高二英语下学期unit16 language points
Unit 16 Language Points
Unit 16 Language Points1.They have no choice/alternative but to abandon the plan. 他们除了只好放弃计划别无选择2.They found a lot of treasures on the abandoned ship. 他们在弃船上发现很多财宝3.Don’t abandon yourself to computer games or you will end up destroying your future. 不要让自己沉迷于电脑游戏不然你最终会毁了你的将来(祈使句+ and/or)4.You cannot be too careful when driving or you will knocksb. over. 开车时越小心越好不然会撞倒别人5.once upon a time 曾经6.The old temple needs preserving.= the old temple needs to be preserved. 需要被保护7.He witnessed the accident that had occurred yesterday. 他目睹了昨天发生的事故8.A good idea occurred to me. 我想到个好主意9.It occurred to me that we can adapt our plan to the present situation. 我想到我们可以根据现状来调整自己的计划10.He trembled with fear. 他吓得发抖11.The cloud blocked out the sun. 遮挡12.After the volcanic eruption, the country suffered great losses. 火山爆发后，这个国家遭受了巨大损失13.When his friends went away, he felt a sense of loss in a way. 朋友走后，在某种程度上他感到了失落感14.In a way = in some way = to some extent = to some degree. 15.We gathered together to celebrate the victory.我们聚在一起庆祝胜利16.It is characteristic/typical of him to come late. 迟到是他的典型特点17.He felt sorrow / sympathy for the homeless children。
高二英语课件：高二英语下学期16单元 Language points
2) –Do you have a camera?
--No, but my father has ____. He just bought ______ two days ago.
A. one; one B. it; it
C. one; it
D. it; one
3) The climate of Guangzhou is much better than _____ of Xi’an.
3)She had loved Shakespeare _s_in_c_e__c_h_i_ld_h_o_o__d___. (自孩童时期） 。
deal with 处理，对付，常和how连用；跟…做买卖； 论述；涉及
do with 对付，常与what 连用；（与can 连用）想 要，需要；（与can’t 连用）受不了；（与 have to连用）有关系。
A. that B. one C. the one D. it
4) Here are a few apples. Would you like ___? A. ones B. some C. others D. those 5) –The secretary wrote ____ note to the
本句的主句？
• one: 在本句中替代a history,避免与前面的history 重复
• one, ones, it, those 与 that的用法区别
• one 用来代替上文出现过的单数名词，即可指人，
又可指物。它具有泛指性质。
• ones 用来代替上文出现的复数名词，指人或物。
• it 用来指前面出现过的名词。
2）那个国家的人民在动乱不安的年代里。 （times)
高二英语下学期Unit16
Teaching PlanUnit 16 The United States of AmericaWarming up & ReadingⅠTeaching aimsHelp the students to learn about the history, the development and the present condition of the American South through the textⅡTeaching important pointsGuide the students to talk about the history of the city Atlanta and the American South.ⅢTeaching difficult pointsHelp the students to describe the history and development of the city.ⅣTeaching proceduresStep 1 lead-inPresent the class some pictures and help the students get a general idea of the USA. Step 2 Pre-readingAs time passes and society changes, many great events have happened in America. They have great effects on America, especially on the American South. And the city of Atlanta has witnessed the American history in the South.Step 3 While-reading1.Listen to the passage and tick what are mentioned in it.2.Read the text quickly, divide it into three parts and summarise the main idea of each part.3.Read the first paragraph, match the historic events with the time and find out what hardships or sufferings each event caused.4.Help the students learn about the history and development of the American South and about how Atlanta became a modern commercial and cultural center of America by showing some pictures and questions5.Deal with some language points.Step 4 Post-readin g1.Do some exercises according to the text and get a further understanding of the text.2.Discuss advantages and disadvantages of living together with the people from different backgrounds.Step 5 Homework1. Search more related information about Atlanta.2. Remember the new words & phrases in this text.3. Preview Language study & Grammar.You have a good knowledge about the history of USA.. The great events have a greateffect on the USA , especially on the American south, Do you want to know what happened in the South? Now first You just need to read the first and the last sentence of them.Task1. Ss read the first and the last sentence of each paragraph to get the main idea of each of them.Para.1 The troubled past of the American South.Para.2 The story of the South is also one of hope and success.Para.3 A general introduction to the reconstruction of Atlanta.Para.4 The Civil Rights movement---efforts made by Martin Luther King and its result.Para.5 The modern condition of Atlanta.Para.6 The people in the South are determined to make a new beginning.(From the main idea of each paragraph, we see the clue of the text)troubled past---hope, success, reconstruction---the Civil Rights Movement--- booming present3.From the clue we can see the main idea of the whole passage is:The development of the South. (Atlanta)What did the writer first talk about the South?.( The writer talks about the troubled past).Now read the first paragraph and find out what trouble the south had experienced in the history? Try to use the key words to describe its troubled past.(the Native Americans) The sufferings(slaves) The pains(the Civil War)The death and poverty(post war years and the Great Depression )The hardships of unemployment and civil unrest(the Civil Rights Movement) The sacrificesWhat happened to the Native Americans /slaves ?What life did people have during the Civil War/ Post war and the Great Depression? What happened to the black during the Civil Rights Movement?……..What effect did the troubled past have on the South?( Even The South is far behind the rest of the United States in education and economic development)Step3. Reading.Task 2 Did people in the South America lose their hope? Read the text quickly and try to judge the sentences true or false.1. Ever since the Civil war, the South has struggled to find ways to deal with its troubled past.2. When the new mayor of Atlanta started working, the city had a lot of money.3. Atlanta was burnt down in the Civil War, like many of its sister cities in the South.4. The fights between blacks and whites in 1960s were widely supported.5. Atlanta is a representative of the new South, a place where fear and doubt have replaced hope and faith.6. Today, the South is known for its beautiful scenery.Key: T F F T F F(Notes:2. F In 1864, when the new mayor of Atlanta started working, the city had only $1,64.3. In only five years, most of the city had been rebuilt and Atlanta began to grow again.5. Atlanta is a representative of the new south, a place where hope and faith have replaced fear and doubt.6. Today, the south is known for its hospitality.)What kind of story is the story of the south?The story of the South is also one of hope and success, Why we say the story of the South is one of hope and success? now let’s find out some signs to prove it. Read the text again and find out what happened to the city ?Task 3 Pick out the events which happened to Atlanta.1864: people struggled to rebuild the city.In five years after Civil War: most of the city had been built and began to grow again. 1960s: Martin Luther King organized non-violent demonstrations aimed at ending segregation.1996: Atlanta hosted the Olympic Games.Today: Atlanta is becoming commercial and cultural centers of the nation.Task 4 Discussion:1.What do you think of the people of Atlanta during the reconstruction ? Why? (The people of Atlanta were very brave, because The city was burnt down and there was no money for reconstruction, but they never gave up. In only five years, most of the city had been rebuilt and began to grow again. )2.What contributions did Martin Luther King make to Atlanta ?(Dr King’s efforts were not in vain, however. Segregation eventually disappeared and a new dawn seemed to arrive. After segregation disappeared, Atlanta was becoming a successful city proud of its cultural diversity)3.Why could Atlanta be chosen to host the Olympic Games?（Like many other Southern cities, Atlanta is representative of the new South, a place where hope and faith have replaced fear and doubt .it has been a booming business center and the home of largest and most successful companies of the new South. It was pride to display its new image to the world.）After reading the passage we have known the development of the American South, from its troubled past to the booming business center.Task 5 Activity.Imagine you are a Chinese college student who studies history came to Atlanta for a trip. Your pen friend showed him around the city. You talked about the history and development of the city.A: Welcome to Atlanta. I’m very glad to give you a brief introduction to the historyand development of Atlanta.B: What happened to Atlanta during the Civil War?A: …B: How did the people of Atlanta reconstruct their city?A: (They rebuilt their city with little money and developed the area both economically and socially)B: …A: What’s your opinion on the city and its people?B: …Homework: . Give a introduction to your class.Blackboard design:Unit 16 The American SouthThe development of the American South。
高二英语下学期16单元-language-points
Like many other Southern cities, Atlanta is a representative of the new South, a place where hope and faith have replaced fear and doubt. faith 信念，信心（不可数）（宗教）信仰（可数）
Dr King’s efforts were not in vain, however.
