中山大学《语言学概论用英文》(2016-2008)[官方-完整版]历年考研真题
2011年中山大学外国语学院833语言学概论考研真题及答案【圣才出品】
2011年中山大学外国语学院833语言学概论考研真题及答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example：find—／／,beneath—／／1.corpora2.sociologist3.Chef4.debris5.nasal6.embedding7.antonymy8.facial9.annotated10.phoneticsII.Fill in the following blanks.(15points)1.Lyons predicted in the seventies by pointing out that linguistics is_______,rather than speculative or intuitive：it operates with publicly variable data obtained by means of observation or experiment.2.Phonetic similarity means that the_______of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.3.Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words.As for variable words,they may have_______changes.That is,the same word my have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant.4.In their book_______written in l923,C.K.Ogden and I.A.Richards presented a“representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured.”There are16 major categories of them,with sub-categories all together,numbering22.5.Hyponymy is a matter of class membership.The upper term in this sense relation i.e.the class name,is called_______,and the lower terms,the members,Hyponyms.6.Charles Darwin,the founder of Evolution Theory,was one of the first keeping the diary of his son’s_______.7.And the Firthian tradition in this respect was further developed by the founder of systemic-functional linguistics,M.A.K.Halliday,whose contributions to sociolinguistics could be better seen from his understanding of language from a socially_______or interactional perspective,his functional interpretation of grammar as a resource for meaning potential, and his linguistic model in the study of literature.8.For some reasons,much of the research on writing has concentrated on the preparation and revision processes rather than on the sentence generation and lexical access processes that have been the focus of_______language production.the l970s a decade of functionalism,and the l980s a decade of_______stylistics”.10.As a compromise between the“purely form-focused approaches”and the“purelymeaning-focused”approaches,a recent movement called_______seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning.11.While Firth inherited the tradition by taking up some of_______’s and Malinowskid’s views,he developed their theories and put forward his own original points of view.12.Mood is made up of two parts:the“Subject”and the“_______”element.13.In spite of the dominant influences of Transformational Generative Grammar in the Americanlinguistic scholarship,it has been challenged by a number of rebels,among whom,are Fillmore with his_______and other with Generative Semantics.14.The idea of_______was first developed by Roman Jacobson(l896-1982)in the1940s as ameans of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds.15.Tone refers to the pitch on a syllable of a word.When pitch is related to a sentence,it is called_______.III.Define the following terms.(50points)1.Logical subject2.Sentence3.Performatives4.Orientational metaphor5.SPEAKING6.Free indirect thought7.Blog8.Applied linguistics9.Mental processes10.Error AnalysisIV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30points)1.Phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in grammar.2.In Chinese tone changes are used in the way that affects the meanings of individual words.3.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,i.e.,a word or a group of words,which serve as a definable centre or head.V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45points)1.What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?2.What are the characteristics of Grice's“conversational implicature”?3.What does Halliday’s Systemic Grammar aim to do?参考答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)1.corpora—／／2.sociologist—／／3.Chef—／／4.debris—／／5.nasal—／／6.embedding—／／7.antonymy—／／8.facial—／／9.annotated—／／10.phonetics—／／II.Fill in the following blanks.(15points)1.empirical2.allophones3.inflective4.The Meaning of Meaning5.super ordinate6.speech development7.semiotic8.spoken9.discourse10.focus on form11.Saussure12.finite13.Case Grammar14.minimal pairs15.intonationIII.Define the following terms.