The effect of manifest anxiety
运动心理学第九章 应激、唤醒、焦虑与运动表现
焦虑的测量
+ 1.斯皮尔伯格的状态-特质焦虑量表 (State and Trait Anxiety Inventory)
+ 2.泰勒的显性焦虑量表 (Scale of Manifest Anxiety)
+ 3.马腾斯的运动竞赛焦虑测验 (Sport Competition Anxiety Test)
+ 该理论推测，操作成绩（P）是内驱力状态（D） 与习惯强度（H）的乘积，即： P=D×H
内驱力与生理唤醒相提并论，习惯则与正确的和错误的反应 所占的优势情况有关，根据这一理论，内驱力的增强将会使优势 反应出现的可能性增大。如果优势反应是正确的（即处于运动技 能学习的最后一个阶段），那么唤醒水平的增高会引起操作水平 的提高；相反，错误（早期），则对操作不利。
+ 4.马腾斯的竞赛状态焦虑问卷 (Competition State Anxiety Inventory)
+ 一、在认知维度上测量与评价焦虑
+ 从主观体验方面测量和评价焦虑的优点是可直接探 查人的焦虑感受。缺点是某些被试可能按照社会期 待答题而不按实际情况答题；少年儿童理解某些问 题有困难；普适性测量可能不适用于体育特殊情境 或专项特殊情境等。
唤醒（arousal）
+ 唤醒有三种表现，即脑电唤醒(刺激使脑电出 现去同步化的低压快波)、行为唤醒(非麻醉动 物唤醒时伴随的行为变化)和植物性唤醒(较高 水平刺激时植物性神经系统的活动)。
唤醒（arousal）
极低唤醒 （深睡）
中等 唤醒
极高唤醒 （疯狂）
唤醒水平连续线示意图
应激（stress）
+ 2.神经过敏性焦虑，指不仅对于特殊的事物或情境产 生焦虑反应，而且对于任何情况都可能产生焦虑反应 情况。（挫折感、失败感、自尊心受到严重损伤）
心理学专业词汇英语翻译T~Z
T distribution T 分布T group T 群体T group 训练小组T maze T 形迷津t of memory storage 记忆容量有限说T Scale T 量表T score Ｔ分数T 适度实验设计T 适度实验设计torch bearerTA 相互作用分析tabacosis 烟草中毒tabacum 烟草tabagism 烟草中毒tabefaction 病弱tabes dorsalis 脊髓痨tabetic dementia 脊髓痨痴呆table 表格table look at直接查表table look up查表table look up techniques查表技术table making 制表table of absence 缺乏表table of contents 目录table of degree 程度表table of discovery 发现表table of frequency distribution 次数分配表table of induction 归纳表table of logarithm 对数表table of presence 存在表table of random number 乱数表table of random number 随机数字表table of social prediction 社会预测表taboo 戒律taboo 禁忌taboo of menstruation 人身隔忌taboo of personal isolation 人身隔忌tabophobia 脊髓痨恐怖症TABP A 型行为类型tabula rasa 白板tabular analysis 表格分析tabular computation 表格计算tabular data 表列数据tabular display 表列显示tabular form 表列形式tabular information 表列资料tabular investigation 表式调查tabular presentation 列表陈式tabular statement 列表说明tabulate data 汇总数据tabulate statistics 汇总统计tabulate statistics data 汇总统计数据tabulation 列表tabulation of date 资料列表tache cerebrale 脑病性划痕tachistoscope 速视器tachistoscopic vision 速示视觉tachometer 速示计tachycardia 心动过速tachylalia 急语症tachymeter 动速测量器tachyphagia 速食癖tachyphrasia 言语急速tachyphrenia 精神活动亢进tachypnea 呼吸过速tachypragia 动作过速tachyrhythmia 心搏过速tacit 缄默的tacit cooperation 配合默契tacit knowledge 隐含的知识taciturn 沉默寡言的tackle 解决tact 触觉tactical adaptation of sports 运动战术适应tactical consciousness 战术意识tactical intention of sports 运动战术意图运动战术意图tactical thinking 战术思维tactical training of sports 运动战术训练运动战术训练tactics 战术tactile 触觉的tactile agnosia 触觉失认症tactile amnesia 触觉缺失tactile aphasia 触觉性失语tactile cell 触觉细胞tactile centre 触觉中枢tactile circle 触觉圈tactile coding 触觉编码tactile corpuscle 触觉小体tactile devices for the blind 盲人用触觉器tactile discrimination 触觉辨别tactile display 触觉显示tactile experience 触觉经验tactile hallucination 触幻觉tactile impression 触觉印象tactile organ 触觉器官tactile sensation 触觉tactile sense 触觉tactile sensibility 可触知性tactile space 触空间tactile stimulus 触觉刺激Tactile Spatial Match to Sample Test触觉空间样本配对测验tactility 触觉taction 触觉tactless 不老练的tactometer 触觉测量计tactor 触器tactual 触觉的tactual discrimination 触觉辨别tactual display 触觉显示tactual displays 触觉显示器tactual illusion 触错觉tactual localization 触觉定位tactual perception 触知觉tactual reading 触读tactual sensation 触觉tactual space 触觉空间tactual stimulation 触觉刺激take a risk 承担风险take pretty surly 变得乖戾take home test家课式测验Talbot s law塔尔波律Talbot Plateau law塔尔波 普拉托视觉律tale 传说talent 天才talent and character 才性talent and intelligence 才智talent and learning 才学talent education 才能教育talent selection in sports 运动选才talented children 才智儿童talion 报复talk 讲话talkative 健谈的talkee talkee不连贯的讲话talker 谈话者talking book 书刊录音磁带talking cure 谈心疗法talking out 倾诉talking point 论据tall organization 高耸式组织tally 计数tambour 气鼓tame cat 极顺从的人tamper 损害tandem 前后排列的tandem reinforcement 系列强化tandem schedule 前后排列时间表tang 浓烈的气味tangential thinking 离题思维tangibility 实质性tangible 实体的tangible mental training 有形心理训练有形心理训练tangle 纷乱tangled 纠缠的tangoreceptor 触觉感受器tantalize 逗弄tantrum 脾气发作TAPtape 磁带tapping board 敲击板tapping test 敲击测验taradiddle 谎话tarantism 毒蛛舞蹈症taraxy 过敏性Tarchanoff phenomenon 塔奇诺夫现象塔奇诺夫现象tardigrade 行动缓慢的tardiness in motor development 动作发展迟滞Tardor interpretative system 塔尔多解释系统Tardor report form 塔尔多报告格式target 靶target 目标target behavior 目标行为target cell 靶细胞target characteristic 目标特征target detection 目标觉察target recognition 目标识别target response 目标反应target sociogram 标靶式社会关系图target stimulus 目标刺激target test 中靶分析tarnish 降低tart 刻薄的tasikinesia 行动癖task 任务task analysis 任务分析task complexity 工作复杂性task description 工作描述task difficulty 作业难度task environment 作业环境task force 任务攻坚队task group 任务型群体task hierarchy 工作层次task identity 任务同一性task instruction 作业指导task leader 任务领导者task management 作业管理task orientation 工作取向task orientation 任务取向task performance 工作效能task significance 任务重要性task structure 任务结构task study 任务研究task uncertainty 任务不确定性task work 计件工作task centered leadership以作业为中心的领导task oriented工作定向task oriented group工作取向群体task set工作定向task structural approach任务 结构方法任务 结构方法taste 尝taste 味觉taste absolute threshold 味觉的绝对阈限taste acuity 味觉敏度taste adaptation 味觉适应taste area 味觉区taste aversion 味觉厌恶taste blindness 味觉缺失taste bud 味蕾taste bulb 味蕾taste cell 味细胞taste center 味中枢taste critical fusion point 味觉融合临界点taste frequency theory 味觉频谱理论taste illusion 味错觉taste interaction 味觉的相互作用taste mixture 味觉混合taste nerve 味觉神经taste organ 味觉器官taste pathway 味觉通路taste perception 味知觉taste pore 味觉小孔taste quality 味质taste sensation 味觉taste sense 味觉taste stimulation 味觉刺激taste tetrahedron 味觉四面体taste threshold 味觉阈限tasteless 不能辨味的tasteless 无味的taster 尝味者taste blindness味盲tattle 闲谈tattler 闲谈者Tau effect 托效应taunt 嘲笑tautology 重复性taxis 趋向性taxology 分类学taxonomic category 分类范畴taxonomic clustering 分类聚类taxonomic principle 分类学原则taxonomy 分类学taxonomy of educational objectives 教育目标分类Taylor Scale of Manifest Anxiety 泰勒显性焦虑量表Taylor system 泰勒制Taylorism 泰勒制Taylor s studies of motivation泰勒的激励研究Taylor Russell s table泰勒 鲁塞尔表泰勒 鲁塞尔表Tay Sachs disease家族性黑蒙性白痴家族性黑蒙性白痴Tay Sachs disease泰萨二氏病ta ta theory达 达说Tchuprow s coefficient of contingency丘普罗相倚性系数teachable 可教的teachable student 可教学生teacher 教师Teacher Aptitude Test 教师能力倾向测验teacher counselor 导师teacher effectiveness 教师效能teacher morale 教师情绪teacher psychology 教师心理学teacher rating scale 教师评定量表teacher role 教师角色teacher style 教师风格teacher tenure 教师任期保障teacher s ability in attention distribution教师的注意分配能力teacher s ability structure教师的能力结构teacher s art in teaching教师的教学艺术teacher s attitudes教师的态度teacher