微观经济学(英文)试卷
英文微观经济学试题及答案
英文微观经济学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market?A. Many buyers and sellersB. Homogeneous productsC. Free entry and exitD. Monopoly powerAnswer: D2. The law of diminishing returns states that:A. The total product of labor increases as more labor is addedB. The marginal product of labor eventually decreases as more labor is addedC. The average product of labor is always higher than the marginal productD. The marginal product of labor is always higher than the average productAnswer: B3. In the short run, a firm in a perfectly competitive market will shut down if:A. Total revenue is greater than total variable costB. Total revenue is less than total costC. Total revenue is less than total variable costD. Total revenue is less than average total costAnswer: C4. The demand for a good is likely to be more elastic when:A. The good has many close substitutesB. The good is a luxury itemC. The good is a necessityD. The good represents a small proportion of consumer's incomeAnswer: A5. The consumer surplus is the difference between:A. The maximum price a consumer is willing to pay and the market priceB. The market price and the minimum price a consumer is willing to payC. The maximum price a consumer is willing to pay and the minimum price a consumer is willing to payD. The minimum price a consumer is willing to pay and the market priceAnswer: A...（此处省略其他选择题）二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the concept of price elasticity of demand and itsdeterminants.Answer: Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to a change in its price. It is calculated as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. The determinants of price elasticity include the availability of substitutes, the proportion of income spent on the good, the necessity of the good, and the time period over which the demand is being considered.2. What is the difference between a normal good and aninferior good?Answer: A normal good is a good for which the demand increases as income increases, while the demand for aninferior good decreases as income increases. This is because normal goods are typically considered desirable or of higher quality, while inferior goods are seen as lower quality substitutes that consumers prefer to avoid as their income increases.3. Define the law of supply and give an example.Answer: The law of supply states that, all else being equal, the quantity supplied of a good will increase as the price of the good increases, and decrease as the price of the good decreases. An example of this would be the supply of oil; if the price of oil rises, producers are more likely to increase production and supply more oil to the market.三、计算题（每题25分，共50分）1. A firm has the following total cost function: TC = 0.5Q^2 - 4Q + 100. Calculate the firm's average total cost (ATC) and marginal cost (MC) at the quantity level of Q = 50.Answer:To find the average total cost (ATC), we divide the total cost (TC) by the quantity (Q):\[ ATC = \frac{TC}{Q} = \frac{0.5Q^2 - 4Q + 100}{Q} \]At Q = 50:\[ ATC = \frac{0.5(50)^2 - 4(50) + 100}{50} = \frac{1250}{50} = 25 \]The marginal cost (MC) is the derivative of the total cost function with respect to quantity:\[ MC = \frac{dTC}{dQ} = 0.5 \times 2Q - 4 \]At Q = 50:\[ MC = 0.5 \times 2 \times 50 - 4 = 50 - 4 = 46 \]2. A monopolist faces the demand function P = 100 - 2Q and has a total cost function TC = 10Q. Calculate the profit-maximizing level of output and the corresponding price.Answer:First, calculate the marginal revenue (MR) by taking the derivative of the total revenue (TR) with respect to Q. TR is P*Q, so:\[ TR = (100 -。
微观经济学英文版9-14章自测题及答案
微观经济学英⽂版9-14章⾃测题及答案第九章⾃测题：1. If the world price of a product is higher than a country’s domestic price we know that countrya. should import that product.b. should no longer produce that product.c. has a comparative advantage in that product.d. could benefit by imposing a tariff on that product.2. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of trade?a. an increased variety of goodsb. lower costs through economies of scalec. increased competitiond. an ability to control domestic and world prices3. When a country allows trade and becomes an exporter of a good, domestic producersa. gain and domestic consumers lose.b. lose and domestic consumers gain.c. and domestic consumers both gain.d. and domestic consumers both lose.4. The world price of yo-yo’s is $4.00 each. The pre-trade price of yo-yo’s in Taiwan is $3.50 each. If Taiwan allows trade in yo-yo’s we know that Taiwan willa. import yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $4.00 each.b. import yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $3.50 each.c. export yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $4.00 each.d. export yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $3.50 each.5. When a country moves from a free trade position and imposes a tariff on imports, this causesa. a decrease in total surplus in the market.b. a decrease in producer surplus in the market.c. an increase in consumer surplus in the market.d. a decrease in revenue to the government.6. A tariff and an import quota will botha. increase the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.b. increase the quantity of imports and lower domestic price.c. reduce the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.d. reduce the quantity of imports and lower domestic price.7. The major difference between tariffs and import quotas is thata. tariffs create deadweight losses, but import quotas do not.b. tariffs help domestic consumers, and import quotas help domestic producers.c. tariffs raise revenue for the government, but import quotas create a surplus for import license holders.d. All of the above are correct.8. According to the graph, consumer surplusin this market before trade would bea. A.b. B + C.c. A + B + D.d. C.9. According to the graph, consumer surplusin this market after trade would bea. A.b. C + B.c. A + B + D.d. B + C + D.10. According to the graph, the change in total surplus in this market because of trade isa. Ab.Bc. Cd. D参考答案：1.c2.d3.a4.c5.a6.c7.c8.a9.c 10.d第⼗章⾃测题：1. An externality is the impact ofa. society’s decisions on the well-being of society.b. a person’s actions on that person’s well-being.c. one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.d. society’s decisions on the well-being of one person in the society2. If education produces positive externalities we would expecta. government to tax education.b. government to subsidize education.c. people to realize the benefits and therefore cause demand for education to increase.d. colleges to relax admission requirements.3. When a negative externality exists in a market the cost to producersa. is greater than the cost to society.b. will be the same as the cost to society.c. will be less than the cost to society.d. and society will be different regardless of whether an externality is present.4. Internalizing an externality refers to makinga. buyers and sellers take into account the external effects of their actions.b. certain that all market transaction benefits go to only buyers and sellers.c. certain government does not disrupt the internal workings of the market.d. buyers pay the full price for the products they purchase.5. Technology spillover is one type ofa. negative externality.b. positive externality.c. subsidy.d. producer surplus.6. According to the Coase theorem, private markets will solve externality problems and allocate resources efficiently as long asa. private parties can bargain without cost.b. government assigns property rights to the harmed party.c. the externalities that are present are positive and not negative.d. businesses determine an appropriate level of production.7. Pigovian taxes are typically advocated to correct for the effects ofa. positive externalities.b. negative externalities.c. regulatory burden.d. All of the above are correct.8. If the government were to limit the release of air-pollution produced by a steel mill to 10,000 units, this policy would be considered aa. regulation.b. Pigovian tax.c. subsidy.d. market-based policy.9. When one firm sells its pollution permit to another firm, which of the following does NOT occur?a. Both firms benefit.b. The total amount of pollution remains the same.c. Social welfare is enhanced.d. Over time, pollution will be eliminated.10. Which of the following policies is government most inclined to use when faced with a positive externality?a. taxationb. permitsc. subsidiesd. usage fees参考答案：1.c2.b3.c4.a5.b6.a7.b8.a9.d 10.c第⼗⼀章⾃测题1. Goods that are excludable include botha. natural monopolies and public goods.b. public goods and common resources.c. common resources and private goods.d. private goods and natural monopolies.2. Which of the following would be considered a private good?a. national defenseb. a public beachc. local cable television serviced. a bottle of natural mineral water3. The government provides public goods becausea. private markets are incapable of producing public goods.b. free-riders make it difficult for private markets to supply the socially optimal quantity.c. markets are always better off with some government oversight.d. external benefits will occur to private producers.4. The difference between technological knowledge and general knowledge is thata. general knowledge creation is usually more profitable for the creator.b. technological knowledge is excludable and general knowledge is not.c. general knowledge is excludable and technological knowledge is not.d. general knowledge is rival and technological knowledge is not.5. A lighthouse is typically considered a good example of a public good becausea. the owner of the lighthouse is able to exclude beneficiaries from enjoying the lighthouse.b. there is rarely another lighthouse nearby to provide competition.c. a nearby port authority cannot avoid paying fees to the lighthouse owner.d. all passing ships are able to enjoy the benefits of the lighthouse without paying.6. The Tragedy of the Commons results when a good isa. rival and not excludable.b. excludable and not rival.c. both rival and excludable.d. neither rival nor excludable.7. If the use of a common resource is not regulated,a. it cannot be used by anyone.b. the economy will end up with too much of a good thing.c. it becomes a private good.d. it will be overused.8. Government may be able to solve the problem of overuse of a common resource by doing each of the following EXCEPTa. regulating the use or consumption of the common resource.b. taxing the use or consumption of the common resource.c. selling the common resource to a private entity.d. allowing individuals to voluntarily reduce their use of the resource.9. Why do elephants face the threat of extinction while cows do not?a. Cattle are a valuable source of income for many people and elephants have no market value.b. There is a high demand for products that come only from the cow.c. There are still lots of cattle that roam free, while most elephants are in zoos.d. Cattle are owned by ranchers, while elephants are owned by no one.10. Excessive fishing occurs becausea. each individual fisherman has little incentive to maintain the species for the next year.b. fishermen rely on government managers to worry about fish populations.c. fishermen are concerned about the population dynamics of fish biomass, not current harvest rates.d. fishermen have other marketable skills and do not fear exploitation of fish reserves.参考答案：1.d2.d3.b4.b5.d6.a7.d8.d9.d 10.a第⼗⼆章⾃测题1. Which of the following is an implicit cost?