with no result; useless，徒劳，无结果的 我们的工作全都白干了。 All our work was in vain. 他怎么也睡不着。 He tried in vain to sleep.
4) Here are a few apples. Would you like ___?
A. ones B. some C. others D. those 5) –The secretary wrote ____ note to the company manager. -- I guess she forgot writing _____. A. the other; one B. one; the other C. one more; one D. another one; the one 6) The ears of a rabbit are longer than _____ of a cat. A. those B. ones C. that D. some
• The history of the South is one of the suffering; the suffering of the native Americans who were killed or driven off their land by European settlers; the pains of slaves brought from Africa by greedy slave traders; the death and poverty of the war years; the hardships of unemployment and civil unrest in the post—war years and the Depression; the many sacrifices of the Civil Right movement. 本句的主句？
高二英语Unit16-The-United-States-of-America知识点总复习教案
高二英语Unit16 The United States of America知识点总复习教案高二英语Unit16TheUnitedStatesofAmerica知识点总复习教案SectionII阅读6.Eversincethecivilwar,theSouthhasstruggledtofindwaystodeal withitstroubledpast.自从南北战争以来，美国南方各州一直在竭力找办法处理动荡不安的过去。
▲struggle此处是动词，作“尽力使得”解释，后面接不定式。
如：①Thebusinessmanstruggledtofreehimselffromdebt.那商人竭力想要摆脱债务。
②Shestruggledtorememberwhereshehadbeenatthetimeoftheaccident.她竭力回忆事故发生时她在哪里。
【注】struggle的原意是“挣扎”“斗争”后面可接不定式或for,against,with等介词。
如：①mostanimalshavetostruggleforexistenceinadangerousworld.大多数动物不得不在一个充满危险的世界里为生存而斗争。
②Themanintheboatstruggledwiththegreatwaves.小船上的人与巨浪搏斗。
③Theboystruggledwiththequestionandatlastfoundtheanswer.那男孩苦想问题，终于找到了答案。
④Theswimmerstruggledagainstthetide.游泳者奋力与海浪搏斗。
▲way道路，路线路途whichisthebest/right/quickest/shortestway?哪条路是最好的路?Thelongest/farthestwayround/aboutisthenearestwayhome.最远的路才是捷径。
高二英语上学期Unit16-language-points
deal with: 处理，对付（常和how连用）； 跟…做买卖(deal with sb. in sth.)； 论述，涉及
cf.
do with: 处理，对付（常和what连用）； （和can连用）凑合用； （和have to连用）有关系
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人不是独立不倚的存在，连绵而下的遗传、血缘使人与这个世界的前前后后充满了联系。在信仰隐退的时代，敬鬼神的多了起来。庄重的举止，使自己的心得到妥帖的安顿。你看他们上香的动作、跪拜的双膝、礼佛的眼神，还有卜筮时倾听回应的双儿，不须有谁教会他们。这些举止让人看到虔 诚，自己放在了一个卑微的位置里。不过，生活中这样的举止毕竟太少，无任何敬畏、禁忌，轻浮、放荡、粗野把更多时间与空间充塞了。在这个越来越娱乐化的世界里，戏说正在迅速肢解着庄重，使人分不清是真或伪介入了我们的启蒙教育。历史被戏说，意味着真实的藏匿，子虚乌有的东西 成了历史主线上的重要情节。编造的效果是这么富有视觉魅力，恩怨与情仇，离奇与刺激，像一把无形的钩子，不消费力就把视线勾了过去。真正的史实是时间的信物，同时也是枯燥的、死板的，甚至没有什么光泽和水分，晦暗幽深。书上表达得太精确了，像一面镜子，可以照出当时的枝枝杈 杈，由于真实，趣味隐遁、消解。更多不明史实的寻常百姓，自以为没有什么义务要理清这些陈年老帐，他们欢迎戏说，给自己庸常的生活添加一些乐趣——至于戏说背后的破坏如何修复，这个问题不免太深奥了。这和我看到小孩一口一个贪婪地吮吸果冻一样，好吃，毫无营养。并且害了肠胃。 不料，这个世界的审美观和价值观，坐到了阴影里。 ? 和怀旧的主题一样，伤春、悲秋、闺怨、别离这些恒久的主题，也渐渐变得轻浮起来了。许多厚重的情节，时间长了，这么大的空白使人言语起来陷入了犹豫，像一只栖宿到边缘的鸟，要飞到对岸不免胆怯。史册上演时发出的黄钟大吕之音， 真的进入里边，让人泪流满面，不能自止。放下书本，夜幕降临的时刻走到城市高处，在闪烁着艳丽的灯影里，我看到一个城市在娱乐中漂浮无定。这个城市早年生长过许多慷慨激昂的人物，我对他们是怀有崇仰之情的，把这些英灵看成城市的骨骼。他们的历程伴随着苦难与雄心，每一个人要 被考或阐释，都可以带出与之相伴的那段沉重的时光。可惜——没有 噱头。像他们的故居一般，此时大门禁闭黯淡无光，本该让城市所铭刻的人，在娱乐声色中，渐渐被遗忘了。一个时代不庄重了，戏说搞笑如潮水浸湿了我们的生活，日子肯定浮华起来。我们不知不觉地失去判断所倚仗的可靠 基础，忠奸不分、善恶不论、是非不辨。我们割断了与真实密切联系的脐带。时光如果像一盘不变质的磁带可以倒卷就好了，让我们看到一些凝重严峻的细节，包括每一个眉眼里的忧虑。原先我以为，大学氛围会是另一番气象，围墙之内，藏着怎样纯洁的憧憬？！那天，我正背过身子板书，下 边是有一官半职又想挣个研究生学历的小官僚们。我抄的是一段言辞跌宕的古代书论，眼前浮动出清露晨流、新桐初引一般的晋人行草，飞扬起来的思绪湮没在江南深深庭院的安宁里。也许通过这段提示，这些整日泡在八股公文里的人，不会觉得中国古代的书法美学过于遥远和抽象。事实是， 静谧被无端地打破了，有手机声如蟋蟀振动鞘羽，传遍了课堂每一个角落。手机的主人压低声音，似乎是对方求他摆平一件什么事情。我没有回过身来，脊梁伤泛起了寒意，自知脸色一定晦暗难看。在走路都慌里慌张的快节奏南方，哪里是安宁之所？是不是自己过分地追求唯美，以至附着了轻 度的郁闷——这是我后来慢慢意识到的。环顾空空荡荡的教室，师道尊严的古老墙体在这种响声里剥蚀。心像一架很深的犁耙，要抽出来，让自己轻松一些已经很难。 对世界的怀疑，往往从细节开始。 那么，自问：你，在什么时候显得稍稍庄重一些呢？如果不问，也没有人从这个层面，去 注视这种细微如缕的精神现象，有时只是瞬间，随之又漂移而去。我只能说了，当拈起那杆长锋羊毫，舔着砚台上丰润的汁液，我的心灵世界被庄重充满着。四周无声，甚至一旁帮忙拉纸的人也被感觉化去，浑茫一片。颇有意味的是，人轻快起来，自信起来，行笔骎骎而走。由于我乐意相信， 一个庄重起来的人，的确会与这片养育我们精神和肉体的广袤自然，产生一种天籁自鸣般的感应。感应就是对不可言说的言说，我们可以感应一种无法说明的信息。并且不追究它的缘起——这些美丽的痕迹，与它邂逅纯属神示。 ? 庄重，它所持有的庄严、深重的气息，令今日的生命难以承受之 重。太多的娱乐色彩，冲淡了我们生命中原有的厚实这一部分，阻止我们顺利追求一些本质的东西。在初秋的树干上，我看到夏日遗留在上边的三五蝉壳，风吹过来，微微作响。主人扔下它们远去，此时恍若三五空屋。? 噪声 ? 城市是噪声的故乡。这是我越来越肯定的一种认识。这和我当初 进入这个城市的感觉,已经相反。 ? 记得我当初带着行李从山村到这个省会城市来念大学,一下火车就被声浪网络住了。当时十分满意,觉得城市应该如此。这些混杂在一起无法分清是什么为主的声响,使我明白自己已成为城市中人,今生今世,就要这样的空间生活、老去。 我对城市之声的不满是 在十年之后。会在书斋漫无边际地想一些问题，其中也包括了回归。时光假如象一幅能够倒卷的《四季风情》长轴就好了，使我依旧能够看到一条条蜿蜒绵长的山路，清风吹拂着农人的衣襟，正赶着老牛、挑着谷箩、肩着梨耙，迎着夕照回家。四周除了风声、山涧水声，就是他们长一句短一句 的山歌调，飘落在树丛草上……。 ? 毕竟，城市远离了村声村色，拥有了许多山民享受不到的待遇。对于噪声，接纳也成了必然。 ? 我是在一个夏天真正对噪声有所认识的。那一天有一个农家子弟来看我，天时以晚,便留他住宿。留宿是万不得已的事。按我的脾性，家中有生人则感到不自在， 即便熟稔稔至也如此，往往让我一晚做不成事，无心绪看书，无心绪写字——但还是留宿他了。谁知第二天我早早起来跑步，却见他坐在厅里的沙发上，眉目不振满脸困意。便觉奇怪。他说，早知道睡不着，不如昨晚上了火车，如今也到家睡觉了。问及睡不着的原因，是席梦思软了？枕头高了？ 都不是。他说的话让我吃了一惊：你这儿太吵了，车子开来开去的声响、远处敲打什么的声响，让人难以入睡。我不知道是他有耳朵有毛病，太敏感；还是我的耳朵有毛病，太迟钝。听觉居然相差这么远。 ? 我一时不知怎么和他说了。我觉得还是真是自己耳朵出了毛病，长年的城市生活，耳朵 长了老茧，听力受到了伤害，直把噪声不当噪声了。 ? 这几年毕竟闲散下来，便有了更多的时日徜徉山水。正由于这样，噪声渐渐让我不满，虽然说我在它面前如此不能和软弱可欺。 ? 噪声是城市的特征之一。空间小而人口多，就构成了城市。当噪声散发不出去时，整座城市就到处充满声浪， 漾过来漾过去。人被荡漾着的声浪包裹，无法脱身。山村没有噪声，也缘于空间广袤无垠，即使有一点噪声，也迅速地被长风吞没，消弭在无边的蓝天绿野里。换句话说，在广阔的山野要制造噪声还真不容易，天高云淡、水秀山清，犹如一个巨大的消音容器，在尖刻的噪声，要传播纯属徒劳。? 没有噪声，是山村的本然；而没有噪声，似乎构不成一个城市的情调。? ? 城市里的噪声和里边行业众多是可以联系的。每一种行业都发出自己的声音。我这里主要指工厂。不同的工厂使用不同的机械，不同的机械在碰撞、撕扯、挤压、切割、椎柘中发出凌厉强大的声音。如果说噪声是有颜色 的，我以为如雨中的闪电，是浅蓝色的，锐利并且冲动，狠狠地扑向耳鼓。我们曾经为噪声感到自豪，很长时间，震耳欲聋的噪声代表了热气腾腾的劳动精神、代表了繁荣兴旺的社会现象。相反，如果安静下来，好像呈现出不祥兆了。那时我根据自己的工人经历进行写作，总是离不开令人耳聋 的机声、雄浑的烟雾、油腻的工作服，为此自豪了好几年。在如水的流年中，感觉也偷偷地变着，现在我感到匪夷所思。 ? 听觉的改变是精神走向的前兆。 ? 声响的发生本来是无所谓悦耳赏心的，直到有了人的存在，由实用走向审美，才区分出噪声和和声。越是噪声集中的地方就越是繁乱的、 急促的、人为的，它与荒蛮、寂寞已遥隔久远。我发现，有的人正是冲着这种噪动的音符，从和声区赶来倾听。他们心甘情愿地把自己的身体、自己的气力，都投入其中。