argued that a large population gives more chance of development of facilities such as ports, roads, and railways, which are not likely to be built unless there is a big demand.One of the difficulties in carrying out a worldwide birth control grogram lies in the fact that official attitudes to population growth vary(变化) from country to country depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials. In the developing country where a vastly expanded populations is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, the first concern of government will be to set a limit on the birthrate, whatever the final。
大学英语学术英语知识点总结
Unit 11. What is definition?A definition is a statement which captures the meaning, the use, the properties, the function and the essence of a term, a thing or a concept.2. Why is it important to define things or concepts in a clear way?A clear definition helps to avoid misunderstandings or confusions.3. Why should the abstract concepts be defined?A clear definition is required for abstract concepts, such as ‘happiness’, because the definition may change from person to person.4. How many parts does a formal definition consist of? What are they?A formal definition contains three parts: the term, class and differentiating features.5. What types of definition have you learned? In what way do they mainly differ?One-sentence definition (a formal/naming definition) and an extended definition.They mainly differ in length.6. What are the narrative materials which can be used for an extended definition?An extended definition uses narrative materials such as facts, examples, anecdotes, etc. to interpret a term.7. Why should an extended definition be used?Extended definitions will help you get a concept or theory cross to the audience. Making an extended definition requires you to think more carefully about your intended audience and what they need to know.8. How will you write an extended definition?Step 1. Specify the term being defined and its category or class.Step 2. Present clear and basic information of the differentiating features.Step 3. Expand by adding more specific information.Step 4. Use such narrative materials as facts, examples, or anecdotes that readers can understand better.9. In academic contexts, narrative materials cover a broad scope. What can be used as narrative materials?Descriptions, book reports, proposals, presentation of data, explanation of ideas, illustration of evidence, examples, etc.Unit 21. What is contextualization?The process of introducing background information is called contextualization. In any kind ofwriting, providing background information is essential to familiarizing the reader with thetopic and helping the audience get a fuller picture of the topic.2. Could you list several types of context?The cultural, economic, political, historical, social, philosophical, or technological context.3. Where can you find the contextualization of a research problem in an academicarticle?In the introductory section.4. What kind of plane figure does the structure of an introduction resemble?An inverted triangle.5. Where does contextualization fit within the inverted triangle introduction?DefiningBriefly introducing and explaining the research topicContextualizingPutting the research problem into context and pointingout the gap in knowledge6. What are the different types of introduction?1) Inverted triangle introduction2) Contrast introduction3) Anecdote introduction4) Question/quotation introduction7. What kind of writing is mainly used in introducing background information?Description.Unit 31. What is classification?Classification is the process of arranging items into categories based on shared characteristics. Classification is a convenient way to organize information to make thingsclearer and to avoid confusion.2. A common standard should be employed to rate and rank the categories, and toensure that the categories follow a single organizing principle.3. What is the difference between comparison and contrast?Comparison emphasizes the similarities between things, ideas, concepts, or points of view, while contrast emphasizes the differences.4. What is the difference between comparison and mere description?1)The similarities or differences between things are analyzed in comparison in order tomake connections and generate an interesting analysis.2)Description is to present information, accepted knowledge, observations, process ormethod objectively.Unit 41. What are the possible relationships between two notions?1) a causal relationship2)an inclusive relationship3)an opposite relationship4) a parallel relationship2. How do the different relationships function in explaining a notion?Generally, these relationships will provide a clear outline for writers to present a notion and a clear structure for readers to obtain information from the explanation.3. What is an analogy?An analogy is a comparison between two things, usually for the purpose of explanation or