WTO术语中英对照
WTO中英对照
WTO中英对照1.WTO----World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织2.GATT----General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税与贸易总协定3.Multilateral trading system 多边贸易体制4.IMF----International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织5.IBRD---- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴与开发银行6.ITO----International Trade Organization 国际贸易组织7.Ministerial Conference 部长级会议8.General Council 总理事会9.non-discrimination principle 非歧视原则10. MFNT----most favored nation treatment 最惠国待遇11. national treatment 国民待遇12. market access principle 市场准入原则13. import license 进口许可证14. fair competition principle 公平竞争原则15. principle of transparency 透明度原则16. GSP----generalized system of preferences 普遍优惠制、普惠制17. special and differential treatment 特殊和差别待遇18. special safeguard 特殊保障措施19. domestic support 国内支持20. ATC----Agreement on Textiles and Clothing 《纺织品与服装协议》21. import/export/transit duty 进口/出口/过境税22. HS----The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding system 《商品名称及编码协调制度》23. NRP----nominal rate of protection 名义保护率24. ERP----effective rate of protection 有效保护率25. NTBs----non-tariff barriers 非关税壁垒26. import/absolute/country quotas 进口/绝对/国别配额27. global(unallocated) quotas 全球配额28. autonomous/unilateral quotas 自主/单方面配额29. agreement/bilateral quotas 协议/双边配额30. VEQ----“voluntary”export quotas “自动”出口配额31. VER----“voluntary”export restraints “自动”出口限制32. dumping 倾销anti-dumping 反倾销33. exchange dumping 外汇倾销34. OGL----open general license 公开一般许可证35. SL----special license 特种货物进口许可证36. Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade 《技术性贸易壁垒协议》37. technical regulations/standard 技术法规/技术标准、38. conformity assessment procedures 合格评定程序39. Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协议》40. SPS---- sanitary and phytosanitary measures 卫生与动植物卫生措施41. Agreement on Preshipment Inspection 《装运前检验协议》42. PSI----preshipment inspection 装运前检验43. Agreement on Customs Valuation 《海关估价协议》44. customs valuation 海关估价45. dutiable/deductive value 完税/倒扣价格46. Agreement on Rules of Origin 《原产地规则协议》47. Agreement on Import licensing Procedures 《进口许可程序协议》48. (non-) automatic import licensing （非）自动进口许可程序49. TRIMs----Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures 《与贸易有关的投资措施协议》50. normal value 正常价值51. Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures 《补贴与反补贴措施协议》52. countervailing measures 抵消性措施53. prohibited/actionable/non-actionable subsidies 禁止性/可诉/不可诉补贴54. Agreement on Safeguard 《保障措施协议》55. GATs----General Agreement on Trade in Services 《服务贸易总协定》56. Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 《保护工业产权巴黎公约》、《巴黎公约》57. Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 《保护文学艺术作品伯尔尼公约》、《伯尔尼公约》58. TRIPs----Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》59. Agreement on Government Procurement 《政府采购协议》60. Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft 《民用航空器贸易协议》。
WTO简明术语
W T O简明术语AAccession 加入（世界贸易组织）Acceptable risk level 可接受的风险水平ACP---African、Caribbean and Pacific 非加太国家Actionable subsidy 可诉补贴Ad valorem tariff 从价税Aggregate measurement of support（AMS）（农业国内支持）综合支持量Agreement on Agriculture 《农业协议》Agreement on Textiles and Clothing（ATC）《纺织品与服装协议》Air transport services 空运服务Amber box measures （农业国内支持）“黄箱”措施Annex 附件Annual bound commitment（农业国内支持）年度约束水平Anti-circumvention 反规避Anti-competitive practice 反竞争行为Anti-dumping duty 反倾销税Audiovisual services 视听服务Automatic licensing 自动许可Appendix 附录Appeal （争端解决）上诉Appellate body （争端解决）上诉机构Appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection 适当的动植物卫生保护水平Acquisition of intellectual property rights 知识产权的获得Arbitration 仲裁Areas of low pest or disease prevalence 病虫害低度流行区Assessment of risk 风险评估Association of Southeast Asian Nations（ASEAN）东南亚国家联盟（东盟）Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations（ANCER）《澳大利亚新西兰紧密经济关系协定》BBerne Convention 《伯尔尼公约》Base tariff level 基础税率Basic Instrument and Selected Documents（BISD）《基本文件和资料选编》Basic telecommunication services 基础电信服务Best information available （反倾销）可获得的最佳信息Blue box measures （农业国内支持）“蓝箱”措施Balance-of-payments（BOP）provisions 国际收支条款Built-in agenda （世界贸易组织）既定议程Business services 商务服务Bound level 约束水平Bretton Woods Conference 布雷顿森林会议CCairns Group 凯恩斯集团Causal link 因果联系Ceiling bindings （关税）上限约束Central Product Classification（CPC）《（联合国）中心产品分类》Challenge Procedures （政府采购）质疑程序Clean report of findings 检验结果清洁报告书Codex Alimentarius Commission（CAC）食品法典委员会Common Agriculture Policy（CAP）（欧洲共同体）共同农业政策Communication services 通信服务Conciliation 调解Confidential information 机密信息Conformity assessment procedures 合格评定程序Circumvention 规避Combined tariff 复合税Commercial presence （服务贸易）商业存在Committee on Trade and Development（CTD）贸易与发展委员会Committee on Trade and Environment（CTE）贸易与环境委员会Compensation 补偿Competition policy 竞争政策Complaining party （争端解决）申诉方Computed value 计算价格Consensus 协商一致Constructed value （反倾销）结构价格Consultation 磋商Consumption abroad （服务贸易）境外消费Copyright 版权Council for Trade in Goods（CTG）货物贸易理事会Counterfeit trademark goods 冒牌货Counter-notification 反向通知Countervailing duty 反补贴税Contraction parties 关税与贸易总协定缔约方Cross border supply （服务贸易）跨境交付Cross retaliation 交叉报复Currency retention scheme 货币留成制度Current market access（CMA）现行市场准入Current total AMS （农业国内支持）现行综合支持量Customs duty 关税Customs tariff 海关税率，海关税则Customs value 海关完税价值Customs valuation 海关估价Customs union 关税同盟DDeveloped member 发达成员Developing member 发展中成员Direct payment （农业国内支持）直接支付Distribution services 分销服务Domestic industry 国内产业Domestic production 国内生产Domestic sales requirement 国内销售要求Domestic subsidy 国内补贴Domestic support （农业）国内支持Dispute Settlement Body 争端解决机构Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes（DSU）《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》Due restraint （对农产品反补贴）适当克制Dumping 倾销Dumping margin 倾销幅度EEconomies in transition 转型经济体Enabling clause 授权条款Enforcement of intellectual property rights 知识产权法Equivalence （检验检疫标准）等效性European Communities（EC）欧洲共同体European Free Trade Association （EFTA）欧洲自由贸易联盟Electronic commerce 电子商务Enquiry point 咨询点European Union 欧洲联盟Exhaustion of intellectual property rights 知识产权权利用尽Existing subject matter （知识产权）现有客体Ex officio 依职权Export credit 出口信贷Export credit guarantee 出口信贷担保Export subsidy 出口补贴FFall-back method （海关估价）“回顾”方法Findings 争端解决调查结果First-come first served 先来先得Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations（FAO）联合国粮农组织Food security 粮食安全Foreign direct investment（FDI）外国直接投资Foreign exchange balancing requirement 外汇平衡要求Free-rider 搭便车（指根据最惠国待遇享受其他成员贸易减让而不进行相应减让的成员）Free trade area 自由贸易区GGATT 1947 《1947年关税与贸易总协定》GATT 1994 《1994年关税与贸易总协定》General Agreement on Trade in Service（GATS）《服务贸易总协定》General Agreement on Tariff and Trade （GATT）《关税与贸易总协定》General Council 总理事会General exceptions 一般例外Geographical indications （知识产权）地理标识Genetically Modified Organisms（GMO）转基因生物Good offices 斡旋Government procurement 政府采购Green box measures （农业国内支持）“绿箱”措施Grey area measures 灰色区域措施General Preferential System（GPS）普惠制HHarmonized Commodity Description and Coding System（HS）《商品名称及编码协调制度》Havana Charter 哈瓦那宪章Horizontal commitments （服务贸易）水平承诺IIdentical product 相同产品Illustrative list 例示清单Import deposits 进口押金Import licensing 进口许可Import substitution 进口替代Import surcharge 进口附加税Import variable duties 进口差价税Industrial designs 工业设计Infant industry 幼稚产业Information Technology Agreement（ITA）《信息技术协议》Injunctions 禁令Initial negotiating rights （INRs）最初谈判权（初谈权）Integration process 一体化进程Intellectual property rights（IPRs）知识产权Internal taxes 国内税International Labor Organization (ILO ) 国际劳工组织International Monetary Fund （IMF）国际货币基金组织International Organization for Standardization （ISO）国际标准化组织International Plant Protection Convention 《国际植物保护公约》International Textile and Clothing Bureau （ITCB）国际纺织品与服装局International Trade Organization （ITO）国际贸易组织International Trade Center （ITC）国际贸易中心International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴开发银行JJudicial review 司法审议Judicial person （服务贸易）法人KLLayout-designs（Topographies）of integrated circuits 集成电路外观设计（拓扑图）Least-developed countries （LDCs）最不发达国家License fee （知识产权）许可费Like product 同类产品Limited tendering （政府采购）有限招标Local content requirement 当地含量要求Local equity requirement 当地股份要求Mad-cow disease 疯牛病Maintenance of intellectual property rights 知识产权的维护Maritime transport services 海运服务Market access 市场准入Market boards 市场营销机构Market price support 市场价格支持Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization 《建立世界贸易组织马拉喀什协定》Marrakesh protocol 《马拉喀什协定书》Material injury 实质损害Medication 调停Minimum market access （MMA）最低市场准入Minimum values （海关估价）最低限价Most-favored-nation treatment （MFN）最惠国待遇MFN exemptions （服务贸易）最惠国待遇例外Ministerial conference 部长级会议Modalities 模式Modulation of quota clause （保障措施）配额调整条款Movement of natural persons 自然人流动Multi-Fiber Arrangement （MFA）《多种纤维协定》Multilateral trade negotiations （MTNs）多边贸易谈判Mutual recognition agreement 相互承认协议NNational treatment 国民待遇Natural person 自然人Negative standard （原产地）否定标准Neighboring rights （版权）邻接权New issues （世界贸易组织）新议题Non-actionable subsidy 不可诉补贴Non-automatic licensing 非自动许可Non-discrimination 非歧视Non-violation complaints 非违规之诉North American Free Trade Agreement（NAFTA）《北美自由贸易协定》Notification obligation 通知义务Non-tariff measures（NTMs）非关税措施Non-trade concern 非贸易关切Nullification or impairment （利益）丧失或减损Offer （谈判）出价Open tendering （政府采购）公开招标Orderly marketing arrangement （OMA）有序销售安排Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（OEDC）经济合作与发展组织Original member （世界贸易组织）创始成员PPanel 争端解决专家组Paris convention 《巴黎公约》Patents 专利Peace clause 关于农产品反补贴的和平条款Pest or disease-free area 病虫害非疫区Pirated copyright goods 盗版货Plurilateral agreement 诸边协议Positive standard （原产地）肯定标准Presence of natural person 自然人存在Preshipment inspection 装运前检验Price verification （装运前检验）价格核实Price undertaking （反倾销）价格承诺Principal supplying interest 主要供应利益Product mandating requirement 产品授权要求Product-to-product method 产品对产品（谈判）方法Production subsidy 生产补贴Professional services 专业服务Prohibited subsidy 被禁止的补贴Protocol accession 加入议定书Protocol of Provisional Application of GATT 关贸总协定临时适用协议书Provisional application 临时适用Prudential measures 审慎措施QQuads 四方集团（至美国、欧盟、日本和加拿大）Quantitative restrictions 数量限制Quantity trigger level （农业特殊保障措施）数量触发水平RReciprocity 对等Recommendations （争端解决）建议Reference years 参照年Regional trade agreements 区域贸易协议Request （谈判）要价Responding Party （争端解决）应诉方Restrictive business practices 限制性商业惯例Risk analysis 风险分析Risk assessment 风险评估Roll-back 逐步退回Rome convention 《罗马公约》Round （知识产权）使用费Rules of origin 原产地规则SSafeguards 保障措施Sanitary and phytosanitary （SPS）measures 卫生与植物措施Schedule of commitments （服务贸易）承诺表Schedule of concessions （货物贸易）减让表Sectoral negotiations 部门谈判Security exceptions 安全例外Selective tendering （政府采购）选择性招标Separate customs territory 单独关税区Serious injury 严重损害Serious prejudice 严重侵害Simple average tariff 简单平均关税Similar product 类似产品Special and differential（S&D）treatment provisions 特殊与差别待遇条款Special Drawing Rights （SDRs）（国际货币基金组织）特别提款权Special safeguard（SSG）measures （农产品）特殊保障措施Specific tariff 从量税Specificity （补贴）专项性Standardizing bodies 标准化机构Standards 标准Standstill 维持现状State trading enterprises （STEs）国营贸易企业Subsidy 补贴Subsidies in general 一般补贴Substantial supplying interest 实质供应利益Substantial transformation （产品）实质改变Suspend concessions 暂停减让TTariffs 关税Tariff bindings 关税约束Tariff classification 税则归类Tariff concessions 关税减让Tariff equivalent 关税等值Tariff escalation 关税升级Tariff headings 税目Tariffication 关税化Tariff line 税号Tariff peaks 关税高峰Tariff rate quotas/ Tariff quotas （TRQ）关税配额Technical assistance 技术援助Technical barriers to trade（TBT）技术性贸易壁垒Technical regulationsTelecommunication services 电信服务Terms of reference （TOR）（争端解决专家组）职责范围Textile Monitoring Body （TMB）（关税与贸易总协定）纺织品监督机构Textile Surveillance Body (TSB) (关税与贸易总协定)纺织品监督机构Tokyo Round Codes 东京回合守则Total AMS （农业国内支持）综合支持总量Trade-balancing requirement 贸易平衡要求Trade facilitation 贸易便利化Trade in civil aircraft 民用航空器贸易Trade in goods 货物贸易Trade in services 服务贸易Trademark（TM）商标Trade Policy Review Body （TPRB）贸易政策审议机构Trade Policy Review Mechanism （TPRM）贸易政策审议机制Trade-related intellectual property rights （TRIPs）与贸易有关的知识产权Trade-related investment measures （TRIMs）Trade remedies 贸易救济（措施）Trade-weighted average tariff 贸易加权平均关税Transaction Value 成交价格Transition economies 转型经济体Transitional safeguard measures （纺织品）过渡性保障措施Transparency 透明度Transport services 运输服务Trigger prices （农产品特殊保障措施）触发价格UUndisclosed information （知识产权）未公开信息United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 联合国贸易与发展会议Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合VVariable duties 差价税Value-added telecommunication services 增值电信服务Voluntary export restraints （VERs）自愿出口限制WWaiver （义务）豁免Washington Treaty 《华盛顿条约》Withdraw concessions 撤回减让World Customs Organization（WCO）世界海关组织World Intellectual Property Organization （WIPO）世界知识产权组织World Trade Organization（WTO）世界贸易组织WTO Members 世界贸易组织全体成员WTO Secretariat 世界贸易组织秘书处。