(50points)1.Logical subject is the subject of a sentence that expresses the actual agent of an expressed or implied action.In passive voice such as“John was bitten by a dog”,we have two terms “grammatical subject”and“logical subject”.Since the core object noun(John in this case)sits in the slot before the verb in the passive,it is called grammatical subject,for the original object noun phrase occupies the grammatical space before a verb,the space that a subject normally occupies;the core subject(A dog),now the object of a preposition(by a dog),is called the logical subject,since semantically the core subject still does what a subject normally does:it performs an action.2.Sentence:Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.Bloomfield defined the sentence as one“not included by virtue of any grammatical construction in any larger linguistic form”.Sentences may be classified along the intersecting dimensions of structure and function.Some linguists are now interested in the communicative function of utterances and label various sentences as“statement”,“question”,“command”,“request”,“confirmation”,etc.3.Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state.They cannot be said to be true or false.The uttering of these sentences is,or is part of,the doing an action.The judge’s imprisonment sentence,the president’s war or independence declaration,etc.,are performatives.4.Orientational metaphor:It means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.,as entities and substances.It gives a concept a spatial orientation.They are characterized not so much by structuring one concept in terms of another,but by a co-occurrence in our experience.The orientational metaphors are grounded in an experiential basis,which link together the two parts of the metaphor.For example,“I’m feeling up.”and“I’m feeling down.”implicate that“I’m happy”and“I’m sad”.5.SPEAKING is a mnemonic way of summarizing certain components of speech which make possible the description and analysis of communicative behavior:S=Situation,P=Participants, E=Ends,A=Act sequence,K=Key,I=Instrumentalities,N=Norms,and G=Genres.6.Free indirect thought,FIT for short,is kind of thought presentation used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters.For example,“He was bound to be late!”is free indirect thought.7.Blog,which is the short form of weblog,is defined by Dan Gilmore as“an online journal comprised of links and postings in reverse chronological order,meaning the most recent posting appears at the top of the page”.Matisse Enzer’s Glossary of Internet Terms puts it this way:A blog is basically a journal that is available on the web.The activity of updating a blog is “blogging”and someone who keeps a blog is a“blogger.”Blogs are typically updated daily using software that allows people with little or no technical background to update and maintain the blog.8.Applied linguistics:It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality.For example,there are studies on multilingualism,language acquisition,first and second language teaching and learning.please)and“cognition”(know,believe,convince),for example,“John likes Mary”.A mental process involves two participants,Sensor and Phenomenon.10.Error Analysis:Errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught，in tellingthe researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt.They are worth further probing Error Analysis involves，first independently or objectively，describing the learners’interlanguage(that is，their version of the target language and the target language itself)，then a comparison of the two is followed to locate mismatches.Different from contrastive analysis, Error Analysis,EA for short,gives1ess consideration to learners’native language.The procedure of Error Analysis consists of the following steps:(1)Recognition(2)Description.(3)Explanation.For example,explanation:the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance:e.g.She sleeping.Type of error:Omissions.IV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30points)1.A phoneme is a phonological unit;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.It is an abstract unit.It is not any particular sound,but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.For example,the[P]sound in peak is called an aspirated[p],and the [p]sound in speak is an unaspirated[p].Its distinctive features of a phoneme are capable of distinguishing meaning.Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.For example, the word“tourists”contains three morphemes.There is one minimal unit of meaning,tour, another minimal unit of meaning-ist(meaning“person who does something”),and a minimal unit of grammatical function-s(indicating plural).Therefore,phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit grammar.（此题考查音素与词素的概念。
(整理)中山大学考研参考书目.
