TG grammar转换生成语法
tggrammar语言学名词解释
tggrammar是一种语言学名词，它是指“Transformational-generative grammar”（转换生成语法）的简称。
这一术语通常用于描述由美国语言学家诺姆·乔姆斯基提出的一种语言学理论。
tggrammar是一种旨在解释语言结构和生成规则的理论，它对于理解语言的本质和方式具有重要意义。
1. tggrammar的基本原理tggrammar最基本的原理是：语言的结构和规则可以被认为是一种“生成”的过程，即语言是通过一系列转换规则和产生规则来生成的。
这一理论将语言视为一种具有递归特性的系统，通过递归规则的应用，可以生成无穷的句子。
2. tggrammar的核心概念在tggrammar中，有一些核心概念是必须要理解的。
句子的结构是如何被生成的？句子有哪些成分组成？词汇和句法之间是如何相互作用的？这些问题都是tggrammar所关注的核心内容。
3. tggrammar的在语言学研究中的价值tggrammar理论为语言学研究提供了一个全新的视角，它使得我们能够更加深入地理解语言的本质和结构。
通过对语言生成规则的研究，可以解释为什么一些句子是合乎语法规则的，而另一些句子则是不合乎语法规则的。
4. 个人观点和理解从我个人的观点来看，tggrammar理论是一种非常有用的理论框架，它为我们提供了一种新的思考方式和研究语言的工具。
通过深入研究tggrammar理论，我相信我们可以更好地理解各种不同语言之间的共性和差异，从而为跨文化交流和语言教育提供更好的理论基础。
总结回顾：tggrammar理论是一种旨在解释语言结构和生成规则的理论，它强调语言生成的过程和递归规则的应用。
通过深入研究tggrammar理论，我们可以更好地理解语言的生成和语法规则，为语言学研究和语言教育提供更好的理论基础。
tggrammar理论是一种语言学理论，它的基本原理是语言的结构和规则可以被认为是一种“生成”的过程。
转化生成语言学和系统功能语言学
转换-生成语法转换-生成语法（Transformational-generative grammar，简称TG）是美国语言学家乔姆斯基提出的一个描述语法的一个术语，他在1957年所写的《语法结构》的出版是转换-生成语法诞生的标志。
简单的说，转换-生成语法理论研究的是人类为什么会说话以及如何了解新的句子。
在1957年所出版的《语法结构》和1965年的《语法理论要略》两书被乔姆斯基称为“标准理论”。
此后他又修正了些许这些理论，称为“扩展的标准理论”，后又修订扩展的标准理论，形成“修正的扩展的标准理论”。
主要理论乔姆斯基认为语法主要包括基础和转换两个部分，基础部分生成深层结构，深层结构通过转换得到表层结构，语义部分属于深层结构，它为深层结构作出语义解释。
语音部分属于表层结构并为表层结构作出语音解释。
影响乔姆斯基提出的转换-生成语法很大地冲击了当时以布龙菲尔德为代表的美国描写语言学派。
乔姆斯基认为语言是人类特有的一种先天机制，他认为不仅应该研究语言行为，而且应该研究语言能力，转换-生成语法就是关于语言能力的理论。
他认为布龙菲尔德等人的理论只是研究了语言行为，不能说明语言能力。
语言理论应该解释人类天生的语言能力，他认为自己的学说是理性主义的，而布龙菲尔德的学说则是经验主义的。
也称转换-生成语法。
20世纪50年代兴起的一种语言学说。
创建人N.乔姆斯基。
1957年他的第一部专著《句法结构》出版，标志着这种学说的诞生。
最先起来响应的有语音学家M.哈利，语义学家J.卡茨，句法学家P.波斯塔尔，心理学家J.A.福多等。
这个以美国麻省理工学院为中心的学派，在几年内就一跃而为国际语言学界的重要流派。
但是到了60年代后期，就内部分裂，70年代后更是声威渐减，而80年代又趋上升。
目前该学派有东北语言学会与欧亚语言学会两个国际性组织，出版《语言学探索》等国际性学术刊物。
性质生成语法学不是一般人所理解的语法学。
其研究对象是内在性语言，而不是一般语言学家所研究的外表化语言。
构式语法
Let alone; all of a sudden; blue collar, white elephant 汉语中的“蓝领”“木马”“伤风”
例 (1) Peter faxed Tom a letter. 例 (1)包含了多种构式:主谓构式、双宾构式、 限定构式(不定冠词“a”)、过去时构式以及与该句 中5个词相对应的5个简单的词法构式所产生的。
2.信息的综合性
3.共性—遗传等级模式 构式语法学家认为构式本身是一个完整
的体系,该体系具有高度的统一性。构式与构 式之间一般来说是紧密的联系在一起的,构式 之间的共同点构成这些构式的共性,这些共性 本身也是一个构式,该构式的特性通过遗传关 系传给更加具体的构式,这就是所谓的共性— 遗传等级模式。
Construction Grammar 构式语法
TG语言学派的几个假设：
转换-生成语法（Transformational-generative grammar，简称TG）
1. 人们的语言能力是天赋的，是与其他认知能力平 行独立的一个模块，在语言能力这个总模块中还可 细分出若干子模块，如音位、句法、语义等。
What is construபைடு நூலகம்tion?