我就是在一个嘈杂无比的工地上和几位相识的农家子弟说话的。打桩声、搅拌声、电锯切割场重锤击钢板声，使面对面对面 的语言如隔山海。心在腾腾跳跃，血在突突翻滚，说不上两句便转身逃离。轮到他们没有什么感觉了，居然在如此强大的声浪中安之若素。还有什么比生存更为实际？人是很容易适应环境的动物啊！对于声响，从不习惯到习惯，肯定有一些器官被伤害了，或者被驯服了，从肉体到精神都变了样。 噪声在身后追着我，心头有一种浅浅的疼痛。 ? 有好几次我沿着音乐的围墙走，到郊外去。我总是要先遭遇琴房里传出的丁丁冬冬或咿咿呀呀的声响，还有一些松香沾着琴弦如锯齿在玻璃上移动的尖叫。这些没有提炼，没有去除芜杂的声响，好像无数利器飞镖，动态地朝着肉身投掷。琴房前有 几排枝叶不展的棕榈，棕榈无处躲藏，每日都接受着音符的攻击。人不是树，无法体验树的苦痛。但是，作为生命之一种，对于噪声理应都是拒绝的。它使人感到生存的艰难，无影无形、无色无味，却让肉体痛苦麻痹，精神委靡狂躁。同时噪声重叠的地方，周边的气氛总是紧、积郁，似乎有有 谁擦一支火柴，会使心头之火涌燎原。不过，我对琴房溢出的这些声响还是抱有期待的，宽容他们一些时日吧，他们正一天天地修正着声响的浅和狂驰，企图向圆润、委婉、流畅、清亮发展。有时候端坐在音乐厅里，舒适地听着台上悦耳的声调，心里会微微一热，时光居然有这样的本领，使那 么些噪声变成了经典美声的传递。 ? 不是每一种声响都有转化的可能。 ? 这样的例子当然不够普遍。普遍的是那些永远无法改变的声响，在轮回的四季里坚韧不拔。譬如打桩声的轰响，多少年来不见改良；而电锯与石板的撕咬，足以让心脏脆弱的人久卧不起。没有谁来做消音的工作。一个新 建好的小区，最先入住的人家是需要强大的忍受力的，没有哪一家装饰新房会吝啬它的声响。大声嘡嘡，小声嗒嗒，日继以夜，在黄昏与黑夜交错的时刻，睡意久久不能降临。城市在看起来繁华的表象下，不知有没有人统计一下，城市中人承受了多少声响的辐射，每一寸皮肤，每一点毛孔，有 过多少损伤。突然某一个夜晚，因为某一种偶然巧合，大院里的声响突然减弱，车子不再往来，行人不再高声地吆喝，大院就静得出奇。
高二英语下册unit 16教案.doc
The Second PeriodTeaching Aims:1.Learn and master the following:deal with,bum down,aim at,in honour of,in vain,proud of,be determined to do,once again2.Train the students' reading ability.3.Help the students learn about the American South.Teaching Important Points:1 .Improve the students, reading ability.2.Master the useful phrases appearing in the reading passage correctly.Teaching Difficult Points:1.How to help the students understand the reading material better.2.How to make the students finish the concerned exercises after reading.Teaching Methods:1 .Fast-reading to help the students get the general idea of the text.2.Careful-reading to get some detailed information about the passage.3.Discussion to help the students finish the concerned exercises.4.1ndividual,pair or group work to make every student work in class.Teaching Aids:1.the multimedia2.the blackboardTeaching Procedures:bStep I GreetingsGreet the whole class as usual."Step II Revision and Lead-inT:In the last period,we talked about our hometown.! have felt that everyone loves his/her hometown,but do you know what your hometown looked like 20-30 years ago?Si：I have ever heard about it from my Dad.T:Please tell us about your hometown in the past. We are glad to learn about it.SfThirty years ago,my hometown was very poor.People lived a hard life .There was not enough food and clothing.The living conditions were also very bad.At night,they had to light up the oil lamp to give light.There was almost no entertainment for them then.T:It seems that they did live a hard life.Now we have said “Goodbye" to the times.Happy life does not come easily,so we should value it.Meanwhile,we shouldn't forget the past."Step III Pre-readingT:Now,please turn to Page 43 and look at Ex.l in Prereading.Make a simple timeline of your cities or villages.Make a list of important events and changes and discuss causes and effects in groups offour.While discussing,you may consider the following areas:employment,education, population,buildings and streets.Five minutes later,I'll ask some students to report their answers.Is that clear?Ss:Yes.T:OK.You can begin.(Teacher goes among the students and joins them in their discussion.)T:(Five minutes later)Are you ready?Ss:Yes.T:Who'd like to report your result of your discussion?S2：(The student first shows his timeline to the class and then says the following.)•••before 1945 …1945・T958 …1978・・・nowBefore the year 1945,our village was very poor.Most people there were illiterate persons.They lived in old and shabby houses.They worked for landlords.In 1945,the village was liberated.They had their own fields and had the right to receive education.In 1958,an agricultural producers,cooperative was founded.They built houses made of earth and wood.Their life improved.The population began to grow.The land reform system was carried out in 1978.Some of them began to open up factories and do business.Life was becoming richer and richer.They moved into new houses made of bricks and tiles.Now people there have become much richer.They build villas and buy their own cars.Mud roads have been replaced by cement roads.Their factories are doing well,attracting people from different places.Among the young,college students are becoming more and more.Some of them have returned to the village to work.T:Well done!What do you think are the reasons for the changes?S2：The leadership of the Party and the Reform and openning Policy.T: Quite right.Now let's turn our attention to the US A. Yesterday I asked you to surf the Internet to get some information about the history of the US A. Have you finished it?Ss:Yes.T:OK.Let's do an exercise to see whether you've learnt about the history of it.Please look at the screen and put the events in the box in the correct place on the timeline.(Teacher shows the following on the screen.)class.)Suggested answers:ReadingT:Now,open your books and turn to Page 43.Let's learn the passage about the American South.Before reading,Let's learn the new words in this passage.(Teacher deals with the new words with the whole class.)T:Please read the passage quickly and then answer the question: Atlanta is a representative of the American South.Why?