the drafting of constitution
课外活动提案英语作文
课外活动提案英语作文Extracurricular Activity Proposal: Enhancing Student Engagement and Development through a Comprehensive Student Government Association.Introduction.Extracurricular activities play a pivotal role in fostering student growth and development, both academically and socially. They provide opportunities for students to explore their interests, develop new skills, and connect with others who share similar passions. In this proposal, we present a plan to establish a comprehensive Student Government Association (SGA) at our school, designed to enhance student engagement and empower our students to shape their educational experience.Mission and Objectives.The mission of the SGA is to represent the diversevoices of our student body, foster a sense of community, and provide a platform for students to make meaningful contributions to the school. Its objectives include:Representing student interests and advocating for their needs.Providing a forum for student input and feedback.Planning and organizing school-wide events and initiatives.Supporting student clubs and organizations.Promoting leadership, service, and civic engagement.Structure and Organization.The SGA will be comprised of elected student representatives from each grade level and various student organizations. The structure includes:Student Council: The governing body of the SGA, responsible for setting policy, approving initiatives, and overseeing all operations.Executive Board: Led by a student body president, vice president, and other elected officers, the executive board provides leadership and direction for the SGA.Committees: Standing and ad hoc committees will focus on specific areas, such as academics, student life, community outreach, and diversity.Student Representatives: Elected by their respective classes or organizations, student representatives serve as liaisons between the SGA and the student body.Activities and Initiatives.The SGA will undertake a wide range of activities and initiatives, including:Student Forums: Regular meetings where studentrepresentatives gather to discuss issues, propose ideas,and make informed decisions.Student Initiatives: Supporting and facilitating student-led projects, such as community service projects, awareness campaigns, and peer mentoring programs.School Events: Planning and organizing school-wide events, such as assemblies, dances, and sports competitions.Student Advocacy: Representing student concerns and perspectives to school administration and the wider community.Leadership Development: Providing training and opportunities for students to develop their leadership skills.Benefits to Students.The establishment of a comprehensive SGA will provide numerous benefits to our students, including:Enhanced Student Engagement: Empowering students to take ownership of their educational experience and shape the school community.Development of Leadership Skills: Providing opportunities for students to develop their leadership potential through participation in decision-making and project management.Increased Civic Engagement: Fostering a sense of civic responsibility and encouraging students to participate in their community.Improved Communication and Collaboration: Creating a platform for students to share their ideas and work together to address school issues and concerns.Greater Student Representation: Ensuring that the voices of all students are heard and considered in school decision-making processes.Implementation Plan.The implementation of the SGA will be phased in over a period of time, beginning with the formation of a steering committee and the drafting of a constitution. The following steps will guide the implementation process:1. Formation of Steering Committee: A committee of students, faculty, and administrators will be established to oversee the planning and development of the SGA.2. Development of Constitution: The steering committee will draft a constitution outlining the purpose, structure, and operating procedures of the SGA.3. Student Elections: Elections will be held to select the student representatives and executive board members.4. Inaugural Meeting: The first meeting of the SGA will be held to establish committees, set policies, and begin planning initiatives.5. Ongoing Operations: The SGA will meet regularly and carry out its activities and initiatives as outlined in the constitution.Conclusion.The establishment of a comprehensive Student Government Association at our school will create a vibrant and empowering environment for our students. It will provide opportunities for students to engage in their education, develop their leadership skills, and make meaningful contributions to the school community. By fostering a sense of ownership and collaboration, the SGA will empower our students to shape their future and become active and responsible citizens. We strongly believe that the implementation of this proposal will have a transformative impact on our school and will create a legacy of student leadership and engagement for years to come.。
美国的历史 英语作文简单
美国的历史英语作文简单Title: A Brief Overview of American History。
The history of the United States is rich and complex, spanning centuries of events that have shaped the nation into what it is today. From its colonial beginnings to its emergence as a global superpower, the United States has undergone significant transformations. In this essay, we will explore key milestones and themes in American history.One of the earliest chapters in American history is the period of European colonization. In the early 17th century, European powers such as England, France, and Spain established colonies along the eastern coast of North America. These colonies were founded for various reasons, including economic opportunity, religious freedom, and territorial expansion. The establishment of the Jamestown colony in 1607 marked the beginning of English settlementin the New World.The colonial period was characterized by the growth of the thirteen British colonies, which eventually formed the basis of the United States. However, tensions between the colonies and the British government began to rise over issues such as taxation without representation. These tensions culminated in the American Revolutionary War, which lasted from 1775 to 1783. The Declaration of Independence, adopted in 1776, asserted the colonies' right to self-governance and laid the foundation for the formation of a new nation.Following the Revolutionary War, the United States faced the challenge of establishing a stable government. The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781, created a weak central government with limited powers. However, it soon became apparent that this system was ineffective, leading to the drafting of the United States Constitution in 1787. The Constitution established a federal system of government with a separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.Throughout the 19th century, the United Statesexperienced rapid territorial expansion and industrialization. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 doubled the size of the country, while westward expansion brought settlers into conflict with Native American tribes. The invention of the cotton gin and the expansion of slavery fueled the growth of the southern economy, leading to tensions between northern and southern states.The issue of slavery ultimately led to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. The war, fought between the northern Union states and the southern Confederate states, resulted in the abolition of slavery and the preservation of the Union. The Reconstruction era that followed sought to rebuild the South and integrate newly freed African Americans into society, but it was also marked by racial tensions and violence.The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the United States emerge as a global economic and military power. The Industrial Revolution transformed the nation's economy, leading to rapid urbanization and technological innovation. The United States also became increasingly involved ininternational affairs, including the Spanish-American War and World War I.The 20th century was a period of significant social change in the United States. The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s sought to end racial segregation and discrimination, culminating in landmark legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The women's rights movement also gained momentum, leading to advances in genderequality and reproductive rights.In conclusion, the history of the United States is a story of struggle, progress, and resilience. From its colonial beginnings to its present-day status as a global superpower, the United States has overcome numerous challenges to become a beacon of freedom and democracy. By understanding the events and themes that have shaped American history, we can gain insight into the values and ideals that define the nation.。
本杰明富兰克林
The famous politician著名的政治家
Franklin was elected parliamentary secretary in Pennsylvania in 1736. From 1757 to 1775 ,he talks several times to England as a representative of the north American colonies . After the outbreak of the war of independence, he took part in the second continental congress and the drafting of the declaration of independence . In 1776, franklin went to France and won the French and the European people's support for north American war of independence . In 1787, he took an active part in the formulation of the constitution of the United States, and organize the campaign against slavery black . On April 17, 1790, 11 o 'clock at night, Franklin died.