汉英口译分类词汇——世贸组织词汇
（补贴协议）可诉补贴Actionable subsidy(纺织品与服装、农产品)⼀体化进程Integration process（服务贸易）境外消费Consumption abroad（服务贸易）跨境交付Cross border supply（服务贸易）商业存在Commercial presence(服务贸易)⾃然⼈ natural person(服务贸易)⾃然⼈流动Presence of natural person(解决争端)被诉⽅Defendant（解决争端）调查结果Findings(解决争端)上诉Appeal(解决争端)申诉⽅Complaint(利益的)丧失和减损Nullification and impairment(农产品)国内⽀持Domestic support（农产品）综合⽀持量AMS (Aggregate Measurement of Support)（农产品国内⽀持）黄箱措施Amber Box measures（农产品国内⽀持）蓝箱措施BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions（农产品国内⽀持）绿箱措施Green Box measures(农业)多功能性 Multifunctionality（欧盟）共同农业政策Common Agriculture Policy(争端解决)专家组Panel（知识产权）地理标识Geographical indications《巴黎公约》(关于保护⼯业知识产权的公约)Paris Convention《巴塞尔公约》（有关危险废弃物的多边环境协定）Basel Convention《北美⾃由贸易协定》NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)《濒危物种国际贸易公约》Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species《伯尔尼公约》（有关保护⽂学和艺术作品版权的公约）Berne Convention《多种纤维协定》MFA (Multifibre Agreement)《纺织品与服装协议》ATC (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing)《服务贸易总协定》GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services)《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》DSU(Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes)《京都议定书》 Kyoto Protocol《⾥斯本条约》（有关地理标识及其国际注册）Lisbon Agreement《蒙特利尔议定书》(有关保护⼤⽓臭氧层的多边环境协定)Montreal Protocol《农产品协议》特殊保障SSG (Special Safeguard)《农业协议》中关于反补贴的和平条款Peace clause《⽣物多样性公约》CBD(Convention on Biological Diversity)《信息技术协议》ITA (Information Technology Agreement)WTO最不发达国家⾼级别会议HLM (WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs)北美⾃由贸易区 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Area)采取措施后Ex post采取措施前Ex ante产品⽣命周期分析LCA (Life Cycle Analysis)出⼝补贴Export subsidy出⼝实绩Export performance垂直兼并 vertical merger当地含量Local content电⼦商务 Electronic Commerce东部和南部⾮洲共同市场COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa)东盟⾃由贸易区ASEAN Free Trade Area动植物卫⽣检疫措施SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standard )反补贴税Countervailing duty反倾销措施 anti-dumping measures against…反向通知Counter-notification⾮配额产品 quota-free products⾮⽣产性投资 investment in non-productive projects⾮洲、加勒⽐和太平洋国家集团（洛美协定）ACP(African, Caribbean and Pacific Group)风险管理/评估 risk management/ assessment关贸总协定，世界贸易组织的前⾝ GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)规避Circumvention国际标准化组织ISO (International Organization for Standardization)国际纺织品服装局ITCB (International Textile and Clothing Bureau)国际货币基⾦组织IMF (International Monetary Fund)国际劳⼯组织ILO (International Labor Organization)国际贸易中⼼ITC (International Trade Center)国际贸易组织ITO (International Trade Organization)国际贸易组织临时委员会ICITO (Interim Commission for the International Trade Organization)国际清算 international settlement国际收⽀ balance of international payments/ balance of payment国际收⽀条款BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions国际兽疫组织International Office of Epizootics国民待遇National treatment国内补贴Domestic subsidy国内⽣产Domestic production海关估价Customs valuation海关完税价值Customs value横向兼并 horizontal merger环保型技术EST(Environmentally-sound technology)灰⾊区域措施Grey area measures货币留成制度Currency retention scheme货币贸易理事会CTG(Council for Trade in Goods)基础税率Base tariff level既定⽇程Built-in agenda交叉报复Cross retaliation进⼝差价税Import variable duties进⼝附加税Import surcharge进⼝环节税 import linkage tax进⼝渗透Import penetration进⼝替代Import substitution进⼝许可Import licensing进⼝押⾦Import deposits经济合作与发展组织OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)垃圾融资 junk financing联合国环境署UNEP (United Nations Environment Program)联合国开发计划署UNDP (United Nations Development Program)联合国粮农组织FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States)联合国贸易与发展会议UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)粮⾷安全Food security慢性萧条 chronic depression 贸易和投资⾃由化和便利化 TILF (Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation)贸易与发展委员会Committee on Trade and Development贸易与环境委员会Committee on Trade and Environment模式Modalities南⽅共同市场（或称南锥体共同市场）MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market)南亚区域合作联盟SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional cooperation)欧洲⾃由贸易联盟EFTA (European Free Trade Association)配额调整条款modulation of quota clause瓶颈制约 'bottleneck' restrictions全球配额 global quota上诉机构Appeal body申报制度 reporting system; income declaration system⽣产补贴Production subsidy实⾏国民待遇 grant the national treatment to实质损害Material injury⾷品法典委员会 CAC(Codex Alimentaries Commission)世界海关组织WCO (World Customs Organization)世界贸易组织WTO (World Trade Organization)世界知识产权组织WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization)市场准⼈的⾏政管理措施 AAMA (Administrative Aspects of Market Access)市场准⼊Market access通知义务Notification obligation同类产品Like product乌拉圭回合Uruguay Round消费膨胀 inflated consumption 协调制度（商品名称及编码协调制度）HS (Harmonized Commodity and Coding System)新议题New issues许可费 License fee有秩序的市场安排Orderly market arrangements约束⽔平Bound level争端解决机构Dispute Settlement Body政府采购 Government procurement知识产权IPRs (Intellectual property rights)直接⽀付Direct payment诸边协议 Plurilateral agreement专门的营销机构Market boards转基因⽣物GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)祖⽗条款 grandfather clause最不发达国家LDCs (Least-developed countries)最初谈判权(初谈权) INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights)最惠国待遇（现通常称'正常贸易关系'）MFN（most-favored-nation) treatment最惠国贸易地位(待遇)MFN (Most-favored-nation)(Treatment)WTO术语英⽂解释GeneralGATT — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which has been superseded as an international organization by the WTO. An updated General Agreement is now one of the WTO’s agreements.GATT 1947 — The old (pre-1994) version of the GATT.GATT 1994 — The new version of the General Agreement, incorporated into the WTO, which governs trade in goods.Members — WTO governments (first letter capitalized, in WTO style).MFN — Most-favoured-nation treatment (GATT Article I, GATS Article II and TRIPS Article 4), the principle of not discriminating between one’s trading partners.national treatment — The principle of giving others the same treatment as one’s own nationals.GATT Article III requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the same or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed customs. GATS Article XVII and TRIPS Article 3 also deal with national treatment for services and intellectual property protection.TPRB, TPRM — The Trade Policy Review Body is General Council operating under special procedures for meetings to review trade policies and practices of individual WTO members under the TradePolicy Review Mechanism.transparency — Degree to which trade policies and practices, and the process by which they are established, are open and predictable.Uruguay Round — Multilateral trade negotiations launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in December 1993. Signed by Ministers in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994.Tariffsbinding, bound — see “tariff binding”electronic commerce — The production, advertising, sale and distribution of products viatelecommunications networks.free-rider — A casual term used to infer that a country which does not make any trade concessions, profits, nonetheless, from tariff cuts and concessions made by other countries in negotiations under the most-favoured-nation principle.Harmonized System — An international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization, which is arranged in six digit codes allowing all participating countries to classify traded goods on a common basis. Beyond the six digit level, countries are free to introduce national distinctions for tariffs and many other purposes.ITA — Information Technology Agreement, or formally the Ministerial-Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products, under which participants will remove tariffs on IT products by the year 2000.ITA II — Negotiations aimed at expanding ITA’s product coverage.nuisance tariff — Tariff so low that it costs the government more to collect it than the revenue it generates.schedule of concessions — List of bound tariff rates.tariff binding — Commitment not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level. Once a rate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected parties.tariff escalation — Higher import duties on semi-processed products than on raw materials, and higher still on finished products. This practice protects domestic processing industries and discourages the development of processing activity in the countries where raw materials originate.tariff peaks — Relatively high tariffs, usually on “sensitive” products, amidst generally low tariff levels. For industrialized countries, tariffs of 15% and above are generally recognized as “tariff peaks”.tariffs — Customs duties on merchandise imports. Levied either on an ad valorem basis (percentage of value) or on a specificbasis (e.g. $7 per 100 kgs.). Tariffs give price advantage to similar locally-produced goods and raise revenues for the government.WCO — World Customs Organization, a multilateral body located in Brussels through which participating countries seek to simplify and rationalize customs procedures.Non-tariff measuresanti-dumping duties — Article VI of the GATT 1994 permits the imposition of anti-dumping duties against dumped goods, equal to the difference between their export price and their normal value, if dumping causes injury to producers of competing products in the importing country.circumvention — Measures taken by exporters to evade anti-dumping or countervailing duties.countervailing measures — Action taken by the importing country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting country.dumping — Occurs when goods are exported at a price less than their normal value, generally meaning they are exported for less than they are sold in the domestic market or third-country markets, or at less than production cost.NTMs — Non-tariff measures such as quotas, import licensing systems, sanitary regulations, prohibitions, etc.price undertaking — Undertaking by an exporter to raise the export price of the product to avoid the possibility of an anti-dumping duty.PSI — Preshipment inspection — the practice of employing specialized private companies to check shipment details of goods ordered overseas — i.e. price, quantity, quality, etc.QRs — Quantitative restrictions — specific limits on the quantity or value of goods that can be imported (or exported) during a specific time period. rules of origin — Laws, regulations and administrative procedures which determine a product’s country of origin. A decision by a customs authority on origin can determine whether a shipment falls within a quota limitation, qualifies for a tariff preference or is affected by an anti-dumping duty. These rules can vary from country to country.safeguard measures — Action taken to protect a specific industry from an unexpected build-up ofimports — governed by Article XIX of the GATT 1994.subsidy — There are two general types of subsidies: export and domestic. An export subsidy is a benefit conferred on a firm by the government that is contingent on exports. A domestic subsidy is a benefit not directly linked to exports.tariffication — Procedures relating to the agricultural market-access provision in which all non-tariff measures are converted into tariffs.trade facilitation — Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures).VRA, VER, OMA — Voluntary restraint arrangement, voluntary export restraint, orderly marketing arrangement. Bilateral arrangements whereby an exporting country (government or industry) agrees to reduce or restrict exports without the importing country having to make use of quotas, tariffs or other import controls.Textiles and clothingATC — The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing which integrates trade in this sector back to GATT rules within a ten-year period.carry forward — When an exporting country uses part of the following year’s quota during the current year.carry over — When an exporting country utilizes the previous year’s unutilized quota.circumvention — Avoiding quotas and other restrictions by altering the country of origin of a product.CTG — Council for Trade in Goods — oversees WTO agreements on goods, including the ATC.integration programme — The phasing out of MFA restrictions in four stages starting on 1 January1995 and ending on 1 January 2005.ITCB — International Textiles and Clothing Bureau — Geneva-based group of some 20 developing country exporters of textiles and clothing.MFA — Multifibre Arrangement (1974-94) under which countries whose markets are disrupted by increased imports of textiles and clothing from another country were able