s bonus教师奖金teacher s characteristics教师特性teacher s creative ability教师的创造能力teacher s expectation教师期待teacher s expressive ability教师的表达能力teacher s feeling教师的情感teacher s interpersonal relation 教师的人际关系teacher s mental healthy教师的心理健康teacher s mental hygiene教师的心理卫生teacher s mental traits教师的心理特征教师的心理特徵teacher s observational ability教师的观察力teacher s organizational ability教师的组织管理能力teacher s prestige教师的威信teacher s view about students教师的学生观teacher s volition教师的意志teacher made test教师自编测验teacher pupil ratio师生比teacher student relation师生关系teaching and learning process 教与学的过程teaching and learning theory 教与学的理论teaching efficiency 教学效率teaching level 教学水平teaching machine 教学机teaching media 教学媒体teaching method 教学方法teaching model 教学模式teaching of composition 作文教学Teaching of Psychology 心理学教学teaching program 教学程序teaching students in accordance with aptitude 因才施教teaching system 教学系统teaching technique 教学技术teaching learning process教 学过程teach centric method教师中心教学法教师中心教学法team building 团队建设team development 团队发展team spirit 团队精神team spirit 协力精神team structure 团队结构team teaching 班组教学teamwork 协作tear 折磨tear gland 泪腺tearaway 行动莽撞的人tease 取笑teaser 爱戏弄别人的人teasing 戏弄technic 技能technical rate 技术定额technical scientific term 专门科学术语专门科学术语technical skills 技术技能technical subsystem 技术子系统technical term 技术名词technicality 技术性technician 技术员technics 术语technique 技术technique of split brain割裂脑技术technological aesthetics 技术美学technological approaches 技术途径technological illiteracy 科技盲technological unemployment 科技性失业科技性失业technology 技术学technopsychology 技术心理学tecnology 儿童学tectorial membrane 顶盖膜tectorial membrane 覆膜tectospinal tract 顶盖脊髓径tectum 盖tedium 单调teen 愤怒teens 青少年teen ager青少年tegument 皮肤tegumentary nerve 皮神经teleceptive 距离感受性的teleceptor 距离感受器telecinesia 远距感应运动telecinesis 远距感应运动telecommuting 在家办公telegnosis 灵觉telegony 先父遗传telegraphic 电报式telegraphic sentence 电报句telegraphic speech 电报式语言telekinesis 传心运动telekinesis 心灵致动telemetering 遥测telemetry 测距法telencephalization 端脑分化telencephalon 端脑teleneurite 终轴突teleneuron 神经末梢teleologic hallucination 通灵性幻觉teleological 目的论的teleological argument 目的论论点teleological ethics 目的论伦理观teleological explanation 目的论的解释目的论的解释teleological idealism 目的论唯心主义teleological necessity 目的论的必要性目的论的必要性teleological proof 目的论证明teleological psychology 目的论心理学teleological sense 目的论意义teleologist 目的论者teleology 目的论teleonomy 存在价值说teleoperator 遥控机器人teleopsia 视物显远症teleorganic 生命必需的teleosis 目的进化论telepathic dream 传心梦telepathist 传心术者telepathize 思想感应telepathy 传心术telepathy 心灵感应telephone counseling 电话咨询telephone interview 电话访谈telephone theory 电话论telephone theory of hearing 听觉电话说听觉电话说teleran 电视雷达空中导航telereceptor 距离感受器telergic 精神传感的telergy 自动症telesteroscope 立体视望远镜telesthesia 超常感觉telesthesia 传感telestimulator 遥感刺激器teletactor 触觉助听器telethermometer 遥测温度计teleview 电视收看television 电视television advertising 电视广告television camera 电视摄像机television microscope 电视显微镜television monitor 电视监示器television network 电视网television reconnaissance 电视侦察television satellite 电视卫星television screen 电视屏television studio 电视演播室televox 声控机器人telex 电报tell 讲述telltale 暴露内情的telocoele 端脑室telodendron 终树突teloreceptor 距离感受器telotism 机能完整temerity 轻率temper 调和temperable 可调和的temperality 体质temperament 气质temperament 性情temperament characteristics 气质特征temperament scale 气质量表temperament survey 气质调查temperament types 气质类型temperamental 性情的temperamental trait 气质特性temperance 节制temperantia 镇静剂temperate 有节制的temperature 温度temperature adaptation 温度适应temperature aesthesiometer 温度计temperature effects 温度效应temperature illusion 温度错觉temperature perception 温度知觉temperature receptor 温度感受器temperature sensation 温度觉temperature sense 温觉temperature sensitive mutant 温度敏感突变体temperature sensitive period 温度敏感期温度敏感期temperature sensitivity 温度感受性temperature spot 温冷点temperature stimulator 温度刺激器temperature sum rule温度总和规律template 样板template action 模板作用template matching 模板匹配template theory 模板学说template matching model模板匹配模式模板匹配模式tempo 速度tempo of evolution 进化速度tempolabile 缓变的tempora 颞部temporal 暂时的temporal 颞部的temporal acuity 时间视敏度temporal adaptation 时间适应temporal classical conditioning 定时古典条件作用temporal conditioning 定时条件作用temporal conditioning reflex 定时条件反射temporal disorientation 时间定向障碍temporal facilitation 时间助长temporal factors 时序因素temporal fold 颞褶temporal frequency 时间频率temporal idea 时间表象temporal lobe 颞叶temporal maze 时间迷津temporal modulation transfer function 时间调制传递函数temporal orientation 时空定向temporal perception 时间知觉temporal regression 时间倒退temporal seizure 颞叶发作temporal sequence 时间程序temporal summation 时间总和temporal theory 时间论temporalis 颞肌temporalism 暂时主义temporalist 暂时论者temporalistic 暂时论的temporality 暂存性temporalness 暂时性temporarily 暂时的temporariness 暂时temporary adaptation 暂时适应temporary annuity 有期年金temporary base level 暂时基准线temporary connection 暂时联系temporary convergence 暂时趋同temporary equilibrium 暂时平衡temporary external inhibition 暂时的外来抑制temporary habitat 暂时生境temporary hearing loss 暂时性听力损失暂时性听力损失temporary life annuity 临时终身年金temporary memory 临时存储器temporary memory 暂时记忆temporary needs 暂时需要temporary partial disability 暂时部分劳动能力丧失temporary pattern 暂时型temporary reflex 暂时性反射temporary sign 暂时记号temporary summation 短暂积聚temporary threshold shift 暂时性阈移temporary total disability 暂时全部劳动能力丧失temporize 顺应时势temporizer 顺应时势者temporoparietal aphasia 颞顶性失语temporo spatial时空的tempt 引诱tempt fate 蔑视命运temptable 可诱惑的temptation 引诱tempter 诱惑者tempus 颞部temulence 酒醉temulentia 酒醉tenability 可保持状态tenable 能防御的tenaciously 坚持地tenaciousness 固执tenacity 坚持tenacity 注意凝聚tenancy 租赁tenancy at will 任意租赁tenancy by the entirety 整体租赁tenancy in common 共同租赁tenant 租户tendance 照管tendency 倾向tendency to identify 求同趋势tendentious apperception 意向统觉tender feeling 柔情tenderminded 富于幻想的tenderminded 空想的tenderness 触痛tender minded和善型tender mindedness柔性tendon 腱tendon reflex 腱反射tendon sensation 腱觉tendon spindle 腱梭tenebrous 晦涩的tenet 宗旨Tennessee Self Concept Scale 田纳西自我概念量表tenonometer 眼压计tenor 趋向tension 紧张tension 张力tension headache 紧张性头痛tension management 紧张情绪控制tension reduction 紧张减轻tension system 紧张体系tension time 紧张期tension release紧张 松驰tensity 紧张tensive 紧张的tensor 伸肌tentacle 触毛tentaculum 触器tentative conclusion 暂时结论tentative figure 暂时数字tentative plan 试验性计划tentative theory 试验性理论tenuity 贫乏ten percentile十分位数tephrylometer 脑灰质测量计teratismus 畸形teratogenesis 畸形形成teratogenetic 畸形的teratogenic 畸形的teratogenous 