(A few minutes later,teacher checks the answer.)T:Who'd like to have a try?One student only needs to find out one point.S3：Like many of its sister cities in the South,Atlanta was burnt down in the Civil War.When rebuilt,the city had only $1.64.T:Anything else?S4：In only five years,most of the city had been rebuilt and Atlanta began to grow.S5:In Atlanta,Dr. Martin Luther King organised non-violent demonstrations and in the end segregation disappeared. Atlanta was becoming a successful city proud of its cultural diversity.S6：Modem Atlanta is becoming a booming business centre and the home of the largest and most successful companies in America.T:Yes,you're right.Now,read the passage carefully and finish Ex.l in Post-reading.After that,r 11 check your answers.Suggested answers:1一b 2一c 3—d 4一e 5—aT:Well.You've understood the text better.Next,please look at the screen and finish the exercise.(Teacher shows the following on the screen.)1 .proud of 2.are determined to 3.deal with 4.in honour of 5.in vain 6.aiming at7.were burnt down 8.once againbStep V Listening and ConsolidationT:OK.Now you've been familiar with the passage,so close your books and let's listen to the tape.After that,finish the exercise on the screen.(Teacher shows the following on the screen and turns on the recorder. After listening,teacher gives the students a few minutes to do it and then checks the answers with the whole class.)1.T2. F In 1864,when the new mayor of Atlanta started working,the city had only $ 1.64.3. F In only five years,most of the city had been rebuilt and Atlanta began to grow again.4.T5. F Atlanta is a representative of the new South,a place where hope and faith havereplaced fear and doubt.6. F Today,the South is known for its hospitality."Step VI Post-readingT:Well,let's discuss some questions.Turn to Page 45 and finish Ex.2 in Post-reading by discussing in groups of four. After that,ril ask some of you to report the results.Is that clear?Ss:Yes.T:(Several minutes later)Who5d like to answer the first question?S7：•••(The question is similar to the one asked at the be ginning,so the answer to it is omitted.)T:Good.The second one,who can try it?Sg：In the Civil War.Atlanta was destroyed.Rebuilding the city needed a lot of money,but at that time it had only $1.64.During the time the city was being rebuilt,the people of it met with the Depression.In the 1960s, Atlanta saw a series of fierce fights against segregation.T:You're right.The last question?S9：…Suggested answer:A culturally diverse populationAdvantages DisadvantagesThey can learn from each other for common progress.Their culture has great vitality. Different cultural background,moral concepts and living habits make them not be able to better understand each other and sometimes even lead to conflicts."Step VII Summary and HomeworkT:In this class,we've learnt about the history of the USA,especially the American South.Atlanta is a representative of the new South,which is now a booming business centre and the home of some largest and most successful companies in America.Besides,we,ve learnt some useful phrases,such as deal with,burn down,aim at,in honour of-••(Teacher writes them on the BbJAfter class,try to make some sentences with them to consolidate them.At the end,remember to preview the next part一Language Study.That's all for today.See you next time!Ss:See you next time!bStep VE The Design of the Writing on the BlackboardUnit 16 The United States of AmericaThe Second PeriodUseful Expressions:deal with burn down aim at in honour of in vain proud of be determined to once again"Step IX Record after Teaching。
高二英语下学期unit 16
Unit 16 The United States of America Ⅰ.Brief Statements Based on the UnitThe United States of America is a developed country and also a booming country,which has a history of only 200~300 years.After the USA was founded,the American Civil War broke out in 1861,which brought suffering to the people of the USA,especially those in the South.Rebuilding the South became an essential task at that time.This unit mainly talks about the rebuilding and development of the American South.And Atlanta is a good illustration.It also deals with the bison on the plains of America.Because the bison was killed in huge numbers by European settlers,the balance of the whole wildlife was destroyed.After learning the unit,we let the students learn about the early history of America.Besides,some useful expressions and phrases should be mastered,and Non-finite verbs need to be reviewed,especially their passive forms.Ⅱ.Teaching Goals1.Talk about the USA.2.Practise describing places.3.Review Non-finite Verbs(2).4.Write a comparison essay.