to negotiate quota restrictions.swing — When an exporting country transfers part of a quota from one product to another restrained product.TMB — The Textiles Monitoring Body, consisting of a chairman plus ten members acting in a personal capacity, oversees the implementation of ATC commitments.transitional safeguard mechanism — Allows members to impose restric t i o n s a g a i n s t i n d i v i d u a l e x p o r t i n g c o u n t r i e s i f t h e i m p o r t i n g c o u n t r y c a n s h o w t h a t b o t h o v e r a l l i m p o r t s o f a p r o d u c t a n d i m p o r t s f r o m t h e i n d i v i d u a l c o u n t r i e s a r e e n t e r i n g t h e c o u n t r y i n s u c h i n c r e a s e d q u a n t i t i e s a s t o / p > p > c a u s e o r t h r e a t e n s e r i o u s d a m a g e t o t h e r e l e v a n t d o m e s t i c i n d u s t r y . / p > p > A g r i c u l t u r e / S P S / p > p > A g e n d a 2 0 0 0 E C s f i n a n c i a l r e f o r m p l a n s f o r 2 0 0 0 0 6 a i m e d a t s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e u n i o n w i t h a v i e w t o r e c e i v i n g n e w m e m b e r s . I n c l u d e s r e f o r m o f t h e C A P ( s e e b e l o w ) . / p > p > b o r d e r p r o t e c t i o n A n y m e a s u r e w h i c h a c t s t o r e s t r a i n i m p o r t s a t p o i n t o f e n t r y . / p > p > B S E B o v i n e s p o n g i f o r m e n c e p h a l o p a t h y , o r m a d c o w d i s e a s e . / p > p > b o x C a t e g o r y o f d o m e s t i c s u p p o r t . G r e e n b o x : s u p p o r t s c o n s i d e r e d n o t t o d i s t o r t t r a d e a n d t h e r e f o r e p e r m i t t e d w i t h n o l i m i t s . B l u e b o x : p e r m i t t e d s u p p o r t s l i n k e d t o p r o d u c t i o n , b u t s u b j e c t t o p r o d u c t i o n l i m i t s a n d t h e r e f o r e m i n i m a l l y t r a d e - d i s t o r t i n g . A m b e r b o x : s u p p o r t s c o n s i d e r e d t o d i s t o r t t r a d e a n d t h e r e f o r e s u b j e c t t o r e d u c t i o n c o m m i t m e n t s . / p > p > C a i r n s G r o u p G r o u p o f a g r i c u l t u r a l e x p o r t i n g n a t i o n s l o b b y i n g f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l t r a d e l i b e r a l i z a t i o n . I t w a s f o r m e d i n 19 8 6 i n C a i r n s , A u s t r a l i a j u s t b e f o r e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e U r u g u a y R o u n d . C u r r e n t m e m b e r sh i p : A r g e n t i n a , A u s t r a l i a , B o l i v i a , B r a z i l , C a n a d a , C h i l e , C o l o m b i a , C o s t a R i c a , G u a t e m a l a , I n d o n e s i a , M a l a y s i a , N e w Z e a l a n d , P a r a g u a y , P h i l i p p i n e s , S o u t h A f r i c a , T h a i l a n d a n d U r u g u a y . / p > p > C A P C o m m o n A g r i c u l t u r a l P o l i c y T h e E U s c o m p r e h e n s i v e s y s t e m o f p r o d u c t i o n t a r g e t s a n d m a r k e t i n g m e c h a n i s m s d e s i g n e d t o m a n a g e a g r i c u l t u r a l t r a d e w i t h i n t h e E U a n d w i t h t h e r e s t o f t h e w o r l d . / p > p > C o d e x A l i m e n t a r i u s F A O / W H O c o m m i s s i o n t h a t d e a l s w i t h i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s o n f o o d s a f e t y . / p > p > d i s t o r t i o n W h e n p r i c e s a n d p r o d u c t i o n a r e h i g h e r o r l o w e r t h a n l e v e l s t h a t w o u l d u s u a l l y e x i s t i n a c o m p e t i t i v e m a r k e t . / p > p > d e f i c i e n c y p a y m e n t P a i d b y g o v e r n m e n t s t o p r o d u c e r s o f c e r t a i n c o m m o d i t i e s a n d b a s e d o n t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a t a r g e t p r i c e a n d t h e d o m e s t i c m a r k e t p r i c e o r l o a n r a t e , w h i c h e v e r i s t h e l e s s . / p > p > E E P E x p o r t e n h a n c e m e n t p r o g r a m m e p r o g r a m m e o f U S e x p o r t s u b s i d i e s g i v e n g e n e r a l l y t o c o m p e t e w i t h s u b s i d i z e d a g r i c u l t u r a l e x p o r t s f r o m t h e E U o n c e r t a i n e x p o r t m a r k e t s . / p > p > f o o d s e c u r i t y C o n c e p t w h i c h d i s c o u r a g e s o p e n i n g t h e d o m e s t i c m a r k e t t o f o r e i g n a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s o n t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t a c o u n t r y m u s t b e a s s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t a s p o s s i b l e f o r i t s b a s i c d i e t a r y n e e d s . / p > p > i n t e r n a l s u p p o r t E n c o m p a s s e s a n y m e a s u r e w h i c h a c t s t o m a i n t a i n p r o d u c e r p r i c e s a t l e v e l s a b o v e t h o s e p r e v a i l i n g i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e ; d i r e c t p a y m e n t s t o p r o d u c e r s , i n c l u d i n g d e f i c i e n c y p a y m e n t s , a n d i n p u t a nd m a r ke t i n g c o s t r e d u c t i o n m e a s u r e s a v a i l a b l e o n l yf o r ag r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n . / p > p > I n te r n a t i o n a l Of f i c e o f E p i z o o t i c s D e a l s w i t h i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s c o n c e r n i ng a n i m a lh e a l t h . / p > p > m u l ti f u n c t i o n a l i t y I d e a t h a t a g r i c u l t u r e h a s m a n y f u n c t i o n s i n a d d i t i o n t o p r o d u c i n g f o o d a n d f i b r e , e . g . e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n , l a n d s c a p e p r e s e r v a t i o n , r u r a l e m p l o y m e n t , e t c . S e e n o n - t r a d e c o n c e r n s . / p > p > n o n - t r a d e c o n c e r n s S i m i l a r t o m u l t i f u n c t i o n a l i t y . T h e p r e a m b l e o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r e A g r e e m e n t s p e c i f i e s f o o d s e c u r i t y a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n a s e x a m p l e s . A l s o c i t e d b y m e m b e r s a r e r u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t a n d e m p l o y m e n t , a n d p o v e r t y a l l e v i a t i o n . / p > p > p e a c e c l a u s e P r o v i s i o n i n A r t i c l e 1 3 o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r e A g r e e m e n t s a y s a g r i c u l t u r a l s u b s i d i e s c o m m i t t e d u n d e r t h e a g r e e m e n t c a n n o t b e c h a l l e n g e d u n d e r o t h e r W T O a g r e e m e n t s , i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e S u b s i d i e s A g r e e m e n t a n d G A T T . E x p i r e s a t t h e e n d o f 2 0 0 3 . / p > p > r e f o r m p r o c e s s / p r o g r a m T h e U r u g u a y R o u n d A g r i c u l t u r e A g r e e m e n t s t a r t s a r e f o r m p r o c e s s . I t s e t s o u t a f i r s t s t e p , i n t h e p r o c e s s , i . e . a p r o g r a m f o r r e d u c i n g s u b s i d i e s a n d p r o t e c t i o n a n d o t h e r r e f o r m s . C u r r e n t n e g o t i a t i o n s l a u n c h e d u n d e r A r t i c l e 2 0 a r e f o r c o n t i n u i n g t h e r e f o r m p r o c e s s . / p > p > S P S r e g u l a t i o n s S a n i t a r y a n d P h y t o s a n i t a r y r e g u l a t i o n s g o v e r n m e n t s t a n d a r d s t o p r o t e c t h u m a n , a n i m a l a n d p l a n t l i f e a n d h e a l t h , t o h e l p e n s u r e t h a t f o o d i s s a f e f o r c o n s u m p t i o n . / p > p > v a r i a b l e l e v y C u s t o m s d u t y r a t e w h i c h v a r i e s i n r e s p o n s e t o d o m e s t i c p r i c e c r i t e r i o n . / p > p > / p > p > I n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y / p > p > B e r n e C o n v e n t i o n T r e a t y , a d m i n i s t e r e d b y W I P O , f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e r i g h t s o f a u t h o r s i n t h e i r l i t e r a r y a n d a r t i s t i c w o r k s . / p > p > C B D C o n v e n t i o n o n B i o l o g i c a l D i v e r s i t y . / p > p > c o m p u l s o r y l i c e n s i n g F o r p a t e n t s : w h e n t h e a u t h o r i t i e s l i c e n s e c o m p a n i e s o r i n d i v i d u a l s o t h e r t h a n t h e p a t e n t o w n e r t o u s e t h e r i g h t s o f t h e p a t e n t t o m a k e , u s e , s e l l o r i m p o r t a p r o d u c t u n d e r p a t e n t ( i . e . a p a t e n t e d p r o d u c t o r a p r o d u c t m a d e b y a p a t e n t e d p r o c e s s ) w i t h ou t t h e p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e p a t e n t o w n e r . A l l o w e d u n d e r t h e T R I P S A g r e e m e n t p r o v i d e d c e r t a i n p r o c e d u r e s a n d c o n d i t i o n s a r e f u l f i l l e d . S e e a l s o g o v e r n m e n t u s e . / p > p > c o u n t e r f e i t U n a u t h o r i z e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k c a r r i e d o n g o o d s i d e n t i c a l o r s i m i l a r t o g o o d s f o r w h i c h t h e t r a d e m a r k i s r e g i s t e r e d , w i t h a v i e w t o d e c e i v i n g t h e p u r c h a s e r i n t o b e l i e v i n g t h a t h e / s h e i s b u y i n g t h e o r i g i n a l g o o d s . / p > p > e x h a u s t i o n T h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t o n c e a p r o d u c t h a s b e e n s o l d o n a m a r k e t , t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y o w n e r n o l o n g e r h a s a n y r i g h t s o v e r i t . ( A d e b a t e a m o n g W T O m e m b e r g o v e r n m e n t s i s w h e t h e r t h i s a p p l i e s t o p r o d u c t s p u t o n t h e m a r k e t u n d e r c o m p u l s o r y l i c e n c e s . ) C o u n t r i e s l a w s v a r y a s t o w h e t h e r t h e r i g h t c o n t i n u e s t o b e e x h a u s t e d i f t h e p r o d u c t i s i m p o r t e d f r o m o n e m a r k e t i n t o a n o t h e r , w h i c h a f f e c t s t h e o w n e r s r i g h t s o v e r t r a d e i n t h e p r o t e c t e d p r o d u c t . S e e a l s o p a r a l l e l i m p o r t s . / p > p > g e o g r a p h i c a l i n d i c a t i o n s P l a c e n a m e s ( o r w o r d s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a p l a c e ) u s e d t o i d e n t i f y p r o d u c t s ( f o r e x a m p l e , C h a m p a g n e , T e q u i l a o r R o q u e f o r t ) w h i c h h a v e a p a r t i c u l a r q u a l i t y , r e p u t a t i o n o r o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c b e c a u s e t h e y c o m e f r o m t h a t p l a c e / p > p > g o v e r n m e n t u s e F o r p a t e n t s : w h e n t h e g o v e r n m e n t i t s e l f u s e s o r a u t h o r i z e s o t h e r p e r s o n s t o u s e t h e r i g h t s o v e r a p a t e n t e d p r o d u c t o r p r o c e s s , f o r g o v e r n m e n t p u r p o s e s , w i t h o u t t h e p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e p a t e n t o w n e r . S e e a l s o c o m p u l s o r y l i c e n s i n g . / p > p > i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y r i g h t s O w n e r s h i p o f i d e a s , i n c l u d i n g l i t e r a r y a n d a r t i s t i c w o r k s ( p r o t e c t e d b y c o p y r i g h t ) , i n v e n t i o n s ( p r o t e c t e d b y p a t e n t s ) , s i g n s f o r d i s t i n g u i s h i n g g o o d s o f a n e n t e r p r i s e ( p r o t e c t e d b y t r a d e m a r k s ) a n d o t h e r e l e m e n t s o f i n d u s t r i a l p r o p e r t y . / p > p > I P R s I n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y r i g h t s . / p > p > L i s b o n A g r e e m e n t T r e a t y , a d m i n i s t e r e d b y W I P O , f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f g e o g r a p h i c a l i n d i c a t i o n s a n d t h e i r i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e g i s t r a t i o n . / p > p > M a d r i d A g r e e m e n t T r e a t y , a d m i n i s t e r e d b y W I P O , f o r t h e r e p r e s s i o n o f f a l s e o r d e c e p t i v e i n d i c a t i o n s o f s o u r c e o n g o o d s . / p > p > m a i l b o x R e f e r s t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e T R I P S A g r e e m e n t a p p l y i n g t o W T O m e m b e r s w h i c h d o n o t y e t p r o v i d e p r o d u c t p a t e n t p r o t e c t i o n f o r p h a r m a c e u t i c a l s a n d f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l c h e m i c a l s . S i n c e 1 J a n u a r y 1 9 9 5 , w h e n t h e W T O a g r e e m e n t s e n t