畸形性的teratogeny 畸形形成teratology 畸形学teratosis 畸形tergiversate 言词自相矛盾term 术语term 项目term infant 满期产儿term paper 学期报告Terman Merrill Test推孟 梅里尔测验 Terman Miles Attitude Interest Blank特曼二氏态度及兴趣表terminal 极限的terminal 末端的terminal behavior 终末行为terminal bouton 终端terminal bulb 终球terminal button 终端纽terminal check 最后检验terminal computer 终端计算机terminal console 终端控制台terminal control device 终端控制设备terminal control unit 终端控制设备terminal controller 终端控制器terminal dementia 末期痴呆terminal level 最终水平terminal machine 终端控制机terminal organ 终端器terminal reinforcement 终点强化terminal situation 终结情况terminal state 终点状态terminal stimulus 极限刺激terminal threshold 最大阈限terminal values 终极价值观terminate 结尾terminate 停止termination 终止termination signal 终止信号terminology 术语学terminus 极限terminus 终点terrible 可怕的terrify 惊吓territorial aggression 守卫性攻击territorial behavior 领域行为territorial border 领地边界territorial call 领域号声territorial classification 区域分类territorial cluster 领地群集territorial complex 地域情结territorial dialect 地域方言territorial dominance 领地统治territorial environment 地域环境territorial sampling 区域抽样territorial unit 区域单位territoriality 领域territory 领地terror 恐怖terrorism 恐怖主义terrorist 恐怖分子terrorize 恐吓tertiary circular reaction 三期循环反应三期循环反应tertiary conditioned reflex 三级条件反射三级制约反射tertiary memory 第三级记忆tertiary prevention 三级预防tertiary reflex 三级反射test 测验test administration 测验施行test age 测验年龄test anxiety 测验焦虑Test Anxiety Inventory 测验焦虑量表test anxiety scale 测验焦虑量表Test Anxiety Scale 考试焦虑量表Test Anxiety Scale for Children 儿童考试焦虑量表test at random 随机检验test audit 抽查test battery 成套测验test bias 测验偏差test case 检查实例test chamber 试验室test characteristic function 测验特征函数test chart 视力检查表test check 抽查test check 试样检验test construction 测验编制test criterion 检验准则test data 测验数据test difficulty 测验难度test equating 测验等值化test figure 测验图形test flight 试飞test for blind 盲人测验Test for Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia 失语症辨诊测验test for identification 识别检验test for independence 独立性考验test for normality 常态性考验test for prediction of delinquency 过失行为预测测验test for significance 显著性考验test for trend 趋向性考验test function 测试函数test intercorrelation 测验内部相关test interpretation 测验诠译test item 测验项目test jack 测试插座test lamp 测试灯test length 测验长度test level 检验水平test manual 测验手册test market 检测市场test method 测验法test moderation 测验调整test norm 测验常模Test of Academic Progress 学业进度测验test of balance 平衡测验Test of Basic Experience 基本经验测验test of character 品德测验test of correlation 相关测验test of creative thinking 创造性思维测验test of dispersion 离散检定test of divergent thinking 发散性思维测验Test of General Ability 普通能力测验test of goodness of fit 拟合优度检验test of hypothesis 假设检验test of independence 独立性检定test of intelligence 智力测验test of opinion 民意测验test of randomness 随机性检定test of significance 显著性考验test of significance approach 显著性检验法test of significant 显著性检验test of speech intelligibility 言语可懂度测量test paper 测验试卷test pattern 测试图test performance 测验作业test pilot 试飞员test population 参加测验人数test program package 测试程序包test reliability 测验信度test representativeness 测验代表性test scaling 测验量表编制test score 测验分数test score contours 测验分数线test selector 测试选择器test set 测试装置test stand 测验台test standardization 测验标准化test stimulus 试验刺激test survey 试验调查test theory 测验理论test type 视力表字型test validity 测验效度test vehicle 试验飞行器test wiseness 熟练测验技巧testability 可测验性testability 试验敏感性testament 文契testament 遗嘱testamental 确凿证据的testamentary 遗嘱的testamentary capacity 遗嘱能力testamentary succession 遗嘱继承testamur 考试及格证书testator 遗嘱人teste 证人testee 受测者tester 测验者tester of two point limen两点阈测量器两点阈测量器testicular feminization syndrome 睾丸女性化综合症testicular hormone 睾丸激素testify 证实testifying attitude 作证态度testifying attitude of witness 证人的作证态度testifying motive 作证动机testily 性急地testimonial 证明书testimony 证据testimony experiment 证言实验testimony of eyewitness 目击证据testiness 易怒testing 施测testing data 检验数据testing effect 测验效应testing equating 测验等化testing error 检验误差testing independence 检验独立性testing independence of attributes 检验属性独立性testing machine 试验机testing method 测验方法testing of hypothesis 假设检验testing of statistical hypothesis 统计假设的检验testing position 试验座席testing procedure 检验程序testing results of induction 检验归纳结果testing sequence 测验程序testing sequence 检验步骤testing significance of difference 检验差异显著性testing stimulus 测试刺激testing the limit 限度考验testing work 检查作业testosterone 睾酮tests of speech intelligibility 言语可理解度测验tests of statistical significance 统计显著性检测tests of the character education inquire 品德教育研究测验testy 易怒的test bed试验台test drive驾驶试验test operate test exit测验操作反射弧test operate test exit unit测验操作反射弧单位test retes coefficient重测系数test retest method重测法test retest reliability重测信度test r etest reliability coefficient 重测信度系数test tube baby试管婴儿test tube reproduction试管生殖tetanic 强直性的tetanic 手足搐搦tetanic contraction 强直性收缩tetanic induced current 强直感应电流tetanic stimulation 强直刺激tetaniform 强直样的tetanigenous 致强直的tetanization 致强直作用tetanize 致强直tetany 手足搐搦tetartanopia 象限盲tetartanopsia 象限盲tethelin 生长激素tetrachoric correlation 四分相关tetrachoric correlation coefficient 四分相关系数tetrachoric correlation matrix 四分相关矩阵tetrachromatism 视觉四色说tetrachromic 四色视的tetrad 四分体Teutomania 条顿迷text blindness 词盲textbook 课本texture 结构texture gradient 结构级差texture gradient 纹理递变度TH 促甲状腺激素thalamencephalon 间脑thalamic animal 丘脑动物thalamic neuron 丘脑神经元thalamic nuclei 丘脑核thalamic theory of emotion 情绪的丘脑说thalamocoele 丘脑室thalamocortical 丘脑皮层的thalamus 丘脑thalamus opticus 视丘thalassophobia 恐海洋症thalposis 温觉thalpotic 温觉的thanatolography 死亡学thanatology 死亡学thanatophobia 恐死症thanatos 死亡本能Thane s method大脑中央沟定位法Thane s meth od 塞因法thaumaturgic 变幻的The Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement 达成谈判协议的最佳选择方案theater effect 剧场效果theism 有神论Thematic Apperception Test 主题统觉测验thematic paraphrasion 离题性言语失序离题性言语失序thematic play 主题游戏theme 主题theological concept 神学概念theological ethics 神学伦理学theological seminary 神学院theology 神学theophobia 恐神症theorem 定理theorem of relativity 相对性定理theoretical basis 理论基础theoretical biology 理论生物学theoretical chance 理论机遇theoretical construct 理论结构theoretical curve 理论曲线theoretical derivation 理论推导theoretical error 理论误差theoretical horopter 理论的视野单像区理论的视野单像区theoretical level 理论水平theoretical logic 理论逻辑学theoretical model 理论模型theoretical prepossession 理论上的成见理论上的成见theoretical psychology 理论心理学theoretical zero 理论发育零点Theories and History of Psychology 心理学理论与心理学史theories of activity 活动理论theories