Ⅲ.Background Information1.The American Civil WarThe war of 1861~1865 between the northern states (the Union) and the southern states (the Confederacy) is also called the War between the States or the War of the Rebellion.There were many causes,of which the most important were disagreement over slavery,and the quarrel concerning Federal control and States’Rights.The direct cause of the war was the election of Lincoln as President;this was followed by the secession of the southern states from the Union and the founding of the Confederacy,with Jefferson Davis as its President.The North had many advantages,a far greater population,more railway lines,and more factories.But the Confederates fought hard and were at first successful:they won the battles of Bull Run and Fredericksburg;but then Lee was defeated at Gettysburg and the Union army led by Grant won control of Mississippi.Admiral Farragant forced New Orleans to surrender:Texas,Arkansas and Louisiana were cut off from the rest of the Confederacy.After the Union won the Vicksburg campaign,Sherman made his march through Georgia to the sea,and Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomatton Court House,Virginia,on April 9,1865.Lincoln was assassinated in the same month.Slavery was declared unconstitutional.The period after the war (Reconstruction),when the South was occupied by the Worth,left bitterness that has not yet entirely vanished.During Reconstruction the southern states were admitted back into the Union.2.The War of American Independence(Also called the Revolutionary War 1775~1783)The struggle of the thirteen British colonies in North America for independence ended in the forming of the USA.The main causes of the war were taxes imposed by the British government,e.g.the Stamp Tax of 1765 and the Tea Tax.The colonies rebelled in 1775;the first shots were fired at Lexington,and the First battle was faught at Bunker Hill.The continental Congress appointed General Washington as leader of its forces,and issued the Declaration of Independence on July 4,1776.General Burgoyne led a British army down from Canada but wasforced to surrender at Saratoga (Oct.1777).He was supposed to meet the army of General Howe,who managed to occupy Philadelphia.Washington spent the hard winter of 1777~1778 at Valley Forge,and had difficulty in keeping his men together,France (1778),Spain (1779)and the Netherlands (1780)joined the war against Britain.British forces under Cornwallis won victories in the South where Britain had some popular support,but Cornwallis was defeated at Yorktown,Virginia,and forced to surrender (Oct.19/1781),which practically brought the war to an end.At sea,Britain had to fight to keep her naval supremacy,but after Yorktown the American ports were lost one by one.The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris,1783,which recognized the independence of the USA.3.Slavery in the United StatesThe African ancestors (祖先) of today’s black Americans were brought to the US as slaves in the seventeenth,eighteenth,and nineteenth centuries.They worked on farms,especially the large farms in the southern states.Slowly they became a necessary part of the economic (经济) system (体制) of the South.Slaves did not have the right of people;according to the law,they were a “thing”which belonged to the person who bought them.They had to obey the orders of their owners without questions.They were not allowed to learn to read;their owners feared the educated slaves would begin to think about the injustice of the system and would learn to struggle for their freedom.Slaves had to work long hours in very unhealthy conditions.Their owners had complete power over them.They could be bought and sold like animals.At the slave markets,black children were separated from their parents and never allowed to see them again.Slave owners had the right to punish the slaves who broke the law or was against the system.Slaves were often beaten or even killed by their owners.After the Civil War,one free slave reported that his owner killed an older slave who was teaching him to read.In theory an owner who treated a slave badly could be punished.In practice,however,the law meant nothing.Opposition to slavery began very early in the history of the US—in 1671—but little progress was made until the beginning of the nineteenth century.By 1804 slavery was illegal (非法的) in the northern states.But it continued,and even grew,in the southern states,which depended on cotton for their economic wealth.Slavery,ended in the South only after the Civil War.For blacks,however,the end of slavery was only a beginning,the late beginning of a long and difficult struggle for true justice.Ⅳ.Teaching Time:Five periodsThe First PeriodTeaching Aims:1.Learn about the USA.2.Do some listening.3.Practise describing places to train the students’ speaking ability.Teaching Important Points:1.Train the students’ listening ability.2.Improve the students’ speaking ability by practising describing places using the following useful sentence patterns:How long/wide/high/tall is the…?It’s…metres/feet long/wide/high/tall.There is…in the North.It looks like…Teaching Difficult Points:1.How to improve the students’ listening ability.2.How to help the students carry out the task of speaking.Teaching Methods:1.Listening-and-answering activity to help the students go through with the listening material.2.Discussion to help the students learn about the US.3.Individual,pair or group work to make every student have a chance to work in class.Teaching Aids:1.the multimedia2.the blackboardTeaching Procedures:Step ⅠGreetingsGreet the whole class as usual.Step ⅡLead-inT：Now,let’s begin our class.First,I’ll give you some information about the history of a country.Please guess which country it is.Listen carefully.It is a very young country in the world,which has only a history of 200~300 years.Most people in the country are immigrates The head office of the UN was set up there.Two World Wars didn’t take place there.Now it is the strongest country of the world.Can you guess it?Ss:Yes.The USA.Step ⅢWarming-upT:You’re right.Today we’re going to learn Unit 16 The United States of America (Bb:Unit 16 The United States of America).Now,let’s have a quiz to see how much you know about the USA.