(i) the owner of a firm forgoing an opportunity to earn a large salary working for a Wall Street brokerage firm(ii) interest paid on th e firm’s debt(iii) rent paid by the firm to lease office spacea. (ii) and (iii)b. (i) and (iii)c. (i) onlyd. All of the above are correct.2. John owns a shoe-shine business. His accountant most likely includes which of the following costs on his financial statements?a. wages John could earn washing windowsb. dividends John’s money was earning in the stock market before John sold his stock and bought a shoe-shine boothc. the cost of shoe polishd. All of the above are correct.3. Economic profita. will never exceed accounting profit.b. is most often equal to accounting profit.c. is always at least as large as accounting profit.d. is a less complete measure of profitability than accounting profit.4. Zach took $500,000 out of the bank and used it to start his new cookie business. The bankaccount pays 4 percent interest per year. During the first year of his business, Zach sold 12,000 boxes of cookies for $3 per box. Also, during the first year, the cookie business incurred costs that required outl ays of money amounting to$14,000.Zach’s economic profit for the year wasa. $–478,000.b. $–56,000.c. $2,000.d. $22,000.5. The marginal product of labor is equal to thea. incremental cost associated with a one unit increase in labor.b. incremental profit associated with a one unit increase in labor.c. increase in labor necessary to generate a one unit increase in output.d. increase in output obtained from a one unit increase in labor.6. Suppose Jan is starting up a small lemonade stand business. Va riable costs for Jan’s lemonade stand would include the cost ofa. building the lemonade stand.b. hiring an artist to design a logo for her sign.c. lemonade mix.d. All of the above are correct.7. Variable cost divided by quantity produced isa. average total cost.b. marginal cost.c. profit.d. None of the above are correct.8. The average fixed cost curvea. always declines with increased levels of output.b. always rises with increased levels of output.c. declines as long as it is above marginal cost.d. declines as long as it is below marginal cost.9. The efficient scale of the firm is the quantity of output thata. maximizes marginal product.b. maximizes profit.c. minimizes average total cost.d. minimizes average variable cost.10. Average total cost is increasing whenevera. total cost is increasing.b. marginal cost is increasing.c. marginal cost is less than average total cost.d. marginal cost is greater than average total cost.11. Which of the following expressions is correct?a. marginal cost = (change in quantity of output)/(change in total cost).b. average total cost = total cost/quantity of output.c. total cost = variable cost + marginal cost.d. All of the above are correct.12. Which of the following must always be true as the quantity of output increases?a. Marginal cost must rise.b. Average total cost must rise.c. Average variable cost must rise.d. Average fixed cost must fall.13. In the long run,a. inputs that were fixed in the short run remain fixed.b. inputs that were fixed in the short run become variable.c. inputs that were variable in the short run become fixed.d. variable inputs are rarely used.14. The length of the short runa. is different for different types of firms.b. can never exceed 3 years.c. can never exceed 1 year.d. is always less than 6 months.15. Economies of scale occur whena. long-run average total costs rise as output increases.b. long-run average total costs fall as output increases.c. average fixed costs are falling.d. average fixed costs are constant.16. Long-run average total cost curves are often U-shapeda. for the same reasons that average total cost curves are often U-shaped.b. because of constant returns to scale.c. because of increasing coordination problems at low levels of production and increasing specialization of workers at high levels of production.d. because of increasing specialization of workers at low levels of production and increasing coordination problems at high levels of production.参考答案：1.c2.c3.a4.c5.d6.c7.d8.a9.c 10.d 11.b 12.d 13.b 14.a 15.b 16.d第⼗三章⾃测题：1. For a firm in a perfectly competitive market, the price of the good is alwaysa. equal to marginal revenue.b. equal to total revenue.c. greater than average revenue.d. All of the above are correct.2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market?a. Firms are price takers.b. Firms have difficulty entering the market.c. There are many sellers in the market.d. Goods offered for sale are largely the same.3. When a competitive firm triples the amount of output it sells,a. its total revenue triples.b. its average revenue triples.c. its marginal revenue triples.d. All of the above are correct.4. When a profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market has zero economic profit, accounting profita. is negative (accounting losses).b. is positive.c. is also zero.d. could be positive, negative or zero.5. For a competitive firm,a. Total revenue = Average revenue.b. Total revenue = Marginal revenue.c. Total cost = Marginal revenue.d. Average revenue = Marginal revenue.6. If marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue, the firma. is most likely to be at a profit-maximizing level of output.b. should increase the level of production to maximize its profit.c. must be experiencing losses.d. may still be earning a profit.7. When price is greater than marginal cost for a firm in a competitive market,a. marginal cost must be falling.b. the firm must be minimizing its losses.c. there are opportunities to increase profit by increasing production.d. the firm should decrease output to maximize profit.8. When fixed costs are ignored because they are irrelevant to a business’s production decision, they are calleda. explicit costs.b. implicit costs.c. sunk costs.d. opportunity costs.9. When a firm makes a short-run decision not to produce anything during a specified period of time because of current market conditions, the firm is said toa. shut down.b. exit.c. withdraw.d. leave the industry.10. Profit-maximizing firms enter a competitive market when, for existing firms in that market,a. total revenue exceeds fixed costs.b. total revenue exceeds total variable costs.c. average total cost exceeds average revenue.d. price exceeds average total cost.11. A firm’s short-run supply curve is part of which of the following curves?a. marginal revenueb. average variable costc. average total costd. marginal cost12. Suppose you bought a ticket to a football game for $30, and that you place a $35 value on seeing the game. If you lose the ticket, then what is the maximum price you should pay for another ticket?a. $30b. $35c. $60d. $6513. When new firms have an incentive to enter a competitive market, their entry willa. increase the price of the product.b. drive down profits of existing firms in the market.c. shift the market supply curve to the left.d. All of the above are correct.14. In a perfectly competitive market, the process of entry and exit will end when, for firms in the market,a. price is equal to average variable cost.b. marginal revenue is equal to average variable cost.c. economic profits are zero.d. All of the above are correct.15. In a competitive market that is characterized by free entry and exit,a. all firms will operate at efficient scale in the short run.b. all firms will operate at efficient scale in the long run.c. the price of the product will differ across firms.d. the number of sellers in the market will steadily decrease over time.16. The assumption of a fixed number of firms is appropriate for analysis ofa. the short run, but not the long run.b. the long run, but not the short run.c. both the short run and the long run.d. neither the short run nor the long run.参考答案：1.a2.b3.a4.b5.d6.d7.c8.c9.a 10.d 11.d 12.b 13.b 14.c 15.b 16.a第⼗四章⾃测题：1. Which of the following statements is correct?a. A competitive firm is a price maker and a monopoly is a price taker.b. A competitive firm is a price taker and a monopoly is a price maker.c. Both competitive firms and monopolies are price takers.d. Both competitive firms and monopolies are price makers.2. Which of the following is an example of a barrier to entry?(i) A key resource is owned by a single firm.(ii) The costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers. (iii) The government has given the existing monopoly the exclusive right to produce the good.a. (i) and (ii)b. (ii) and (iii)c. (i) onlyd. All of the above are correct.3. The defining characteristic of a natural monopoly isa. constant marginal cost over the relevant range of output.b. economies of scale over the relevant range of output.c. constant returns to scale over the relevant range of output.d. diseconomies of scale over the relevant range of output.4. Patent and copyright laws are major sources ofa. natural monopolies.b. government-created monopolies.c. resource monopolies.d. None of the above are correct.5. The De Beers diamond monopoly is a classic example of a monopoly thata. is government-created.b. arises from the ownership of a key resource.c. results in very little advertising of the product that the monopolist produces.d. was broken up by the government a long time ago.6. In order to sell more of its product, a monopolist musta. sell to the government.b. sell in international markets.c. lower its price.d. use its market power to force up the price of complementary products.7. For a profit-maximizing monopolist,a. P＞MR = MC.b. P = MR = MC.c. P ＞MR ＞MC.d. MR ＜MC ＜P.8. For a monopoly, the supply curve is a portion of itsa. marginal revenue curve.b. marginal cost curve.c. average total cost curve.d. none of the above; a monopoly does not have a supply curve.9. What is the monopolist’s profit under the following conditions? The profit-maximizing price charged for goods produced is $16. The intersection of the marginal revenue and marginal cost curves occurs where output is 10 units and marginal cost is $8. Average total cost for 10 units of output is $6.a. $20b. $80c. $100d. $16010. Antitrust laws allow the government toa. prevent mergers.b. break up companies.c. promote competition.d. All of the above are correct.参考答案：1.b2.d3.b4.b5.b6.c7.a8.d9.c 10.d。
微观经济学英文版习题(附答案)4
ECON915, Seminar 4Attempt all of the following questions.1.) Assume that in a credit market with standard debt contracts, there are two groups of investors. Low risk investors (group 1) have a success probability of p 1=0.8 and a return of $150 on a successful investment of K=100, yielding an expected return of E(R 1)=0.8($150)+0.2($100)=$140. Assume further that the same amount of K=$100 is invested by either group and assuming further that 10 investors are present in either group. Based on the above, state what rate of return on successful investments, high risk investors would have to achieve in order to match the expected return of $140 if their success probability is p 2=0.6 .The expected return on a high risk investment is:E(R):= 140 = 0.6x+0.4(100), which can easily be solved for x:140=0.6x + 400.6x=140-40=100x=100/0.6=166.667=R 2, R 2/K=1.672.) Against the data provided above in Q1, what is the highest rate of return that could be achieved without violating the participation constraint for low and high risk investors respectively?The participation constraint in either case is E(Πi )>=0 which essentially implies that R S >=r. The maximum value is obtained for the point where the constraint holds with equality. So, for low risk investors we have:E(Π1)=0.8(150-100-100r) which yields 100r = 50, so r = 50/100 =0.5.This yields the following rate of return:%3535.0)7.0(5.020)10(6.0)10(8.05.0≈==+=Max ρ So the highest interest rate that can be reconciled with the low risk participation constraint is 50%. This yields a rate of return of 35% to the banking sector, because the interest rate is charged to a mixed pool of high and low risk investors.Likewise, for high risk investors we have E(Π2)=0.6(166.67-100-100r) which yields 100r = 66.67, so r = 0.67 and:()40.06.067.02,==Max ρwhich is just the expected rate of return for high risk investors.3.) Against the background of questions 1 and 2, compute which rates of return would be obtained by interest rates of r = 48%, 53% and 66% respectively.r = 48% would not yet violate low risk investors' participation constraint so:%6.33 i.e. ,34.0)7.0(48.020)10(6.0)10(8.048.0==+=A ρ For interest rates of r=53% and 66% low risk investors' participation constraint is violated, so:ρB = 0.53*0.6=0.312, i.e. 31.2%ρC = 0.66*0.6=0.396, i.e. 39.6%Note that r B >r A and yet ρB <ρA !。
微观经济学练习题与答案英文版
Chapter 01Thinking Like an Economist Multiple Choice Questions1. Economics is best defined as the study of:A. prices and quantities.B. inflation and interest rates.C. how people make choices under the conditions of scarcity and the results of those choices.D. wages and incomes.2. Economic questions always deal with:A. financial matters.B. political matters.C. insufficient resources.D. choice in the face of limited resources.3. The range of topics or issues that fit within the definition of economics is:A. limited to market activities, e.g., buying soap.B. limited to individuals and firms.C. extremely wide, requiring only the ideas of choice and scarcity.D. very limited.4. The central concern of economics is:A. poverty.B. scarcity.C. wealth accumulation.D. overconsumption.5. The scarcity principle indicates that:A. no matter how much one has, it is never enough.B. compared to 100 years ago, individuals have less time today.C. with limited resources, having more of "this" means having less of "that."D. because tradeoffs must be made, resources are therefore scarce.6. The logical implication of the scarcity principle is that:A. one will never be satisfied with what one has.B. as wealth increases, making choices becomes less necessary.C. as wealth decreases, making choices becomes less necessary.D. choices must be made.7. If all the world's resources were to magically increase a hundredfold, then:A. the scarcity principle would still govern behavior.B. economics would no longer be relevant.C. the scarcity principle would disappear.D. tradeoffs would become unnecessary.8. The principle of scarcity applies to:A. the poor exclusively.B. all consumers.C. all firms.D. everyone—consumers, firms, governments, and nations.9. At the very least, Joe Average and Bill Gates are both identically limited by:A. their wealth.B. the 24 hours that comprise a day.C. their knowledge.D. their influence.10. Forest is a mountain man living in complete isolation in Montana. He is completely self-sufficient through hunting, fishing, and farming. He has not been in the city to buy anything in five years. One can infer:A. the scarcity principle does not apply to Forest.B. Forest is not required to make choices.C. the scarcity principle still applies because more hunting means less fishing and farming.D. Forest is very satisfied.11. The scarcity principle applies to:A. all decisions.B. only market decisions, e.g., buying