中山大学2013年硕士研究生招生考试范围及参考书目211翻译硕士英语①英美概况部分参见《英语国家社会与文化入门》上、下册，朱永涛编，高等教育出版社，2005。
②其它部分不列参考书。
241英语①《新编英语教程》（1-3册），李观仪等，上海外语教育出版社，1999。
242俄语①《俄语入门》第二册，周鼎、徐振新编，外语教学与研究出版社，2000。
②《大学俄语基础教程》第二、三册，张智罗、童强等，高等教育出版社，1994。
243日语①《中日交流标准日本语》初级上、下册，集体合著，人民教育出版社、光村图书出版株式会社，2005。
244法语①《公共法语》上、下册，吴贤良主编，上海外语教育出版社，1997。
245德语①《大学德语》修订本（1-2册），赵仲、戴鸣钟等编，高等教育出版社，2001-2002。
246西班牙语①董燕生、刘建：《现代西班牙语》第一册，外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
②董燕生、刘建：《现代西班牙语》第二册，外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
③岑楚兰、蔡绍龙：《新编西班牙语阅读课本》第一册，外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
247韩语①郭一诚：《韩国语能力考试真题精解及模拟800题（中级）》，世界图书出版公司248阿拉伯语①新编阿拉伯语( 1-4册），国少华主编，外语教学与研究出版社，ISBN7560033199②《阿拉伯语阅读》（上、下），《阿拉伯语阅读》组，出版社：外语教学与研究出版社，ISBN756000620308护理综合 1. 李小寒主编. 《基础护理学》. 第五版，北京：人民卫生出版社，2012.2. 李小妹主编. 《护理学导论》. 第二版，北京：人民卫生出版社，2006.7. 3．李乐之等。
《外科护理学》。
第五版，北京：人民卫生出版社，2012. 4．尤黎明等。
《内科护理学》。
第五版，北京：人民卫生出版社，2012.331社会工作原理 1.《社会工作概论》，王思斌，高等教育出版社，1999（2004）。
《中山大学612语言学概论2005-2018年考研真题及答案解析》
目录Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷 (2)中山大学2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (2)中山大学2006年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (7)中山大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (12)中山大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (16)中山大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (20)中山大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (23)中山大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (26)中山大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (28)中山大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (30)中山大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (32)中山大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (35)中山大学2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (37)中山大学2017年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (39)中山大学2018年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (41)Ⅱ历年考研真题试卷答案解析 (42)中山大学2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (42)中山大学2006年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (53)中山大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (65)中山大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (75)中山大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (84)中山大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (91)中山大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (99)中山大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (106)中山大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (111)中山大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (118)中山大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (127)中山大学2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (133)中山大学2018年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (139)Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷中山大学2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：612科目名称：语言学概论考生须知：全部答案一律写在答题纸上。
[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编22.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编22.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编22一、填空题1 According to G Leech, ______meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. (北二外2006研)2 According to G Leech, ______meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content. (北二外2005研)3 According to G. Leech, ______meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. (北二外2007研)4 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the______theory. (中山大学2008研)5 ______is the technical name for the sameness relation. (北二外2007研)6 Terms like "apple", "banana" and "pear" are______of the term "fruit". (北二外2007研)7 "Mary gave a book to Jack" is synonymous with "Jack______a book from Mary." (北二外2005研)8 Terms like "rolling pin" and "ladle" are______of the term "kitchen implements." (北二外2005研)9 Antonyms like "husband" v. "wife" are______antonyms. (北二外2003研)10 Terms like "desk" and "stool" are______of the term "furniture". (北二外2003研)11 ______= PARANT(x, y)&MALE(x)(北二外2005研)12 ______= CHILD (x, y) & MALE (x) (北二外2006研)13 In their book______written in 1923, C. K. Ogden and I.A.Richards presented a" representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured. " There are 16 major categories of them, with sub-categories all together, numbering 22. (中山大学2011年研)14 Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents; ______ and______.