e r e d i n t o f o r c e , t h e s e c o u n t r i e s h a v e t o e s t a b l i s h a m e a n s b y w h i c h a p p l i c a t i o n s o f p a t e n t s f o r t h e s e p r o d u c t s c a n b e f i l e d . ( A n a d d i t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s a y s t h e y m u s t a l s o p u t i n p l a c e a s y s t e m f o r g r a n t i n g e x c l u s i v e m a r k e t i n g r i g h t s f o r t h e p r o d u c t s w h o s e p a t e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s h a v e b e e n f i l e d . ) / p > p > p a r a l l e l i m p o r t s W h e n a p r o d u c t m a d e l e g a l l y ( i . e . n o t p i r a t e d ) a b r o a d i s i m p o r t e d w i t h o u t t h e p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y r i g h t - h o l d e r ( e . g . t h e t r a d e m a r k o r p a t e n t o w n e r ) . S o m e c o u n t r i e s a l l o w t h i s , o t h e r s d o n o t . / p > p > P a r i s C o n v e n t i o n T r e a t y , a d m i n i s t e r e d b y W I P O , f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f i n d u s t r i a l i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y , i . e . p a t e n t s , u t i l i t y m o d e l s , i n d u s t r i a l d e s i g n s , e t c . / p > p > p i r a c y U n a u t h o r i z e d c o p y i n g o f m a t e r i a l s p r o t e c t e d b y i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y r i g h t s ( s u c h a s c o p y r i g h t , t r a d e m a r k s , p a t e n t s , g e o g r a p h i c a l i n d i c a t i o n s , e t c ) f o r c o m m e r c i a l p u r p o s e s a n d u n a u t h o r i z e d c o m m e r c i a l d e a l i n g i n c o p i e d m a t e r i a l s . / p > p > R o m e C o n v e n t i o n T r e a t y , a d m i n i s t e r e d b y W I P O , U N E S C O a n d I L O , f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e w o r k s o f p e r f o r m e r s , b r o a d c a s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d p r o d u c e r s o f p h o n o g r a m s . / p > p > T R I P S T r a d e - R e l a t e d A s p e c t s o f I n t e l l e c t u a l P r o p e r t y R i g h t s . / p > p > U P O V I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i o n f o r t h e P r o t e c t i o n o f N e w V a r i e t i e s o f P l a n t s / p > p > W a s h i n g t o n T r e a t y T r e a t y f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o p e r t y i n r e s p e c t o f l a y - o u t d e s i g n s o f i n t e g r a t e d c i r c u i t s . / p > p > W I P O W o r l d I n t e l l e c t u a l P r o p e r t y O r g a n i z a t i o n . / p > p > / p > p > I n v e s t m e n t / p > p > e x p o r t - p e r f o r m a n c e m e a s u r e R e q u i r e m e n t t h a t a c e r t a i n q u a n t i t y o f p r o d u c t i o n m u s t b e e x p o r t e d . / p > p > F D I F o r e i g n d i r e c t i n v e s t m e n t . / p > p > l o c a l - c o n t e n t m e a s u r e R e q u i r e m e n t t h a t t h e i n v e s t o r p u r c h a s e a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f l o c a l m a t e r i a l s f o r i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t h e i n v e s t o r s p r o d u c t . / p > p > p r o d u c t - m a n d a t i n g R e q u i r e m e n t t h a t t h e i n v e s t o r e x p o r t t o c e r t a i n c o u n t r i e s o r r e g i o n . / p > p > t r a d e - b a l a n c i n g m e a s u r e R e q u i r e m e n t t h a t t h e i n v e s t o r u s e e a r n i n g s f r o m e x p o r t s t o p a y f o r i m p o r t s . / p > p > T R I M S T r a d e - r e l a t e d i n v e s t m e n t m e a s u r e s . / p > p > / p > p > D i s p u t e s e t t l e m e n t / p > p > A p p e l l a t e B o d y A n i n d e p e n d e n t s e v e n - p e r s o n b o d y t h a t , u p o n r e q u e s t b y o n e o r m o r e p a r t i e s t o t h e d i s p u t e , r e v i e w s f i nd i n g s i n p a ne l r e p o r t s . / p > p > a u t o m a t i c i t y T h e a u t o m a t i c c h r o n o l o g i c a l p r o g r e s s i o nf o r se t t l i n g t r a d e d i s p u t e s i n r e g a r d t o p a n e l e s t a b l i s h m e n t , t e r m s of r e f e r e n c e , c o m p o s i t i o n a n d a d o p t i o n p r o c e d u r e s . / p > p > D S B D i s p u t e S e t t l e m e n t B o d y w h e n t h e W T O G e n e r a l C o u n c i l m e e t s t o s e t t l e t r a d e d i s p u t e s . / p > p > D S U T h e U r ug u a y R o u n d U n d e r s t a n d i n g o n R u l e s a n d P r o c e d u r e s G o v e r n i n g th e S e t t l e m e n t o f Di s p u t e s . / p > p > n u l l i f i c a t i o n a n d i m p a i r m e n t D a m a g e t o a c o u n t r y s b e n e f i t s a n d e x p e c t a t i o n s f r o m i t s W T O m e m b e r s h i p t h r o u g h a n o t h e r c o u n t r y s c h a n g e i n i t s t r a d e r e g i m e o r f a i l u r e t o c a r r y o u t i t s W T O / p > p > b r > o b l i g a t i o n s . / p > p > p a n e l C o n s i s t i n g o f t h r e e e x p e r t s , t h i s i n d e p e n d e n t b o d y i s e s t a b l i s h e d b y t h e D S B t o e x a m i n e a n d i s s u e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o n a p a r t i c u l a r d i s p u t e i n t h e l i g h t o f W T O p r o v i s i o n s . / p > p > / p > p > S e r v i c e s / p > p > a c c o u n t i n g r a t e I n t e l e c o m s , t h e c h a r g e m a d e b y o n e c o u n t r y s t e l e p h o n e n e t w o r k o p e r a t o r f o r c a l l s o r i g i n a t i n g i n a n o t h e r c o u n t r y . / p > p > c o m m e r c i a l p r e s e n c e H a v i n g a n o f f i c e , b r a n c h , o r s u b s i d i a r y i n a f o r e i g n c o u n t r y . / p > p > G A T S T h e W T O s G e n e r a l A g r e e m e n t o n T r a d e i n S e r v i c e s . / p > p > g e n e r a l o b l i g a t i o n s O b l i g a t i o n s w h i。
WTO术语英语解释
WTO术语英文解释GeneralGATT — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which has been superseded as an international organization by the WTO. An updated General Agreement is now one of the WTO’s agreements. GATT 1947 — The old (pre-1994) version of the GATT.GATT 1994 —The new version of the General Agreement, incorporated into the WTO, which governs trade in goods.Members — WTO governments (first letter capitalized, in WTO style).MFN — Most-favoured-nation treatment (GATT Article I, GA TS Article II and TRIPS Article 4), the principle of not discriminating between one’s trading partners.national treatment —The principle of giving others the same treatment as one’s own nationals. GATT Article II I requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the same or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed customs. GATS Article XVII and TRIPS Article 3 also deal with national treatment for services and intellectual property protection.TPRB, TPRM —The Trade Policy Review Body is General Council operating under special procedures for meetings to review trade policies and practices of individual WTO members under the TradePolicy Review Mechanism.transparency — Degree to which trade policies and practices, and the process by which they are established, are open and predictable.Uruguay Round —Multilateral trade negotiations launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in December 1993. Signed by Ministers in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994.Tariffsbinding, bound —see “tariff binding”electronic commerce —The production, advertising, sale and distribution of products via telecommunications networks.free-rider —A casual term used to infer that a country which does not make any trade concessions, profits, nonetheless, from tariff cuts and concessions made by other countries in negotiations under the most-favoured-nation principle.Harmonized System —An international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization, which is arranged in six digit codes allowing all participating countries to classify traded goods on a common basis. Beyond the six digit level, countries are free to introduce national distinctions for tariffs and many other purposes.ITA —Information Technology Agreement, or formally the Ministerial-Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products, under which participants will remove tariffs on IT products by the year 2000.ITA II —Negotiations aimed at expanding ITA’s product coverage.nuisance tariff — Tariff so low that it costs the government more to collect it than the revenue it generates.schedule of concessions — List of bound tariff rates.tariff binding — Commitment not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level. Once a rate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected parties.tariff escalation — Higher import duties on semi-processed products than on raw materials, andhigher still on finished products. This practice39protects domestic processing industries and discourages the development of processing activity in the countries where raw materials originate.tariff peaks —Relatively high tariffs, usually on “sensitive” products, amidst generally low tariff levels. For industrialized countries, tariffs of 15% and above are generally recognized as “tariff peaks”.tariffs —Customs duties on merchandise imports. Levied either on an ad valorem basis (percentage of value) or on a specific basis (e.g. $7 per 100 kgs.). Tariffs give price advantage to similar locally-produced goods and raise revenues for the government.WCO —World Customs Organization, a multilateral body located in Brussels through which participating countries seek to simplify and rationalize customs procedures.Non-tariff measuresanti-dumping duties — Article VI of the GATT 1994 permits the imposition of anti-dumping duties against dumped goods, equal to the difference between their export price and their normal value, if dumping causes injury to producers of competing products in the importing country. circumvention — Measures taken by exporters to evade anti-dumping or countervailing duties. countervailing measures —Action taken by the importing country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting country. dumping —Occurs when goods are exported at a price less than their normal value, generally meaning they are exported for less than they are sold in the domestic market or third-country markets, or at less than production cost.NTMs —Non-tariff measures such as quotas, import licensing systems, sanitary regulations, prohibitions, etc.price undertaking — Undertaking by an exporter to raise the export price of the product to avoid the possibility of an anti-dumping duty.PSI —Preshipment inspection —the practice of employing specialized private companies to check shipment details of goods ordered overseas — i.e. price, quantity, quality, etc.QRs — Quantitative restrictions — specific limits on the quantity or value of goods that can be imported (or exported) during a specific time period. rules of origin —Laws, regulations and administrative procedures which determine a product’s country of origin. A decision by a customs authority on origin can determine whether a shipment falls within a quota limitation, qualifies for a tariff preference or is affected by an anti-dumping duty. These rules can vary from country to country.safeguard measures — Action taken to protect a specific industry from an unexpected build-up of imports — governed by Article XIX of the GATT 1994.subsidy — There are two general types of subsidies: export and domestic. An export subsidy is a benefit conferred on a firm by the government that is contingent on exports. A domestic subsidy is a benefit not directly linked to exports.tariffication —Procedures relating to the agricultural market-access provision in which all non-tariff measures are converted into tariffs.trade facilitation —Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures).VRA, VER, OMA — Voluntary restraint arrangement, voluntary export restraint, orderly marketing arrangement. Bilateral arrangements whereby an exporting country (government or industry) agrees to reduce or restrict exports40without the importing country having to make use of quotas, tariffs or other import controls. Textiles and clothingATC — The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing which integrates trade in this sector back to GATT rules within a ten-year period.carry forward —When an exporting country uses part of the following year’s quota during the current year.carry over —When an exporting country utilizes the previous year’s unutilized