(Teacher shows the following on the screen.)Ss:Yes.(After a few minutes,teacher checks the students’ answers.)T:The first one,true or false?S1:False.T:Please correct it.S1:New York is the largest city in the US.T:Good.The second one?S2:True.T:What about the third one?S3:False.New York is known as the “Big Apple”.…Suggested answers:4.F The Constitution was written in 1787.5.F There are 50 stars on the American flag.6.T7.T8.F The Mississippi is one of the important rivers in the world.T:A good job!Now,open your books and turn to Page 41.Please look at the map of the USA and find out the following cities and states:New York,Washington,Florida,Taxas, California,Alaska.(A few minutes later,teacher says the following.)T:Please look at the first picture.What place is it?Any volunteer?S4:It is the famous White House,where the president of the US works and lives with his family.T:Do you know how it got its name?S4:No.T:Who knows?S5:At first,it was made of gray stone and called the President’s Palace.During the war of 1812,it was burned by British soldiers.Afterwards,it was rebuilt.The walls were painted white to cover up marks left by the fire.Then people began calling the President’s Palace the White House.The name caught on and has remained in use ever since.T:Wonderful!Next,let’s look at the second picture.It is a famous city,which is it?S6:New York.T:Right.Can you guess when the picture was taken?S6:I think it was taken before the date September 11,2001.T:How do you know?S6:Because in the picture,we can see many skyscrapers.Among them,the World Trade Centre and the Empire State Building are most famous,but now the World Trade Centre has already gone.It was exploded by terrorists.T:Oh,What a pity!Do you know anything else about New York?Ss:No.T:New York is America’s cultural capital,where there is the statue of Liberty,the skyscrapers,了the beautiful shops on Fifth Avenue,and the many theatres on Broadway.Manhattan,the smallest island in New York,is the real centre of the city.When people say “New York City”they usually mean Manhattan.In 1605,the first Europeans came to Manhattan from Holland.They bought the island from the American Indians for a few glass necklaces,worth about $26.The most crowded part of New York is perhaps Harlem,where most Black Americans live.The crime rate is among the highest in the Western world.I hope one day some of you will have a chance to visit it.Do you have enough confidence?Ss:Yes.T:OK.Now,work in pairs or groups.Make a list of things you know about the USA and what you’d like to know more about.(Teacher may encourage the students to make a chart.Several minutes later,teacher collects their charts.)Sample diagram:Step ⅣListeningT:OK.We have talked more about the USA.Now let’s listen to a radio programme about New York to help Wang Xiao correct the errors in her notes.Turn to the next page.Let’s look at Ex.1 in the listening part.Here are the notes taken by Wang Xiao after he listens to a radio programme about New York.First read it by yourself.Then I’ll play the tape for you to listen.After that,please correct his errors.(Teacher plays the tape for the first time.After playing it,teacher gives the students one or two minutes to do Ex.1.At last,teacher checks the answers with the whole class.) T:OK.Now let’s listen to the tape again and then answer some concerned questions.Before listening,you need to go through with the questions.(Teacher gives the students one minute to read the questions.Then play the tape for the second time.After that,give the students enoughtime to discuss the answers and check them.)T:Well done.Please listen to Part 2 of the listening material and then choose the best answers to the question in Ex.3.(Teacher deals with Ex.3 in the same way.If necessary,play the tape again.)Step ⅤSpeakingT:Everyone loves his own hometown,which is beautiful in their hearts.Now,let’s talk about our hometown.Tell me where your hometown is,Wang Kai.S7:My hometown lies on the plain of North China.T:Are there any mountains,rivers or forests?S7:Yes.There is the famous Mount Taihang to the west,Fenhe River in the centre and a railway from Datong to Fenglingdu across my hometown.T:What does the landscape look like?S7:Very beautiful.There are thick forests,clean rivers and pleasant climate.Resources of minerals are also rich,which is called “the Sea of Coal”.Many places of interest,like the ancient city Pingyao,Yungang Rock Cave and Mount Wutai are famous in the world.T:Well done!Now,look at the last part—Speaking at Page 42.Let’s do some speaking.Choose one of the cards and ask each other questions.You can use a map to help you.Before speaking,please look at the sentence patterns on the screen.They may be of great help to you.