a car.C. only non-market decisions, e.g., watching a sunset.D. only the poor.12. Chris has a one-hour break between classes every Wednesday. Chris can either stay at the library and study or go to the gym and work out. The decision Chris must make is:A. not an economic problem because neither one costs money.B. not an economic problem because it's an hour that is wasted no matter what Chris does.C. an economic problem because the tuition Chris pays covers both the gym and the library.D. an economic problem because Chris has only one hour during which he can study or work out.13. Josh wants to go to the football game this weekend, but he has a paper due on Monday. It will take him the whole weekend to write the paper. Josh decided to stay home and work on the paper. According to the scarcity principle, the reason Josh didn't go to the game is that:A. Josh prefers schoolwork to football games.B. writing the paper is easier than going to the game.C. Josh doesn't have enough time for writing the paper and going to the game.D. it's too expensive to go to the game.14. Whether studying the size of the U.S. economy or the number of children a couple will choose to have, the unifying concept is that wants are:A. limited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.B. unlimited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.C. unlimited, resources are limited to some but not to others, and thus some people must make choices.D. unlimited, resources are limited, and thus government needs to do more.15. The cost-benefit principle indicates that an action should be taken:A. if the total benefits exceed the total costs.B. if the average benefits exceed the average costs.C. if the net benefit (benefit minus cost) is zero.D. if the extra benefit is greater than or equal to the extra costs.16. When a person decides to pursue an activity as long as the extra benefits are at least equal to the extra costs, that person is:A. violating the cost-benefit principle.B. following the scarcity principle.C. following the cost-benefit principle.D. pursuing the activity too long.17. Choosing to study for an exam until the extra benefit (improved score) equals the extra cost (mental fatigue) is:A. not rational.B. an application of the cost-benefit principle.C. an application of the scarcity principle.D. the relevant opportunity cost.18. The scarcity principle tells us that __________, and the cost-benefit principle tells us __________.A. choices must be made; how to make the choicesB. choices must be made; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choicesC. rare goods are expensive; that the costs should outweigh the benefits of the choicesD. rare goods are expensive; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choices19. According to the cost-benefit principle:A. the lowest cost activity usually gives the lowest benefit.B. a person should always choose the activity with the lowest cost.C. a person should always choose the activity with the greatest benefit.D. the extra costs and benefits of an activity are more important considerations than the total costs and benefits.20. A rational person is one who:A. is reasonable.B. makes choices that are easily understood.C. possesses well-defined goals and seeks to achieve them.D. is highly cynical.21. The seventh glass of soda that Tim consumes will produce an extra benefit of 10 cents and has an extra cost of zero (Tim is eating at the cafeteria). The cost-benefit principle predicts that Tim will:A. realize he has had too much soda to drink and go home.B. drink the seventh glass and continue until the marginal benefit of drinking another glass of soda is zero.C. volunteer to empty out the fountain.D. not drink the seventh glass.22. Janie must either mow the lawn or wash clothes, earning her a benefit of $30 or $45, respectively. She dislikes both equally and they both take the same amount of time. Janie will therefore choose to _________ because the economic surplus is ________.A. mow the lawn; greaterB. wash clothes; greaterC. mow the lawn; smallerD. wash clothes; smaller23. Dean decided to play golf rather than prepare for tomorrow's exam in economics. One can infer that:A. Dean has made an irrational choice.B. Dean is doing poorly in his economics class.C. the economic surplus from playing golf exceeded the surplus from studying.D. the cost of studying was less than the cost of golfing.Larry was accepted at three different graduate schools, and must choose one. Elite U costs $50,000 per year and did not offer Larry any financial aid. Larry values attending Elite U at $60,000 per year. State College costs $30,000 per year, and offered Larry an annual $10,000 scholarship. Larry values attending State College at $40,000 per year. NoName U costs $20,000 per year, and offered Larry a full $20,000 annual scholarship. Larry values attending NoName at $15,000 per year.24. The opportunity cost of attending Elite U is:A. $50,000B. $10,000C. $20,000D. $15,00025. The opportunity cost of attending State College is:A. $30,000B. $20,000C. $15,000D. $10,00026. Larry maximizes his surplus by attending:A. Elite U, because $60,000 is greater than the benefit at the other schools.B. State College, because the difference between the benefit and cost is greatest there.C. NoName U, because Larry has a full scholarship there.D. Elite U, because the opportunity costs of attending Elite U are the lowest.27. Larry has decided to go to Elite U. Assuming that all of the values described are correct, for Larry to decide on Elite U, he must have:A. calculated his surplus from each choice and picked the one with the highest surplus.B. underestimated the benefits of attending NoName.C. miscalculated the surplus of attending Elite U.D. determined the opportunity cost of each choice and picked the one with the lowest opportunity cost.28. Jen spends her afternoon at the beach, paying $1 to rent a beach umbrella and $11 for food and drinks rather than spending an equal amount of money to go to a movie. The opportunity cost of going to the beach is:A. the $12 she spent on the umbrella, food and drinks.B. only $1 because she would have spent the money on food and drinks whether or not she went to the beach.C. the movie she missed seeing.D. the movie she missed seeing plus the $12 she spent on the umbrella, food and drinks.29. Relative to a person who earns minimum wage, a person who earns $30 per hour has:A. a lower opportunity cost of working longer hours.B. a higher opportunity cost of taking a day off.C. a lower opportunity cost of driving farther to work.D. the same opportunity cost of spending time on leisure activities.30. The opportunity cost of an activity is the value of:A. an alternative forgone.B. the next-best alternative forgone.C. the least-best alternative forgone.D. the difference between the chosen activity and the next-best alternative forgone.31. Amy is thinking about going to the movies tonight. A ticket costs $7 and she will have to cancel her dog-sitting job that pays $30. The cost of seeing the movie is:A. $7.B. $30.C. $37.D. $37 minus the benefit of seeing the movie.32. Economic surplus is:A. the benefit gained by taking an action.B. the price paid to take an action.C. the difference between the benefit gained and the cost incurred of taking an action.D. the wage someone would have to earn in order to take an action.33. The Governor of your state has cut the budget for the University and increased spending on Medicaid. This is an example of:A. the pitfalls of considering average costs instead of marginal costs.B. poor normative economic decision making.C. poor positive economic decision making.D. choice in the face of limited resources.34. Sally earned $25,000 per year before she became a mother. After she became a mother, she told her employer that her opportunity cost of working is now $50,000, and so she is not willing to work for anything less. Her decision is based on:A. the high cost of raising a child.B. her desire to save for her child's college expenses.C. her increased value to her employer.D. the value she places on spending time with her child.35. Alex received a four-year scholarship to State U. that covered tuition and fees, room and board, and books and supplies. As a result:A. attending State U. for four years is costless for Alex.B. Alex has no incentive to work hard while at State U.C. the cost of attending State U. is the amount of money Alex could have earned working for four years.D. the cost of attending State U. is the sum of the benefits Alex would have had attending each of the four other schools to which Alex had been admitted.36. Suppose Mary is willing to pay up to $15,000 for a used Ford pick-up truck, but she finds one for $12,000. Her __________ is __________.A. benefit; $12,000B. cost; $15,000C. economic surplus; $3,000D. economic surplus; $12,00037. In general, rational decision making requires one to choose the actions that yield the:A. largest total benefits.B. smallest total costs.C. smallest net benefits.D. largest economic surpluses.38. Suppose the most you would be willing to pay for a plane ticket home is $250, but you buy one online for $175. The economic surplus of buying the online ticket is:A. $175.B. $250.C. $75.D. $0.39. The use of economic models, like the cost-benefit principle, means economists believe that:A. this is exactly how people choose between alternatives.B. this is a reasonable abstraction of how people choose between alternatives.C. those who explicitly make decisions this way are smarter.D. with enough education, all people will start to explicitly make decisions this way.40. Jenna decides to see a movie that costs $7 for the ticket and has an opportunity cost of $20. After the movie, she says to one of her friends that the movie was not worth it. Apparently:A. Jenna failed to apply the cost-benefit model to her decision.B. Jenna was not rational.C. Jenna overestimated the benefits of the movie.D. Jenna underestimated the benefits of the movie.41. Most of us make sensible decisions most of the time, because:A. we know the cost-benefit principle.B. subconsciously we are weighing costs and benefits.C. most people know about the scarcity principle.D. we conduct hypothetical mental auctions when we make decisions.42. Suppose a person makes a choice that seems inconsistent with the cost-benefit principle. Which of the following statements represents the most reasonable conclusion to draw?A. The person (explicitly or implicitly) over-estimated the benefits or under-estimated the costs or both.B. The cost-benefit principle is rarely true.C. The person does not grasp how decisions should be made.D. The person is simply irrational.43. Economic models are intended to:A. apply to all examples equally well.B. eliminate differences in the way people behave.C. generalize about patterns in decision-making.D. distinguish economics students from everyone else.44. Economic models claim to be:A. reasonable abstractions of how people make choices, highlighting the most important factors.B. exact replications of the decision-making process people use.C. interesting chalkboard exercises with little applicability to the real world.D. exceptionally accurate methods of predicting nearly all behavior of everyone.45. The cost-benefit model used by economists is:A. unrealistic because it is too detailed and specific to apply to a variety of situations.B. unrealistic because everyone can think of times when he or she violated the principle.C. useful because everyone follows it all of the time.D. useful because most people follow it most of the time.46. Barry owns a clothing store in the mall and has asked two economic consultants to develop models of consumer behavior that he can use to increase sales. Barry should choose the model that:A. does not include simplifying assumptions.B. is the most detailed and complex.C. assumes that consumers apply the cost-benefit principle.D. predicts that consumers will always prefer Barry's store to the competing stores.47. Economists use abstract models because:A. every economic situation is unique, so it is impossible to make generalizations.B. every economic situation is essentially the same, so specific details are unnecessary.C. they are useful for describing general patterns of behavior.D. computers have allowed economists to develop abstract models.48. Most people make some decisions based on intuition rather than calculation. This is:A. irrational, because intuition is often wrong.B. consistent with the economic model of decision-making, because calculating costs and benefits leads to decision-making pitfalls.C. consistent with the economic model because people intuitively compare the relative costs and benefits of the choices they face.D. inconsistent with the economic model, but rational because intuition takes into account non-financial considerations.49. Moe has a big exam tomorrow. He considered studying this evening, but decided to go out with Curly instead. Since Moe always chooses rationally, it must be true that: A. the opportunity cost of studying tonight is less than the value Moe gets from spending time with Curly.B. the opportunity cost of studying tonight is equal to the value Moe gets from spending time with Curly minus the cost of earning a low grade on the exam.C. Moe gets more