Franklin was one of the first persons in the world to experiment with electricity. He had Kite experiment and proved that lightning is electricity.
建国一百年英语作文
建国一百年英语作文As the nation celebrates its 100th anniversary, it is a time to reflect on the journey that has been taken, the progress that has been made, and the dreams that are yet to be fulfilled. This essay will explore the milestones of the past century, the challenges faced, and the aspirations for the future.The Founding and Early YearsThe establishment of the nation marked a new chapter in history, one that promised freedom, equality, and justice for all its citizens. The early years were characterized by the laying of the foundation for democracy, the drafting of the constitution, and the establishment of key institutions that would guide the country's growth.Economic and Social DevelopmentOver the decades, the nation has witnessed remarkable economic growth, transitioning from an agrarian society to a global economic powerhouse. This transformation was driven by industrialization, technological advancements, and strategic international partnerships. Socially, the country has made strides in reducing poverty, improving healthcare, and ensuring access to quality education for all.Cultural and Technological AdvancementsCulturally, the nation has blossomed, with a rich tapestry of traditions and modern influences creating a unique identity.The arts and sciences have flourished, with the country contributing significantly to global advancements in technology, medicine, and space exploration.Challenges and Overcoming AdversityThe path to the centennial was not without its challenges. The nation faced periods of conflict, economic downturns, and social unrest. However, through resilience, innovation, and the collective will of its people, the country emerged stronger from each adversity.Looking Ahead: The Next CenturyAs the nation stands on the precipice of its second century, there are new horizons to explore. The focus now shifts to sustainable development, environmental conservation, and the continued pursuit of social equality. The aspirations for the future include becoming a leader in renewable energy, achieving gender and racial parity, and fostering a society that is inclusive and diverse.In conclusion, the centennial of the nation's founding is a time to celebrate the achievements of the past while setting the stage for a future filled with promise. The nation's story is one of perseverance, growth, and the unyielding pursuit of a better tomorrow. As we look to the next 100 years, the spirit of unity and progress that has defined the nation's history will continue to guide its path towards an even brighter future.。
胡适英文简介
胡适英文简介胡适，著名思想家、文学家、哲学家。
以倡导“白话文、领导新文化运动闻名于世。
下面是店铺给大家整理的胡适英文简介，供大家参阅!胡适简介Hu Shi (December 17, 1891 - February 24, 1962), formerly known as heir, scientific name Hong 骍, word Xi Jiang, pseudonym Hu Shi, the word appropriate. Famous thinker, writer, philosopher. Huizhou Jixi people to promote the "vernacular, leading the new cultural movement famous."Juvenile study in the hometown private school, 19-year-old admitted Gengzi compensation officer fee students, studying in the United States, under the tutor John Dewey, 1917 summer home, employed as Peking University professor. In 1918 to join the "new youth" editorial department, vigorously promote the vernacular, to promote individual liberation, freedom of thought, and Chen Duxiu with the new cultural movement leader. His article from the perspective of the creation of the distinction between old and new literature, to promote the creation of new literature, translation of France, Germany, Maupassant, Norway Ibsen part of the works, and took the lead in the creation of vernacular literature. The vernacular poems he published in 1917 were the first new poems in the history of modern literature. Hu Shi believes in experimentalist philosophy. "May Fourth Movement", with Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu and other Marxist intellectuals to separate ways, from the "problem and doctrine of the dispute" to open its end, advocate improvement, since he changed his "20 years talk about politics; Political "attitude. He was in the 1920s to do "effort weekly", 1930 years to do"independent commentary", 1940 years to do "independent when the society." 1938 ~ 1942 as the National Government ambassador to the United States. In 1939 the Nobel Prize for Literature was nominated. 1946 ~ 1948 served as president of Peking University. Went to the United States in 1949. In 1952 he returned to Taiwan as president of the Central Research Institute. Died in Taipei in 1962.Hu Shi's academic activities are mainly in the aspects of literature, philosophy, history, textual research, pedagogy and red learning. The main works are "Outline of Chinese Philosophy" (Shang), "Try", "History of Vernacular Literature" And "Hu Shiwen" (four sets) and so on. He is the greatest academic impact is to promote the "bold assumptions, careful confirmation" of the scholarship.胡适人物生平AD 1891, December 17 was born in Jiangsu Province, Songjiang House Chuansha County (now Shanghai Pudong New Area). In 1893, with his mother Feng Shun brother to Taiwan's father Hu Chuan any office.In 1894, the Sino-Japanese war broke out, with the mother left Taiwan to return to Shanghai, after returning home Anhui Province, Anhui Province Jixi County on the village, into the home school. His father died in Xiamen.AD 1904, and Jiang Dongxiu engagement, from three brothers to Shanghai, into the Meixi small school.In 1905, into the courtesy school.In 1906, the Chinese public school was admitted.AD 1908, into the Chinese new public school, part-time English teacher.In 1910, studying in the United States, into the CornellUniversity selected agriculture.In 1915, into the Department of Philosophy at Columbia University, under the tutelage of John Dewey.In 1917, in the "new youth" published "literary reform". In the same year, through the final examinations of Ph.D. degrees, returned to Peking University professor, to participate in the editor of "new youth", return to Anhui Jixi and Jiang Dongxiu marriage.In 1919, he took the "weekly commentary", published "more research on some issues, less talk about doctrine", advocated reformism, provoke the issue and the issue of debate.AD 1920, left the "new youth", lectures at the summer school in Nanjing University.AD 1921, as "Mr. Dewey and China".In 1922, he served as Dean of Peking University and Acting liberal arts seniors, founder of "effort weekly". In its second phase (May 14, 1922) and Cai Yuanpei, Li Dazhao, Tao Xingzhi, Liang Shuming and other joint published "our political proposition."In 1924, with Chen Xiying, Wang Shijie founded the "modern commentary" magazine.AD 1925, February to participate in the Beijing aftermath of the meeting, and participate in the drafting of part of the meeting documents.In 1926, with his teacher Guo Bingwen and others in the United States initiated the establishment of China and the United States Association. Travel to Britain, France, the United States, Japan.In 1927, he obtained a doctorate degree in philosophy from Columbia University. And Xu Zhimo and other organizations set up a new bookstore. In Chiang Kai-shek in Shanghai and SongMeiling wedding to meet Chiang Kai-shek.In 1928, the founder of the "crescent" monthly magazine, as the Chinese public school principals.In 1929, in the "New Moon" magazine published "human rights and law" article, marking the beginning of the human rights movement, then published "when we can have a constitution - for the founding outline of the question", " A Brief Comment on Sun Yat - sen 's Comment on "Easy to Know" and "New Culture Movement and the Kuomintang".In 1930, Hu Shi, Luo Longji, Liang Shiqiu three articles on human rights issues for the "Human Rights Collection" to the crescent bookstore published, after the Kuomintang government banned. April 10 in the "we go the way" that: "to eradicate the down is poverty, disease, ignorance, corruption, disrupting the five enemies."In 1932, he served as Dean of the Faculty of Arts of Peking University and Director of the Department of Chinese Literature, and invited Jiang Tingfu, Ding Wenjiang, Fu