(Teacher shows the following on the screen.)Can you make a sentence using each sentence pattern on the screen?Ss:Yes.T:Who can try the first sentence pattern?S8:How tall is the building?T:Yes.Answer the question,please.S8:It’s about 100 feet tall.T:Very good.Make a sentence with the next sentence pattern.Any volunteer?S9:There is a famous mountain in the north.T:OK.Sit down,please.The last one?S10:It looks like a bird’s nest.T:Good job!Now,work in pairs to talk about your hometown.Ater a while,I’ll ask some students to act out their dialogues before the class.Are you clear about that?Ss:Yes.T:Begin,please.(Teacher goes among the students and joins them.)T:(After a few minutes)Are you ready?Ss:Yes.T:Who’d like to act out your dialogue in front of the class?(Two students stand up and act out their dialogue before the class.)Sample dialogue:A:Could you tell me where your hometown is?B:My hometown is on the plain of North China,which has a population of 5 000.A:Is it beautiful?B:Yes.It lies to the east of Mount Taihang and west of Haihe River.The railway from Beijing to Guangzhou crosses it.There is fertile land,rich resources,simple people and developed trade.It is a brilliant pearl on the plain.A:Very beautiful!Would you like to take me to visit your hometown if possible?B:Of course.I’m glad to act as your guide.What about your hometown?A:On the Loess Plateau lies my hometown.B:The Loess Plateau?It must be very inaccessible and backward.A:No.My hometown is not far from the Yellow River,which is more than 5 000 metres long.The traffic is convenient,four seasons clear,climate cool and resources of minerals rich,like coal,iron…I believe my hometown will become more beautiful in the near future.Step ⅥSummary and HomeworkT:In this class,we’ve mainly learnt something about the USA by speaking and listening.Besides,we’ve talked about our hometown using the useful sentence patterns,such as:How long/wide/high/tall is the…?It’s…metres/feet long/wide/high/tall.…(Teacher writes them on the blackboard.)After class,surf the Internet to get more information about the USA,such as the history of the USA.At last,don’t forget to preview the reading passage.That’s all for today.Class is over.Step ⅦThe Design of the Writing on the BlackboardStep ⅧRecord after TeachingReference for TeachingⅠ.异域风情Weddings in the U.S.Weddings in the United States vary as much as the people do.There are church weddings with a great deal of fanfare1;there are weddings on mountain-tops with guests barefooted2;andthere have been weddings on the ocean floor with oxygen tanks for the guests.But many weddings,no matter where or how they are performed,include certain traditional customs.Before a couple is married,they become engaged.And then invitations are sent to those who live nearby,their close friends and their relatives who live far away.When everything is ready,then comes the most exciting moment.The wedding itself usually lasts between 20 and 40 minutes.The wedding party enters the church while the wedding march is played.The bride carrying a bouquet enters last with her father who will “give her away”.The groom enters the church from a side door.When the wedding party is gathered by the altar3,the bride and groom exchange vows.It is traditional to use the words “To have and to hold from this day forward,for better,for worse,for richer,for poorer,in sickness and in health,to love and to cherish,till death do us part”.Following the vows,the couple exchange rings.Wearing the wedding ring on the fourth finger of the left hand is an old custom.After the ceremony4 there is often a party,called a “reception”which gives the wedding guests a chance to congratulate the newlyweds.The car in which the couple leaves the church is decorated5with balloons,streamers and shaving cream.The words “Just Married”are painted on the trunk or back window.The bride and groom run to the car under a shower of rice thrown by the wedding guests.When the couple drives away from the church,friends often chase them in cars,honking6 and drawing attention to them.And then the couple go on their honeymoon.1.fanfare n.铜管乐声2.barefooted adj. 光着脚的3.altar n.圣坛，祭坛4.ceremony n.典礼，仪式5.decorate v. 装饰6.honk/h k/ v. 鸣笛Ⅱ.知识归纳1.浅析非谓语动词的被动式结构非谓语动词的逻辑主语是该非谓语动词动作的承受者时，一般要用非谓语动词的被动式。
人教修订版高二英语Unit 16 Language points课件
True or False:
重点词组
aim at 瞄准；目的在于；企图
举例：
(1) He aimed at the tiger and killed it. 他瞄准老虎并将其击毙
补充: 当vainly 置于句首时，句子要 用倒装语序。如：
I vainly asked him to help me. ==Vainly did I ask him to help me.
be proud of 以----为自豪 举例: We should be proud of being a Chinese.我们应以作
eg: The watch is of value.= The watch is valuable
Our future is of hopty a woman of middle age a history of suffering coins of different shapes
一位有能力的人
一位中年妇女
痛苦的历史
不同形状的硬币
3
economy
一.Word study
n.
经济
economic economically Economy
adj. 经济的
adv. 经济地, 经济学地
1.__________is important for a country.
economic 2. She rent her house at an____________rent.
为一个中国人而自豪。
pride n. 自豪;骄傲 be determined to do. 下决心去做 举例: They are determined to work hard ,so that they can earn more money.