二、判断题15 In the sentence "Money is often said to be the root of all evil", "root" is used in its conceptual meaning. (北二外2007研) （A）真（B）假16 After comparing "They stopped at the end of the corridor." with "At the end of the corridor, they stopped", you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning. (北二外2006研) （A）真（B）假17 Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of "reference". (北二外2005研)（A）真（B）假18 When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual, the meaning is some- times referred to as speaker's meaning, or contextual meaning. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）真（B）假19 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. (北二外2006研)（A）真（B）假20 Reference is one of the rarely used cohesive devices. (南开大学2005研)（A）真（B）假21 Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. (南开大学2004研) （A）真（B）假22 "Tulip", "rose" and "violet" are all included in the notion of "flower". Therefore they are superordinates of "flower". (北二外2006研)（A）真（B）假23 The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of COMPOSITIONALITY. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）真（B）假24 The two words borrow and lend are antonyms but the two sentences "Jan lent some money to Jack" and "Jack borrowed some money from Jan" are synonymous. (北二外2010研) （A）真（B）假25 All the words in a language can be used to refer, but only some have senses. (北二外2010研)（A）真（B）假三、单项选择题26 When the word "root" means "part of plant that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil", the meaning is______meaning. (北二外2004研)（A）connotative（B）conceptual（C）reflected27 ______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience. (西安交大2008研)（A）Reference（B）Concept（C）Semantics（D）Sense28 Which of the following is NOT included in G. Leech's seven types of meaning? (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）Connotative meaning.（B）Denotative meaning.（C）Conceptual meaning.29 According to C. Ogden and I. Richards,______is regarded as the crucial intermediary between______and______. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）symbol .. . referent ... thought（B）referent . .. thought.. . symbol（C）thought .. . symbol . .. referent30 There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. They are representedby______respectively. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy（B）synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy（C）antonymy, synonymy, and hyponymy31 Bird and cuckoo have the sense relation of hyponymy. Which of the following pairs of words has the same sense relation? (对外经贸2005研)（A）Vowel and consonant（B）Mouth and tongue（C）Lexicon and word（D）Number and gender32 By componential analysis, BECOME (x, (~ ALIVE(x))) is an explanationof______.(西安外国语学院2006研)（A）die（B）dead（C）kill（D）killed33 The sense relationship between "John plays the piano" and "John plays a musical instrument" is ______.(北二外2004研) （A）synonymy（B）antonymy（C）entailment34 Which of the following are gradable antonyms?（A）good and bad（B）male and female（C）young and old（D）buy and sell35 Conceptual meaning is not______（A）affective（B）cognitive（C）logic（D）denotative36 When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b), and the falsity of sentence (b) guarantees the falsity of sentence (a) , we can say that______.（A）sentence (a) presupposes sentence (b)（B）sentence (a) entails sentence (b)（C）sentence (a) is inconsistent with sentence (b)（D）sentence (a) contradicts sentence (b)37 "Socrates is a man" is a case of______.（A）two-place predicate（B）one-place predicate（C）two-place argument（D）one-place argument四、简答题38 What is the referential theory of meaning? (北交大2005研)39 What are the three kinds of antonyms? (武汉大学2004研)40 What is your opinion on "true synonymy is non-existent"? (四川大学2006研)41 How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features? (浙江大学2004研)(a) The television drank my water.(b) His dog writes poetry.42 Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why? (厦门大学2010研)43 What is the difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotation?44 What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?五、名词解释45 Conceptual meaning (四川大学2010研；武汉大学2007研；上海交大2006研)46 Contextual meaning (浙江大学2005研)47 Concatenation (四川大学2006研)48 Denotation (南开大学2004研)49 Semantic Triangle (大连外国语学院2008研)50 Lexical relations (上海交大2006研)51 Homonymy (上海交大2007研)52 Relational opposites (武汉大学2005研)53 Synonymy (西安交大2008研)54 Componential analysis (浙江大学2005研；北航2008研)55 Entailment (武汉大学2006研)56 Presupposition(武汉大学2004研)57 Polysemy (北外2010研)58 linguistic variable (北外2011研)六、举例说明题59 Please list and explain the 7 types of meaning recognized by G. Leech. (南开大学2004研)60 The British linguist F. R. Palmer argues that "there is no absolute distinction between gradable antonyms and complementary antonyms." Do you believe so? Support your view with examples.(南开大学2007研)61 Words in our mental lexicon are known to be related to one another. Discuss the relationships between words, using examples from the English language. (北外2003研)62 Categorize the following pairs: child - kid, alive - dead, big - small, husband - wife.63 How many semantic relations are there among sentences? Give examples.。