benefit from spending time with Curly than from studying.D. Moe gets less benefit from spending time with Curly than from studying.50. If one fails to account for implicit costs in decision making, then applying thecost-benefit rule will be flawed because:A. the benefits will be overstated.B. the costs will be understated.C. the benefits will be understated.D. the costs will be overstated.Your classmates from the University of Chicago are planning to go to Miami for spring break, and you are undecided about whether you should go with them. The round-trip airfares are $600, but you have a frequent-flyer coupon worth $500 that you could use to pay part of the airfare. All other costs for the vacation are exactly $900. The most you would be willing to pay for the trip is $1400. Your only alternative use for your frequent-flyer coupon is for your trip to Atlanta two weeks after the break to attend your sister's graduation, which your parents are forcing you to attend. The Chicago-Atlanta round-trip airfares are $450.51. If you do not use the frequent-flyer coupon to fly, should you go to Miami?A. Yes, your benefit is more than your cost.B. No, your benefit is less than your cost.C. Yes, your benefit is equal to your cost.D. No, because there are no benefits in the trip.52. What is the opportunity cost of using the coupon for the Miami trip?A. $100B. $450C. $500D. $55053. If you use the frequent-flyer coupon to fly to Atlanta, would you get any economic surplus by making the trip?A. No, there is a loss of $50.B. Yes, surplus of $350.C. Yes, surplus of $400.D. Yes, surplus of $100.54. If the Chicago-Atlanta round-trip air fare is $350, should you go to Miami?A. No, there is a loss of $50.B. No, there is a loss of $100.C. Yes, there is economic surplus of $50.D. Yes, there is economic surplus of $400.55. Pat earns $25,000 per year (after taxes), and Pat's spouse, Chris, earns $35,000 (after taxes). They have two pre-school children. Childcare for their children costs $12,000 per year. Pat has decided to stay home and take care of the children. Pat must:A. value spending time with the children by more than $25,000.B. value spending time with the children by more than $12,000.C. value spending time with the children by more than $13,000.D. value spending time with the children as much as does Chris.You paid $35 for a ticket (which is non-refundable) to see SPAM, a local rock band, in concert on Saturday. (Assume that you would not have been willing to pay any more than $35 for this concert.) Your boss called and she is looking for someone to cover a shift on Saturday at the same time as the concert. You will have to work 4 hours and she will pay you time and a half, which is $9/hr.56. Should you go to the concert instead of working Saturday?A. Yes, your benefit is more than your cost.B. No, your benefit is less than your cost.C. Yes, your benefit is equal to your cost.D. No, because there are no benefits in the concert.57. What is the opportunity cost of going to the concert?A. $1B. $9C. $35D. $3658. What is your opportunity cost, if you go to work on Saturday?A. $0B. $9C. $35D. $3659. Your economic surplus of going to work on Saturday is:A. $0B. $1C. $35D. $36Matt has decided to purchase his textbooks for the semester. His options are to purchase the books via the Internet with next day delivery to his home at a cost of $175, or to drive to campus tomorrow to buy the books at the university bookstore at a cost of $170. Last week he drove to campus to buy a concert ticket because they offered 25 percent off the regular price of $16.因为他们提供75折的正常价格16美元。
微观经济学试题及答案英文
微观经济学试题及答案英文Microeconomics Exam Questions and AnswersQuestion 1: Define the law of demand and explain how itrelates to the concept of price elasticity of demand.Answer 1: The law of demand states that, all else being equal, the quantity demanded of a good or service will decrease asthe price increases. Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded to a change in price. If the quantity demanded changes significantly in response to a price change, the demand is said to be elastic. Conversely, if the quantity demanded changes very little, the demand is inelastic.Question 2: What is the difference between a firm's total revenue and marginal revenue?Answer 2: Total revenue is the total income received by afirm from selling its product, calculated as the price perunit multiplied by the quantity sold. Marginal revenue, onthe other hand, is the additional revenue generated fromselling one more unit of the product. It is the change intotal revenue divided by the change in quantity sold. In a perfectly competitive market, marginal revenue equals the price, but in a market with some degree of monopoly power, marginal revenue is less than the price.Question 3: Explain the concept of consumer surplus and howit is calculated.Answer 3: Consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a good or service and what they actually pay. It is a measure of the welfare gain to consumers from participating in a market. It is calculated by finding the area under the demand curve but above the market price, which represents the total amount consumers would have been willing to pay for each unit up to the quantity they actually purchase.Question 4: What is the marginal cost and how does it relateto a firm's decision to produce?Answer 4: Marginal cost is the cost of producing oneadditional unit of a good or service. It is the change intotal cost resulting from producing one more unit. Firms will continue to produce additional units as long as the marginal cost is less than the marginal revenue. If the marginal cost exceeds the marginal revenue, the firm will reduce production, as producing one more unit would result in a loss.Question 5: Define economies of scale and explain how they affect a firm's cost structure.Answer 5: Economies of scale refer to the cost advantagesthat a firm experiences when it increases its level of output. As the scale of production increases, the average cost perunit of output decreases due to factors such as spreadingfixed costs over more units, specialization of labor, andbulk purchasing discounts. This can lead to lower per-unit costs and potentially higher profits.Question 6: What is the difference between a normal good and an inferior good?Answer 6: A normal good is a good for which the demand increases as consumers' income increases. In contrast, an inferior good is a good for which the demand decreases as consumers' income increases. This is because consumers tend to substitute inferior goods with superior or higher-quality goods when their income rises.End of ExamPlease note that this is a sample set of microeconomics exam questions and answers. The actual content of an exam would depend on the specific topics covered in the course and the level of difficulty desired by the instructor.。
东北财经大学大一经济学专业微观经济学英文试卷及答案 (1)
东北财经大学微观经济学纸质练习试卷姓名：学号：得分：A Multiple choice (2’*30=60’)1) A person's consumption possibilities is defined by the budget line becauseA) it marks the boundary between what is affordable and unaffordable.B) it represents the individual's preference for different combinations of goods.C) it marks the boundary between what can be produced and what is unattainable given the current state of technology and resources.D) all consumers must consume on their budget line.Answer: A2) Which of the following statements is true?A) As more of a good is consumed, its total utility increases, unless the good is subject to diminishing marginal utility.B) As more of a good is consumed, its total utility increases, even if the good is subject to diminishing marginal utility.C) No two people have identical utility functions, just as no two people have identical fingerprints.D) Both A and C above.Answer: B3) Which of the following is NOT an assumption of marginal utility theory?A) A consumer derives utility from the goods consumed.B) Each additional unit of consumption yields additional utility.C) Consumers maximize their total utility.D) As more of a good is consumed, the decrease in the marginal utility from the good means that the total utility from the good decreases also.Answer: D4) The principle of diminishing marginal utility says thatA) marginal utility is negative as the quantity of the good consumed increases.B) total utility decreases as the quantity of the good consumed increases.C) total utility increases by smaller and smaller amounts as the quantity of the good consumed increases.D) total utility increases by larger and larger amounts as the quantity of the good consumed increases.Answer: C5) In the figure above, the curve that shows the diminishing marginal utility isA) total utility curve A because it gets steeper as consumption of tomatoes increases.B) total utility curve A because it is higher than total utility curves B or C.C) total utility curve C because it gets flatter as consumption of tomatoes increases.D) total utility curve C because it is lower than total utility curves B and C.Answer: C6) The variables that determine a household's budget line areA) its preferences and income.B) its preferences and prices.C) prices and income.D) None of the above are correct.Answer: C7) Moving along a given budget line,A) prices and real income both decrease.B) prices fall and real income is constant.C) real income decreases and prices are constant.D) prices and real income are constant.Answer: D8) When the total product curve is drawn in a figure that measures employment along the horizontal axis, it is a graph that shows theA) minimum cost of producing a given amount of output using different techniques.B) maximum profit attainable for each unit of output sold per unit of labor employed.C) maximum output attainable for each quantity of labor employed.D) minimum output attainable for each quantity of labor employed.Answer: C9) A firm that is technologically efficientA) must be economically efficient, but a firm that is economically efficient is not always technologically efficient.B) must be economically efficient, and a firm that is economically efficient must always be technologically efficient.C) is not always economically efficient, and a firm that is economically efficient is not always technologically efficient.D) is not always economically efficient, but a firm that is economically efficient must always be technologically efficient.Answer: D10) In the above figure, Mark's monthly budget line for movies and plays changed, as shown by the arrow. The change was caused byA) a decrease in Mark's income.B) an increase in Mark's income.C) a fall in the price of a play.D) a rise in the price of a play.Answer: C11) Which of the following costs are part of a firm's opportunity costs?I. costs for resources bought in marketsII. costs for resources the firm ownsIII. costs for resources supplied by the ownerA) I and IIB) I and IIIC) I onlyD) I, II, and IIIAnswer: D12) The implicit rental rate for capital includes theA) total value of a piece of capital equipment.B) interest income forgone by purchasing the piece of capital equipment.C) firm's normal profit.D) amount paid for the use of a piece of capital equipment owned by someone else.Answer: B13) Suppose the price of coffee is $3 each, the price of bagels is $2 each and a person's budget is $40. The person's real income isA) $40.B) $13.33 in terms of bagels.C) $13.33 in terms of coffee.D) $8.Answer: C14) The marginal product of labor is the change in total product from a one-unit increase inA) the quantity of labor employed, holding the quantity of other inputs constant.B) the quantity of capital employed, holding the quantity of labor constant.C) both the quantity of labor and the quantity of other inputs employed.D) the wage rate.Answer: A15) In the figure above, which budget line results in the most real income in terms of compact discs?A) ADB) BDC) CDD) Real income is equal for all three budget lines.Answer: C16) Which of the following is true regarding a perfectly competitive firm?A) The firm can charge a lower price than its competitors and thereby sell more output and increase its profits.B) The firm always earns a normal profit.C) The firm's marginal revenue continually decreases.D) The firm's minimum efficient scale is small relative to the market demand.Answer: D17) Which of the following is true regarding perfect competition?I. The firms are price takers.II. Marginal revenue equals the price of the product.III. Established firms have no advantage over new firms.A) I and IIB) II and IIIC) I, II and IIID) I onlyAnswer: C18) The demand for wheat from farm A is perfectly elastic because wheat from farm A isA) a perfect complement for wheat from farm B.B) a normal good.C) a perfect substitute for wheat from farm B.D) an inferior good.Answer: C19) A perfectly competitive firm's marginal revenueA) increases as the firm produces more output.B) decreases as the firm produces more output.C) is less than the market price of its product.D) equals the market price of its product.Answer: D20) In the above figure, the firm will produceA) 0 units.B) 5 units.C) 15 unitsD) 20 units.Answer: D21) A monopoly is best defined as a firm thatA) produces a good or service for which no close substitute exists and which is protected by a barrier that prevents other firms from selling that good or