clarification. It aims to explain one thing by comparing it to something that is familiar.4. What are the features of an effective analogy?1)On the basis of an exact or similar idea2)Simplicity3)Clear embodiment of the concept or relationship between things5. What effective tools can be used to draw an analogy?Metaphors and similes are tools used to draw an analogy. However, analogy is more extensive and elaborate than either a simile or a metaphor.6. What should be taken into consideration when explanations are given?Just like the targeted audience should be considered while you define new concepts or ideas, you should also consider contexts and situations.7. What are the suggested steps to achieve a logical structure of explanation?1)Clarify your thinking by writing down all the necessary and important details.2)Structure those details logically by deciding which should be explained first andwhich later.Unit 51. What is a summary?A summary is a condensed version of the original text or lecture.2. What is the purpose of a summary?The purpose of a summary is to give the reader a clear, objective picture of the original text.3. The summary of a research paper is found in its Abstract（摘要）.4. In general an abstract includes: objective/aim/purpose; design/methodology; results/findings; conclusions5. When reading a book, one can situate and evaluate the book by reading its publishing details（出版信息）, and navigate the book by reading its table of contents（目录）6. The three reading strategies helping readers to grasp the main idea of an academic text:Skimming and scanning （跳读和略读/浏览）Intensive reading （精读/细读）Analysis of cohesion （分析衔接/信息之间的逻辑关系）7. When you write summaries, you should follow some conventions. They are:1)Quote selectively (selectively or extensively? )2)When you quote, use quotation marks and document the quotation. Failure to do sois plagiarism3)Use present (present or past?) tense to summarize.4)Use summarizing language, for example : the article claims (provide one example)8. What criteria can be adopted to evaluate a summary?1)Accurately and objectively represents the author’s central claim and keysupporting details.2)The summary is not merely listing the main ideas, but show how the reasons supportthe central claim.9. What are the four steps to summarize an article?1)Read the original text intensively to grasp its meaning.2)Note down the main idea and the major supporting ideas.3)Draft your summary, using a mix of paraphrased and quoted material from the text.4)Revise the draft to meet the requirements (Length, grammar, format, documentation,etc.)Unit 61. What is synthesis?It is the act of combining separate things into a coherent whole. It involves analysis related to classification and division, comparison and contrast. It makes use of the ideas of other people, combining sources into one's own words in order to further understanding or establish context.2. What is key to a synthesis?Searching for the flaws, weaknesses, or limitations, and any potential links between various sources, is key to a synthesis.3. What is the difference between a summary and a synthesis?Summary: A summary is a recap or restatement of the important information of the source. The ideas, information and arguments of each source are stated in a concise manner. Synthesis: A synthesis critically analyzes and evaluates the information, including a critical analysis of the relationship between different sources, relate the sources to the author’s own research.Unit 71. What is a literature review?A literature review is a critical survey of important articles, books and other primary sources related to a research topic.2. What are the four ways of organizing a literature review?Literature reviews are often organized in one of these ways: chronologically, thematically, methodologically, or in a combination of these ways.3. What should an author do to make a chronological review?In a chronological review, the author groups and discusses selected sources in order of their publication, highlighting the changes in research over time.4.What should an author do to make a thematic review?In a thematic review, you group and discuss your sources in terms of the themes, theoretical concepts, findings, and topics.5. In what sequence should a thematic literature review proceed?The sequence of the concepts or themes should proceed from the broad to the specific.Unit 81. What is a report?A report is a logical and well-structured piece of writing that describes and analyses a particular subject or problem, communicates information collected from research or the analysis of data.2.What are the differences between a report and an essay?1) A report is fact-based and aim to convey information, while an essay is idea-basedand is written to discuss different opinions and arguments;2) A report is broken into sections and subsections, while an essay usually flow as acontinuous text;3) A report often includes graphics which rarely appears in an essay;4) A report may make predictions or recommendations while an essay does n’t.3.How many types of reports can you list?1)Scientific reports;2)Technical reports;3)Business reports;4)Field reports.4.What sections does a report normally have?1) A title page;2)An abstract;3)An introduction;4)Methods;5)Results;6)Discussion;7)Conclusion;8)Recommendations;9)References;10). Appendices.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