Sinian and Weng Wenhao to set up "Independent Review". Hu Shi has written 1309 articles for him.In 1935, arrived in Hong Kong on January 4, stay five days, mainly to accept the University of Hong Kong honorary doctorate degree. Repeatedly requested as ambassador to Japan unsuccessful.In 1937, after the July 7 incident, Chiang Kai-shek on August 19, 1937 asked Hu to visit the United States today for US support for China. In 1938, the Chinese ambassador to the United States.AD 1942, September 8 resigned as ambassador to the United States, living in New York, engaged in academic research.In 1943, he was appointed Honorary Advisor to the EasternLibrary of the United States.In 1944, lectures at Harvard University in September.In 1945, representatives of the delegation of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China attended the United Nations Constituent Assembly in San Francisco and attended the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in London as the chief representative of the delegation of the Government of the Republic of China to formulate the charter of the organization.In 1946 July returned to Peking, he served as president of Peking University. On November 28, Chiang Kai-shek proposed "the draft constitution of the Republic of China" to the National Assembly and solemnly gave a lecture on the main points of the meeting, which was accepted by the President of the General Assembly. On December 25, the National Assembly officially approved the adoption of the draft constitution, the National Assembly closed, by Chiang Kai-shek on behalf of the National Government to accept Hu Shi submitted to the Constitution.On January 24, 1947, Chiang Kai-shek wanted Hu to serve as the examiners of the Republic of China and members of the State Council, but Hu would insist on joining the National Government. In April, Wang Yaowu Ji Ji Xian Lin to Hu Shi to send a letter, to pay tribute and greetings, and invited Hu Shi in convenient time to visit Jinan for academic lectures. Immediately get a reply, Hu agreed to the camera to Jinan and education counterparts to study the Shandong counterparts education.April 3, 1948 Chiang Kai-shek that the Republic of China Constitution for the cabinet system, the real power in the cabinet, the President of the Republic of China should be virtual, please justice is better, so I would like to call the Chinese Kuomintangsupport non-party Hu Shi Ming election The first president, such as Hu Shi became president and then appointed Chiang Kai-shek for the Chief Executive of the Republic of China, Hu Shi agreed, but later because of the Kuomintang Executive Council or support Chiang Kai-shek's president and change. November the Chinese People's Liberation Army soldiers north of the city, with radio stations call Hu to leave to serve as president of Peking University, Hu was unmoved, decided to leave Peking. December Peiping North China to suppress the commander Fu Zuoyi invited Hu Shi in Zhongnanhai Huai Ren Tang to discuss is the war and, Hu sent eight words and more than the war, insisted to be changed. December 13 Zhu Jiahua, Fu Si Nian, Yu Dawei, Chen Xueping four people in Nanjing trying to send a plane to take Hu Shi Nan. The insistence on refusing to leave Peking University regardless. December 14 in the persuasion of Nanjing to leave. December 15 at 4 pm, Fu Zuoyi sent troops to escort Hu to Beijing Nanyuan International Airport on the plane. At ten o'clock in the evening arrived at Nanjing Ming Palace Airport.On March 9, 1949, Chiang Kai-shek sent Chiang Ching-kuo to Shanghai to visit Hu Shi. On April 6, Hu Shih asked for the US government to seek a peaceful solution to the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China from the request of the Government of the Republic of China to take the United States from Shanghai to the United States. April 21, the ship arrived in San Francisco, that April 19, 1949 the government refused to 24 requests from the CPC, the Chinese People's Liberation Army has crossed the river, this time the situation has been set, Hu Shi in the United States everywhere, and published "Communist Party ruled no Free ", travel to the United States, and Zhang Ailing met, forged friendship. "Free China" founded, HuShi Ren nominal issuer. June 7, the new chief executive of the Republic of China Yan Xishan issued Hu Shi as foreign minister, but Hu refused to take office.At the beginning of March 1950, Hu Shi went to Washington to attend the meeting of the China Education and Culture Foundation, and was pushed to the chairman of the meeting. Candidates are Princeton University Director of the East Asia Library. On June 23, the US Assistant Secretary of State for Asia-Pacific Affairs, Dean Rusk, met Hu Shih, trying to persuade Hu to come forward to lead the government of exile and Taiwan's anti-communist pro-United States to replace Chiang Kai-shek's regime.In 1952, Hu Shi and Jiang Tingfu in New York intends to jointly organize the opposition party in Taiwan to implement democratic politics, but in Hu Shih returned to Chiang Kai-shek after the discussion, was Chiang Kai-shek's opposition, resulting in party failure.From February to March 1954, sixty-four-year-old Hu Shi went to Taiwan to attend the "second session of the first national assembly" as "temporary chairman".In 1955, the Chinese mainland set off the criticism of Hu Shi movement, life, reading, new knowledge of the triple bookstore published "Hu Shi thought critical essays compilation", Hu live in the United States to collect the eight books, made a serious comment. And criticized the cause of Hu's movement, according to Geng Yunzhi's argument is: this sentence I think he was in his life, talking about the most gentleman's grace, Hu Shi said that according to Mao Zedong's level of his examination of Peking University is not test, Mao Zedong is very decisive to launch a national scale of the complete criticism of Hu's movement.In 1957, he served as dean of the Central Research Institute of the Republic of China.In 1958 April returned to Taiwan to settle in office. Since then, Hu for many hours to and from Taiwan, the United States and the two places. During the period because of economic relations, the "Hu Shiwen election" and "Hu Shi readme" and all other works, buyout way to sell and publish the company.In 1959, he served as chairman of Taiwan's long-term scientific development committee.AD 1960, Lei Zhen and Taiwan, Hong Kong people outside the party together against Jiang Zhongzheng violation of the Constitution of the Republic of China three re-president, Hu Shi as one of the joint. Later, Lei Zhen preparations for party affairs, Hu did not participate, but more encouraged. In September 1960, Lei Zhen was arrested for the "spy" case, the name of Lei Zhen event, and this event is generally considered to Chiang Kai-shek to prevent Lei Zhen set new party planning. At that time, he was still the president of the Central Research Institute, although he was not affected by the case, but also involved in the rescue Lei Zhen, but did not succeed. Hu Shi had left three thousand words of the diary description of the beginning and ending.In February 1961, Hu Shi participated in the banquet of Taiwanese university principal Qian Siliang, who was physically ill when he arrived and sent to the hospital to jump to 135 times. The blood of the sputum was diagnosed as coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. The hospital in February, after home self-support, but the body has become increasingly weak. November illness deteriorated, to the Taiwan University School of Medicine convalescence.In 1962, he was discharged from the hospital. February 24 atthe Central Research Institute opened a cocktail when the heart disease died in Taipei City, Taiwan Province, Nan Gang District, Hu Shi died to get mourning. On the 1st of March, Chiang Kai-shek went to the sacrifice of the sacrifice, and the proclamation of the couple himself, the teacher of eternity, the old morality of the new culture, and the new thought of old ethics. Then Chiang wrote in his diary of Hu's death that he had heard of Hu's heart attack and did a barrier to the cause of revolution.。
乔治华盛顿英语作文