service.B) purchases its resources from only one supplier because of a barrier preventing it from buying from other suppliers.C) produces a good or service for which no close substitute exists and that sells all its output to one buyer because there is barrier preventing other buyers from purchasing the good or service.D) cannot control the price it sets for its good or service because there is barrier that prevents the firm from changing the price.Answer: A22) Given the market demand and cost data in the above figure, the existence of two firms equal sized firms producing a total of 8 million cubic feet of natural gas means that the long-run average cost of producing natural gas isA) 10 cents per cubic foot.B) 20 cents per cubic foot.C) 30 cents per cubic foot.D) 40 cents per cubic foot.Answer: B23) For a single-price monopolist, as output increases, total revenueA) initially increases and then decreases.B) initially decreases and then increases.C) increases continually.D) decreases continually.Answer: A24) Which of the following is FALSE for a profit-maximizing single-price monopolist?A) P = MCB) MC = MRC) P > MRD) None of the above because they are all true.Answer: A25) In monopolistic competition, each firm has a demand curve with a ________ and there ________ barriers to entry into the market.A) negative slope; are noB) slope equal to zero; are noC) negative slope; areD) slope equal to zero; areAnswer: A26) In the figure above, Gap maximizes its profit if it charges ________ per jacket.A) $100B) $95C) $75D) $120Answer: A27) A firm in ________ will engage in ________ to try to earn an economic profit.A) perfect competition; advertisingB) monopolistic competition; product differentiationC) perfect competition; price warsD) monopolistic competition; price warsAnswer: B28) ________ is defined as any attempt to capture consumer surplus, producer surplus or economic profit.A) SearchB) Rent seekingC) Maximizing monopoly profitsD) Price discriminationAnswer: B29) Which of the following is necessary for a monopolist to price discriminate between groups?A) The groups are identifiable.B) The groups have different willingness to pay.C) A customer from one group cannot resell to a customer in another group.D) All of the above conditions are necessary for the monopolist to price discriminate.Answer: D30) Consider the perfectly competitive firm in the above figure. At what price will long-run equilibrium occur?A) $11B) $12C) $22D) $23Answer: CB True or false (1’*20=20’)1) Tom's marginal utility from a Sobe exceeds his marginal utility of crackers. Therefore, his total utility of Sobe must exceed his total utility of crackers.Answer: FALSE2) If Tom's total utility from watching one more minute of television increases but the increase for each additional minute is smaller than the previous minute, he has diminishing marginal utility. Answer: TRUE3) A firm's minimum efficient scale is the largest quantity of output at which long-run average cost reaches its highest level.Answer: FALSE4) The magnitude of the slope of the indifference curve between steak and lobster is called the marginal rate of substitution.Answer: TRUE5) You consume only steak and lobster. Your income effect from a drop in the price of lobster is measured by a movement along your indifference curve between steak and lobster.Answer: FALSE6) If a firm produces a given amount of output using the least amount of inputs, it definitely achieves economic efficiency.Answer: FALSE7) The larger the marginal rate of substitution, the larger is the amount of one good that the consumer is willing to give up in exchange for another good and still remain at the same level of satisfaction. Answer: TRUE8) The possibility that the managers of a corporation might not always act in the best interest of its owners is an example of the principal-agent problem.Answer: TRUE9) The marginal cost curve intersects the average fixed, average variable, and average total cost curves all at their minimum points.Answer: FALSE10) In the long run, total variable cost is zero.Answer: FALSE11) If a firm is maximizing profits, the extra revenue it receives from selling its last unit of output exceeds the extra cost of producing that unit.Answer: FALSE12) Entry of new firms into a perfectly competitive market lowers the profits of the existing firms. Answer: TRUE13) In the long run, perfectly competitive firms make zero economic profit, that is, their owners make a normal profit.Answer: TRUE14) A natural monopoly is any market in which competition and entry are restricted by the granting of a public franchise, government license, patent, or copyright.Answer: FALSE15) A monopoly creates a deadweight loss because the monopoly produces less than the efficientquantity.Answer: TRUE16) In monopolistic competition, product differentiation gives the firms the power to set their prices. Answer: TRUE17) In monopolistic competition, free entry and free exit mean that in the long run firms in the industry make zero economic profit.Answer: TRUE18) In the short run, a firm in monopolistic competition produces where P = MCAnswer: FALSE19) A monopoly that can perfectly price discriminate creates no deadweight loss.Answer: TRUE20) The deadweight loss from a monopoly loss measures the inefficiency created by monopoly. Answer: TRUEC Calculation(5’*4=20)1) The table gives the total utility Jamal derives from the consumption of eclairs and cream puffs. Jamal has $12 to spend on these two confectionery goods. The price of an eclair is $3 and the price of a cream puff is $1.50.a) Jamal's budget is $12. In order for Jamal to maximize his utility, how many eclairs and cream puffs should he buy?b) Suppose the price of an eclair increase to $6. Jamal's income does not change and neither does the price of a cream puff. What combination of eclairs and cream puffs will Jamal buy now?c) Using your answers to parts (a) and (b), derive two points on Jamal's demand curve for eclairs. Answer:a) Jamal's utility maximizing combination will allocate (spend) his budget and be such that the marginal utility per dollar from the last eclair equals the marginal utility per dollar from the last cream puff. Jamal's utility maximizing combination is 3 eclairs and 2 cream puffs. At this combination, Jamal spends $9 on eclairs (3 eclairs × $3) and $3 on cream puffs (2 cream puffs ×$1.50) for a total of $12. The marginal utility of the third eclair is 99 (= 342 - 243), so the marginal utility per dollar from eclairs is 99 ÷ 3 = 33. The marginal utility of the second cream puff is 49.50 (= 103.5 - 54.0), so the marginal utility per dollar from cream puffs is 49.5 ÷ $1.50 = 33. Hence the marginal utilities per dollar are equal, so the combination of 3 eclairs and 2 cream puffs maximizes Jamal's utility.b) Jamal's new utility maximizing combination is 1 eclair and 4 cream puffs. As in part (a), this combination allocates all of Jamal's income and equalizes the marginal utility per dollar from the two goods. (Both are equal to 21.)c) When the price of an eclair is $3, Jamal buys 3 eclairs, so one point on Jamal's demand curve is the price of $3 and the quantity demanded of 3 eclairs. When the price of an eclair increases to $6, Jamal buys only 1 eclair. So another point on Jamal's demand curve is the price of $6 and quantity demanded of 1 eclair.2) Tom is stranded on a deserted island where he can only consume coconuts and crabs. Two of his indifference curves are in the figure above.a) Would Tom prefer his consumption to be at point a or at point b? At point b or at point c? Explain your answers.b) Between points a and b, what is Tom's marginal rate of substitution for a crab?Answer:a) Tom is indifferent between consuming at point a or at point b because both points are on the same indifference curve, I1. Tom would prefer to consume at point c rather than point b because point c is on a higher indifference curve, I2 versus I1.b) Between points a and b, Tom's marginal rate of substitution for a crab is 2 coconuts per crab.each firm is listed in the above table.a) What is the four-firm concentration ratio in this market?b) What is the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index for this market?c) If Firm H and Firm A merge, what is the new Herfindahl-Hirschman Index for this market?d) A severe winter causes every firm except A, B, and E to close. With only these three firms operating, Firm A's market share is 71 percent, Firm B's market share is 23 percent, and Firm C's market share is 6 percent. What is the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index for this market now? Answer:a) The four-firm concentration rate is 74 percent.b) The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index is 1,782.c) Once firms H and A merge, the new Herfindahl-Hirschman Index is 2,038.d) The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index is now 5,606.a) What is the first worker's marginal product? The second worker? The third worker? The fourth worker? The fifth worker?b) Over what range of workers is there increasing marginal returns? Over what range is there decreasing marginal returns?Answer:a) The first worker's marginal product is 10 hair stylings. The second worker's marginal product is 15 hair stylings. The third worker's marginal product is 20 hair stylings. The fourth worker's marginal product is 15 hair stylings. The fifth worker's marginal product is 10 hair stylings.b) There are increasing marginal returns for the first 3 workers. After the third worker, there are decreasing marginal returns.。
微观经济学的练习试题以和答案解析英文版
Chapter 01Thinking Like an Economist Multiple Choice Questions1. Economics is best defined as the study of:A. prices and quantities.B. inflation and interest rates.C. how people make choices under the conditions of scarcity and the results of those choices.D. wages and incomes.2. Economic questions always deal with:A. financial matters.B. political matters.C. insufficient resources.D. choice in the face of limited resources.3. The range of topics or issues that fit within the definition of economics is:A. limited to market activities, e.g., buying soap.B. limited to individuals and firms.C. extremely wide, requiring only the ideas of choice and scarcity.D. very limited.4. The central concern of economics is:A. poverty.B. scarcity.C. wealth accumulation.D. overconsumption.5. The scarcity principle indicates that:A. no matter how much one has, it is never enough.B. compared to 100 years ago, individuals have less time today.C. with limited resources, having more of "this" means having less of "that."D. because tradeoffs must be made, resources are therefore scarce.6. The logical implication of the scarcity principle is that:A. one will never be satisfied with what one has.B. as wealth increases, making choices becomes less necessary.C. as wealth decreases, making choices becomes less necessary.D. choices must be made.7. If all the world's resources were to magically increase a hundredfold, then:A. the scarcity principle would still govern behavior.B. economics would no longer be relevant.C. the scarcity principle would disappear.D. tradeoffs would become unnecessary.8. The principle of scarcity applies to:A. the poor exclusively.B. all consumers.C. all firms.D. everyone—consumers, firms, governments, and nations.9. At the very least, Joe Average and Bill Gates are both identically limited by:A. their wealth.B. the 24 hours that comprise a day.C. their knowledge.D. their influence.10. Forest is a mountain man living in complete isolation in Montana. He is completely self-sufficient through hunting, fishing, and farming. He has not been in the city to buy anything in five years. One can infer:A. the scarcity principle does not apply to Forest.B. Forest is not required to make choices.C. the scarcity principle still applies because more hunting means less fishing and farming.D. Forest is very satisfied.11. The scarcity principle applies to:A. all decisions.B. only market decisions, e.g., buying a car.C. only non-market decisions, e.g., watching a sunset.D. only the poor.12. Chris has a one-hour break between classes every Wednesday. Chris can either stay at the library and study or go to the gym and work out. The decision Chris must make is:A. not an economic problem because neither one costs money.B. not an economic problem because it's an hour that is wasted no matter what Chris does.C. an economic problem because the tuition Chris pays covers both the gym and the library.D. an economic problem because Chris has only one hour during which he can study or work out.13. Josh wants to go to the football game this weekend, but he has a paper due on Monday. It will take him the whole weekend to write the paper. Josh decided to stay home and work on the paper. According to the scarcity principle, the reason Josh didn't go to the game is that:A. Josh prefers schoolwork to football games.B. writing the paper is easier than going to the game.C. Josh doesn't have enough time for writing the paper and going to the game.D. it's too expensive to go to the game.14. Whether studying the size of the U.S. economy or the number of children a couple will choose to have, the unifying concept is that wants are:A. limited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.B. unlimited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.C. unlimited, resources