一、Formal / Informal第10页1 .Semblance / similarity2. Cogency / powerfulness3. Attain / achieve4. Interchange / exchange5. Elicited / produced6. Merit / (good) qualities第30页1. Encompass / include encompasses2. Espousing / supporting espouse/support3. Assert / claim4. Proceed /continueWhereby / by which means5. Allegiance / loyaltyThereby / by that means第90页1. Recourse / turning2. Deem / regard3. Cohesion / unity4. Comprehend / understand5. Suffice/ enough6. Retain / keep第110页1. Tutelage / instruction2. Emolument / pay3. Transpired / happened4. In repose / at rest5. Meticulous / careful第156页1. Disparate /different2. Encompasses / include3. Prevalent / common4. Scrutiny / examination5. Dispute / question6. Therefor / and so7. Illuminate / explain8. Address / deal with二、Specialized vocabulary第28页1. literary theory / 文学理论2. literary criticism / 文学批评3. school of criticism / 批评流派4. figure of speech / 修辞5. word choice / 选词6. 马克思主义批评家/ Marxist critic7. 新历史主义/ New Historicism8. 文化诗学/ Cultural Poetics9. 后殖民主义/ postcolonialism10. 美国非洲研究/ African American studies11. 性别研究/ gender studies第89页1. 政党统治/ political party dominance2. 军事史/ military history3. 社会背景/ societal setting4. 社会单位/ social unit5. genealogy / 宗谱6. national identity / 民族意识7. citizenship / 公民身份8. public behavior / 公共行为第154页1. ethics / 道德2. aesthetics / 美学3. feminist / 女权主义者4. conceptual analysis / 概念分析5. paradox / 悖论6. metaphysics / 形而上学7. 世界观/ world view8. 认识论/ epistemology9. 存在主义者/ existentialist10. 现象论者/ phenomenologist三、段落翻译第五单元1. People live in the present. They plan for and worry about the future. History, however, is the study of the past. Given all the demands that press in form living in the present and anticipating what is yet to come, why bother with what has been? Given all the desirable and available branches of knowledge, why insist—as most American educational programs do—on a good bit of history? And why urge many students to study even more history than they are required to?人们活在当下，他们计划并担忧着未来。
然而历史却是对过去的研究。
考虑到当今的人们越来越多的需求和参与到未知的未来，我们为什么还要费尽心机地去研究过去呢？考虑到现在有那么多受欢迎的、可供选择的学科分支，为什么要像大多数美国教育计划要求的那样，坚持学习大量的历史呢？为什么要极力敦促学生去学习比教学大纲要求的更多的历史呢？2. Historians do not perform heart transplants, improve highway design, or arrest criminals. In a society that quite correctly expects education to severe useful purposes, the functions of history can seem more difficult to define than those of engineering or medicine. History is in fact very useful, actually indispensable, but the products of historical study are less tangible, sometimes less immediate, than those that stem from some other disciplines.历史学家不会做心脏移植，也不会改善告诉公路设计，更不会逮捕罪犯。
在一个力求教育能够满足有效目的的社会，历史的作用比起工程设计和医药等学科的作用来说，更难界定。
但事实上历史是非常有用的，甚至是不可或缺的。
比起那些其他学科分支所产生的研究成果，历史研究的成果是无形的，在某些时候是后知后觉的。
7. These two fundamental reasons for studying history underlie more specific and quite diverse uses of history in our own lives. History well told is beautiful. Many of the historians who most appeal to the general reading public know the importance of dramatic and skillful writing—as well as of accuracy. Biography and military history appeal in part because of the tales they contain. History as art and entertainment serves a real purpose, on aesthetic grounds but also on the level of human understanding. Stories well done are stories that reveal how people and societies have actually functioned, and they prompt thoughts about the human experience in other times and places. The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility. Exploring what historians sometimes call the "pastness of the past"—the ways people in distant ages constructed their lives—involves a sense of beauty and excitement, and ultimately another perspective on human life and society.这（以上）两个根本的学习历史的原因构成了我们生活中更精确、更广泛地运用历史的一个基础。
一个好的历史是美妙的。
为大多数读者深深喜爱的历史学家深谙扣人心弦的写作技巧的重要性——以及精确的重要性。
传记和军事历史为读者所喜爱的部分原因是由于它们自身所蕴含的历史故事。
历史像艺术和娱乐一样，也服务于一个真实的意图，既保持艺术的高度，同时又是普通大众易于理解的层面。
写得好的故事能够揭露人们是如何生活以及社会是如何运作的。
这些故事激励人们去思考在其他时空的关于人类的生活经验。
同样的，美学和人文主义目标激励人们全身心投入到努力重建相当遥远的过去中去。
重建的过去和当下社会并没有什么有用的联系。
探索历史学家称之为“过去的过去”——即人类在远古时代构建生活的方式——蕴含了一种美感和兴奋感，这种探索最后会带来一种解读人类生活和社会的全新视角。
10. Study of history is essential for good citizenship. This is the most common justification for the place of history in school curricula. Sometimes advocates of citizenship history hope merely to promote national identity and loyalty through a history spiced by vivid stories and lessons in individual success and morality. But the importance of history for citizenship goes beyond this narrow goal and can even challenge it at some points.学习历史对于形成良好的公民素质是必要的，这也是历史在学校课程中占有一席之地的普遍理由。