乔治华盛顿英语作文George Washington, the first President of the United States, was a figure of immense historical significance. Born on February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Washington was a key figure in the American Revolution and is often referred to as the "Father of His Country."Washington's early life was marked by a strong military background. He served in the British army during the French and Indian War, gaining valuable experience that would later aid him in leading the Continental Army. His leadershipskills and dedication to the cause of American independence were evident throughout the war, as he led the colonies to victory against the British Empire.After the war, Washington was a key figure in the drafting of the United States Constitution, which established the framework for the new nation's government. His role as a founding father was not limited to military leadership; he was also instrumental in shaping the political landscape of the young country.In 1789, George Washington was unanimously elected as thefirst President of the United States. His presidency set many precedents, including the two-term limit, which was later codified in the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution. Washington's presidency was marked by efforts to establish a strong central government and to promote national unity.One of Washington's most notable achievements was his Farewell Address, in which he advised the nation against forming permanent alliances and warned of the dangers of political factions. His emphasis on neutrality and unity continues to be an important part of American political thought.Washington's legacy is one of leadership, integrity, and dedication to the ideals of freedom and democracy. His life serves as an example of the qualities needed to build and maintain a nation, and his contributions to the founding of the United States are celebrated to this day.In conclusion, George Washington's impact on American history is immeasurable. As a military general, a founding father, and the first president, his actions and decisions have shaped the course of the nation. His commitment to the principles of liberty and justice for all has left a lasting imprint on the American spirit and the world at large.。
英语国家概况自考题-19_真题-无答案
英语国家概况自考题-19(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Ⅰ1. In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, a (n) ______ navigator, led his men to sail across the vast ocean and reached some small islands in the now West Indies.A. French B. Spanish C. Italian D. English2. The "first Americans" were ______.A. the Black Slaves B. the Pilgrims C. the Indians D. the Hispanics3. The Pilgrims built a colony named ______ after they arrived in America.A. Jamestown B. Boston C. Plymouth D. Yorktown4. The Pilgrims came to America in search of ______.A. more land B. gold C. religious freedom D. wealth5. What were the causes of the War of Independence? ______.A. The development of colonial economy led to demand for more power to determine their own business. B. The British government was to collect more taxes from the colonies. C. The sale of tea in the colonies. D. Both A and B.6. The three Puritan traditions are ______.A. religious tolerance, respect for achievement and respect for learning B. religious dissent, aggressiveness and respect for learning C. religious intolerance, respect for achievement and respect for learning D. religious intolerance, aggressiveness, respect for achievement7. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress was held in ______, which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.A. New York B. Boston C. Philadelphia D. Concord8. The American War of Independence began at ______.A. Boston B. New York C. Lexington D. Plymouth9. The leading body of the American Independence War was ______.A. the Union B. Federalists C. the Continental Congress D. the Constitution Convention10. American troops defeated the British at ______ in Northern New York. This was a great turning point of the American War of Independence, leading directly to an alliance between the U.S. and France.A. Saratoga B. Trenton C. Lexington D. Yorktown11. The political theory of American Revolution came from the well-known philosopher ______.A. Thomas Jefferson B. Thomas Paine C. Alexander HamiltonD. John Locke12. Britain and America signed the Treaty of Paris in ______ which recognized the independence of the United States.A. 1776 B. 1801 C. 1783 D. 177813. In 1787, delegates from the states held a meeting in Philadelphia to make the Articles of Confederation adequate. The meeting came to be called the ______.A. First Continental Congress B. Second Continental Congress C. Constitutional Convention D. Independent Convention14. At the Constitutional Convention in September 1787, the delegates who argued for a national system called themselves ______.A. Republicans B. Democrats C. Anti-Federalists D. Federalists15. Which statement about the U.S. Constitution is not true? ______A. It is the supreme law of the land. B. It is the oldest written constitution in the world. C. It was adopted in 1781 at the Second Continental Congress. D. It provides the basis for political stability, economic growth and social progress.16. The conflict at the Continental Convention was resolved by ______, giving each state an equal vote in Senate.A. the "Great Compromise" B. the Compromise of 1850 C. Federalist Papers D. the Bill of Rights17. The serious weakness of the Articles of Confederation was that there was no one to do the ______.A. executive's job B. legislative job C. tax job D. government job18. All the states except ______ were represented at the Constitutional Convention.A. Delaware B. Virginia C. Massachusetts D. Rhode Island19. The three well-known authors who penned the Federalist Papers are ______.A. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and John Jay B. George Washington, James Madison and John Jay C. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay D. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Adams20. ______ to the Constitution, as the foundation of the American constitutional system, were called the Bill of Rights.A. The first three amendments B. The first five amendments C. The first ten amendments D. The first twelve amendments21. The Federalist Papers are regarded as the best explanation of the ______.A. 19th Amendment B. Articles of Confederation C. Bill of Rights D.U.S. Constitution22. The American Constitution was finally adopted in 1789 by a narrow margin on the understanding that ______ after the Constitution came into force.A. Washington would be president of the U.S. B. the House of Representatives would be elected by each state C. a Bill of Rights would be amended D. each state would be equally represented in the Senate23. During the American westward movement, Democratic politician John L. O'Sullivan produced the famous theory of ______.A. "Isolationism" B. "Good Neighbor Policy" C. "Social Darwinism" D. "Manifest Destiny"24. After the War with Mexico ended in 1848, Mexico was forced to agree to give ______ to the United States.A. Florida and New Orleans B. Louisiana and Ohio C. New England and Mississippi D. California and New Mexico25. In 1853, in the ______, another 30,000 square miles of Mexican land were added to the territory of the USA.A. Atlantic Purchase B. Mexican Purchase C. Gadsden Purchase D. Louisiana Purchase26. After the United States bought the ______ for only $15 million, its territory almost doubled.A. Ohio Territory B. Gadsden Territory C. Louisiana Territory D. New Mexico Territory27. During the drafting of the Declaration of Independence and the drafting of the Constitution, the issue of Negro slavery was ______.A. not raised B. raised but voted down C. bitterly debated D. raised but because of strong southern opposition it was put aside for a greater objective28. Which of the following statements is not considered the valid reason for the disappearance of black slavery in the American North in the early 1800s?A. The price of slaves was too high. B. Slavery was simply illegal in the North. C. The Africans could not stand cold winters in the North. D. As the North turned toward industry, mechanics and not farmhands were needed.29. After much debate, the Compromise of 1850 was passed, which allowed ______ to be accepted as a free state.A. Utah B. California C. Louisiana D. New Mexico30. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation called ______.A. the Southern States of America B. the Federalist States of America C. the Confederate States of America D. the Anti-confederate States of America31. In the 1830s in America, the antislavery reformers were called ______.A.revolutionaries B. Democrats C. abolitionists D. Republicans32. The American Civil War broke out in ______ and ended in ______.A. 1850, 1863 B. 1846, 1848 C. 1861, 1863 D. 1861, 186533. The Civil War was won by the Union, but Lincoln was shot dead by John Wilkes Booth on ______.A. April 15, 1865 B. April 14, 1864 C. May 15, 1864 D. April 14, 186534. After the Civil War, ______ became a strong trend in American economy. A. disappearance of private business B. increase in capital investment C. monopoly by big business D. nationalization of enterprises35. Which of the following statements is not a reason to explain the rapid growth of capitalism after the Civil War? ______.A. The U.S. federal government put low taxes on foreign imports. B. There was enough labor supply for the development of American industries. C. Science and invention played a key role in accelerating America's industrial development. D. With the war over, both foreign and domestic capital became available for investment.Ⅱ1. What is the major reason for many early settlers to come to the English colonies in North America?2. In what way were the puritans different from the Pilgrims?3. Please write any three of the 13 colonies the British established along the east coast of North America between 1607 and 1733.4. What were the features in the colonial period which had influence on later American development?5. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?6. What does the American War of Independence show?7. What international influence did the American War of Independence have?8. What was the "Great Compromise" of July 6, 1787?9. What was the Compromise of 1850?10. What are the most memorable words Lincoln said in a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at Gettysburg in 1863?Ⅲ1. Amerigo Vespucci2. "No taxation without representation"3. The Constitutional Convention4. the Emancipation Proclamation。
【英文演讲】经典演讲-Faith, Truth and Tolerance in America
【英文演讲】经典演讲-Faith, Truth and Tolerance in AmericaEdward M. KennedyFaith, Truth and Tolerance in AmericaThank you very much Professor Kombay for that generous introduction. And let me say, that I never expected to hear such kind words from Dr. Falwell. So in return, I have an invitation of my own. On January 20th, 1985, I hope Dr. Falwell will say a prayer at the inauguration of the next Democratic President of the United States. Now, Dr. Falwell, I’m not exactly sure how you feel about that. You might not appreciate the President, but the Democrats certainly would appreciate the prayer. Actually, a number of people in Washington were surprised that I was invited to speak here --and even more surprised when I accepted the invitation. They seem to think that it’s easier for a camel to pass through the eye of the needle than for a Kennedy to come to the campus of Liberty Baptist College. In honor of our meeting, I have asked Dr. Falwell, as your Chancellor, to permit all the students an extra hour next Saturday night before curfew. And in return, I have promised to watch the Old Time Gospel Hour next Sunday morning.I realize that my visit may be a little controversial. But as many of you have heard, Dr. Falwell recently sent me a membership in the MoralMajority -- and I didn't even apply for it. And I wonder if that means that I'm a member in good standing.Somewhat, he says.This is, of course, a nonpolitical speech which is probably best under the circumstances. Since I am not a candidate for President, it would certainly be inappropriate to ask for your support in this election and probably inaccurate to thank you for it in the last one.I have come here to discuss my beliefs about faith and country, tolerance and truth in America. I know we begin with certain disagreements; I strongly suspect that at the end of the evening some of our disagreements will remain. But I also hope that tonight and in the months and years ahead, we will always respect the right of others to differ, that we will never lose sight of our own fallibility, that we will view ourselves with a sense of perspective and a sense of humor. After all, in the New Testament, even the Disciples had to be taught to look first to the beam in their own eyes, and only then to the mote in their neighbor’s eyes.I am mindful of that counsel. I am an American and a Catholic; I love my country and treasure my faith. But I do not assume that my conception of patriotism or policy is invariably correct, or that my convictions about religion should command any greater respect than any other faith in this pluralistic society. I believe there surely is such a thing as truth, but whoamong us can claim a monopoly on it?There are those who do, and their own words testify to their intolerance. For example, because the Moral Majority has worked with members of different denominations, one fundamentalist group has denounced Dr. Falwell for hastening the ecumenical church and for "yoking together with Roman Catholics, Mormons, and others." I am relieved that Dr. Falwell does not regard that as a sin, and on this issue, he himself has become the target of narrow prejudice. When people agree on public policy, they ought to be able to work together, even while they worship in diverse ways. For truly we are all yoked together as Americans, and the yoke is the happy one of individual freedom and mutual respect.But in saying that, we cannot and should not turn aside from a deeper and more pressing question -- which is whether and how religion should influence government. A generation ago, a presidential candidate had to prove his independence of undue religious influence in public life, and he had to do so partly at the insistence of evangelical Protestants. John Kennedy said at that time: “I believe in an America where there is no religious bloc voting of any kind.” Only twenty years later, another candidate was appealing to a[n] evangelical meeting as a religious bloc. Ronald Reagan said to 15 thousand evangelicals at the Roundtable in Dallas: “ I know that you can’t endorse me. I want you to know I endorse you and what you are doing.”To many Americans, that pledge was a sign and a symbol of a dangerous breakdown in the separation of church and state. Yet this principle, as vital as it is, is not a simplistic and rigid command. Separation of church and state cannot mean an absolute separation between moral principles and political power. The challenge today is to recall the origin of the principle, to define its purpose, and refine its application to the politics of the present.The founders of our nation had long and bitter experience with the state, as both the agent and the adversary of particular religious views. In colonial Maryland, Catholics paid a double land tax, and in Pennsylvania they had to list their names on a public roll -- an ominous precursor of the first Nazi laws against the Jews. And Jews in turn faced discrimination in all of the thirteen original Colonies. Massachusetts exiled Roger Williams and his congregation for contending that civil government had no right to enforce the Ten Commandments. Virginia harassed Baptist teachers, and also established a religious test for public service, writing into the law that no “popish followers” could hold any office.But during the Revolution, Catholics, Jews, and Non-Conformists all rallied to the cause and fought valiantly for the American commonwealth --for John Winthrop’s “city upon a hill.” Afterwards, when the Constitution was ratified and then amended, the framers gave freedom for all religion, and from any established religion, the very first place inthe Bill of Rights.Indeed the framers themselves professed very different faiths: Washington was an Episcopalian, Jefferson a deist, and Adams a Calvinist. And although he had earlier opposed toleration, John Adams later contributed