Definition 1:Construction is pairing of form and meaning or pairing of form and functions.
( Jackendoff, 1997; Kay & Fillmore, 1999)
TG Grammar在英语教学中运用
TG Grammar在英语教学中的运用摘要：本文根据乔姆斯基的转换生成语法原理，阐述了生成语法与外语教学的关系，并分别从题元理论、约束理论，深层结构和表层结构的理论角度，分析了转换生成语法如何影响外语教学。
关键词：英语教学转换生成语法理论运用一、转换生成语法的概述1.转换生成语法的初始提出转换生成语法（简称tg）最早由美国语言学家乔姆斯基提出，主要用来描述语法。
乔姆斯基认为语法主要包括基础和转换两个部分。
2.转换生成语法的研究对象乔姆斯基把人们在特定环境下所使用的话语叫做外表化语言（externalized language），简称e-语言，把大脑中的语言知识系统叫做内在化语言（internalized language），简称i-语言。
生成语法认为，语言研究的对象应该是语言知识（i-语言、语言能力和语法）。
3.转换生成语法与语言习得生成语法家们总是把语言研究与儿童习得的现象紧密连接在一起。
其实语言是一个很复杂的系统，儿童在四五岁时便能轻松掌握母语，这种能力不可能完全与生俱来，但也不是完全通过后天经验形成的。
以乔姆斯基的观点来看，语言是人脑的产物，我们能学会、使用语言，与大脑本身的机能有根本的联系。
在生成语法学中，人类与生俱来的那部分语言知识必定含有世界上所有自然语言的共同特征，即具有普遍性。
4.原则与参数理论生成语法学假设普遍语法由两大部分组成，即“原则”和“参数”。
与人类语言的共有现象有关系的叫“原则”，与语言特有现象有关系的叫“参数”。
实际上儿童的语言习得就是参数的设定。
二、转换生成语法的理论在外语教学中的应用1.题元理论在教学中的应用题元理论属于原则与参数中的一个理论。
在生成语法中，把关于题元角色分派的理论叫做题元理论。
我们可以借用以上原则和理论帮助学生分析错误的句子，让他们更了解为什么有些句子不合语法。
2.约束理论在教学中的应用所谓“约束”（chomsky，1981），是指句中两个名词性成分之间指称意义上所依赖的关系。
结构主义语法与转换生成语法的对比研究
结构主义语法与转换生成语法的对比研究作为西方语言学颇有影响的两种语言学理论，结构主义语法和转换生成语法都曾在语法学研究领域占据主导地位；比较结构主义语法和转换生成语法在产生背景，主要观点和研究对象及方法等几个方面的异同，可以看出二者微妙复杂的关系以及各自的优势和局限性，这有助于学习者更好地认识和理解语言的本质和发展。
标签：布龙菲尔德；结构主义语法；乔姆斯基；转换生成语法1.0引言语法(grammar)，是语言学的一门学科，它对语言的构造、功能和发展进行研究和描写。
关于语法的研究渊源已久，最早可以追溯到公元前四五世纪的古希腊时期。
西方第一部语法著作就是古希腊的《语法科学》。
一直到十九世纪，传统语法在欧洲都占主导地位，它对语言学的研究和外语教学至今有着重要的价值和作用。
随着时代发展，二十世纪的语言学家开始探索运用新的原则和方法研究语言系统，建立了很多新的语法学派。
其中影响较大的两个流派分别是美国的结构主义语法和转换生成语法，这两个语法学流派对语言学的发展都有着巨大的贡献，推动着语法学向更加科学严谨的方向发展。
本文从学派产生的背景，语言观和研究方法等几个方面比较结构主义语法和转换生成语法的异同。
2.0结构主义语法和转换生成语法的比较2.1产生背景的不同2.1.1 结构主义语法的产生背景结构主义语法（Structural Grammar），又叫描写语法，它是在对传统语法（Traditional Grammar）批判的基础上形成的。
传统语法是规范性的，在语法研究中曾长期占主导地位。
结构主义语法是由美国语言学家布龙菲尔德（Bloomfield，1887-1949）奠定基础的，并在其他结构主义语言学家的不断研究中得到发展和完善。
2.1.2转换生成语法的产生背景转换生成语法（Transformational-Generative Grammar or TG）也称生成语法或转换语法，是在对结构主义语法理论批评的基础上形成的，其创始人是美国的语言学家乔姆斯基（Avram Noam Chomsky,1928-）。
Chomsky转换生成语法总结
Transformational -Generative GrammarIn the late 1950s,Chomsky gradually established the well known Transformational-Generative grammer.TG grammer has been five stages of development. The classical theory,the standard theory,the extend standard, the revised extended,the minimalist program.12.4.1 The Innateness Hypothesis 天赋假设Chomsky believes that children are born with what he calls LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE.Chomsky's INNATENESS HYPOTHESIS is based on his observation that some important facts can never be otherwise explained adequately.All these suggest that although babies are not born knowing a language,they are born with a predisposition to develop a language in much the same way as they are born with a predisposition to learn to walk.He argues that LAD probably consitis of three elements:a hypothesis-maker,linguistic universal,and an evaluation procedure.12.4.2 what is a Generative Grammar?By a GENERATIVE GRAMMAR,he simply means a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentence.he believes that every speaker of a language has mastered and internalised a generative grammar that express his knowledge of his language.Thus a generative grammar attmpts to specify what the speaker actually knows,not whay he may report about his knowledge.He puts forward three different levels to evaluate grammers on.They are the OBSERV ATIONAL ADEQUACY level, the DESCRIPTIVE ADEQUACY level , the EXPLANORY ADEQUACY level.On the first level,grammers are able to produce correct explanation for raw linguistic data.On the second level,it should not produce correct explanation