[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25.doc
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[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25一、填空题1 There has been a maxim in______which claims that "You are what you say". (中山大学2008研)2 The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by______. (中山大学2008研)3 ______were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.4 In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the______principle proposed by J. Grice.5 In Austin's How to Do Things with word, he first distinguishes performativesand______, later on Austin made a flesh start to distinguish ______,______and perlocutionary act.二、单项选择题6 The speech act theory was developed by______. (对外经贸2006研)（A）John Searle（B）John Austin（C）Levinson（D）G. Leech7 ______is using a sentence to perform a function. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）Perlocutionary act（B）An illocutionary act（C）A locutionary act（D）Speech act8 By saying "You have left the door wide open", a speaker might be performing the three acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary______. (西安交通大学2008研)（A）at the same time（B）one after another（C）two first and then the other（D）one first and then the other two9 The Illocutionary Act was developed by______. (西安交通大学2008研)（A）John Austin（B）Levinson（C）John Lyons（D）John Searle10 According to the conversation maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully. (西安外国语学院2006研) （A）quantity（B）quality（C）relevance（D）manner11 Which of the following is NOT one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? (对外经济贸易大学2006研) （A）the maxim of quantity（B）the maxim of quality（C）the maxim of manner（D）the maxim of strength12 Four categories of Maxims in Grice's Cooperative Principle include all the following except______.(大连外国语学院2008研) （A）Manner（B）Relation（C）Qualification三、简答题13 What are the major concerns of pragmatics? (人大2006研)14 How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?Motorist: My car needs new exhaust system.Mechanic: I'll be busy with this other car all day. (浙江大学2005研)15 What are the four maxims of the co-operative principle? Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about; "Well, to be quite honest, I don't think she is ill today." (北二外2010研；上海交大2006研)16 Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theoryin that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or 言外之意 Chinese. (中山大学2005研)17 Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn. (厦门大学2006研)(1) A: Can you tell me the secret? B: But John is there.(2) A: Let's go to the movies. B: I'll bring the Kleenex.(3) A: Would you drive a Mercedes?B: I wouldn't drive ANY expensive car.18 What's conversational implicature? (西安交大2008研)19 Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice's Cooperative Principle: (北二外2007研)A: Where is X?B: He's gone to the market. He said so where he left.20 In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations? (人大2006研)21 What is your understanding of Relevance Theory? (南开大学2009研)22 Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle. (南开大学2004研)A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.四、名词解释23 Locutionary Act, Illocutinary Act and Perlocutionary Act(北航2010研；北交大2005研)24 Performatives(中山大学2008研)25 Conversational implicature (川大2010研；武汉大学2004研；北京交通大学2007研)26 Cooperative principle (北二外2010研；北京师范大学2003研)27 Violation of maxims (北交大2006研)28 Applied linguistics(中山大学201 1年研)五、举例说明题29 When a teacher says "It's so hot in here." during a class, what does she probably mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation. (人大2002研)30 A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austin's Speech Act theory. What are they? Analyze the following conversation in the light of Speech Act theory. (北航2008研)Customer: Waiter! There's a fly in my soup.Waiter: Don' t worry, there's no extra charge.31 Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The first said:“哎，几点了?”and the second said:“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您戴表了吗?”What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them? (北外2007研)32 Discuss the following advertisemen t extensively: “你不理财，财不理你”. (浙江大学2007研)33 What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analize and explain the phenomenon. (北外2010研)甲：上车请买票。