to the building of Catholic churches, and so did George Washington. Thomas Jefferson said his proudest achievement was not the presidency, or the writing the Declaration of Independence, but drafting the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom. He stated the vision of the first Americans and the First Amendment very clearly: “The God who gave us life gave us liberty at the same time.”The separation of church and state can sometimes be frustrating for women and men of religious faith. They may be tempted to misuse government in order to impose a value which they cannot persuade others to accept. But once we succumb to that temptation, we step onto a slippery slope where everyone’s freedom is at risk. Those who favor censorship should recall that one of the first books ever burned was the first English translation of the Bible. As President Eisenhower warned in 1953, “Don’t join the book burners...the right to say ideas, the right to record them, and the right to have them accessible to others is unquestioned -- or this isn’t America.” And if that right is denied, at some future day the torch can be turned against any other book or any other belief. Let us never forget: Today’s Moral Majority could becometomorrow’s persecuted minority.The danger is as great now as when the founders of the nation first saw it. In 1789, their fear was of factional strife among dozens of denominations. Today there are hundreds --and perhaps even thousands of faiths -- and millions of Americans who are outside any fold. Pluralism obviously does not and cannot mean that all of them are right; but it does mean that there are areas where government cannot and should not decide what it is wrong to believe, to think, to read, and to do. As Professor Larry Tribe, one of the nation’s leading constitutional scholars has written, “Law in a non-theocratic state cannot measure religious truth, nor can the state impose it."The real transgression occurs when religion wants government to tell citizens how to live uniquely personal parts of their lives. The failure of Prohibition proves the futility of such an attempt when a majority or even a substantial minority happens to disagree. Some questions may be inherently individual ones, or people may be sharply divided about whether they are. In such cases, like Prohibition and abortion, the proper role of religion is to appeal to the conscience of the individual, not the coercive power of the state.But there are other questions which are inherently public in nature, which we must decide together as a nation, and where religion and religious values can and should speak to our common conscience. Theissue of nuclear war is a compelling example. It is a moral issue; it will be decided by government, not by each individual; and to give any effect to the moral values of their creed, people of faith must speak directly about public policy. The Catholic bishops and the Reverend Billy Graham have every right to stand for the nuclear freeze, and Dr. Falwell has every right to stand against it.There must be standards for the exercise of such leadership, so that the obligations of belief will not be debased into an opportunity for mere political advantage. But to take a stand at all when a question is both properly public and truly moral is to stand in a long and honored tradition. Many of the great evangelists of the 1800s were in the forefront of the abolitionist movement. In our own time, the Reverend William Sloane Coffin challenged the morality of the war in Vietnam. Pope John XXIII renewed the Gospel’s call to social justice. And Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. who was the greatest prophet of this century, awakened our nation and its conscience to the evil of racial segregation.Their words have blessed our world. And who now wishes they had been silent? Who would bid Pope John Paul [II] to quiet his voice against the oppression in Eastern Europe, the violence in Central America, or the crying needs of the landless, the hungry, and those who are tortured in so many of the dark political prisons of our time?President Kennedy, who said that “no religious body should seek toimpose its will,” also urged religious leaders to state their views and give their commitment when the public debate involved ethical issues. In drawing the line between imposed will and essential witness, we keep church and state separate, and at the same time we recognize that the City of God should speak to the civic duties of men and women.There are four tests which draw that line and define the difference. First, we must respect the integrity of religion itself.People of conscience should be careful how they deal in the word of their Lord. In our own history, religion has been falsely invoked to sanction prejudice -- even slavery -- to condemn labor unions and public spending for the poor. I believe that the prophecy, ”The poor you have always with you” is an indictment, not a commandment. And I respectfully suggest that God has taken no position on the Department of Education -- and that a balanced budget constitutional amendment is a matter of economic analysis, and not heavenly appeals.Religious values cannot be excluded from every public issue; but not every public issue involves religious values. And how ironic it is when those very values are denied in the name of religion. For example, we are sometimes told that it is wrong to feed the hungry, but that mission is an explicit mandate given to us in the 25th chapter of Matthew. Second, we must respect the independent judgments of conscience. Those who proclaim moral and religious values can offer counsel, butthey should not casually treat a position on a public issue as a test of fealty to faith. Just as I disagree with the Catholic bishops on tuition tax credits -- which I oppose -- so other Catholics can and do disagree with the hierarchy, on the basis of honest conviction, on the question of the nuclear freeze.Thus, the controversy about the Moral Majority arises not only from its views, but from its name -- which, in the minds of many, seems to imply that only one set of public policies is moral and only one majority can possibly be right. Similarly, people are and should be perplexed when the religious lobbying group Christian Voice publishes a morality index of congressional voting records, which judges the morality of senators by their attitude toward Zimbabwe and Taiwan.Let me offer another illustration. Dr. Falwell has written -- and I quote: “To stand against Israel is to stand against God.” Now there is no one in the Senate who has stood more firmly for Israel than I have. Yet, I do not doubt the faith of those on the other side. Their error is not one of religion, but of policy. And I hope to be able to persuade them that they are wrong in terms of both America’s interest and the justice of Israel’s cause.Respect for conscience is most in jeopardy, and the harmony of our diverse society is most at risk, when we re-establish, directly or indirectly, a religious test for public office. That relic of the colonial era, which isspecifically prohibited in the Constitution, has reappeared in recent years. After the last election, the Reverend James Robison warned President Reagan no to surround himself, as president before him had, “with the counsel of the ungodly.” I utterly reject any such standard for any position anywhere in public service. Two centuries ago, the victims were Catholics and Jews. In the 1980s the victims could be atheists; in some other day or decade, they could be the members of the Thomas Road Baptist Church. Indeed, in 1976 I regarded it as unworthy and un-American when some people said or hinted that Jimmy Carter should not be president because he was a born again Christian. We must never judge the fitness of individuals to govern on the bas[is] of where they worship, whether they follow Christ or Moses, whether they are called “born again” or “ungodly.” Where it is right to apply moral values to public life, let all of us avoid the temptation to be self-righteous and absolutely certain of ourselves. And if that temptation ever comes, let us recall Winston Churchill’s humbling description of an intolerant and inflexible colleague: “There but for the grace of God goes God.”Third, in applying religious values, we must respect the integrity of public debate.In that debate, faith is no substitute for facts. Critics may oppose the nuclear freeze for what they regard as moral reasons. They have every right to argue that any negotiation with the Soviets is wrong, or that anyaccommodation with them sanctions their crimes, or that no agreement can be good enough and therefore all agreements only increase the chance of war. I do not believe that, but it surely does not violate the standard of fair public debate to say it. What does violate that standard, what the opponents of the nuclear freeze have no right to do, is to assume that they are infallible, and so any argument against the freeze will do, whether it is false or true.The nuclear freeze proposal is not unilateral, but bilateral -- with equal restraints on the United States and the Soviet Union. The nuclear freeze does not require that we trust the Russians, but demands full and effective verification. The nuclear freeze does not concede a Soviet lead in nuclear weapons, but recognizes that human beings in each great power already have in their fallible hands the overwhelming capacity to remake into a pile of radioactive rubble the earth which God has made. There is no morality in the mushroom cloud. The black rain of nuclear ashes will fall alike on the just and the unjust. And then it will be too late to wish that we had done the real work of this atomic age -- which is to seek a world that is neither red nor dead.I am perfectly prepared to debate the nuclear freeze on policy grounds, or moral ones. But we should not be forced to discuss phantom issues or false charges. They only deflect us form the urgent task of deciding how best to prevent a planet divided from becoming a planet destroyed.And it does not advance the debate to contend that the arms race is more divine punishment than human problem, or that in any event, the final days are near. As Pope John said two decades ago, at the opening of the Second Vatican Council: “We must beware of those who burn with zeal, but are not endowed with much sense... we must disagree with the prophets of doom, who are always forecasting disasters, as though the end of the earth was at hand.” The message which echoes across the years is very clear: The earth is still here; and if we wish to keep it, a prophecy of doom is no alternative to a policy of arms control. Fourth, and finally, we must respect the motives of those who exercise their right to disagree.We sorely test our ability to live together if we readily question each other’s integrity. It may be harder to restrain our feelings when moral principles are at stake, for they go to the deepest wellsprings of our being. But the more our feelings diverge, the more deeply felt they are, the greater is our obligation to grant the sincerity and essential decency of our fellow citizens on the other side.Those who favor E.R.A [Equal Rights Amendment] are not “antifamily” or “blasphemers.” And their purpose is not “an attack on the Bible.” Rather, we believe this is the best way to fix in our national firmament the ideal that not only all men, but all people are created equal. Indeed, my mother, who strongly favors E.R.A., would be surprised to hear that sheis anti-family. For my part, I think of the amendment’s opponents as wrong on the issue, but not as lacking in moral characterI could multiply the instances of name-calling, sometimes on both sides. Dr. Falwell is not a “warmonger.” And “liberal clergymen” are not, as the Moral Majority suggested in a recent letter, equivalent to “Soviet sympathizers.” The critics of official prayer in public schools are not “Pharisees”; many of them are both civil libertarians and believers, who think that families should pray more at home with their children, and attend church and synagogue more faithfully. And people are not sexist because they stand against abortion, and they are not murderers because they believe in free choice. Nor does it help anyone’s cause to shout such epithets, or to try and shout a speaker down -- which is what happened last April when Dr. Falwell was hissed and heckled at Harvard. So I am doubly grateful for your courtesy here this evening. That was not Harvard’s finest hour, but I am happy to say that the loudest applause from the Harvard audience came in defense of Dr. Falwell’s right to speak.In short, I hope for an America where neither "fundamentalist" nor "humanist" will be a dirty word, but a fair description of the different ways in which people of good will look at life and into their own souls.I hope for an America where no president, no public official, no individual will ever be deemed a greater or lesser American because ofreligious doubt -- or religious belief.I hope for an America where the power of faith will always burn brightly, but where no modern Inquisition of any kind will ever light the fires of fear, coercion, or angry division.I hope for an America where we can all contend freely and vigorously, but where we will treasure and guard those standards of civility which alone make this nation safe for both democracy and diversity.Twenty years ago this fall, in New York City, President Kennedy met for the last time with a Protestant assembly. The atmosphere had been transformed since his earlier address during the 1960 campaign to the Houston Ministerial Association. He had spoken there to allay suspicions about his Catholicism, and to answer those who claimed that on the day of his baptism, he was somehow disqualified from becoming President. His speech in Houston and then his election drove that prejudice from the center of our national life. Now, three years later, in November of 1963, he was appearing before the Protestant Council of New York City to reaffirm what he regarded as some fundamental truths. On that occasion, John Kennedy said: “The family of man is not limited to a single race or religion, to a single city, or country...the family of man is nearly 3 billion strong. Most of its members are not white and most of them are not Christian.” And as President Kennedy reflected on that reality, he restated an ideal for which he had lived his life -- that “the members ofthis family should be at peace with one another.”That ideal shines across all the generations of our history and all the ages of our faith, carrying with it the most ancient dream. For as the Apostle Paul wrote long ago in Romans: “If it be possible, as much as it lieth in you, live peaceable with all men.”I believe it is possible; the choice lies within us; as fellow citizens, let us live peaceable with each other; as fellow human beings, let us strive to live peaceably with men and women everywhere. Let that be our purpose and our prayer, yours and mine -- for ourselves, for our country, and for all the world.。
美国独立英文作文
美国独立英文作文The American Revolution, also known as the War of Independence, was a significant event in the history of the United States. It was a time of great change and transformation, as the thirteen British colonies in North America fought for their independence from Great Britain.The revolution began in 1775, when the colonists formed the Continental Army and declared their intention to break away from British rule. The war lasted for eight years, and it was marked by a series of battles and skirmishes that took place across the colonies.One of the most significant battles of the revolution was the Battle of Bunker Hill, which took place in 1775. The battle was fought between the British Army and the Continental Army, and it was a turning point in the war. Although the British won the battle, they suffered heavy losses, and it gave the colonists the confidence they needed to continue fighting.The revolution also had a significant impact on the social and political landscape of the United States. It led to the drafting of the Declaration of Independence, which declared that all men are created equal and have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This document laid the foundation for the American Constitution and the Bill of Rights, which continue to shape thecountry's political system to this day.In conclusion, the American Revolution was a pivotal moment in the history of the United States. It was a time of great change and transformation, and it led to the birth of a new nation that was founded on the principles of freedom and democracy. The revolution continues to inspire people around the world, and it serves as a reminder of the power of the human spirit to overcome adversity and achieve great things.。