for raw linguistic data,but also produce corrcet explanations for the linguistic competence of the speaker and hearer.On the third,grammers that are sufficiently described should reveal linguistic competence and then relate it with universal grammers in order to be related to the initial state of the human mind for the purpose of revealing human cognitive systems.He insists on the HYPOTHESIS-DEDUCTION method and his research is called evaluation process.Eg: John saw mary into Mary was seen by JohnNP1+AUX +V+NP 2 --------NP2 +aux +be +en+V+NP1Thus,TG method can not only describe the surface structure of a sentence,but also interprest the internal grammatical relationships within a sentence.12.4.3 The classical theoryThis theory is characterized by three features:1.emphasis on generative ability of language 2.introduction of transnational rules 3.grammermatical description regardless on meaning.He puts forward three kinds of grammer:finte state grammer,phrase structure grammar,and transformation grammar.A finite state grammer is the simplest type of grammar which,with a finite amount of apparatus,can generate an infinite number of sentence.but they are all very simple in their structure.Enhlish is not a finite stage language. The point of Chomsky's devising such a grammar is to show the impracticality of organising language from left to right order,and such a process isnot feasible in studying natural languages.he believes that it is necessary to work out a grammer that,with a finite set of rules ,can generate all the grammermatical sentences in a language without generating a single non-grammermatical sentence. The rules must meet the following requirements:(1).Generative:the rules must automatically generate sentences (2).Simple: the rules must be represented by symbols and formulate (3).Explict:everything must be ststed precisely,leaving nothing to chance (4)Exhaustive:the rules should over all linguistic facts,leaving nothing uncovered (5)Recursive: the rules can be repeatedly applied so as to generate an infinite number of sentences.This is what is called the PHARSE STRUCTURE GRAMMAR,this grammer has greater generative powers than a finite state grammer because it can process sentences that can not be processed by the latter.The generative process of a sentence is the process of rewriting one symbol into another.eg:NP(DET (the)N(man))VP (V((hit)NP(DET (the)N(ball)))).Chomsky has distinguished transformational rules into two kinds:obligatory and optional. The transformation of auxiliaries and passive voice,etc.are optional.12.4.4 The Standard TheoryChomsky found the first problem is that the transformational rules are too powerful.As ordinary sentence can be transformed at will,negated,passivised,with certain elements added or deleted,without restrictions. The second problem is that his rules may generate ill-formed sentences as well as well-found ones. The third problem is that the transformational rules for thepassive voice cannot be used at will,because some of the English verbs don't have structures. He noted that application of the transformational rules should not change the meaning of the original sentence,and that the noun must be restricted by the verb.The generative grammar should consist of three components:syntactic,phonological and semantic. The syntactic component can be called the base component,which consists of rewriting rules and the lexicon.It is the rewriting rules that generate the deep structure of the sentence,and the transformational