quota. circumvention —Avoiding quotas and other restrictions by altering the country of origin of a product.CTG — Council for Trade in Goods — oversees WTO agreements on goods, including the ATC. integration programme — The phasing out of MFA restrictions in four stages starting on 1 January 1995 and ending on 1 January 2005.ITCB — International Textiles and Clothing Bureau — Geneva-based group of some 20 developing country exporters of textiles and clothing.MFA —Multifibre Arrangement (1974-94) under which countries whose markets are disrupted by increased imports of textiles and clothing from another country were able to negotiate quota restrictions.swing —When an exporting country transfers part of a quota from one product to another restrained product.TMB —The Textiles Monitoring Body, consisting of a chairman plus ten members acting in a personal capacity, oversees the implementation of ATC commitments.transitional safeguard mechanism —Allows members to impose restrictions against individual exporting countries if the importing country can show that both overall imports of a product and imports from the individual countries are entering the country in such increased quantities as to cause — or threaten — serious damage to the relevant domestic industry.Agriculture/SPSAgenda 2000 —EC’s financial reform plans for 2000–06 aimed at strengthening the union with a view to receiving new members. Includes reform of the CAP (see below).border protection — Any measure which acts to restrain imports at point of entry.BSE —Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or “mad cow disease”.box — Category of domestic support. — Green box: supports considered not to distort trade and therefore permitted with no limits. —Blue box: permitted supports linked to production, but subject to production limits and therefore minimally trade-distorting. —Amber box: supports considered to distort trade and therefore subject to reduction commitments.Cairns Group —Group of agricultural exporting nations lobbying for agricultural tradeliberalization. It was formed in 1986 in Cairns, Australia just before the beginning of the Uruguay Round. Current membership: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Uruguay.CAP — Common Agricultural Policy —The EU’s comprehensive system of production targets and marketing mechanisms designed to manage agricultural trade within the EU and with the rest of the world.Codex Alimentarius — FAO/WHO commission that deals with international standards on food41safety.distortion — When prices and production are higher or lower than levels that would usually exist in a competitive market.deficiency payment — Paid by governments to producers of certain commodities and based on the difference between a target price and the domestic market price or loan rate, whichever is the less.EEP — Export enhancement programme — programme of US export subsidies given generally to compete with subsidized agricultural exports from the EU on certain export markets.food security — Concept which discourages opening the domestic market to foreign agricultural products on the principle that a country must be as self-sufficient as possible for its basic dietary needs.internal support — Encompasses any measure which acts to maintain producer prices at levels above those prevailing in international trade; direct payments to producers, including deficiency payments, and input and marketing cost reduction measures available only for agricultural production.International Office of Epizootics — Deals with international standards concerning animal health. multifunctionality — Idea that agriculture has many functions in addition to producing food and fibre, e.g. environmental protection, landscape preservation, rural employment, etc. See non-trade concerns.non-trade concerns —Similar to multifunctionality. The preamble of the Agriculture Agreement specifies food security and environmental protection as examples. Also cited by members are rural development and employment, and poverty alleviation.peace clause —Provision in Article 13 of the Agriculture Agreement says agricultural subsidies committed under the agreement cannot be challenged under other WTO agreements, in particular the Subsidies Agreement and GATT. Expires at the end of 2003.reform process/program — The Uruguay Round Agriculture Agreement starts a reform process. It sets out a first step, in the process, i.e. a program for reducing subsidies and protection and other reforms. Current negotiations launched under Article 20 are for continuing the reform process. SPS regulations —Sanitary and Phytosanitary regulations —government standards to protect human, animal and plant life and health, to help ensure that food is safe for consumption. variable levy — Customs duty rate which varies in response to domestic price criterion. Intellectual propertyBerne Convention — Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works.CBD — Convention on Biological Diversity.compulsory licensing — For patents: when the authorities license companies or individuals other than the patent owner to use the rights of the patent — to make, use, sell or import a product under patent (i.e. a patented product or a product made by a patented process) — without the permission of the patent owner. Allowed under the TRIPS Agreement provided certain procedures and conditions are fulfilled. See also government use.counterfeit — Unauthorized representation of a registered trademark carried on goods identical or similar to goods for which the trademark is registered, with a view to deceiving the purchaser into believing that he/she is buying the original goods.exhaustion —The principle that once a product has been sold on a market, the intellectual property owner no longer has any rights over it. (A debate42among WTO member governments is whether this applies to products put on the market under compulsory licences.) Countries’ laws vary as to whether the right continues to be exhausted if the product is imported from one market into another, which affects the owner’s rights over trade in the protected product. See also parallel imports.geographical indications —Place names (or words associated with a place) used to identify products (for example, “Champagne”, “Tequila” or “Roquefort”) which have a particular quality, reputation or other characteristic because they come from that placegovernment use — For patents: when the government itself uses or authorizes other persons to use the rights over a patented product or process, for government purposes, without the permission of the patent owner. See also compulsory licensing.intellectual property rights — Ownership of ideas, including literary and artistic works (protected by copyright), inventions (protected by patents), signs for distinguishing goods of an enterprise (protected by trademarks) and other elements of industrial property.IPRs — Intellectual property rights.Lisbon Agreement — Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of geographical indications and their international registration.Madrid Agreement —T reaty, administered by WIPO, for the repression of false or deceptive indications of source on goods.mailbox — Refers to the requirement of the TRIPS Agreement applying to WTO members which do not yet provide product patent protection for pharmaceuticals and for agricultural chemicals. Since 1 January 1995, when the WTO agreements entered into force, these countries have to establish a means by which applications of patents for these products can be filed. (An additional requirement says they must also put in place a system for granting “exclusive marketing rights” for the products whose patent applications have been filed.)parallel imports — When a product made legally (i.e. not pirated) abroad is imported without the permission of the intellectual property right-holder (e.g. the trademark or patent owner). Some countries allow this, others do not.Paris Convention —Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of industrial intellectual property, i.e. patents, utility models, industrial designs, etc.piracy —Unauthorized copying of materials protected by intellectual property rights (such as copyright, trademarks, patents, geographical indications, etc) for commercial purposes and unauthorized commercial dealing in copied materials.Rome Convention — Treaty, administered by WIPO, UNESCO and ILO, for the protection of the works of performers, broadcasting organizations and producers of phonograms.TRIPS — Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.UPOV — International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of PlantsWashington Treaty —Treaty for the protection of intellectual property in respect of lay-out designs of integrated circuits.WIPO — World Intellectual Property Organization.Investmentexport-performance measure —Requirement that a certain quantity of production must be exported.FDI — Foreign direct investment.local-content measure —Requirement that the investor purchase a certain amount of local materials for incorporation in the investor’s product.43product-mandating — Requirement that the investor export to certain countries or region.trade-balancing measure — Requirement that the investor use earnings from exports to pay for imports.TRIMS — Trade-related investment measures.Dispute settlementAppellate Body — An independent seven-person body that, upon request by one or more parties to the dispute, reviews findings in panel reports.automaticity —The “automatic” chronological progression for settling trade disputes in regard to panel establishment, terms of reference, composition and adoption procedures.DSB —Dispute Settlement Body —when the WTO General Council meets to settle trade disputes.DSU — The Uruguay Round Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.nullification and impairment —Damage to a country’s benefits and expectations from its WTO membership through another co untry’s change in its trade regime or failure to carry out its WTO obligations.panel — Consisting of three experts, this independent body is established by the DSB to examine and issue recommendations on a particular dispute in the light of WTO provisions.Servicesaccounting rate —In telecoms, the charge made by one country’s telephone network operator for calls originating in another country.commercial presence — Having an office, branch, or subsidiary in a foreign country.GATS —The WTO’s General Agr eement on Trade in Services.general obligations — Obligations which should be applied to all services sector at the entry into force of the agreement.Initial commitments — Trade liberalizing commitments in services which members are prepared to make early on.modes of delivery —How international trade in services is supplied and consumed. Mode 1: cross border supply; mode 2: consumption abroad; mode 3: foreign commercial presence; and mode 4: movement of natural persons.multi-modal — Transportation using more than one mode. In the GATS negotiations, essentially door-to-door services that include international shipping.national schedules — The equivalent of tariff schedules in GATT, laying down the commitments accepted — voluntarily or through negotiation — by WTO members.natural persons — People, as distinct from juridical persons such as companies and organizations. offer —A country’s proposal for further liberalization.protocols —Additional agreements attached to the GATS. The Second Protocol deals with the 1995 commitments on financial services. The Third Protocol deals with movement of natural persons.prudence, prudential —In financial services, terms used to describe an objective of market regulation by authorities to protect investors and depositors, to avoid instability or crises. schedule —“Schedule of Specific Commitments” —A WTO member’s list of commitments regarding market access and bindings regarding national treatment.specific commitments —See “schedule”.Regionalism/trade and development 44ACP — African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. Group of 71 countries with preferential trading relation with the EU under the former Lom? Treaty now called the Cotonou Agreement. Andean Community — Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.APEC — Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.ASEAN —Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The seven ASEAN members of the WTO —Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand — often speak in the WTO as one group on general issues. The other ASEAN members are Laos and Vietnam. Caricom — The Caribbean Community and Common Market comprises 15 countries.CTD — The WTO Committee on Trade and DevelopmentCustoms union — Members apply a common external tariff (e.g. the EC).EC — European Communities (official name of the European Union in the WTO).EFTA — European Free Trade Association.free trade area — Trade within the group is duty free but members set own tariffs on imports from non-members (e.g. NAFTA).G15 — Group of 15 developing countries acting as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement.G77 — Group of developing countries set up in 1964 at the end of the first UNCTAD (originally 77, but now more than 130 countries).G7 — Group of seven leading industrial countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States.GRULAC — Informal group of Latin-American members of the WTO.GSP —Generalized System of Preferences —programmes by developed countries granting preferential tariffs to imports from developing countries.HLM — WTO High-Level Meeting for LDCs, held in October 1997 in Geneva.ITC — The International Trade Centre, originally established by the old GATT and is now operated jointly by the WTO and the UN, the latter acting through UNCTAD. Focal point for technical cooperation on trade promotion of developing countries.LDCs — Least-developed countries.MERCOSUR — Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.NAFTA — North American Free Trade Agreement of Canada, Mexico and the US.Quad — Canada, EC, Japan and the United States.SACU —Southern African Customs Union comprising Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.S&D —“Special and differential treatment” provisions for developing countries. Contained in several WTO agreements.UNCITRAL —United Nations Centre for International Trade Law, drafts model laws such as the one on government procurement.UNCTAD — The UN Conference on Trade and Development.Trade and environmentAgenda 21 — The Agenda for the 21st Century — a declaration from the 1992 Earth Summit (UN Conference on the Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro.Article XX —GATT Article listing allowed “exceptions” to the trade rules.Basel Convention — An MEA dealing with hazardous waste.BTA — Border tax adjustmentCITES — Convention on International Trade in45Endangered Species. An MEA.CTE — The WTO Committee on Trade and Environment.EST — Environmentally-sound technology.EST&P — EST and products.ex ante, ex post — Before and after a measure is applied.LCA — Life cycle analysis — a method of assessing whether a good or service is environmentally friendly.MEA — Multilateral environmental agreement.Montreal Protocol —An MEA dealing with the depletion of the earth’s ozone layer.PPM — Process and production method.TBT — The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.waiver —Permission granted by WTO members allowing a WTO member not to comply with normal commitments. Waivers have time limits and extensions have to be justified.。
WTO 术语汉英对照和中文解释
From Enbo edu由hediblue整理WTO 术语汉英对照和中文解释（自己整理的，供参考）1、“绿箱”措施、“黄箱”措施和“蓝箱”《农业协议》（Green Box measures/Amber Box measures /Balance-of-payments Provisions）Agreement on Agriculture, URAA“绿箱”措施是指由政府提供的、其费用不转嫁给消费者，且对生产者不具有价格支持作用的政府服务计划。
这些措施对农产品贸易和农业生产不会产生或仅有微小的扭曲影响，成员方无须承担约束和削减义务。
“绿箱”措施主要包括：一般农业服务支出，如农业科研、病虫害控制、培训、推广和咨询服务、检验服务、农产品市场促销服务、农业基础设施建设等；粮食安全储备补贴；粮食援助补贴；与生产不挂钩的收入补贴；收入保险计划；自然灾害救济补贴；农业生产者退休或转业补贴；农业资源储备补贴；农业结构调整投资补贴；农业环境保护补贴；落后地区援助补贴等。
“黄箱”措施是指，政府对农产品的直接干预和补贴，包括对种子、肥料、灌溉等农业投入品的补贴，对农产品营销贷款的补贴等。
这些措施对农产品贸易产生扭曲，成员方须承担约束和削减义务。
通常用综合支持量来衡量“黄箱”补贴的大小。
综合支持量是指，为支持农产品生产者而提供给某种农产品，或为支持广大农业生产者而提供给非特定产品的年支持水平，一般用货币单位表示。
《农业协议》规定，自1995年开始，以1986-1988年为基准期，发达成员在6年内逐步将综合支持量削减20%，发展中成员在10年内逐步削减13%。
对于发展中成员，一些“黄箱”措施被列入免予削减的范围。
主要包括农业投资补贴，对低收入或资源贫乏地区生产者提供的农业投入品补贴，为鼓励生产者不生产违禁麻醉作物而提供的支持等。
“蓝箱”措施是指，按固定面积和产量给予的补贴（如休耕补贴），按基期生产水平的85%或85%以下给予的补贴，按固定牲畜头数给予的补贴。
WTO词汇(中英翻译对照)
关贸总协定，世界贸易组织的前身GATT （General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade）世界贸易组织WTO （World Trade Organization）乌拉圭回合Uruguay Round最惠国待遇（现通常称"正常贸易关系"）MFN（most-favored-nation）treatment争端解决机构dispute settlement body《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》DSU （Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes）《北美自由贸易协定》NAFTA （North American Free Trade Agreement）东盟自由贸易区ASEAN Free Trade Area东部和南部非洲共同市场COMESA （Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa）反倾销措施anti-dumping measures against…非配额产品quota-free products非生产性投资investment in non-productive projects风险管理/评估risk management/ assessment国际收支balance of international payments/ balance of payment实行国民待遇grant the national treatment to瓶颈制约"bottleneck" restrictions非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团（洛美协定）ACP （African，Caribbean and Pacific Group）（补贴协议）可诉补贴actionable subsidy上诉机构appeal body基础税率base tariff level国际收支条款BOP（Balance-of-payments）Provisions既定日程built-in agenda约束水平bound level（欧盟）共同农业政策Common Agriculture Policy规避circumvention反补贴税countervailing duty交叉报复cross retaliation海关完税价值customs values环保型技术EST（Environmentally-sound technology）出口实绩export performance出口补贴export subsidy粮食安全food security免费搭车者（享受其他国家最惠国待遇而不进行相应减让的国家）free-rider政府采购government procurement灰色区域措施grey area measuresWTO最不发达国家高级别会议HLM （WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs）协调制度（商品名称及编码协调制度）HS （Harmonized Commodity and Coding System）进口许可import licensing进口渗透import penetration最初谈判权（初谈权）INRs （Initial Negotiating Rights）知识产权IPRs （Intellectual property rights）最不发达国家LDCs （Least-developed countries）当地含量local content市场准入market access专门的营销机构market boards（服务贸易）自然人national person国民待遇national treatment（利益的）丧失和减损nullification and impairment（争端解决）专家组panel（《农业协议》中关于反补贴的）和平条款peace clause诸边协议plurilateral agreement（服务贸易）自然人流动presence of natural person生产补贴production subsidy消费膨胀inflated consumption慢性萧条chronic depression进口环节税import linkage tax北美自由贸易区NAFTA （North American Free Trade Area）全球配额global quota祖父条款grandfather clause贸易和投资自由化和便利化TILF （Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation）国际清算international settlement横向兼并horizontal merger垂直兼并vertical merger垃圾融资junk financing申报制度reporting system；income declaration system市场准人的行政管理措施AAMA （Administrative Aspects of Market Access）A2000 Agenda 2000年议程Abandoned Claims 被放弃的诉请Acceding Country 申请加入国Acceding Government 申请加入的政府Acceptable Level of Risk 可接受的风险水平Accession 加入Accession Country 加入国Accession Package 加入一揽子文件Accountancy Disciplines 会计准则Accounting Services 会计服务Accreditation 认可Accreditation and Approval 认可和批准Actionable Subsidy （补贴协议）可诉补贴Actual Dumping Margin 实际倾销幅度Actual Value 实际价值Actuarial Services 保险精算服务Actuarial Specialist 精算专家Ad valor tariff 从价税Ad Valorem Duty 从价税Ad Valorem Equivalent 从价等量Ad Valorem Subsidization 从价补贴Ad Valorem Tariff 从价关税Additional Commitments 额外承诺Additional Duty 额外关税Adjustment Cost 调整成本Administered Support Price 政府支持价格Administrative Action 行政行为Administrative Determinations 行政裁定Administrative Revocation 行政撤销Advance Deposit for Imports 预付进口押金Adverse Effects 不利影响Adverse Inferences 不利推断Advertising Services 广告服务Advisory Opinion 咨询性意见Affirmative 肯定裁决Affirmative Defense 积极抗辩Affirmative Determination 肯定性裁定Affirmative Finding 肯定性调查结果Afford Adequate Opportunity 提供充分机会After Sales Services 售后服务Agency Insurance Services 保险代理服务Agenda 22世纪议程Aggregate measure of support 综合支持量Aggressive Multilateralism 攻击性多边主义Aggressive Reciprocity 攻击性互惠Agreed database 各方都同意的数据库Agreed Exclusions 议定的例外Agreed Standard From 议定的标准格式Agreement on Agriculture 农业协定Agreement on Compensation 补偿协定Agricultural Integration 农业一体化Agriculture Protection Argument 农业保护论Air Transport Services 空运服务Alleged Dumping 被指控的倾销Alleged Injury 被指控的损害Alleged Subsidy 被指控的补贴Allocation of Quotas 配额分配Allowance for Waste 损耗Alternative Duty 选择税Amber Box Measures （农产品国内支持）黄箱措施Amendments to WTO Agreements 协定修改American Selling Price（ASP）美国销售价格Amicus Brief 法庭之友的书面陈述Amicus Curiae 法庭之友amount of subsidy 补贴数额AMS Disciplines 综合支持量纪律AMS Methodology 综合支持量方法Analogue Country 替代国Analytical Index 分析索引Ancillary Services 空运辅助服务Animal Welfare 动物福利Annual bound commitment 年度约束水平Anti-Circumvention 反规避Anti-Circumvention Action 反规避行动Anti-Competitive Practices 反竞争做法Anti-Dumping 反倾销Anti-Dumping Act 反倾销法Anti-Dumping Action 反倾销行动Anti-Dumping Agreement 反倾销协定Anti-Dumping Code 反倾销守则Anti-Dumping Complaint 反倾销申诉Anti-Dumping Duty 反倾销税Anti-Dumping Duty Order 反倾销税令Anti-Dumping Investigation 反倾销调查Anti-Dumping Law 反倾销法律Anti-dumping measures（AD,A-D）反倾销措施Anti-Dumping Penalty 反倾销补偿金Anti-Dumping Policy 反倾销政策Anti-Dumping Practice 反倾销实践Anti-Dumping Proceeding 反倾销程序Anti-Dumping Tribunal 反倾销调查裁决机关Anti-Globalization 反全球化Anti-Surge Clause 反激增条款Appeal （争端解决）上诉Appeals 上诉Appellate Body 上诉机构Appellate Body Report 上诉机构报告Appellate Review 上诉审查Appellations of Origin 原产地名称Appellee 被上诉方Applicant Contracting Party 申请缔约方Application Form 申请表格Application Procedures 申请程序Appraised Value 估定价值Appraisement 估价Appropriate Compensation 适当补偿Appropriate Countermeasures 适当反措施Appropriate Schedule 适当减让表Arbitration 仲裁Arbitration Award 仲裁裁决Architectural Services 建筑设计服务Archive Services 档案服务Arm’s Length Negotiations 公平谈判Arm’s Length Price 公平价格Arm’s Length Pricing 公平定价Arm’s Length Rate 公平利润率Arm’s Length Transaction 公平交易Artwork 工艺Assessment of Risk 风险评估Assessment of Tariff Offers 评估关税出价Assessment of the Origin 原产地预确定Asset Management 资产管理服务Assignment 转让Assignment Agreement 转让协议Assignor 转让人Assurance of Conformity 合格保证Asymmetrical Comparison 非对称比较At-the-Border Barriers 边境壁垒Audiovisual Service 视听服务Auditing Services 审计服务Automatic Import Licensing 自动进口许可Automatic Licensing 自动许可Autonomous Trade Regimes 自主贸易制度Average CIF Unit Value 平均到岸价Average Reference Price 平均参考价格Award 裁决A Reasonable Rate of Increase in Reserves储备增加的合理比率Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights滥用知识产权Access to Confidential Information对机密信息的获取Accident and Health Insurance services意外和健康保险服务Accounting, Auditing and Book-keeping Services会计、审计和簿记服务Acquisition or Maintenance of Intellectual Property Rights知识产权的取得或维持Acts Occurring Prior to Date of Application of Agreement协议适用之日前发生的行为Actual Threat under Agreement on Textile and Clothing纺织品与服装协定中的实际威胁Ad Interim Reduction or Exemption of Customs Duties临时减少或豁免关税Ad Valorem Percentage Criterion从价百分比标准Additional Period of One Year under Multi-Fibre Agreement多种纤维安排中的延期一年Additional Written Memoranda附加书面备忘录Adequate and Enduring Technical Competence适当和持久的技术资质Administration of Trade Regulations贸易法规的实施Administrative Aspects of Market Access (AAMA)市场准入的行政管理措施Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS)（农产品）综合支持量Administrative Memorandum行政备忘录Administrative Procedures and Remedies行政程序和救济Administrative, Selling and General Costs管理、销售和一般费用Advisory and other Auxiliary Services金融咨询和其他附属服务Advisory, Intermediation Services金融咨询、中介服务Aggregate measurement of support （AMS ）（农业）综合支持量Agreement for Protection of International Investment国际投资保护协定Agreement on Textile and Clothing(ATC)纺织品与服装协定Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures(TRIMs) 与投资有关的贸易措施Agreements and Associated Legal Instruments协定及相关法律文件Agricultural Chemical Products农业化学物质产品Aircraft Repair and Maintenance Services航空器的维修和保养服务Allocation of Shares in the Quota配额中的份额分配Alternative Dispute Resolution争端解决的替代方式American Selling Price System of Valuation美国销售价格估价制度Amicus Submissions by NGOs非政府组织的法庭之友书面陈述Amount for Profit and General Expenses利润和一般费用总额Amount of a Subsidy in Terms of the Benefit to the Recipient以接受者所获利益形式的补贴金额An Inconsistency of a Serious Nature严重不符Andean Community安第斯共同体Annecy Round安纳西回合Annual and Final Bound Commitment Levels年度和最终约束承诺水平Annual Export Subsidy Commitment Levels出口补贴年度承诺水平Anti-Dumping Act of 19161916 年反倾销法Anti-Dumping Act of 19211921 年反倾销法Appellate Body Operating Fund(ABOF)上诉机构业务基金Application for Anti-Dumping Action反倾销调查申请Application of International Standards适用国际标准Application of Successive Treaties Relative to the Same Subject-Matter 后续条约的适用Applications Specialist系统应用专家Appropriate Level of Sanitary or Phytosanitary Protection卫生或植物卫生保护的适当水平Arbitrary or Fictitious Customs Values武断或虚构的海关价格Area of Low Pest or Disease Prevalence病虫害低度流行区Arrangements for Consultation and Cooperation磋商与合作安排Article 2 Exemptions第 2 条例外Article 21.5 Panel第21.5 款专家组Article 22.6 Arbitration第22.6 款仲裁Assistance for Research Activities研究活动补助Associated Foreign Direct Investment关联外国直接投资Assured Life of the Schedules减让表的有效期Attribution of Serious Damage in ATC纺织品与服装协定中严重损害的归因Audio Visual Service Negotiations in the Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合中的视听服务谈判Authoritative Interpretation of Provisions适用协定规定的权威性解释Automated System for Customs Date(ASYCUDA)海关数据自动化系统Automatic