of adolescence 青少年期理论theories of affections and desires 情欲论情 论theories of attitude 态度理论theories of attitude change 态度改变理论theories of audition 听觉理论theories of color vision 颜色视觉理论theories of colors 色觉理论theories of consciousness 意识理论theories of crime 犯罪理论theories of dreams 梦的理论theories of emotion 情绪理论theories of hearing 听觉理论theories of illusion 错觉理论theories of interpersonal attraction 人际吸引理论theories of learning 学习理论theories of motivation 动机理论theories of olfaction 嗅觉理论theories of perception and thinking 知虑论theories of personality 人格理论theories of play 游戏理论theories of prejudice 偏见理论theories of sex typing 性别特征形成理论theories of value 价值理论theories of vision 视觉理论theories of will and motive 志意论theorization 推理theory 理论theory of accommodation desires 顺欲说顺 说theory of achievement 成就需要理论theory of activity 活动理论theory of activity for learning 学习的活动理论theory of advantage and disadvantage 利害说theory of affectionlessness 无情说theory of affections and nature 情性说theory of affective waves 情波说theory of all or none learning全或无学习说theory of analyzer 分析器说theory of association reflex for learning学习的联想 反射理论theory of attention 注意理论theory of basic anxiety 基本焦虑理论theory of behavior setting 行为定势论theory of blending inheritance 融合遗传学说theory of body type 体型论theory of cell 细胞学说theory of centre of origin 起源中心说theory of cerebral cortex equipotentiality 大脑皮层功能等位说theory of chances 机遇论theory of character function types 性格功能类型论theory of chromomere 染色粒学说theory of class 类型论theory of class dependent consumption社会阶层消费说theory of cognitive attribution 认知归因理论theory of cognitive consistency 认知一致性理论theory of cognitive dissonance 认知失调理论theory of collective behavior 集体行为论集体行为论theory of color vision 色觉理论theory of common factor 共同因素说theory of common human desires 同欲说同 说theory of common mediation 共同中介说共同中介说theory of complementary needs 相补性需求理论theory of conditioning 条件反射说theory of constitution 体质论theory of convergence 幅合论theory of convergence effect 聚合效应说聚合效应说theory of correspondence between human nature and affection 性情相应说theory of crime due to personality disorder 人格障碍犯罪说theory of criterion bias 标准偏倚理论theory of cultural historical development 文化发展论theory of deduction 演绎论theory of dream 梦说theory of electric nature of brain activities 脑电说theory of eliminating harmful affections 去情说theory of eliminating harmful desired 去欲说theory of environment determination 环境决定论theory of error 错误说theory of evolution 进化论theory of expectancy 期望理论theory of experience generalization 经验类化说theory of external cause 外因论theory of factor 因素说theory of fantastic writing 乖诈说theory of formal discipline 形式训练说形式训练说theory of functional localization of human brain 大脑功能定位学说theory of functional localization on cerebral 大脑皮层功能定位说theory of games 博奕论theory of germ 生源学说theory of hearing 听觉理论theory of hedonism 纵欲说theory of heredity 遗传学说theory of heredity determination 遗传决定论theory of human brain 脑髓说theory of human nature 人性论theory of identical elements 同元素论theory of idiosyncrasy 特异说theory of immanence 内在论theory of imputation 归属说theory of independence 独立论theory of information 信息论theory of information processing 信息加工理论theory of information retention 信息维持理论theory of inheriting old ethical values 道德价值继承论theory of integrative level 整合层次理论整合层次理论theory of intelligence factor 智力因素说智力因素说theory of intelligence structure 智力结构理论theory of interference 干扰理论theory of interference in memory 记忆干扰说theory of interiorization 内化说theory of interpersonal attraction 人际吸引理论theory of interpersonal relations 人际关系理论theory of intrinsic values 内在价值论theory of judgment 判断论theory of knowledge 认识论theory of leadership traits 领导品质理论领导品质理论theory of learning tendency 学习驱动理论theory of lessening desires 寡欲说theory of life 人生说theory of local signs 部位记号说theory of logical types 逻辑类型理论theory of mantel action 精神作用论theory of maturation potency 成熟势力说成熟势力说theory of meaning 意义理论theory of memory 记忆理论theory of memory decay 记忆消退说theory of mere exposure 单纯接触说theory of metamotivation 超越性动机理论theory of mind body identity心身同一论心身同一论theory of motivation 动机理论theory of motivational self evaluation动机的自我估量理论theory of multiplicity of affections and desires 情欲多途说theory of natural selection 天演论theory of natural selection 自然选择学说自然选择学说theory of need gratification 需求满足论需求满足论theory of negative and positive effects of affections 损益说theory of olfaction 嗅觉理论theory of organic of selection 有机选择学说theory of organic of species 物种起源学说theory of pangenesis 泛生学theory of perception 知觉论theory of personality 人格理论theory of personality development 人格发展理论theory of phasic development 阶段发育理论theory of phylembryogenisis 胚胎系统发育说theory of praise and slander 誉诽说theory of preserving childlike innocence 童心说theory of preserving original human nature 全性说theory of probability 概率论theory of psychological types 心理型论theory of psychoneural parallelism 心理神经平行说theory of punctiform sensations 点状感觉说theory of rationality in desires 理存于欲说theory of recapitulation 重演说theory of reflection 反映论theory of relation 关系论theory of restraining desires 节欲说theory of sample surveys 抽样调查理论抽样调查理论theory of sampling 抽样理论theory of selection 选择理论theory of self actualization自我实现理论theory of sensitivity points 感觉点学说感觉点学说theory of sequential development 顺序发展理论theory of seven affections 七情说theory of sex typing 性别特征形成理论性别特徵形成理论theory of signal detectability 信号觉察理论theory of six affections 六情说theory of social comparison processes 社会比较过程理论theory of social facilitation 社会促进论社会促进论theory of social interaction 社会相互作用论theory of sophisticated questing 练达猜测理论theory of special creation 特创论theory of specific energy of nerves 神经特殊能量说theory of spiritual imperishability 神不灭论theory of spiritual perishability 神灭论theory of spontaneous generation 自然发生论theory of statistical inference 统计推论理论theory of statistical test 统计检验理论theory of statistics 统计理论theory of stress 应激学说theory of surplus energy 过剩精力说theory of symbolic interaction 符号交互作用论theory of tabula rasa 白板说theory of test of significance 显著性检验理论theory of three stages of volitional process 三心说theory of trace extinction 痕迹消退理论痕迹消退理论theory of trial and error尝试错误理论尝试错误理论theory of two signal systems 两种信号系统学说theory of types of higher nervous activity 高级神经活动类型学说theory of visceral basis of affections 脏腑说theory of voiding desires 无欲观theory testing 理论检验theory X X 理论theory Y Y 理论theory Z Z 理论theory depen dent 理论依赖theory laden理论装载therapeusis 治疗therapeutic 治疗的therapeutic alliance 治疗配合therapeutic community 治疗性社区therapeutic counseling 治疗性咨询therapeutic goal 治疗目标therapeutic gymnastics 矫正体操therapeutic interview 治疗访谈therapeutic milieu 治疗环境therapeutic misalliance 治疗配合不当therapeutic mystiques 治疗秘诀therapeutic outcome 治疗结果therapeutic process 治疗过程therapeutic psychology 治疗心理学therapeutic regression 治疗退步therapeutic resistance 治疗性抗拒therapeutic suggestion 治疗性建议therapeutic technique 治疗法therapeutic transference 治疗性移情therapeutics 治疗学therapeutive 心理治疗的therapeutive counselors 心理治疗顾问心理治疗顾问therapia 治疗therapic 治疗的therapist 治疗员therapy 治疗法therapy of advice about behavior 行为忠告疗法therblig 微动作单位thermal adaptability 温度适应性thermal comfort zone 温度舒适区thermal conductance 温度传递性。