are limited to some but not to others, and thus some people must make choices.D. unlimited, resources are limited, and thus government needs to do more.15. The cost-benefit principle indicates that an action should be taken:A. if the total benefits exceed the total costs.B. if the average benefits exceed the average costs.C. if the net benefit (benefit minus cost) is zero.D. if the extra benefit is greater than or equal to the extra costs.16. When a person decides to pursue an activity as long as the extra benefits are at least equal to the extra costs, that person is:A. violating the cost-benefit principle.B. following the scarcity principle.C. following the cost-benefit principle.D. pursuing the activity too long.17. Choosing to study for an exam until the extra benefit (improved score) equals the extra cost (mental fatigue) is:A. not rational.B. an application of the cost-benefit principle.C. an application of the scarcity principle.D. the relevant opportunity cost.18. The scarcity principle tells us that __________, and the cost-benefit principle tells us __________.A. choices must be made; how to make the choicesB. choices must be made; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choicesC. rare goods are expensive; that the costs should outweigh the benefits of the choicesD. rare goods are expensive; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choices19. According to the cost-benefit principle:A. the lowest cost activity usually gives the lowest benefit.B. a person should always choose the activity with the lowest cost.C. a person should always choose the activity with the greatest benefit.D. the extra costs and benefits of an activity are more important considerations than the total costs and benefits.20. A rational person is one who:A. is reasonable.B. makes choices that are easily understood.C. possesses well-defined goals and seeks to achieve them.D. is highly cynical.21. The seventh glass of soda that Tim consumes will produce an extra benefit of 10 cents and has an extra cost of zero (Tim is eating at the cafeteria). The cost-benefit principle predicts that Tim will:A. realize he has had too much soda to drink and go home.B. drink the seventh glass and continue until the marginal benefit of drinking another glass of soda is zero.C. volunteer to empty out the fountain.D. not drink the seventh glass.22. Janie must either mow the lawn or wash clothes, earning her a benefit of $30 or $45, respectively. She dislikes both equally and they both take the same amount of time. Janie will therefore choose to_________ because the economic surplus is ________.A. mow the lawn; greaterB. wash clothes; greaterC. mow the lawn; smallerD. wash clothes; smaller23. Dean decided to play golf rather than prepare for tomorrow's exam in economics. One can infer that:A. Dean has made an irrational choice.B. Dean is doing poorly in his economics class.C. the economic surplus from playing golf exceeded the surplus from studying.D. the cost of studying was less than the cost of golfing.Larry was accepted at three different graduate schools, and must choose one. Elite U costs $50,000 per year and did not offer Larry any financial aid. Larry values attending Elite U at $60,000 per year. State College costs $30,000 per year, and offered Larry an annual $10,000 scholarship. Larry values attending State College at $40,000 per year. NoName U costs $20,000 per year, and offered Larry a full $20,000 annual scholarship. Larry values attending NoName at $15,000 per year.24. The opportunity cost of attending Elite U is:A. $50,000B. $10,000C. $20,000D. $15,00025. The opportunity cost of attending State College is:A. $30,000B. $20,000C. $15,000D. $10,00026. Larry maximizes his surplus by attending:A. Elite U, because $60,000 is greater than the benefit at the other schools.B. State College, because the difference between the benefit and cost is greatest there.C. NoName U, because Larry has a full scholarship there.D. Elite U, because the opportunity costs of attending Elite U are the lowest.27. Larry has decided to go to Elite U. Assuming that all of the values described are correct, for Larry to decide on Elite U, he must have: A. calculated his surplus from each choice and picked the one with the highest surplus.B. underestimated the benefits of attending NoName.C. miscalculated the surplus of attending Elite U.D. determined the opportunity cost of each choice and picked the one with the lowest opportunity cost.28. Jen spends her afternoon at the beach, paying $1 to rent a beach umbrella and $11 for food and drinks rather than spending an equal amount of money to go to a movie. The opportunity cost of going to the beach is:A. the $12 she spent on the umbrella, food and drinks.B. only $1 because she would have spent the money on food and drinks whether or not she went to the beach.C. the movie she missed seeing.D. the movie she missed seeing plus the $12 she spent on the umbrella, food and drinks.29. Relative to a person who earns minimum wage, a person who earns $30 per hour has:A. a lower opportunity cost of working longer hours.B. a higher opportunity cost of taking a day off.C. a lower opportunity cost of driving farther to work.D. the same opportunity cost of spending time on leisure activities.30. The opportunity cost of an activity is the value of:A. an alternative forgone.B. the next-best alternative forgone.C. the least-best alternative forgone.D. the difference between the chosen activity and the next-best alternative forgone.31. Amy is thinking about going to the movies tonight. A ticket costs $7 and she will have to cancel her dog-sitting job that pays $30. The cost of seeing the movie is:A. $7.B. $30.C. $37.D. $37 minus the benefit of seeing the movie.32. Economic surplus is:A. the benefit gained by taking an action.B. the price paid to take an action.C. the difference between the benefit gained and the cost incurred of taking an action.D. the wage someone would have to earn in order to take an action.33. The Governor of your state has cut the budget for the University and increased spending on Medicaid. This is an example of:A. the pitfalls of considering average costs instead of marginal costs.B. poor normative economic decision making.C. poor positive economic decision making.D. choice in the face of limited resources.34. Sally earned $25,000 per year before she became a mother. After she became a mother, she told her employer that her opportunity cost of working is now $50,000, and so she is not willing to work for anything less. Her decision is based on:A. the high cost of raising a child.B. her desire to save for her child's college expenses.C. her increased value to her employer.D. the value she places on spending time with her child.35. Alex received a four-year scholarship to State U. that covered tuition and fees, room and board, and books and supplies. As a result:A. attending State U. for four years is costless for Alex.B. Alex has no incentive to work hard while at State U.C. the cost of attending State U. is the amount of money Alex could have earned working for four years.D. the cost of attending State U. is the sum of the benefits Alex would have had attending each of the four other schools to which Alex had been admitted.36. Suppose Mary is willing to pay up to $15,000 for a used Ford pick-up truck, but she finds one for $12,000. Her __________ is __________.A. benefit; $12,000B. cost; $15,000C. economic surplus; $3,000D. economic surplus; $12,00037. In general, rational decision making requires one to choose the actions that yield the:A. largest total benefits.B. smallest total costs.C. smallest net benefits.D. largest economic surpluses.38. Suppose the most you would be willing to pay for a plane ticket home is $250, but you buy one online for $175. The economic surplus of buying the online ticket is:A. $175.B. $250.C. $75.D. $0.39. The use of economic models, like the cost-benefit principle, means economists believe that:A. this is exactly how people choose between alternatives.B. this is a reasonable abstraction of how people choose between alternatives.C. those who explicitly make decisions this way are smarter.D. with enough education, all people will start to explicitly make decisions this way.40. Jenna decides to see a movie that costs $7 for the ticket and has an opportunity cost of $20. After the movie, she says to one of her friends that the movie was not worth it. Apparently:A. Jenna failed to apply the cost-benefit model to her decision.B. Jenna was not rational.C. Jenna overestimated the benefits of the movie.D. Jenna underestimated the benefits of the movie.41. Most of us make sensible decisions most of the time, because:A. we know the cost-benefit principle.B. subconsciously we are weighing costs and benefits.C. most people know about the scarcity principle.D. we conduct hypothetical mental auctions when we make decisions.42. Suppose a person makes a choice that seems inconsistent with the cost-benefit principle. Which of the following statements represents the most reasonable conclusion to draw?A. The person (explicitly or implicitly) over-estimated the benefits or under-estimated the costs or both.B. The cost-benefit principle is rarely true.C. The person does not grasp how decisions should be made.D. The person is simply irrational.43. Economic models are intended to:A. apply to all examples equally well.B. eliminate differences in the way people behave.C. generalize about patterns in decision-making.D. distinguish economics students from everyone else.44. Economic models claim to be:A. reasonable abstractions of how people make choices, highlighting the most important factors.B. exact replications of the decision-making process people use.C. interesting chalkboard exercises with little applicability to the real world.D. exceptionally accurate methods of predicting nearly all behavior of everyone.45. The cost-benefit model used by economists is:A. unrealistic because it is too detailed and specific to apply to a variety of situations.B. unrealistic because everyone can think of times when he or she violated the principle.C. useful because everyone follows it all of the time.D. useful because most people follow it most of the time.46. Barry owns a clothing store in the mall and has asked two economic consultants to develop models of consumer behavior that he can use to increase sales. Barry should choose the model that:A. does not include simplifying assumptions.B. is the most detailed and complex.C. assumes that consumers apply the cost-benefit principle.D. predicts that consumers will always prefer Barry's store to the competing stores.47. Economists use abstract models because:A. every economic situation is unique, so it is impossible to make generalizations.B. every economic situation is essentially the same, so specific details are unnecessary.C. they are useful for describing general patterns of behavior.D. computers have allowed economists to develop abstract models.48. Most people make some decisions based on intuition rather than calculation. This is:A. irrational, because intuition is often wrong.B. consistent with the economic model of decision-making, because calculating costs and benefits leads to decision-making pitfalls.C. consistent with the economic model because people intuitively compare the relative costs and benefits of the choices they face.D. inconsistent with the economic model, but rational because intuition takes into account non-financial considerations.49. Moe has a big exam tomorrow. He considered studying this evening, but decided to go out with Curly instead. Since Moe always chooses rationally, it must be true that:A. the opportunity cost of studying tonight is less than the value Moe gets from spending time with Curly.B. the opportunity cost of studying tonight is equal to the value Moe gets from spending time with Curly minus the cost of earning a low grade on the exam.C. Moe gets more benefit from spending time with Curly than from studying.D. Moe gets less benefit from spending time with Curly than from studying.50. If one fails to account for implicit costs in decision making, then applying the cost-benefit rule will be flawed because:A. the benefits will be overstated.B. the costs will be understated.C. the benefits will be understated.D. the costs will be overstated.Your classmates from the University of Chicago are planning to go to Miami for spring break, and you are undecided about whether you should go with them. The round-trip airfares are $600, but you have a frequent-flyer coupon worth $500 that you could use to pay part of the airfare. All other costs for the vacation are exactly $900. The most you would be willing to pay for the trip is $1400. Your only alternative use for your frequent-flyer coupon is for your trip to Atlanta two weeks after the break to attend your sister's graduation, which your parents are forcing you to attend. The Chicago-Atlanta round-trip airfares are $450.51. If you do not use the frequent-flyer coupon to fly, should you go to Miami?A. Yes, your benefit is more than your cost.B. No, your benefit is less than your cost.C. Yes, your benefit is equal to your cost.D. No, because there are no benefits in the trip.52. What is the opportunity cost of using the coupon for the