Import Licensing Procedures自动进口许可程序Auxiliary Financial Services附属金融服务B‘Bottleneck’restrictions 瓶颈制约Background and Authority 背景与主管机关Balance of payment(BOP) 国际收支Base Levels 基础水平Base Period 基期Base tariff level 基础税率Base Total AMS 基期综合支持总量Basic Agricultural Product 基本农产品Basic Telecommunications 基础电信Basket Tariff Quota 一揽子关税配额Benchmark Price 基准价格Benefit Accruing 获得的利益Benefit to the Recipient 给予受益人的利益Benefits of Trade 贸易利益Bidding Quotation 投标报价Bilateral Agreement 双边协定配额Bilateral Emergency Basis 双边应急基础Bilateral Investment 双边投资Bilateral Quota 双边配额Bilateral Tax Treaty 双边税收条约Bilateral Trade 双边贸易Bilateral Trade Agreement 双边贸易协定Bilateralism 双边主义Binding Commitments 约束承诺Binding of Duty Rates 关税税率约束Binding of Duty Treatment 关税待遇约束Blair House Accord 布莱尔宫协定Blue Box 蓝箱Blue Box measures （农业国内支持）“蓝箱措施”Blue box policies 蓝箱政策Board Tariff Reduction 广泛关税减让Bonded Factory 保税工厂BOP Provisions 国际收支条款Border Measures 边境措施Border Tax 边境税Border tax adjustments (BTA) 边境税调整Bound level 约束水平Bound MFN Rate 约束最惠国关税率Bound Schedule 约束税率表Bound tariff rates 约束税率Bounty 奖励Breach of Confidence 泄密Bretton Woods System 布雷顿森林体系Broadband Services 宽带服务Broadcasting Organization 广播组织Broking Services 经纪服务Brussels Declaration 布鲁塞尔宣言Building Block System 板块系统方法Building Codes 建筑法规Building-Cleaning Services 建筑物清洁服务Built in agenda 既定日程Built-in agenda （WTO）既定议程Built-In Swing 调用Burden of Proof 举证责任Business Exception 商业例外Business Practice 商业实践Business Support Services 商务支持服务But for Test “若非”标准Buying Commission 购买佣金Backdoor Protectionism后门保护主义Balance of Rights and Obligations under ATC纺织品与服装协定下权利和义务的平衡Balance-of-Payments Consultations国际收支磋商Balance-of-Payments Difficulties国际收支困难Balance-of-payments provisions国际收支条款Banking and Related Financial Services银行及相关金融服务Basel Convention《巴塞尔公约》（有关危险废弃物的多边环境协定）Basic Instruments and Selected Documents（BISD）（GATT）《基本文件资料选编》Basic Telecommunication Services基础电信服务Basic Telecommunications Operator基础电信运营商Belgian Family Allowances比利时家庭补助案Berne Convention《伯尔尼公约》（《保护文学艺术作品的伯尔尼公约》）Best Information Available可获得的最佳信息bilateral investment treaties (BIT)双边投资协定Bilateral Trade and Payments Agreements双边贸易与支付协定Board Tariff Cutting Formula划一削减公式Border Enforcement of IPR知识产权的边境执法Bound Free Duty约束免税待遇Branch or Representative Office分公司或代表处Brief Summary of Legal Basis of Complaint申诉的法律根据摘要Brief Summary of Legal Basis of Complaint诉请的法律根据摘要Brussels Definition of Value(BDV)布鲁塞尔对价值的定义Budgetary Commitment Levels预算支出承诺水平Budgetary Outlay Reduction Commitments预算支出削减承诺Burden of Proof in Non-Violation Nullification or Impairment Claims 非违反之诉的举证责任Burden Shifting Where Quantity Exported Exceeds Commitments举证责任转移Business Confidential Information商业秘密信息CCairns Group 凯恩斯集团Cairns Group 凯恩斯集团Cancellation 注销Cancellation of Registration 注销注册Capital Expenditure 资本支出Capital Subsidy 资本补贴Captive Production 内部生产Cargo Handling Services 货物装卸服务Carry Forward 借用Carry Over 留用Cash Deposit 保证金Causal Factors 因果关系要素Causality 因果关系Causation 因果关系Cause Shown 陈述的理由Ceiling Tax Rate 最高税率Certificate of Origin 原产地证书Certification Systems 认证体系Challenge Procedures 质疑程序Channels of Commerce 商业渠道Charge 费用Chronic depression 慢性萧条Circumvention 规避Circumvention by Transshipment 转运规避Civil Aircraft Products 民用航空器产品Claim 权利请求Claims 诉请Claims Versus Arguments 诉请与论据Clothing 服装Collective Action 集体行动Combined tariff 混合税Commencement of Appeal 上诉的开始Commercial Considerations 商业考虑Commercial Exhibition 商业性放映Commercial Exploitation 商业性利用Commercial Level 商业水平Commercial presence （服务贸易）商业存在Commercial Rental 商业性出租Commercial Services 商业服务Commission and Brokerage 佣金和经纪费Common Agriculture Policy 共同农业政策Common Quota 共同配额Common Register 共同登记机构Communications Services 通讯服务Comparable Price 可比价格Compensation 补偿Compensation Negotiation 补偿谈判Compensation Trade 补偿贸易Compensatory Adjustment 补偿性调整Competition policy 竞争政策Compilations of Date 数据汇编Complaining Party (解决争端)申诉方Complaint 申诉Complaint Procedure 申诉程序Compliance 符合Compliance Report 执行专家组报告Comprehensive 全面报告Compulsory Licensing 强制许可Computed Value 计算价格Computed Value Method 计算价格估价方法Computer Programs 计算机程序Computer Services 计算机服务Concealed Dumping 隐蔽倾销Concession Negotiation 减让谈判Concurrence 同意意见Conditional Appeal 附条件上诉Conditions of Competition 竞争条件Conduct of Business 处事规则Confidential Information 机密信息Conflict of Interest 利益冲突Conformity Assessment 合格评定Consensus 协商一致Consensus Minus 除了……协商一致Consignment Requirements 运输条件Consolidated Notification 综合通知书Consolidated Schedules 综合减让表Constituent Territories 组成领土Constitutional Procedures 宪法程序Constructed Export Price 推定出口价格Constructed Value 推定价值Constructive Remedies 建设性救济措施Consular Transactions 领事事项Consultation 磋商Consultation Procedures 磋商程序Consulting Country 参与磋商的国家Consulting Member 参与磋商的成员方Consumer Preference 消费者偏好Consumption Abroad （服务贸易）境外消费Contracting parties （GATT）缔约方Conventional Tariff 协定关税Conversion of Duties 关税转换Converted Concessions 转换的关税减让Copyright 版权Copyright Piracy 盗版Copyright Protection 版权保护Copyright Works 版权作品Corrective Measures 纠正措施Cost Date 成本数据Costs and Charges 成本和费用Counsel 法庭律师Counter purchase 反向购买Counter trade 补偿贸易Counterclaim 反诉Counter-Complaint 反诉诉状Counterfeit Goods 假冒商品Counterfeiting 假冒Countermeasures 反措施Counter-notification 反向通知Countervailing Charge 反补贴指控Countervailing Duty Action 反补贴税行动Countervailing Duty Law 反补贴税法Countervailing Duty Order 征收反补贴税令Countervailing Duty Rate 反补贴税率Countervailing duty（CVD）反补贴税Countervailing Measures 反补贴措施Country-of-Origin Marking 原产地标记Courier Services 快递服务Course of Trade 贸易过程Covered Agreements 适用协定Criminal Procedures 刑事程序Criteria for Patentability 授予专利的标准Critical Circumstances 危急情况Crop Insurance Scheme 农作物保险计划Cross border supply （服务贸易）跨境交付Cross Border Trade 跨境贸易Cross check 交叉核实Cross Licensing 交叉许可Cross retaliation 交叉报复Cross-Cutting Issues 跨领域议题Cultural exception 文化例外Cumulation 累积Cumulation of Injury 损害积累Cumulative Assessment 累积评估Cumulative Indirect Taxes 累积间接税Cumulative Injury 累积的损害Cumulative Injury Assessment 累积损害评估Cumulative Market Disruption 累积市场扰乱Cumulative Rules of Origin 累计原产地规则Cumulative Subsidies 累计补贴Currency Conversion 货币换算Currency retention scheme 货币留成制度Currency Retention Schemes 货币保留方案Current Access Commitments 现行准入承诺Current Total AMS （农业）现行综合支持Customary Business Practice 传统商业惯例Customary International Law 国际习惯法Customs Act 海关法Customs Administration 海关当局Customs Area 海关境域Customs Barriers 关税壁垒Customs Bonded Warehouse 海关保税仓库Customs Border 关境Customs Cooperation 海关合作Customs Documentation 海关文件Customs Drawback 海关退税Customs Duties 海关关税Customs Duty 关税Customs Duty 关税免除Customs Enforcement 海关执法Customs Fee 海关规费Customs Frontier 关税边境Customs House 海关Customs Nomenclature 海关税则目录Customs Statistics 海关统计Customs Supervision and Control 海关监管Customs Surveillance Zone 海关监管区Customs Tariff 海关税则Customs union（CU）关税同盟Customs Valuation 海关估价Customs value 海关完税价值Customs-Free Area 关税自由区Cyclical Dumping 周期性倾销Calculation of Aggregate Measurement of Support 综合支持量的计算Calculation of Current Total AMS现行综合支持总量的计算Capable of Industrial Application工业实用性Central Government Authority中央政府当局Central Government Body中央政府机构Central Government Standardizing Body中央政府标准化机构Centrally Planned Economy中央计划经济体Centrally Planned Economy Countries中央计划经济国家Certificate of Origin Form 59A原产地证书格式59ACertificate of Origin Form A原产地证书格式AChallenges to Validity对有效性提出异议Change in Relative Shares of the Market市场相对份额的变化Change in Tariff Classification税则归类改变Change of Tariff Classification Criterion税则归类改变标准Charge on the Public Account公共账户的支出Circuit-Switched Data Transmission Services电路交换数据传输服务Circumstances of Extreme Urgency极端紧急情况Circumvention of Anti-Dumping Duty Measures对反倾销征税措施的规避Circumvention of Export Subsidy Commitments 规避出口补贴承诺Civil and Administrative Procedures and Remedies 民事和行政程序与救济Clean Report of Findings检验结果清洁报告书Code on Import Licensing Procedures进口许可程序守则Coercive Package Licensing强制的一揽子许可Collegiality Among Appellate Body Members共同决定Combination of Know Design Features已知设计特征组合Commercial Terms and Conditions商业条款和条件Commercially Traded Services商业性服务贸易Commission Agent’s Services佣金代理服务Commitments on National Treatment国民待遇承诺Commitments on Support and Protection支持和保护的承诺Common Agricultural Policy(CAP)（欧盟）共同农业政策Communications with Panel/Appellate Body与专家组或上诉机构的联系Competence of Panel to Hear a Dispute专家组审理争端案件的权限Computer Reservation System Services(CRS)计算机订座系统服务Concession Initially Negotiated最初谈判的减让Concurrence of the Contracting Parties缔约方的同意Conditional Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment有条件的最惠国待遇Conditional National Treatment附条件的国民待遇Conditions and Terms of Sale销售的条件和条款Conditions, Limitations, Exceptions and Reservations 条件、限制、例外和保留Confidential Business Information机密商业信息Confidentiality of Consultations磋商的机密性Confidentiality of Information信息机密性Conformity Assessment Procedures合格评定程序Conformity Assessment Systems合格评定体系Consequences of Treaty Termination条约终止的后果Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources保护可用尽的自然资源Consolidated Tariff Schedules综合关税减让表Consolidated Tariff Schedules Database综合关税减让表数据库Construction and Related Engineering Services 建筑及相关工程服务Consular Invoices and Certificates领事发票和证书Consulting and other Business Services咨询和其他商务服务Consumer Subsidy Equivalent （CSE ）消费者补贴等值Consumption in Governmental供政府消费使用Contact Point for Information信息咨询点Container Station and Depot Services集装箱堆场服务Contingent Trade Remedy紧急贸易救济Contingent Trade Remedy应急贸易救济机制Continuing Application of GATT Schedules继续适用关税与贸易总协定减让表Contracting Parties Primarily Concerned主要有关缔约各方Contractual Joint Venture契约式合资企业Contractual Trade Regimes契约贸易制度Control, Inspection and Approval Procedures 控制、检查和批准程序Conventional Tariff System协定税则制度Copyright and Related Rights版权与相关权利Cottage Industry Products家庭手工业产品Cotton-Producing Exporting Members产棉出口成员Counterfeit Trademark Goods假冒商标商品Countervailing Duty Determinations关于反补贴税的决定Countervailing Duty Petition反补贴税调查诉请Countervailing Duty Proceedings反补贴税调查程序Country-Specific Derogations某些国家享受的例外Criteria for Eligibility for Protection享受保护的资格标准Criterion of Manufacturing or Processing Operation 制造或加工工序标准Critical Shortages of Foodstuffs粮食的严重缺乏Cross Border Supply of Services跨境提供服务Cross Border Trade in Services跨境服务贸易Cumulative Acquisition of Origin累计取得原产地Cumulative Assessment of Dumping对倾销的累积评估Customs Clearance Services海关清关服务Customs Warehousing Procedure海关保税仓库管理制度DDamage 损害Damage Difficult to Repair 难于补救的损害Damages 损害赔偿De Facto Discrimination 事实上的歧视De Facto Specificity 事实专向性De Jure 法律上的De Jure Discrimination 法律上的歧视De Minimis 微量允许De Minimis Dumping Margins 微量倾销幅度De Minimis Effects 微量影响De Minimis Imports微量进口De Minimis Modifications 微小修改De minimis provision 最低减让条款De Minimis Safeguard Rule 保障措施的微量规则De Minimis Standard 微量标准De Minimis Subsidies 微量补贴Debt Repayment 债务偿还Deceptive Practice 欺诈行为Decision Tree 决策树Decisive Guidance 决定性的指导Deductive Method 倒扣价格法Deductive Value 倒扣价格Deep Amber 黄箱政策Defendant ( 解决争端) 被诉方Degree of Tariff Binding 关税约束水平Delaying Tactics 拖延战术Delivery of a Service 服务的提供Denial of Benefits 利益的拒绝给予Denial of Entry of Goods 拒绝货物入境Dental Services 牙医服务Depress Prices(to) 压低价格Descriptive Characteristics 描述特征Descriptive Part 陈述部分Design Work 设计Designated Products 指定产品Designated Trading 指定经营Determination 裁决Determination of Dumping 倾销的确定Determination of Injury 损害的确定Determination of Origin 原产地确定Developing Country 发展中国家Development 开发Development Box 发展箱Development Costs 开发成本Deviation 偏离Differences in Commercial 不同商业水平Differential Duties 差别关税Differential Export 差别出口税Differential Income 差别收入税Differential Measures 差别措施Diffuse Reciprocity 扩散性互惠Dillon Round 狄龙回合Direct Discussions 直接对话Direct Discussions 直接交货Direct Income Support 直接收支持Direct Insurance 直接保险Direct Investment 直接投资Direct payment 直接支付Direct Subsidy 直接补贴Dirty Tariffication 肮脏的关税化Discretionary 裁量性立法Discrimination 歧视Discriminatory Pricing 歧视性定价Discussant 引导人Disguised Trade Barriers 变相贸易壁垒Dispersed Tariff Rate 分散型关税税率Dispute Settlement 争端解决Dispute Settlement Officer 争端解决官员Dispute Settlement Procedure 争端解决程序Dispute Settlement Registrar 争端解决登记人Disruptive Effects 扰乱性影响Disruptive Imports 扰乱性进口Dissent 反对意见Distinctiveness 显著性Distribution of Trade 贸易分配Distribution Services 分销服务Diversionary Dumping 移转倾销Doctrine of Comparative 比较成本说Doha Development Agenda 多哈发展议程Doha Work Programme 多哈工作计划Domestic Commodities 国内商品Domestic Content 当地成分要求Domestic Industry 国内产业Domestic Law 国内法Domestic Price 国内价格Domestic production 国内生产Domestic Products 国产产品Domestic Regulation 国内规制Domestic Subsidy 国内补贴Domestic support ( 农产品) 国内支持Double Counting 重复计算Double Deflation Method 双重紧缩方法Double Evart Formula 双重偏离公式Double Taxation 双重征税Downstream Dumping 下游倾销Downstream Product 下游产品Downstream Subsidy 下游补贴Draft Standard 标准草案Drawback Scheme 退税方案Dry Cleaning Services 干洗服务Dual Pricing 双重定价Dual Tariff 加重关税Dumped Exports 倾销出口产品Dumped Prices 