新世纪大学英语综合教程2unit4课文详解
新世纪大学英语综合教程2unit4课文详解Text B积极思维的威力：幸福生活的秘诀雷米兹·萨松积极思维就是将有利于成长、发展和成功的想法、话语和图像纳入大脑之中。
积极思维就是期待良好与顺利的结果。
积极思维的头脑期待幸福、愉悦与健康，还有在任何情况与行动中都会有成功的结局。
大脑希望有什么，就能找到什么。
并不是每个人都会接受或相信积极思维的好处。
有些人会认为这样的话题完全是一派胡言，另外的人对相信和接受积极思维的人嗤之以鼻。
而那些熟悉这个话题的人中，知道如何有效地行动而达到理想结果的也不算多。
不过，关注这个话题的人似乎越来越多，相关书籍、讲座和课程越来越多，就是明证。
这个话题已越来越流行。
常听人们对那些情绪低落而焦躁的人说：“想开点！”绝大多数人不把这样的话当回事儿，因为他们不知道这话的真实含义，或者觉得它并不实用。
试问，在你认识的人当中，有多少人曾经停下来思考过积极思维的威力到底意味着什么呢？阿伦申请了一份新工作，但他对自己评价很低，认为自己是个失败者，没有成功的资本，因此肯定自己不可能得到这份工作。
他对自己的想法是消极的，相信其他的应聘者比他好，比他更有资格。
阿伦有这样的想法是因为他之前申请过的工作大多都没有成功，因此会有消极的体验。
面试前的整整一个星期，他的脑子中都充满着关于那份工作的消极想法和恐惧。
他肯定自己不会被录取。
面试那天，他睡过头了，然后惊恐地发现他打算穿的衬衫竟是脏的，而另外一件还要熨烫。
因为已经来不及了，所以他穿着皱巴巴的衬衫就出门了。
面试过程中他很紧张，表现得很消极，顾虑着他的衬衫，再加上没时间吃早餐已经是饥肠辘辘。
所有这一切都让他分心，让他很难把精神集中在面试上。
他的整体表现给面试官留下了极坏的印象，结果他的恐惧就变成了现实，没有得到这份工作。
吉姆也申请了同一份工作，但他对此事的态度截然不同。
他很肯定自己会得到这个工作。
面试前的一个星期里，他经常想象自己给面试官留下好印象，并得到这份工作。
什么制造了焦虑症英语作文
什么制造了焦虑症英语作文Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive and persistent worry, fear, or nervousness that interferes with daily activities. These disorders can manifest in various forms, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder,and phobias. Understanding what causes anxiety disorders is complex, as it involves a combination of factors including genetic, environmental, psychological, and developmental components.1. Genetic Factors: Research has shown that anxiety disorders can run in families, suggesting that there may be a genetic component to these conditions. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has an anxiety disorder are at a higherrisk of developing one themselves.2. Brain Chemistry: Imbalances in neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers in the brain, can contribute to anxiety. For example, an imbalance in serotonin, a neurotransmitterthat regulates mood, can lead to feelings of anxiety.3. Environmental Stressors: Life events such as trauma, abuse, or significant personal loss can trigger anxiety disorders. Long-term exposure to stress, whether it's from work, relationships, or financial strain, can also increase therisk.4. Personality Traits: Certain personality traits, such as being shy, introverted, or having a tendency to be cautious or apprehensive, can make a person more susceptible to anxiety disorders.5. Medical Conditions: Some medical conditions and their treatments can lead to anxiety, particularly if they cause changes in the body's chemistry or if they are associated with pain or discomfort.6. Substance Abuse: The use of alcohol, drugs, or certain medications can increase the likelihood of developing an anxiety disorder, either by causing changes in brain chemistry or by exacerbating existing mental health issues.7. Developmental Factors: Childhood experiences, such as growing up in an unstable family environment or experiencing bullying, can increase the risk of developing anxiety disorders later in life.8. Cognitive Processes: The way individuals think about and interpret events can contribute to anxiety. For example, people who tend to worry excessively or have a tendency to expect the worst may be more prone to anxiety.9. Cultural Factors: Cultural background and societal expectations can also play a role in the development of anxiety disorders. Different cultures may have different norms and pressures that can influence the manifestation of anxiety.10. Lifestyle Factors: A lack of exercise, poor diet, and insufficient sleep can all contribute to the development of anxiety disorders by affecting overall physical health and well-being.In conclusion, anxiety disorders are multifaceted and can arise from a complex interplay of various factors. Understanding these causes can help in the development of effective treatment strategies and preventive measures. It is essential for individuals experiencing symptoms of anxiety to seek professional help to address the underlying causes and improve their quality of life.。
焦虑对身心有影响英文作文
焦虑对身心有影响英文作文Title: The Impact of Anxiety on Mind and Body。
Anxiety is a complex and pervasive emotion that can significantly impact both the mind and the body. It manifests in various forms and degrees, affectingindividuals differently. Understanding the profound effects of anxiety on both mental and physical health is crucial in addressing and managing this condition.Firstly, let's delve into the psychologicalramifications of anxiety. Persistent feelings of worry, fear, and apprehension characterize anxiety disorders. These emotions can be overwhelming, leading to cognitive impairments such as difficulty concentrating, memory problems, and indecisiveness. The incessant rumination and catastrophic thinking associated with anxiety can impairone's ability to function optimally in daily life. Moreover, anxiety often coexists with other mental health disorders such as depression, further exacerbating the psychologicalburden.Furthermore, anxiety can wreak havoc on one's emotional well-being. Individuals grappling with anxiety may experience heightened irritability, mood swings, and asense of impending doom. The constant state of vigilanceand hypervigilance can drain one's emotional reserves, making it challenging to experience joy or contentment. Moreover, the social ramifications of anxiety cannot be overlooked, as it may hinder interpersonal relationshipsand lead to social withdrawal.In addition to its psychological