rules,in turn,transform the deep structure intolerance surface structure.Firstly,transformations can only change the forms of sentences are not allowed to alter the meaning.Secondly,there is now a selectional to ensure that the animate noun appears before the verb and the inanimate noun appears after the verb.Thirdly,restrictions are put on transformations inorder not to generate ill-formed sentences.Forthly,the sentences can be embedded.Fifthly, the rules are properly ordered and there is a set order in which the rules apply.12.4.5 The Extended Standard TheoryChomsky revised his standard theory twice. The first revision is called the Extended Standard Theory. The second reason is called the Revised Extended Theory.There are still a lot of problems to solve.Firstly, the transformational rules are still too powerful,for they can move or delete linguistic segments,change the categories,keep the original meaning intact,and vary according to specific circumstances.Secondly, the standard theory holds that derived nouns have the same semantic properties with their corresponding verbs.Thirdly,the standard theory holds that semantic interpretations are determined by the deep structure,and transformational processes will not change the sentence ter this was found to be impossible,for any kind of transformations will certainly change the sentence meaning.Ex:(1)Everyone loves someone.(2)Someone is loved by everyone.Fifthly,many transformational rules must have complex constrains in order that they do not produce ungrammatical sentences. On the one hand,there should be one transformational rule for some universal phenomena. On the other hand,there are expections that have to be constrained.In his first revision of the standard theory,he moved part of semantic interpretation to the surface structure.Ex:(1)Not many arrows hit the target.(2)Many arrows did not hit the target.This shows that semantic interpretation does plays certain roles in the surface structure. He still believed that semantics is determined by the deep structure.12.4.6 The Government and Binding TheoryIt consists of X-bar Theory ,主位theory,Bounding theory,Government theory,Case theory,Control theory,Binding theory.It is still not certain whether the various principles concerning empty categories are applicable to all languages and whether these categories are universal.12.4.7 The minimalist Program and AfterThis new theory is characterized by several remarkable changes.First,some of the discrete analytical models in the previous theory are discarded and the two levels of analysis, the deep structure and the surface structure,are left out.Second, the important concept of government is rejected and the facts interpreted by the theory of government are replaced by several revised concepts,thus the theory of government has turned from a subsystem of universal grammar into the interpretative constraint of the output condition.He puts forward the strongest minimalist theories,Linguistic mechanism is the ideal solution to the problem of legibility conditions.。
转化生成语法
The deep structure shows the semantic components but the surface structure shows the proper phonological information in order to express that thought.
Common Transformational Rules
deletion删除
The cat disappeared and the dog disappeared → The cat and the dog disappeared
copying复制 addition增添
Get out!→ Get out of here!
Model
Deep Structure ⇒ Semantics by Transformations Surface Structure ⇒ Sound This is the model assumed in Cartesian Linguistics.