Miami trip?A. $100B. $450C. $500D. $55053. If you use the frequent-flyer coupon to fly to Atlanta, would you get any economic surplus by making the trip?A. No, there is a loss of $50.B. Yes, surplus of $350.C. Yes, surplus of $400.D. Yes, surplus of $100.54. If the Chicago-Atlanta round-trip air fare is $350, should you go to Miami?A. No, there is a loss of $50.B. No, there is a loss of $100.C. Yes, there is economic surplus of $50.D. Yes, there is economic surplus of $400.55. Pat earns $25,000 per year (after taxes), and Pat's spouse, Chris, earns $35,000 (after taxes). They have two pre-school children. Childcare for their children costs $12,000 per year. Pat has decided to stay home and take care of the children. Pat must:A. value spending time with the children by more than $25,000.B. value spending time with the children by more than $12,000.C. value spending time with the children by more than $13,000.D. value spending time with the children as much as does Chris.You paid $35 for a ticket (which is non-refundable) to see SPAM, a local rock band, in concert on Saturday. (Assume that you would not have been willing to pay any more than $35 for this concert.) Your boss called and she is looking for someone to cover a shift on Saturday at the same time as the concert. You will have to work 4 hours and she will pay you time and a half, which is $9/hr.56. Should you go to the concert instead of working Saturday?A. Yes, your benefit is more than your cost.B. No, your benefit is less than your cost.C. Yes, your benefit is equal to your cost.D. No, because there are no benefits in the concert.57. What is the opportunity cost of going to the concert?A. $1B. $9C. $35D. $3658. What is your opportunity cost, if you go to work on Saturday?A. $0B. $9C. $35D. $3659. Your economic surplus of going to work on Saturday is:A. $0B. $1C. $35D. $36Matt has decided to purchase his textbooks for the semester. His options are to purchase the books via the Internet with next day delivery to his home at a cost of $175, or to drive to campus tomorrow to buy the books at the university bookstore at a cost of $170. Last week he drove to campus to buy a concert ticket because they offered 25 percent off the regular price of $16.因为他们提供75折的正常价格16美元。
微观经济学 英文版 题库 练习完整版
Chapter 01Thinking Like an Economist Multiple Choice Questions1. Economics is best defined as the study of:A. prices and quantities.B. inflation and interest rates.C. how people make choices under the conditions of scarcity and the results of those choices.D. wages and incomes.2. Economic questions always deal with:A. financial matters.B. political matters.C. insufficient resources.D. choice in the face of limited resources.3. The range of topics or issues that fit within the definition of economics is:A. limited to market activities, e.g., buying soap.B. limited to individuals and firms.C. extremely wide, requiring only the ideas of choice and scarcity.D. very limited.4. The central concern of economics is:A. poverty.B. scarcity.C. wealth accumulation.D. overconsumption.5. The scarcity principle indicates that:A. no matter how much one has, it is never enough.B. compared to 100 years ago, individuals have less time today.C. with limited resources, having more of "this" means having less of "that."D. because tradeoffs must be made, resources are therefore scarce.6. The logical implication of the scarcity principle is that:A. one will never be satisfied with what one has.B. as wealth increases, making choices becomes less necessary.C. as wealth decreases, making choices becomes less necessary.D. choices must be made.7. If all the world's resources were to magically increase a hundredfold, then:A. the scarcity principle would still govern behavior.B. economics would no longer be relevant.C. the scarcity principle would disappear.D. tradeoffs would become unnecessary.8. The principle of scarcity applies to:A. the poor exclusively.B. all consumers.C. all firms.D. everyone—consumers, firms, governments, and nations.9. At the very least, Joe Average and Bill Gates are both identically limited by:A. their wealth.B. the 24 hours that comprise a day.C. their knowledge.D. their influence.10. Forest is a mountain man living in complete isolation in Montana. He is completely self-sufficient through hunting, fishing, and farming. He has not been in the city to buy anything in five years. One can infer:A. the scarcity principle does not apply to Forest.B. Forest is not required to make choices.C. the scarcity principle still applies because more hunting means less fishing and farming.D. Forest is very satisfied.11. The scarcity principle applies to:A. all decisions.B. only market decisions, e.g., buying a car.C. only non-market decisions, e.g., watching a sunset.D. only the poor.12. Chris has a one-hour break between classes every Wednesday. Chris can either stay at the library and study or go to the gym and work out. The decision Chris must make is:A. not an economic problem because neither one costs money.B. not an economic problem because it's an hour that is wasted no matter what Chris does.C. an economic problem because the tuition Chris pays covers both the gym and the library.D. an economic problem because Chris has only one hour during which he can study or work out.13. Josh wants to go to the football game this weekend, but he has a paper due on Monday. It will take him the whole weekend to write the paper. Josh decided to stay home and work on the paper. According to the scarcity principle, the reason Josh didn't go to the game is that:A. Josh prefers schoolwork to football games.B. writing the paper is easier than going to the game.C. Josh doesn't have enough time for writing the paper and going to the game.D. it's too expensive to go to the game.14. Whether studying the size of the U.S. economy or the number of children a couple will choose to have, the unifying concept is that wants are:A. limited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.B. unlimited, resources are limited, and thus choices must be made.C. unlimited, resources are limited to some but not to others, and thus some people must make choices.D. unlimited, resources are limited, and thus government needs to do more.15. The cost-benefit principle indicates that an action should be taken:A. if the total benefits exceed the total costs.B. if the average benefits exceed the average costs.C. if the net benefit (benefit minus cost) is zero.D. if the extra benefit is greater than or equal to the extra costs.16. When a person decides to pursue an activity as long as the extra benefits are at least equal to the extra costs, that person is:A. violating the cost-benefit principle.B. following the scarcity principle.C. following the cost-benefit principle.D. pursuing the activity too long.17. Choosing to study for an exam until the extra benefit (improved score) equals the extra cost (mental fatigue) is:A. not rational.B. an application of the cost-benefit principle.C. an application of the scarcity principle.D. the relevant opportunity cost.18. The scarcity principle tells us that __________, and the cost-benefit principle tells us __________.A. choices must be made; how to make the choicesB. choices must be made; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choicesC. rare goods are expensive; that the costs should outweigh the benefits of the choicesD. rare goods are expensive; that the costs can never outweigh the benefits of the choices19. According to the cost-benefit principle:A. the lowest cost activity usually gives the lowest benefit.B. a person should always choose the activity with the lowest cost.C. a person should always choose the activity with the greatest benefit.D. the extra costs and benefits of an activity are more important considerations than the total costs and benefits.20. A rational person is one who:A. is reasonable.B. makes choices that are easily understood.C. possesses well-defined goals and seeks to achieve them.D. is highly cynical.21. The seventh glass of soda that Tim consumes will produce an extra benefit of 10 cents and has an extra cost of zero (Tim is eating at the cafeteria). Thecost-benefit principle predicts that Tim will:A. realize he has had too much soda to drink and go home.B. drink the seventh glass and continue until the marginal benefit of drinking another glass of soda is zero.C. volunteer to empty out the fountain.D. not drink the seventh glass.22. Janie must either mow the lawn or wash clothes, earning her a benefit of $30 or $45, respectively. She dislikes both equally and they both take the same amount of time. Janie will therefore choose to _________ because the economic surplus is ________.A. mow the lawn; greaterB. wash clothes; greaterC. mow the lawn; smallerD. wash clothes; smaller23. Dean decided to play golf rather than prepare for tomorrow's exam in economics. One can infer that:A. Dean has made an irrational choice.B. Dean is doing poorly in his economics class.C. the economic surplus from playing golf exceeded the surplus from studying.D. the cost of studying was less than the cost of golfing.Larry was accepted at three different graduate schools, and must choose one. Elite U costs $50,000 per year and did not offer Larry any financial aid. Larry values attending Elite U at $60,000 per year. State College costs $30,000 per year, and offered Larry an annual $10,000 scholarship. Larry values attending State College at $40,000 per year. NoName U costs $20,000 per year, and offered Larry a full $20,000 annual scholarship. Larry values attending NoName at $15,000 per year.24. The opportunity cost of attending Elite U is:A. $50,000B. $10,000C. $20,000D. $15,00025. The opportunity cost of attending State College is:A. $30,000B. $20,000C. $15,000D. $10,00026. Larry maximizes his surplus by attending:A. Elite U, because $60,000 is greater than the benefit at the other schools.B. State College, because the difference between the benefit and cost is greatest there.C. NoName U, because Larry has a full scholarship there.D. Elite U, because the opportunity costs of attending Elite U are the lowest.27. Larry has decided to go to Elite U. Assuming that all of the values described are correct, for Larry to decide on Elite U, he must have:A. calculated his surplus from each choice and picked the one with the highest surplus.B. underestimated the benefits of attending NoName.C. miscalculated the surplus of attending Elite U.D. determined the opportunity cost of each choice and picked the one with the lowest opportunity cost.28. Jen spends her afternoon at the beach, paying $1 to rent a beach umbrella and $11 for food and drinks rather than spending an equal amount of money to go to a movie. The opportunity cost of going to the beach is:A. the $12 she spent on the umbrella, food and drinks.B. only $1 because she would have spent the money on food and drinks whether or not she went to the beach.C. the movie she missed seeing.D. the movie she missed seeing plus the $12 she spent on the umbrella, food and drinks.29. Relative to a person who earns minimum wage, a person who earns $30 per hour has:A. a lower opportunity cost of working longer hours.B. a higher opportunity cost of taking a day off.C. a lower opportunity cost of driving farther to work.D. the same opportunity cost of spending time on leisure activities.30. The opportunity cost of an activity is the value of:A. an alternative forgone.B. the next-best alternative forgone.C. the least-best alternative forgone.D. the difference between the chosen activity and the next-best alternative forgone.31. Amy is thinking about going to the movies tonight. A ticket costs $7 and she will have to cancel her dog-sitting job that pays $30. The cost of seeing the movie is:A. $7.B. $30.C. $37.D. $37 minus the benefit of seeing the movie.32. Economic surplus is:A. the benefit gained by taking an action.B. the price paid to take an action.C. the difference between the benefit gained and the cost incurred of taking an action.D. the wage someone would have to earn in order to take an action.33. The Governor of your state has cut the budget for the University and increased spending on Medicaid. This is an example of:A. the pitfalls of considering average costs instead of marginal costs.B. poor normative economic decision making.C. poor positive economic decision making.D. choice in the face of limited resources.34. Sally earned $25,000 per year before she became a mother. After she becamea mother, she told her employer that her opportunity cost of working is now $50,000, and so she is not willing to work for anything less. Her decision is based on:A. the high cost of raising a child.B. her desire to save for her child's college expenses.C. her increased value to her employer.D. the value she places on spending time with her child.35. Alex received a four-year scholarship to State U. that covered tuition and fees, room and board, and books and supplies. As a result:A. attending State U. for four years is costless for Alex.B. Alex has no incentive to work hard while at State U.C. the cost of attending State U. is the amount of money Alex could have earned working for four years.D. the cost of attending State U. is the sum of the benefits Alex would have had attending each of the four other schools to which Alex had been admitted.36. Suppose