toll, anxiety exerts a profound impact on physical health. The body's natural response to stress, known as the fight-or-flight response,is triggered during anxious episodes. While this responseis essential for survival in threatening situations,chronic activation can have detrimental effects on the body. Prolonged exposure to stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to illnesses ranging from the common coldto more serious conditions like cardiovascular disease.Moreover, anxiety can manifest in various physical symptoms, including muscle tension, headaches, gastrointestinal disturbances, and sleep disturbances. These physical manifestations not only exacerbate the individual's distress but also contribute to a vicious cycle of anxiety and physical discomfort.Furthermore, unhealthy coping mechanisms often accompany anxiety, such as substance abuse, overeating, or avoidance behaviors. These maladaptive coping strategies may provide temporary relief but ultimately perpetuate the cycle of anxiety and exacerbate its adverse effects on both mind and body.Addressing anxiety requires a comprehensive approach that addresses both the psychological and physiological aspects of this condition. Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), has been shown to be effective in helping individuals identify and challenge maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors associated with anxiety. Additionally, medication may be prescribed insevere cases to alleviate symptoms and restore balance to neurotransmitter levels.Moreover, lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, adequate sleep, healthy diet, and stress management techniques like mindfulness meditation and deep breathing exercises can help mitigate the impact of anxiety on both mental and physical health. Social support networks and community resources also play a vital role in providing individuals with the necessary support and encouragement on their journey towards recovery.In conclusion, anxiety is a multifaceted condition that profoundly affects both the mind and the body. By recognizing the interconnectedness of psychological and physiological well-being, we can develop holistic approaches to address and manage anxiety effectively. Through therapy, medication, lifestyle modifications, and social support, individuals can regain control over their lives and experience greater peace and fulfillment.。
27. 压力对心理和身体健康的影响英语作文
The Impact of Stress on Mental and Physical HealthStress is an unavoidable part of life and can have a significant impact on both our mental and physical health. The effects of stress can manifest in various ways, and it is important to understand how it can impact our overall well-being.From a mental health perspective, stress can lead to anxiety, depression, and mood swings. The constant pressure and worry can take a toll on our emotional stability, leading to a sense of helplessness and a feeling of being overwhelmed. Chronic stress can also impair our cognitive functions, affecting our ability to concentrate, make decisions, and solve problems. In severe cases, it can contribute to the development of mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and panic attacks.Physically, stress can have a detrimental impact on the body. It can weaken the immune system, making us more susceptible to illnesses and infections. Chronic stress has been linked to a variety of health issues, including high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, and diabetes. It can also disrupt our sleep patterns, leading to insomnia and fatigue. Furthermore, stress can contribute to the development of tension headaches, migraines, and muscle pain, as well as gastrointestinal problems such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and acid reflux.The impact of stress on mental and physical health underscores the importance of managing and reducing stress levels. There are various strategies that can help individuals cope with stress, such as engaging in regular physical activity, practicing relaxation techniques like meditation and deep breathing, maintaining a healthy diet, getting an adequate amount of sleep, and seeking social support. Additionally, creating a work-life balance and learning to prioritize tasks can also alleviate stress.In conclusion, stress can significantly affect both our mental and physical health. It is crucial to recognize the signs of stress and take proactive measures to manage it effectively. By adopting healthy coping strategies and seeking support when needed, individuals can mitigate the negative impact of stress and maintain their overall well-being.。
《The Negative Effects of Stress》高考优秀英语作文
《The Negative Effects of Stress》高考优秀英语作文The Negative Effects of StressStress is a natural part of life and can be a normal reaction to change. Unfortunately, too much stress can have negative physical and psychological effects on us. Some of the ways stress can manifest in our lives range from mental health issues such as anxiety and depression, to physical symptoms that can disrupt our daily lives.Stress can lead to sleep disturbances, fatigue and confusion that can cause a lack of concentration and an inability to focus on tasks. This can lead to poor academic performance as well as low productivity in the workplace. Additionally, long-term exposure to stress can increase the risk of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases, as well as other illnesses.Stress can also have a detrimental effect on relationships. When exposed to prolonged stress, it is common to experience irritability, impatience and anger. This can cause us to become short tempered and unreasonable with family, friends and loved ones. It is important to remember that stress cannot only adversely affect us, but it can have a negative impact on our closest relationships.It is important to manage stress before it takes a toll on our emotional and physical health. There are numerous ways to cope with stress, such as exercise, deep breathing, yoga, relaxation techniques, journaling, and talking to friends, family or a therapist. By being mindful of our stress levels, we can ensure that it does not lead to negative consequences.。