The cat killed the bird → the bird was killed by the cat. The bird was killed. The killing of the bird (by the cat). The cat’s killing of the bird.
Noam Chomsky Syntactic Structures, 1957
表层结构就是我们看到的句子结构，比如说： 花瓶被他打碎了。 深层结构就是从这个句子中能找出来的以不同 词为主体的叙述结构，比如上面那个句子的深 层结构就是：他打碎花瓶了。 就是说，一部分是“他打碎花瓶”，另一部分 是“花瓶碎了”；一个是施事即他以及这个动 作，一个是受事即花瓶的状态。这个用深层结 构表示的句子经过删除、增加、移位等变化可 以转化为表层结构。
转换生成语法教程
转换生成语法教程
转换生成语法（Transformer Generative Grammar，TGG）是一种形式化语法，用于描述不同语言之间的语法转换过程。
该语法有助于在不同表现形式之间实现自动化模型转换。
以下是转换生成语法的教程：
1.定义成对的元素和规则：TGG由源和目标语言之间成对的元素和规则构成。
元素可以是对象、类、属性、关系等，规则则定义了如何将源语言元素转换为目标语言元素。
2.定义双向规则：TGG规则必须是双向的，即可以从源到目标或从目标到源进行转换。
这意味着当源语言中的元素被修改时，目标语言中对应的元素也会相应地发生变化。
3.处理规则冲突：在TGG中，可能会存在多个规则对同一元素进行转换的情况。
在这种情况下，需要定义规则的优先级以确保正确的转换。
4.实现转换：使用TGG的规则以及优先级来实现源语言到目标语言的自动化转换。
可以使用专业的TGG工具或手动实现规则来完成转换过程。
5.验证转换过程：使用模型验证和测试技术，确保转换后输出的模型与预期模型相一致。
通过使用TGG，可以减少模型转换的时间和复杂性，从而为软件开发人员提供更高效和精确的模型转换工具。
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language
• a language can be defined as an infinite set of well -formed sentences • A structured system for combining words that make it possible for us to communicate to others, to think about our immediate environment, or to imagine.
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• 解释充分性 得到充分描写的语法应该揭示语言能力，还 要把它与普遍语法联系起来，以与人脑的 初始状态联系起来并揭示人类的认知系统。
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Transformational rules
• Chomsky developed the TGG to account for our understanding of the relationship between a set of sentences with the same meaning or structure • Besides accounting fot the relationship between constituents within a sentence,TGG uses transformational rules to describe the relationship between sentences.
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gHale Waihona Puke ammar• grammar is a formal device with a finite set of rules that generates the sentences in the language • observational adequacy观察充分性 • descriptive adequacy描写充分性 • explanatory adequacy解释充分性
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• observational adequacy观察充分性 The grammar must specify what is and what is not an acceptable sequence in the language 语法能够对原始的语言材料做出正确的解释
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• descriptive adequacy描写充分性 The grammar must specify the relationships between various sequences in the language. 语法不仅应该能正确解释原始的语言材料， 而且要正确解释说话人和听话人的内在语 言能力
Transformational Grammar
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• Transformational grammar was an influential theory of grammar formulated by Chomsky in the late 1950s. The theory inspired a considerable amount of psycholinguistic work in 1960s and early 1970s. The significance of this linguistic and psycholinguistic work remains controversial.
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deep structure
• 1.The underlying idea or meaning of the surface structure is its deep structure. • 2.the underlying structure of a sentence that conveys the meaning of a sentence. • D.S.Sentences are simple active sentences that are transformed into more complex linear surface orders
– Mary gave a ball to Pat简单，主动，肯定，陈述（核心句） – Pat was given a ball by Mary（被动转换） – Did Mary give a ball to Pat?（疑问转换） – Was it not a ball that Mary gave to Pat?（被动 否定疑问转换） 都派生于同一个深层结构
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surface structure
• The linear ordering that we read or hear • the superficial arrangement of constituents and is closer to how the sentence is actually pronounced.
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• It must specify the obligatory and optional constituent structures that transform one sentence into another.
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transformational rules
• underlying meaning