高二英语下Unit16听力及口语复习教案(旧人教版)
高二英语Unit16 The United States of America知识点总复习教案Section I 课前准备、听力、口语1. Atlanta is known as t he “Big Apple”. 亚特兰大以“大苹果”为人们所熟知。
(p.41 Ex.1 No.3)★ be known as 作为……而有名气▲known as, known by, known for与known to be known as以……而知名，著称；be known by意为根据(按照)…得知(较少用)，be known for因…而众所周知，表示之所以被众人所知的原因或特征，for后面常跟抽象动词；be known to则意为“为…所知”，仅仅表示“大家都知道”指某个地方或某一范围的人知道。
例如：A man is known by the company he keeps. 看其交友可知其人。
She was well-known as an excellent dancer. 她作为一名优秀的舞蹈家而闻名。
He's known for his readiness to help others. 他乐于助人是非常闻名的。
He’s known to the police as a thief. 警察都知道他是个小偷。
辨析：know与recognizeknow指“知道”可表示“认识”，也可表示熟悉，了解事物。
recognize指“认出，认识，承认”。
例如： I don't know the star but I know of him. 我不认识这位明星，但我听说过。
I recognized his voice in the dark. 黑暗中我听出了他的声音。
2. Why do you think Ellis Island was turn into a museum? 你认为为什么Ellis岛变成了博物馆? (p. 42 Listening Ex.3 No. 1)★turn into的用法▲turn既可以是及物动词，也可以是不及物动词，作及物动词时，turn... into…意为“把……变成……”。
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请根据下面的句子，分别解释area的不同含 义。 1）The area of the house is 35 square metres. 面积 2)Do you like the area where you live? 地区，区域 3) the area of finance,training , 领域，方面 development,etc
By JING Wenqin & HE Bang
• • • •
recover (from): vi. 痊愈, 复原 (return to normal state) recovery (n.)复得；痊愈
• 1) 贸易摆脱了战争的影响而很快复苏了。 • Trade soon recovered from the effects of the war. • 2) 他从震惊中恢复过来。 • He recovered from the shock. By JING Wenqin & HE Bang
• despite: • prep. in spite of • 尽管，不管，不顾 spite of the rain • 1) They went out despite/in ____________________ (尽管下雨). Despite wanting to see him again (尽 • 2) _______________________________ 管很想再见到他 ), she refused to reply to his letter. • 3) _____________________ Despite what others say (不管别人怎么 说), I think he is a nice person.
Troubled past
• troubled– worried; full of problems and conflicts 不 安的；混乱的 • The people in that country live in troubled times. • The history of the South is one of suffering… • One 1) 常用来可数名词的单数形式，指刚提到的同类中的
翻译划线部分
since before the war 自战 1)He had been there ____________________( 前） ever since I graduated (自 2)It has been 5 years _____________________ 他毕业以来） since childhood 3)She had loved Shakespeare _________________. (自孩童时期） 。
I could do with a stiff drink. I can’t do with his insolence
• （和have to连用）与……有关系
with various • 1) They have learnt to deal _____ problems. in silk goods. • 2) They dealt ____ • 3) We have dealt ____ with that firm for many years. • 4) The subject isn’t very well dealt ____ with in this book. • 5) ____ did you do with the camera you found? • A. What B. How C. When D. Why • 6) ____has that got to_______ what I have been saying? • A. What; do with B. How; deal with • C. What; deal with D. How; do with
• drive…off:
•迫使…离开；用车把…接走；击退（敌人或攻势） • drive sb. mad: 使某人发疯 • drive sb. out of his mind: 使某人丧失理智 • be driving at: •意在；打算 • drive home: •用车把…送到家；使人理解或接受
Ever since = since (adv/prep./conj.)从
那时起一直到现在。（与完成时连用）
自美国内战以来，美国南部就一直在设法处理过 去遗留下来的麻烦事。 1)since + 名词/介词短语 2)It is + 时间段+ since…
1) It is 30 years since he joined the revolution. • 他参加革命已有三十年了。
• take off: •脱下，起飞 • take on: •呈现；雇用，许可某人搭乘，承担 • take over: •接管，接收；接替 • take up: •拿起，开始从事于；占据
By JING Wenqin & HE Bang
• 1) Have you found a job? Our company is ____ more staff. Why not seek your fortune? • A. taking in B. taking on • C. taking over D. taking off • 2) Miss Smith is leaving to get married and Miss Jones will ___ the class. • A. take over B. take up C. take on D. take in • 3) My doctor advised me to get some exercise, so we decided to ___ tennis. • A. take up B. take after • C. take on D. take off • 4) I was feeling rather tired, so I didn’t really ___ what the teacher was saying. • A. take up B. take in • C. take over D. take away
The wounds are slow to heal and the scars run deep.伤口难以愈合，伤疤愈加深厚
有些形容词后用不定式作状语，不定式用主动形式。 类似的还有：hard, difficult, easy, heavy, dangerous, comfortable, fit… These plants are rather difficult to look after.
• • • •
deal with: 处理，对付（常和how连用）； 跟…做买卖(deal with sb. in sth.)； 论述，涉及
The next chapter deals with verbs.
• do with: 处理，对付（常和what连用）； • （和can/could连用）表示需要或希望得到；
By JING Wenqin & HE Bang
• take away: •外带（食物）；带走；使（心情）消失；移去
• take apart: • 拆开 • take down: • •记下，拿下，拆掉（房屋） • take for: •认为，误认为 • take in: 接受，理解；欺骗
By JING Wenqin & HE Bang
一个。
• The train was crowded so we decided to catch a later one (=catch a later train) .
• 2) （泛指）人们；一个人；
• One can never be too careful. • Great pictaw a series of fights between blacks and whites in the …
see ---(vt) witness, experience or undergo
目睹；经历；进行
1949 saw the founding of our new China.
• one: 在本句中替代a history,避免与前面的history 重复 • one, ones, it, those 与 that的用法区别 • one 用来代替上文出现过的单数名词，即可指人， 又可指物。它具有泛指性质。 • ones 用来代替上文出现的复数名词，指人或物。 • it 用来指前面出现过的名词。 • those 用来替代上文提到过的可数名词复数，常带 有后置修饰语 • that 用来替代上问提到过的可数名词或不可数名 词。其前没有任何修饰语，却常带后置修饰语
• The city has seen plenty of violence over the years.
His funeral was shown on television and millions of Americans watches as people marched through Atlanta in honour of Dr King.
Unit 16 The United States of America
Reading
The American South
Para One
• Ever since the Civil War, the South has struggled to find ways to deal with its troubled past.
By JING Wenqin & HE Bang
• former: •n.形成者，创造者 adj.以前的； 从前的 • the former: •（两者中的） 前者 • the latter: •（两者中的）后者 • 1) Of the two ____ is far better than ________. • A. the later; the former B. the later; former • C. the latter; the former D. latter; former • 2) He made us laugh all the evening; he seemed more like ___self again. • A. late B. former B. past D. formal