容貌焦虑的危害英语作文
容貌焦虑的危害英语作文英文回答：Appearance anxiety can have a serious impact on an individual's mental health and overall well-being. When someone is constantly worried about their physical appearance, it can lead to low self-esteem, social withdrawal, and even depression. I have personally experienced the negative effects of appearance anxiety, and it has taken a toll on my confidence and happiness.For example, I used to constantly compare myself to others on social media, feeling like I didn't measure up to the unrealistic beauty standards portrayed online. This led to feelings of inadequacy and self-doubt, making itdifficult for me to fully enjoy social interactions and activities. I would often avoid going out with friends or attending events because I was too self-conscious about my appearance.Appearance anxiety can also manifest in unhealthy behaviors, such as extreme dieting or excessive exercise, in an attempt to achieve the "perfect" look. These behaviors can be detrimental to both physical and mental health, leading to issues like eating disorders or body dysmorphia.Overall, appearance anxiety can have a profound impact on one's quality of life, affecting relationships, work performance, and overall happiness. It's important to address these feelings and seek support from friends, family, or a mental health professional to work through these challenges and build a healthier relationship with one's appearance.中文回答：容貌焦虑对个人的心理健康和整体幸福感有严重影响。
关于某事焦虑英语作文
关于某事焦虑英语作文Feeling anxious about something is a common experience for many people. It can be a result of various factors such as uncertainty, fear of failure, or pressure from external sources. When we are anxious, it can be difficult to focus, and it may even affect our physical health. In this essay, I will discuss the causes of anxiety, its effects, and some strategies for managing it.There are several reasons why people may feel anxious about something. One common cause is uncertainty about the future. For example, a student may feel anxious about an upcoming exam because they are unsure of how they will perform. Another cause of anxiety is the fear of failure. This can happen when someone is under pressure to succeed, whether it is in their career, relationships, or personal goals. Additionally, external factors such as societal expectations or the opinions of others can also contribute to feelings of anxiety.The effects of anxiety can be far-reaching. Physically, it can manifest as headaches, stomachaches, or difficulty sleeping. Emotionally, it can lead to feelings ofrestlessness, irritability, or a sense of impending doom. In extreme cases, anxiety can even lead to panic attacks or other mental health issues. Furthermore, anxiety can affect our performance in various areas of life, including work, school, and relationships. It can hinder our ability to concentrate, make decisions, or communicate effectively.Fortunately, there are strategies that can help manage feelings of anxiety. One approach is to practice mindfulness and relaxation techniques. This can include activities such as meditation, deep breathing, or yoga. By focusing on the present moment and calming the mind, these practices can help reduce feelings of anxiety. Another strategy is to reframe negative thoughts. Instead of dwelling on worst-case scenarios, try to challengeirrational beliefs and replace them with more realistic and positive ones. Additionally, seeking support from friends, family, or a mental health professional can provide a sense of comfort and guidance.In conclusion, feeling anxious about something is a common experience, and it can have a significant impact on our well-being. Understanding the causes of anxiety,recognizing its effects, and learning strategies to manageit can help us navigate through difficult times. By practicing self-care, seeking support, and staying mindful, we can work towards reducing feelings of anxiety and living a more balanced and fulfilling life.对于某事感到焦虑是许多人的常见经历。
有关anxiety的英语作文
有关anxiety的英语作文The Complexities of Anxiety.Anxiety is a feeling of unease, worry, or fear that can manifest in various forms and intensities. It is a natural human emotion that everyone experiences at some point in their lives. However, when anxiety becomes excessive or persistent, it can significantly impact a person's well-being, affecting their physical and mental health.The causes of anxiety are diverse and can range from everyday stressors to deeper psychological or biological factors. Common triggers include work or school pressures, relationship issues, financial worries, and health concerns. Additionally, anxiety can also be triggered by past traumatic experiences or a genetic predisposition.The symptoms of anxiety can be both physical and psychological. Physically, anxiety may manifest as headaches, stomachaches, muscle tension, or insomnia.Psychologically, it may lead to feelings of restlessness, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and excessive worry.One of the most significant effects of anxiety is its ability to disrupt daily life. It can interfere with workor academic performance, social interactions, and overall quality of life. People who suffer from anxiety may find it difficult to function normally, leading to feelings of isolation and helplessness.Fortunately, there are several ways to manage and cope with anxiety. One effective method is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps individuals identify and challenge negative thought patterns that contribute to anxiety. Other techniques include relaxation training, mindfulness practices, and exercise, which can help reduce physical symptoms and promote a sense of calmness.Medication is also sometimes used to treat severe anxiety. Antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs can provide relief, but they should be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as they can have side effects andpotential for abuse.Beyond professional treatment, there are lifestyle changes that can help reduce anxiety. These