Mary is willing to pay up to $15,000 for a used Ford pick-up truck, but she finds one for $12,000. Her __________ is __________.A. benefit; $12,000B. cost; $15,000C. economic surplus; $3,000D. economic surplus; $12,00037. In general, rational decision making requires one to choose the actions that yield the:A. largest total benefits.B. smallest total costs.C. smallest net benefits.D. largest economic surpluses.38. Suppose the most you would be willing to pay for a plane ticket home is $250, but you buy one online for $175. The economic surplus of buying the online ticket is:A. $175.B. $250.C. $75.D. $0.39. The use of economic models, like the cost-benefit principle, means economists believe that:A. this is exactly how people choose between alternatives.B. this is a reasonable abstraction of how people choose between alternatives.C. those who explicitly make decisions this way are smarter.D. with enough education, all people will start to explicitly make decisions this way.40. Jenna decides to see a movie that costs $7 for the ticket and has an opportunity cost of $20. After the movie, she says to one of her friends that the movie was not worth it. Apparently:A. Jenna failed to apply the cost-benefit model to her decision.B. Jenna was not rational.C. Jenna overestimated the benefits of the movie.D. Jenna underestimated the benefits of the movie.41. Most of us make sensible decisions most of the time, because:A. we know the cost-benefit principle.B. subconsciously we are weighing costs and benefits.C. most people know about the scarcity principle.D. we conduct hypothetical mental auctions when we make decisions.42. Suppose a person makes a choice that seems inconsistent with the cost-benefit principle. Which of the following statements represents the most reasonable conclusion to draw?A. The person (explicitly or implicitly) over-estimated the benefits orunder-estimated the costs or both.B. The cost-benefit principle is rarely true.C. The person does not grasp how decisions should be made.D. The person is simply irrational.43. Economic models are intended to:A. apply to all examples equally well.B. eliminate differences in the way people behave.C. generalize about patterns in decision-making.D. distinguish economics students from everyone else.44. Economic models claim to be:A. reasonable abstractions of how people make choices, highlighting the most important factors.B. exact replications of the decision-making process people use.C. interesting chalkboard exercises with little applicability to the real world.D. exceptionally accurate methods of predicting nearly all behavior of everyone.45. The cost-benefit model used by economists is:A. unrealistic because it is too detailed and specific to apply to a variety of situations.B. unrealistic because everyone can think of times when he or she violated the principle.C. useful because everyone follows it all of the time.D. useful because most people follow it most of the time.46. Barry owns a clothing store in the mall and has asked two economic consultants to develop models of consumer behavior that he can use to increase sales. Barry should choose the model that:A. does not include simplifying assumptions.B. is the most detailed and complex.C. assumes that consumers apply the cost-benefit principle.D. predicts that consumers will always prefer Barry's store to the competing stores.47. Economists use abstract models because:A. every economic situation is unique, so it is impossible to make generalizations.B. every economic situation is essentially the same, so specific details are unnecessary.C. they are useful for describing general patterns of behavior.D. computers have allowed economists to develop abstract models.48. Most people make some decisions based on intuition rather than calculation. This is:A. irrational, because intuition is often wrong.B. consistent with the economic model of decision-making, because calculating costs and benefits leads to decision-making pitfalls.C. consistent with the economic model because people intuitively compare the relative costs and benefits of the choices they face.D. inconsistent with the economic model, but rational because intuition takes into account non-financial considerations.49. Moe has a big exam tomorrow. He considered studying this evening, but decided to go out with Curly instead. Since Moe always chooses rationally, it must be true that:A. the opportunity cost of studying tonight is less than the value Moe gets from spending time with Curly.B. the opportunity cost of studying tonight is equal to the value Moe gets from spending time with Curly minus the cost of earning a low grade on the exam.C. Moe gets more benefit from spending time with Curly than from studying.D. Moe gets less benefit from spending time with Curly than from studying.50. If one fails to account for implicit costs in decision making, then applying the cost-benefit rule will be flawed because:A. the benefits will be overstated.B. the costs will be understated.C. the benefits will be understated.D. the costs will be overstated.Your classmates from the University of Chicago are planning to go to Miami for spring break, and you are undecided about whether you should go with them. The round-trip airfares are $600, but you have a frequent-flyer coupon worth $500 that you could use to pay part of the airfare. All other costs for the vacation are exactly $900. The most you would be willing to pay for the trip is $1400. Your only alternative use for your frequent-flyer coupon is for your trip to Atlanta two weeks after the break to attend your sister's graduation, which your parents are forcing you to attend. The Chicago-Atlanta round-trip airfares are $450.51. If you do not use the frequent-flyer coupon to fly, should you go to Miami?A. Yes, your benefit is more than your cost.B. No, your benefit is less than your cost.C. Yes, your benefit is equal to your cost.D. No, because there are no benefits in the trip.52. What is the opportunity cost of using the coupon for the Miami trip?A. $100B. $450C. $500D. $55053. If you use the frequent-flyer coupon to fly to Atlanta, would you get any economic surplus by making the trip?A. No, there is a loss of $50.B. Yes, surplus of $350.C. Yes, surplus of $400.D. Yes, surplus of $100.54. If the Chicago-Atlanta round-trip air fare is $350, should you go to Miami?A. No, there is a loss of $50.B. No, there is a loss of $100.C. Yes, there is economic surplus of $50.D. Yes, there is economic surplus of $400.55. Pat earns $25,000 per year (after taxes), and Pat's spouse, Chris, earns $35,000 (after taxes). They have two pre-school children. Childcare for their children costs $12,000 per year. Pat has decided to stay home and take care of the children. Pat must:A. value spending time with the children by more than $25,000.B. value spending time with the children by more than $12,000.C. value spending time with the children by more than $13,000.D. value spending time with the children as much as does Chris.You paid $35 for a ticket (which is non-refundable) to see SPAM, a local rock band, in concert on Saturday. (Assume that you would not have been willing to pay any more than $35 for this concert.) Your boss called and she is looking for someone to cover a shift on Saturday at the same time as the concert. You will have to work 4 hours and she will pay you time and a half, which is $9/hr.56. Should you go to the concert instead of working Saturday?A. Yes, your benefit is more than your cost.B. No, your benefit is less than your cost.C. Yes, your benefit is equal to your cost.D. No, because there are no benefits in the concert.57. What is the opportunity cost of going to the concert?A. $1B. $9C. $35D. $3658. What is your opportunity cost, if you go to work on Saturday?A. $0B. $9C. $35D. $3659. Your economic surplus of going to work on Saturday is:A. $0B. $1C. $35D. $36Matt has decided to purchase his textbooks for the semester. His options are to purchase the books via the Internet with next day delivery to his home at a cost of $175, or to drive to campus tomorrow to buy the books at the university bookstore at a cost of $170. Last week he drove to campus to buy a concert ticket because they offered 25 percent off the regular price of $16.因为他们提供75折的正常价格16美元。
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内蒙古农业大学2011/2012学年第一学期微观经济学课程考试试卷（A）Please print. If the answer is unrecognizable, it will be counted as wrong answer. You should answer in English or Chinese, numbers, or graphs.Ⅰ. Concepts（3 points each, total 15 points）1. Opportunity cost2. Externality3. Deadweight loss4. Competitive market5. Diminishing marginal product. True or False Questions (2 points each，total 20 points) demand for orange decreases.( f ) 2.The price elasticity of demand remains constant along a linear demand curve.( t ) 3.When price ceiling is below equilibrium price in a competitive market, the price ceiling is binding, and there is shortage in the market.( t ) 4.Total surplus is the values to buyers minus the cost to sellers.( f ) 5. When taxed is levied on the good in a competitive market, the tax revenue got by the government equals the fall in producer and consumer surplus.( f ) 6. If the world price of a good exceeds the domestic price, the country should import the good instead to export it.( t ) 7.In the presence of a negative externality, Q optimum is therefore larger than the Q market .( f ) 8.Price always equals to marginal revenue for all kinds of firms.( t ) 9. Demand curve for a monopoly firm is the market demand curve.( f ) 10.In the long run, monopolistic competitive firms produce at their lowest average total cost.. Single Choice Questions (2 points each ，total 20 points)( d ) 1. If the cross-price elasticity of demand for two goods is negative, these two good are?A. Luxury goods.B. Necessities.C. Substitutes.D. Complements.( a ) 2. Although buyers and sellers share the burden of tax together, sellers share moreif the good is ________A. Food .B. Clothes.C. Housing.D. Entertainment good.( c ) 3.Consumer surplus is the area＿＿＿＿A.Above the supply curve and below the price.B.Below the supply curve and below the priceC.Below the demand curve and above the priceD.Below the demand curve and below the price( a ) 4.If we double the size of tax under the perfectly competitive market, so the deadweight loss _____________A.Is four times as the original one.B.Is twice as the original one.C.Remain the sameD.May increase or decrease.( b ) 5. Which of the following items is an example of public goods?A.Fishes in the ocean.B.National defense.C.Apples on a household’s apple tree.D.Hot dogs in a picnic.( ) 6. If the production function has the attribute of diminishing marginal returns, the slope of the total cost curve which is associated with the production functionA.Increases when produced quantity increaseB.Decreases when produced quantity increase.C.Remains the same.D.May be any one mentioned above.( d ) 7. If the marginal cost curve is below the average total cost curve,_________.A.Average total cost increases.B.Average fixed cost increases.C.Average total cost achieves its minimum.D.Average total cost decreases.( b ) 8. If a competitive firm achieve its long-run equilibrium state,A.Its average total cost achieves its minimum.B. Marginal cost equals marginal revenue.C. It gets zero economic profit.D. All the items mentioned above are correct.( a ) 9. The inefficiency of monopoly is caused by_______A. Deficient production of monopoly.B. Overproduction of monopoly.C. Monopolistic profit.D. Monopolistic loss.( a ) 10.The meaning of “monopolistic” in “monopolistic competition ” is ______A. monopolistic competitive firm faces a downward sloping demand curve.B. monopolistic competitive firm can freely enter and exit the market.C. monopolistic competitive firm charges the price as its marginal cost.D. monopolistic competitive firm produce at its efficient scale.Ⅳ. Problems for calculation (total 20 points) cost is a function of its output, which is C(Q)=Q 2+12, and the monopoly faces the linear inverse demand function: P=24—Q (total 10 points)(1) Calculate following items: marginal cost, average fixed cost, average variable cost, average total cost, and marginal revenue (5 points)(2) Calculate profit-maximizing output (2 points) and profit-maximizing price (1 point), determine its economic profit (2 points)2. The following is the demand schedule for consumers of watching two identical baseball games in a city. The baseball field and baseball players for these two teams are(1) If it is a perfectly competitive market, determine the price and quantity. (2 points)(2)If the duopoly makes collusion to become a cartel, determine the price, quantity and profit for each firm if the only goal for them is profit maximizing. (3 points)(3)If they fail to make collusion, determine their individual profit if Nash equilibrium is achieved. (3 points)(4)Draw out two team ’s strategies about their outputs and profits (Note: Use the chart of prisoner ’ dilemma shown in our textbook, please). (2 points). Short answers items (total 25 points)1. Why firms in a perfectly competitive market produce at their efficient scales when they achieve their long run equilibrium? (5points)完全竞争厂商在长期内对全部生产要素的调整可以表现为两个方面：一方面表现为厂商进入或退出一个行业，这也就是行业内企业数量的调整；另一方面表现为厂商对生产规模的调整。