中山大学考研考试参考科目
中山大学2012年硕士研究生招生考试范围及参考书目211翻译硕士英语①英美概况部分参见《英语国家社会与文化入门》上、下册，朱永涛编，高等教育出版社，2005。
②其它部分不列参考书。
241英语①《新编英语教程》（1-3册），李观仪等，上海外语教育出版社，1999。
242俄语①《俄语入门》第二册，周鼎、徐振新编，外语教学与研究出版社，2000。
②《大学俄语基础教程》第二、三册，张智罗、童强等，高等教育出版社，1994。
243日语①《中日交流标准日本语》初级上、下册，集体合著，人民教育出版社、光村图书出版株式会社，2005。
244法语①《公共法语》上、下册，吴贤良主编，上海外语教育出版社，1997245德语①《大学德语》修订本（1-2册），赵仲、戴鸣钟等编，高等教育出版社，2001-2002。
246西班牙语①董燕生、刘建：《现代西班牙语》第一册，外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
②董燕生、刘建：《现代西班牙语》第二册，外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
③岑楚兰、蔡绍龙：《新编西班牙语阅读课本》第一册，外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
247韩语①郭一诚：《韩国语能力考试真题精解及模拟800题（中级）》，世界图书出版公司248阿拉伯语①新编阿拉伯语( 1-4册），国少华主编，外语教学与研究出版社，ISBN7560033199 ②《阿拉伯语阅读》（上、下），《阿拉伯语阅读》组，出版社：外语教学与研究出版社，ISBN756000620308护理综合根据《2009年全国硕士研究生入学考试护理综合考试科目及参考大纲》确定。
331社会工作原理 1.《社会工作概论》，王思斌，高等教育出版社，1999（2004）。
2.《社会学》，戴维.波普诺,中国人民大学出版社,2000。
3.《西方社会学理论教程》侯均生主编，南开大学出版社，2001。
333教育综合 1、教育学原理：教育学概述、教育的概念、教育与人的发展、教育与社会发展、教育目的、教育制度（包括学学校制度等）、课程、教学、德育、班主任、教师、学校管理。
[考研类试卷]2013年中山大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2013年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、音标题1 Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example: find—/faind/ beneath—/bi'ni:θ/empirical2 plagiarize3 compound4 finite5 clause6 phonemics7 threatened8 epiphenomenon9 beta10 genetic二、填空题11 ______means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication.12 ______ are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.13 The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called ______, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.14 Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, ______, substitution, etc.15 American Structuralism is a branch of______linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.16 The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.17 ______found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.18 The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of______19 During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a ______ or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.20 In cognitive terms, ______ is the use of elements of subject's situatedness to designate something in the scene.21 According to ______(1996), the speech presentation continuum may have the following possibilities; direct speech, indirect speech, narrator's representation of speech acts and narrator's representation of speech.22 With the help of______ linguistics, recently research has moved into the area of example-based machine translation. The method uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.23 In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. The consonants are then divided into pulmonic and ______ consonants.24 According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous______of ideational, interpersonal, and textual meanings.25 According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the ______ level.三、名词解释26 Recreational function27 Pharyngeal28 Loanshift29 Tree diagram30 Sense relations31 Scale schema32 Perlocutionary act33 Emoticons34 Linguistic determinism35 System of signs四、举例说明题36 Languages differ in their degrees of dependence on the morphological components.37 Chomsky's Transformational-Generative Grammar has been challenged by a number of other approaches to language.38 Language learning can take place when the learner has enough access to input in the target language.五、简答题39 What is PowerPoint and why is it so important in language teaching?40 What aspects of language can one focus if one wants to analyze a novel or a story?41 To what extent can one say that a piece of classroom work can be regarded as a task in language teaching and learning?。
[考研类试卷]语言学历年真题试卷汇编16.doc
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（A）社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的
（B）社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的
（C）一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言
（D）一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言
14《普通语言学教程》的作者是德国语言学家洪堡特。(2012年北京语言大学考题)
（A）正确
（B）错误
15改进文字中不适应记录语言的方面，不仅可以使文字更好地记录语言，而且还可以改进已记录的语言。(2007年北京语言大学考题)
（A）正确
（B）错误
16社会制度的突变可以引起语言的突变。(2006年南开大学考题)
（A）正确
（B）错误
17多余度(冗余度)(2004年南开大学考题)
18音质音位(2008年曲阜师范大学考题)
六、单项选择题
下列各题的备选答案中，只有一个是符合题意的。
11普通话 这两个韵母的主元音a的实际音质是( )。(2006年中山大学考题)
（A）a
（B）ε
（C）A
（D）
12下列各组词全部属于基本词汇的是( )(2008年中山大学考题)
（A）手大陛下地壳
（B）风花雪月
（C）喜欢爱摩登雷达
（D）农具犁铁买卖
4元音和辅音的根本区别在于_______。(2008年浙江师范大学考题)
5词的结构可以包括词根、_______和_______。(2003年北京师范大学考题)
6用变换分析法说明以下句子在句法意义上的差异。(2005年暨南大学考题)
(1)台上坐着主席团。
(2)台上唱着戏。
(3)台上摆着酒席。
7分析“牙刷”与“刷牙”有什么不同。(2011年南开大学考题)