include maintaining a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and ensuring sufficient sleep. Additionally, practicing stress management techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing can help individuals cope with anxiety in the moment.It's important to note that while anxiety is a common experience, it is not a weakness or a character flaw. It is a legitimate medical condition that requires understanding and compassion. People who suffer from anxiety should not be ashamed or embarrassed but should instead seek the support and treatment they need.In conclusion, anxiety is a complex emotion that can have profound effects on a person's life. It is crucial to recognize the signs and symptoms of anxiety and to seek appropriate treatment and support. By understanding and addressing the underlying causes of anxiety, individualscan learn to manage this difficult emotion and live fuller, more fulfilling lives.。
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Veterans Administration Hospital, Bronx, N. 7.1 and Teachers College, Columbia University
Incidental to a validational study of the Taylor personality scale of manifest anxiety (MAS) (9), data were obtained about the following manifest anxiety correlates which have been discussed in the literature. 1. Goldstein has stated that anxiety interferes with abstract thinking (1). A recent study by Wesley (12) failed to support this hypothesis. However, the author as well as reviewers (6) have pointed out that the results of her study are by no means conclusive. 2. Recent research suggests that stress and anxiety interfere with nondirected or incidental learning (10, 11). 3. A number of investigations indicate that time pressure has a greater disruptive effect on anxious than on nonanxious Ss (2, 8). Procedure Thirty-five male medical and psychiatric patients were administered the Taylor MAS (7), the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Raven's Progressive Matrices (PM), the Bender Gestalt (BG) and the EG Recall Test (5). All 5s were at least of normal intelligence and none was psychotic or suspected of having cortical damage. In order to determine the effect of manifest anxiety on abstraction, 5s' MAS scores
"•From the Clinical Psychology Section of the Neuropsychiatric Service at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Bronx, N. Y. The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. H. L. Flowers, Chief of Neuropsychiatry, for his interest and support and to Dr. R. S. Morrow, Chief Clinical Psychologist, and Dr. Julia C. Hall, Assistant Chief Clinical Psychologist in charge of research, for their encouragement and help.
Results The correlation between MAS scores and PM scores was r = — .41, which for 34 dj is significant beyond the .01 confidence level. For the nondirected learning group the correlation between MAS scores and BG Recall 176
were correlated with their scores on PM, which involves the eduction of patterns and relations. As a test of nondirected learning the Recall phase of the BG was used. In the learning phase, usually perceived as a drawing ability test, 5s were instructed to copy nine designs, which were presented one at a time. Following this phase of the test, 5s were asked to reproduce as many designs as they could recall. For experimental control purposes the same test was administered to a group of 33 similar 5s, with directions to memorize the designs as they were copying them because they would be asked to recall them. Time spent on the learning phase was the same for the two groups. The MAS scores of both groups were correlated with their scores on the Recall Test. Finally, in order to determine the effect of time pressure on anxious and nonanxious 5s, the WAIS was divided into two parts: timelimited subtests (arithmetic, digit symbol, picture completion, picture arrangement, block design, and object assembly) and subtests with no time limit (all the remaining subtests). The performance of the 10 highest Taylor scorers (35 and higher) and of the 10 lowest Taylor scorers (IS and less) on these two sets of subtests were compared.
Group High Taylor Scorers Low Taylor Scorers
N
10 10
SD1.81 2.12SD2.15 2.03
<t
2.S1* 1.24
* Significant at the .05 confidence level, t Flsher'a t for correlated means.
Journal of Consulting Psychology Vol. 20, No. 3, 1956
The Effect of Manifest Anxiety on a Concept Formation Task, a Nondirected Learning Task, and on Timed and Untimed Intelligence Tests
Test scores was r = — .44, which is significant beyond the .01 confidence level. However, for the directed learning group the correlation was r = .07 which is clearly not significantly different from zero. Finally, Table 1 indicates that only the high MAS scorers had significantly lower scores on the time-limited subtests of the WAIS. Discussion The results of this study seem self-explanatory. However, the difference between the findings of the present study and those of Wesley (12) invites discussion. Whereas in the present study a negative correlation between MAS scores and PM scores was obtained, in the Wesley study the high MAS scorers did consistently though not significantly better on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), also a test of abstraction. That anxiety is not always a disruptive force and actually in some cases may be a motivating and facilitating force, has been pointed out by philosophers and psychologists (3, pp. 226-234). This differential effect of anxiety leads to the obvious but very important question: when does anxiety act as a disruptive force, and when does it act as a motivating and facilitating factor? One possible reply is that it depends on the degree of anxiety. Up to a certain point anxiety may be a facilitating force, but beyond this optimum point anxiety becomes a disruptive force. It is quite probable that the Ss of the present study, being hospitalized patients, had more than the optimum level of anxiety. Also, whereas in the Wesley study the correct response was reinforced, no such reinforcement took place in the PM. Lack of reinforcement, especially on a task which was part of a diagnostic