倾销价格Dumping 倾销Dumping Duties 倾销税Dumping Margin 倾销幅度Dutiable Value 应税价格Duty 税收Duty Deferral Programme 关税缓征方案Duty Drawback 税收返还Duty Free 免税Duty Free Goods 免税货物Duty Free Quota 免税进口配额Duty–Free Treatment 免税待遇Dyeing and Colouring Services 染色服务EEco-Dumping 生态倾销Eco-Duties 环境税Eco-Labbeling 环境标签Economic Data 经济数据Economic Integration 经济一体化Economic Needs Test 经济需求测试Economic Policies 经济政策Economic Quantities 经济数量Economies in Transition 转型经济体Eco-Packaging 环保包装Eco-Protectionism 环境贸易保护主义Eco-Standards 环境标准Educational Tariff 培育关税Elastic Duties 弹性关税Electricity Reticulation 电力网络Electronic Commerce 电子商务Emergency Action 紧急行动Emergency Measures 紧急措施Emergency Tariff 紧急关税Empire Preferences 帝国特惠制Enabling Clause 授权条款Enabling Clause 授权条款End Product Criteria 最终产品标准Enforcement Committee 执法委员会Enforcement of Monopolies 垄断的实施Enforcement Procedures 实施程序Engineering Services 工程服务Enquiry Point 咨询点Entertainment Services 娱乐服务Environmental Dumping 环境倾销Environmental Programmes 环境计划Environmental Services 环境服务Environmental Subsidy 环境补贴Equitable Treatment 公平待遇Escalated Tariff 升级关税Escape Clause 免税条款Established Quota 既定配额Estoppel 禁止翻供Evidence 证据Ex ante 采取措施前Ex Officio Action 依职权的行动Ex Parte Communications 单方面联系Ex post 采取措施后Exception Measures 例外措施Exceptions to the Agreement 协议例外Exchange Action 外汇措施Exchange Dumping 外汇倾销Exchange Dumping Duty 外汇倾销税Exchange Risk Programmes 外汇风险计划Exchange Taxes 汇兑税Excise Duty 消费税Exclusion Order 排除令Exclusive Agents 独家代理商Exclusive Economic Zone 专属经济区Exclusive Export Rights 专属出口权Exclusive Import Rights 专属进口权Exclusive Marketing Rights 独占行销权Executive Branch 执行机构Executive Committee 执行委员会Exemption Treatment 豁免待遇Ex-Factory Level 出厂价水平Exhibits 清单Existing Programs 现有计划Expiry review 到期复审Explicit Consensus 协商一致Exploitation of a Patent 专利的使用Exploitation of the Works 作品的利用Export Competition 出口竞争Export Competitiveness 出口竞争力Export Contingency 出口相倚性Export Credit 出口信贷Export Credit Guarantee 出口信贷担保Export Credit Insurance 出口信贷保险Export Credit Practice 出口信贷做法Export Duty 出口税Export Performance 出口实绩Export Prohibitions 出口禁止Export Restrictions 出口限制Export Subsidies 出口补贴Export Unit Value 出口单位价值FFabrics 织物Fact and adversarial elements 事实和对抗性要素Fact Finding 事实认定Fact Versus Law 事实与法律Facts Available 可获得的事实Factual Abstract 事实概要Factual Presentation 事实陈述Fair Comparison 公平比较False Declarations 虚假陈述Favorable Balance of Trade 贸易顺差Feasible Methods 可行性方法Fees and Formalities 规费和手续Fees or other Charges 规费和其他费用Fibre Content 纤维成分Final Anti-Dumping Duty 最终反倾销税Final Anti-Dumping Measure 最终反倾销措施Final Countervailing Duty 最终反补贴税Final Determination 最终裁定Final decision 终裁Final Duties 最终税Final Liability for Payment 最终支付责任Final Panel Report 专家组的最终报告Final Provisions 最后条款Financial Contribution 财政资助Financial Leasing Services 金融租赁服务Financial Regulations 财务条例Financial Services 金融服务Finding of Serious Injury 严重损害的认定Findings （争端解决）调查结果Findings and Conclusions 调查结果和结论Findings of Facts 事实的调查结果First Regionalism 第一次区域主义浪潮Fiscal Incentives 财政激励Flat Rate Subsidy 统一费率补贴Flat Tariff Structure 单一关税结构Flexibility Provisions 灵活条款Follow-Down Dumping 诱发性倾销Food Aid Convention 粮食援助公约Food Security 粮食安全Food Security Box 粮食安全政策Food-Importing Group 粮食进口集团Foreign Exchange Arrangements 外汇安排Foreign Tax Credit 外国税收抵免Foreign Trade 对外贸易Foreign Trade Barriers 对外贸易壁垒Foreign Trade Financing 对外贸易融资Foreign Trade Law 对外贸易法Foreign Trade Zones(FTZs) 对外贸易区Foreign-Source Income 国外来源收入Forestall the Imminent Threat 防止紧迫威胁Forfeiture 没收Format of Evidence 证据的形式Formula Tariff Reductions 公式化关税减让Forward Markets 远期市场Four Freedoms 四项自由Fragmented Industries 零散产业Framework Agreements 框架协议Franchise Tax 特许权税Franchising Services 特许经营服务Free and Fair Trade 自由和公平贸易Free Imports 自由进口货物Free Trade 自由贸易Free trade area（FTA）自由贸易区Free Trade Zone（FTZ）自由贸易园区Free-rider 免费搭车者（享受待遇而不减让成员）Freight Dumping 运费倾销Freight Forwarding Services 货代服务Full Contracting Party 正式缔约方Fully Grant Form 完全捐赠形式Function of Panels 专家组的职能Fundamental Fairness 基本公正Fundamental Research 基础研究Further Processing 进一步加工GGATT a La Carte 关贸总协定的选择性承诺General Exception 一般例外General Expenses 一般费用General Safeguard Clause 一般保障条款Geneva Round 日内瓦回合。
国际贸易缩略语 中英文对照
国际贸易缩略语中英文对照国际贸易缩略语中英文对照1. 国际贸易常用简称1.1 FOB：Free on Board（货物已装船船上交付）1.2 CIF：Cost, Insurance and Freight（成本，保险费和运费）1.3 EXW：Ex Works（离岸价）1.4 C&F：Cost and Freight（成本和运费）1.5 DAP：Delivered at Place（交货地点）1.6 L/C：Letter of Credit（信用证）1.7 T/T：Telegraphic Transfer（电汇）1.8 WTO：World Trade Organization（世界贸易组织）1.9 GATT：General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（关税和贸易总协定）1.10 NAFTA：North American Free Trade Agreement（北美自由贸易协定）2. 运输相关简称2.1 ETA：Estimated Time of Arrival（预计到达时间）2.2 ETD：Estimated Time of Departure（预计离港时间）2.3 B/L：Bill of Lading（提单）2.4 D/O：Delivery Order（交货单）2.5 C/O：Certificate of Origin（原产地证明）2.6 HBL：House Bill of Lading（分提单）2.7 MBL：Master Bill of Lading（总提单）2.8 TEU：Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit（20英尺柜）2.9 FEU：Forty-foot Equivalent Unit（40英尺柜）2.10 CY：Contner Yard（货柜场）3. 支付和结算相关简称3.1 T/T：Telegraphic Transfer（电汇）3.2 L/C：Letter of Credit（信用证）3.3 CAD：Cash Agnst Documents（单据付款）3.4 D/P：Documents Agnst Payment（付款交单）3.5 D/A：Documents Agnst Acceptance（承兑交单）3.6 RMB：Renminbi（人民币）3.7 USD：United States Dollar（美元）3.8 EUR：Euro（欧元）3.9 GBP：Great British Pound（英镑）3.10 JPY：Japanese Yen（日元）4. 海关和报关相关简称4.1 HS Code：Harmonized System Code（海关商品编码）4.2 CCIC：China Certification & Inspection Group（中国检验认证集团）4.3 AQSIQ：General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine（国家质检总局）4.4 COO：Certificate of Origin（原产地证明）4.5 CIQ：China Inspection and Quarantine（中国检验检疫局）4.6 PSC：Port State Control（港口国监督检查）5. 质检和贸易术语简称5.1 QC：Quality Control（质量控制）5.2 QA：Quality Assurance（质量保证）5.3 MOQ：Minimum Order Quantity（最低起订量）5.4 OEM：Original Equipment Manufacturer（原始设备制造商）5.5 ODM：Original Design Manufacturer（原始设计制造商）5.6 FOB：Free on Board（离岸价）5.7 R&D：Research and Development（研究与开发）5.8 AQL：Acceptable Quality Level（可接受质量水平）5.9 SKU：Stock Keeping Unit（库存量单位）5.10 CRM：Customer Relationship Management（客户关系管理）附件：请参考附件A，附件B，附件C等。
国贸专业词汇
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 关贸总协定WTO (World Trade Organization)世界贸易组织Uruguay Round乌拉圭回合MFN (Most-favored-nation)(Treatment) 最惠国贸易地位(待遇)Dispute Settlement Body争端解决机构DSU(Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes) 《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standard )动植物卫生检疫措施AMS (Aggregate Measurement of Support)（农产品）综合支持量 SSG (Special Safeguard)(《农产品协议》)特殊保障ATC (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing)《纺织品与服装协议》GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) 《服务贸易总协定》ITA (Information Technology Agreement)《信息技术协议》MFA (Multifibre Agreement)《多种纤维协定》NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)《北美自由贸易协定》ASEAN Free Trade Area 东盟自由贸易区COMESA (Common Market for Eastern andSouthern Africa) 东部和南部非洲共同市场MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market) 南方共同市场（或称南锥体共同市场）SAARC (South Asian Association forRegional cooperation) 南亚区域合作联盟Committee on Trade and Development 贸易与发展委员会Committee on Trade and Environment 贸易与环境委员会EFTA (European Free TradeAssociation) 欧洲自由贸易联盟FAO (Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations) 联合国粮农组织ITC (International Trade Center) 国际贸易中心ITO (International TradeOrganization) 国际贸易组织ICITO (Interim Commission for theInternational Trade Organization) 国际贸易组织临时委员会ILO (International LaborOrganization) 国际劳工组织IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织ISO (International Organization for国际标准化组织Standardization)OECD (Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development) 经济合作与发展组织UNCTAD (United Nations Conference onTrade and Development) 联合国贸易与发展会议UNDP (United Nations DevelopmentProgram) 联合国开发计划署UNEP (United Nations EnvironmentProgram) 联合国环境署WCO (World Customs Organization) 世界海关组织WIPO (World Intellectual PropertyOrganization) 世界知识产权组织ACP(African, Caribbean and Pacific Group) 非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团（洛美协定）Actionable subsidy （补贴协议）可诉补贴Amber Box measures （农产品国内支持）；黄箱；措施Appeal (解决争端)上诉Appeal body 上诉机构Basel Convention 《巴塞尔公约》（有关危险废弃物的多边环境协定）Berne Convention 《伯尔尼公约》（有关保护文学和艺术作品版权的公约）Base tariff level 基础税率BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions （农产品国内支持）蓝箱措施BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions 国际收支条款Built-in agenda 既定日程Bound level 约束水平CAC(Codex Alimentarius Commission) 食品法典委员会Common Agriculture Policy （欧盟）共同农业政策CBD(Convention on BiologicalDiversity) 《生物多样性公约》Circumvention 规避Convention on International Trade inEndangered Species 《濒危物种国际贸易公约》Commercial presence （服务贸易）商业存在Consumption abroad （服务贸易）境外消费Cross border supply （服务贸易）跨境交付Complaint (解决争端)申诉方Defendant (解决争端)被诉方Countervailing duty 反补贴税Counter-notification 反向通知Cross retaliation 交叉报复CTG(Council for Trade in Goods) 货币贸易理事会Currency retention scheme 货币留成制度Customs value 海关完税价值Customs valuation 海关估价Direct payment 直接支付Domestic industry 国内产业Domestic production 国内生产Domestic subsidy 国内补贴Domestic support (农产品)国内支持Electronic Commerce 电子商务EST(Environmentally-soundtechnology) 环保型技术Ex ante 采取措施前Ex post 采取措施后Export performance 出口实绩Export subsidy 出口补贴Findings（解决争端）调查结果Food security粮食安全Free-rider免费搭车者(享受其他国家最惠国待遇而不进行相应减让的国家)Geographical indications（知识产权）地理标识GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) 转基因生物Government procurement政府采购Green Box measures（农产品国内支持）绿箱措施Grey area measures灰色区域措施GRULAC拉美国家在WTO 中的非正式集团HLM (WTO High-level Meeting for LDCs) WTO 最不发达国家高级别会议 HS (Harmonized Commodity and Coding System) 协调制度（商品名称及编码协调制度）Lisbon Agreement《里斯本条约》（有关地理标识及其国际注册）ILO (International Labor Organization)国际劳工组织IMF (International Monetary Fund)国际货币基金组织Import deposits 进口押金Import licensing 进口许可Import penetration 进口渗透Import substitution 进口替代Import surcharge 进口附加税Import variable duties 进口差价税INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights) 最初谈判权(初谈权)Integration process (纺织品与服装、农产品)一体化进程International Office of Epizootics 国际兽疫组织IPRs (Intellectual property rights) 知识产权ITCB (International Textile andClothing Bureau) 国际纺织品服装局LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) 产品生命周期分析LDCs (Least-developed countries) 最不发达国家License fee 许可费Like product 同类产品Local content 当地含量Market access 市场准入Market boards 专门的营销机构Material injury 实质损害Modalities 模式modulation of quota clause 配额调整条款Montreal Protocol 《蒙特利尔议定书》(有关保护大气臭氧层的多边环境协定)Multifunctionality (农业)多功能性Natural Person (服务贸易)自然人National treatment 国民待遇New issues 新议题Notification obligation 通知义务Nullification and impairment (利益的)丧失和减损Orderly market arrangements 有秩序的市场安排Panel (争端解决)专家组Paris Convention 《巴黎公约》(关于保护工业知识产权的公约)Peace clause (《农业协议》中关于反补贴的)和平条款Plurilateral agreement 诸边协议Presence of natural person (服务贸易)自然人流动Production subsidy 生产补贴。
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W T O 简明术语
（中英文对照）
Ad valorem tariff 从价税
Agreement on Agriculture《农业协议》
Anti-dumping duty反倾销税
Appeal（争端解决）上诉
ATC--Agreement on Textiles and Clothing《纺织品与服装协议》Bound level约束水平
Compensation补偿
Consensus协商一致
Consultation磋商
Countervailing duty反补贴税
Customs valuation 海关估价
DSB--Dispute Settlement Body争端解决机构
Dumping倾销
Export subsidy出口补贴
GATS--General Agreement on Trade in Service《服务贸易总协定》GATT--General Agreement on Tariff and Trade《关税与贸易总协定》Government procurement政府采购
Import licencing进口许可
Import substitution进口替代
Import surcharge 进口附加税
Market access市场准入
Market price support市场价格支持
Material injury实质损害
MFN--Most-favored-nation treatment
最惠国待遇
National treatment
国民待遇
Non-actionable subsidy
（补贴协议）不可诉补贴
NTMs--Non-tariff measures
非关税措施
Plurilateral agreement
诸边协议
Prohibited subsidy
（补贴协议）被禁止的补贴
Protocols
议定书
PSI--Preshipment inspection
装运前检验
Rules of origin
原产地规则
Safeguard Measures
保障措施
Schedule of concessions
承诺减让表
Specific tariff
从量税
SPS --Sanitary and phytosanitary measures
动植物卫生检疫措施
Subsidy
补贴
Tariff binding
关税约束承诺
Tariffication 关税化
TBT--Technical barriers to trade
技术性贸易壁垒
TPRM--Trade Policy Review Mechanism
贸易政策审议机制
Transparency
透明度
TRIMs--Trade-related investment measures
与贸易有关的投资设施
TRIPS--Trade related intellectual property rights
与贸易有关的知识产权
TRQ--Tariff rate quotas/tariff quotas
关税配额
Waiver
（WTO义务的）豁免
WTO--World Trading Organization
世界贸易组织
Ad valorem Tariff 从价
onTextiles and Clothing (ATC) 《纺织品与服装协议》Anti-dumping Duty 反倾销税
Arbitration 仲裁
Balance-of-payments（BOP）Provisions 国际收支条款Ceiling Bindings （关税）上限约束
Conciliation 调解
Compensation 补偿
Consensus 协商一致
Countervailing Duty 反补贴税
Customs Valuation 海关估价
de minimis 微量
Export Subsidy 出口补贴
GATT1994 《1994年关税与贸易总协定》
General Agreement on Trade in Services（GATS）《服务贸易总协定》General Exceptions 一般例外
Illustrative List 例示清单
Import Licensing 进口许可
Import Surcharge 进口附加税
Infant Industry 幼稚产业
Intellectual Property Rights（IPRs）知识产权
Market Access 市场准入
National Treatment 国民待遇
Non-actionable Subsidy 不可诉补贴
Non-tariffs Measures（NTMs）非关税措施。