辽宁大学《英语国家社会与文化》2022-2023第二学期期末试卷
2022～2023学年度第二学期《英语国家社会与文化》期末试卷课程代码：试卷编号：考试日期：年月日答题时限：120分钟考试形式：闭卷笔试得分统计表：题号一二三四五得分一、填空题（每小题2分，共20分）得分1.The Magna Carta,signed in the year1215,is considered the cornerstone of __________in England.2.The__________is the longest reigning monarch in British history,having ascended to the throne in1952.3.The term"American Dream"was coined by historian__________in his1931book of the same name.4.The__________is a significant annual event in the United States that celebrates the signing of the Declaration of Independence.5.The social reformer and abolitionist Harriet Tubman is known for her role in the__________,which helped enslaved people escape to freedom.6.The__________is a term used to describe the movement of people from rural areas to cities,which was a key feature of the Industrial Revolution.7.The__________is a famous American novel that explores the themes of racial injustice and moral complexity.8.The__________Act of1964was a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race,color,religion,sex,or national origin.9.The__________is a popular form of entertainment in the United Kingdom that traces its roots back to the16th century.10.The__________is a term used to describe the process by which the United States expanded its territory across North America,often at the expense of Native American tribes.二、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）得分1.Which of the following is NOT one of the four freedoms articulated by President Franklin D.Roosevelt in his1941State of the Union address?（）A.Freedom of speechB.Freedom of religionC.Freedom from fearD.Freedom of exploration2.The concept of"Manifest Destiny"was used to justify:（）.A.The colonization of the American WestB.The establishment of the United NationsC.The drafting of the U.S.ConstitutionD.The British colonization of Australia3.Who wrote the influential book"The Wealth of Nations,"which had a profound impact on economic thought and policy in the English-speaking world?（）A.John LockeB.Adam SmithC.Thomas HobbesD.John Stuart Mill4.The term"Boll Weevil"is most closely associated with:（）.A.A type of agricultural pest in the Southern United StatesB.A popular British dance in the1960sC.A political movement in the United KingdomD.A famous American sports team5.Which of the following is NOT a traditional British dish?（）A.Fish and chipsB.HaggisC.Roast beef and Yorkshire puddingD.Spaghetti Bolognese6.The Emancipation Proclamation,issued by President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War,primarily affected:（）.A.The economy of the ConfederacyB.The status of Native American tribesC.The rights of women to voteD.The legal status of enslaved people in the Confederate states7.The phrase"No taxation without representation"is most closely associated with:（）.A.The French RevolutionB.The American RevolutionC.The Russian RevolutionD.The English Civil War8.The"Boston Tea Party"was a significant event because it:（）.A.Led to the invention of iced teaB.Protested against high taxes on tea imposed by the British governmentC.Was the first instance of American culinary innovationD.Established the first tea plantations in America9.Which of the following is a famous landmark in Australia that is also a UNESCO World Heritage site?（）A.The Sydney Opera HouseB.The Great Barrier ReefC.The Melbourne Cricket GroundD.The Parliament House of Canberra10.The"War of1812"is primarily remembered for:（）.A.The invention of the light bulbB.The burning of the White House by British troopsC.The signing of the Treaty of VersaillesD.The discovery of the New World by Columbus三、名词解释题（每小题4分，共20分）得分1.Industrial Revolution2.Civil Rights Movementmonwealth4.The Enlightenment5.The New Deal四、简答题（每小题5分，共20分）得分1.Explain the significance of the Elizabethan Era in shaping English culture and its impact on the English language.2.Discuss the impact of the Great Fire of London in1666on the city's development and how it influenced subsequent urban planning.3.Describe the role of the American Frontier in the formation of American identity and its mythos in literature and popular culture.4.What were the key factors that led to the rise of the British Empire,and how did its colonial policies shape the world?五、写作题（20分）得分Write an essay discussing the cultural and political implications of the American Dream,focusing on its evolution over time and its current relevance in the context of global migration and economic disparity.。
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The drafting of constitution
Two issues
① Representation—should the number of legislators
be equal for all states or should the larger states
have more representatives?
The drafting of constitution The Constitutional Convention(制宪会议)
May 25 to Sept. 17, 1787
in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
12 states were represented
55 attended, 39 signed
2
outcome
3
4 5
By 1790, all thirteen states had ratified the document
by1791, add the first ten amendments to the Constitution-Bill of Rights
THANKS
4
The Federalist, number 10, by James Madison
1
the ratification provisions of Article VII of the Constitution Constitution had been created at the Constitutional Convention elect Federalist delegates to the state conventions
the wealthier class of merchants and plantation owners
primarily farmers, tradesmen for 劣 and local politicians
Representatives
Federalists: JAMES MADISON
The Drafting of the Constitution
-Federalists v.s. Antifeda'ne'yeralists
Allison Janey Crystal
1
background
2
the United States constitution
Contents
3 Federalist vs Anti-federalists
4
summary
Young America’s dilemma
Economic difficulties
Political instability
a loose confederation of states
strengthen the Articles of Confederation
What is the United States Constitution?
the Senate(参议 院)
The drafting of constitution
Great Compromise ‖
The drafting of constitution
Subjects
foreign affairs the economy taxes military affairs
the Union to break up and re-form into three or four different confederacies.
ready to accept the Constitution if it were amended in such a way that the rights of citizens
Independence Hall's
The drafting of constitution
Two plans
Virginia Plan(May 29,1787)
James Madison Three branches two houses of legislature Proportional representation
The drafting of constitution
Two plans
New Jersey Plan(Jun.15,1787) William Paterson in response to the Virginia Plan One legislature with one vote per state the states were independent entities
It is the supreme law of the United States.
It originally comprises 7 articles, delineating the national frame of government.
How did they work it out?
ALEXANDER HAMILTON GEORGE WASHINGTON BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Anti-federalists: BENJAMIN FRANKLIN GEORGE MASON
Anti-federalists
democratic VS monarchy and aristocracy rights of Parliament
and states would be more fully protected.
Federalist
commerce
views
more pluralistic/social changes
The federalist papers
The federoblems with the confederation
views
self-rule in the states agrarian republicanism
difficult to control
Anti-federalists
the Articles of Confederation could be amended in such a way that they would provide a workable confederation.
favored the creation of a strong federal government that would more closely unite the states as one large, for 劣 continental nation.
supporters
agai 优 nst
Federalist vs Anti-federalists
September 17, 1787~May 29,1790
1
2
3
4
meanings
agai 优 nst
opposed the creation of a federal, or national, government that would have power over the states.
② Slavery—should the number of slaves in a state be used to compute its representation?
The drafting of constitution
Great Compromise |
the House of Representatives (众议院)
2
as it stood at the time
the benefits of a Union between the states
1
the importance of an energetic,
3
effective federal government
a defense of the republicanism of the proposed Constitution