2011年6月英语阅读文翻译
Passage 1Women are terrible shoppers. 女人们是可怕的购物狂。
They spend a lot of time shopping and they only buy a few things.她们花费大量的时间用在购物上，然而买的东西却很少。
My wife is one of them.我的妻子就是她们其中的一位。
Sometimes she shops all day and she doesn't buy anything.有时她用一整天的时间去逛商店，然而却没买什么。
She tries on clothes all day and then doesn't bring anything home.This seems mad!她试穿了一整天的衣服，然而不带任何东西回家。
这似乎看起来太疯狂了！She's too fussy.她太挑剔了。
She only likes a few colors. 她只喜欢几个颜色。
Her favorite colors are blue, green and yellow. 她最喜欢的颜色是蓝色、绿色和黄色。
She doesn't like red and pink.她不喜欢红色和粉色。
They are too bright and they don't suit her.这些颜色太亮丽了不适合她。
And brown and gray aren't bright enough. Oh, she's fussy!褐色和灰色是不够亮。
哦，她太挑剔了。
This week, my wife bought herself a fur coat, and a ready-made suit dress, that is to say, a coat and a skirt.这个星期，我的妻子给自己买了一个毛皮大衣和一个现成的西装礼服，也就是说，外套和裙子。
She wants to find a silk blouse to match them. She'd like to buy a hat, too. In this way, she says, she will be in the very latest fashion. It seems that the suit she bought three weeks ago is already out of date.她希望找到一个丝绸上衣，以配合他们。
她也想买个帽子。
这样，她说，她将是最近最时尚的。
看来，她买的西装三个星期前已经过时了。
1. Women are terrible shoppers because they ______.A) buy too many things at one time B) go shopping every dayC) do a lot of shopping but buy little D) care little about prices2. The author's wife is ______.A) mad about colors B) blind to colorsC) fuzzy about colors D) fond of bright colors3. The author's wife bought ______ this week.A) a silk blouse B) a hatC) a suit D) a fur coat and a skirt4. The author's wife always buys more because ______.A) she is keen on the latest fashionB) she is fuzzy about changing colors of her dressC) she always finds her dress uncomfortableD) she tries to look younger than her age5. The author thinks his wife is anything but a ______ shopper.A) crazy B) fussy C) terrible D) reasonableCCDADPassage 2Swift, the great English writer, was one day traveling on horseback with a servant.Swift，是英国著名作家，有一天他和他的仆人骑在马背上是去旅行。
The weather was bad; and it was raining and the roads were dirty. 天气很糟糕：正下着雨，路上很脏。
In the evening the two men came to a hotel. Beforegoing to bed Swift told his servant to clean his shoes.晚上这两个男人来到旅馆。
Swift在去睡觉前，吩咐他的仆人把他的鞋子给清洗下。
But the servant was very lazy and did not do what his master (主人) had told him to do. The following morning when Swift saw the dirty shoes, he asked the servant why he had not cleaned them. 但是这个仆人很懒，没有按照他主人的吩咐去做。
紧随第二天清晨的到来，当Swift看到脏鞋便问他的仆人，为什么没有清洗它们。
“The roads are dirty,” said the servant. “What is the use of cleaning the shoes now? They will soon be dirty again.”路太脏了，现在干嘛要清洁呢？清洗过鞋很快又被弄脏了，仆人说到。
Swift didn’t say anything and soon told the se rvant to get ready because they would start at once. But the servant looked very unhappy and saidthat he had not eaten his breakfast yet.Swift没有说什么，便告诉仆人早点作准备，因为他们要离开出发了，但是那仆人看上去很不高兴的说到，他还没有吃早餐呢？“What is the use of eating now?” said Swift. “You will so on be hungry again.”现在吃有用吗？吃了你很快又会饿的，Swift说到。
1.Swift was traveling ________.A) alone B) on foot C) in good weather D) noneof above2. Swift asked his servant to clean _________.A) the road B) the horse C) the shoes D) thehotel3. The servant _________.A) worked hard B) did not clean the shoes of hismasterC) cleaned the roads D) hated his master very much4. Swift did not _________.A) get angry with the servant B) eat his breakfastC) want to start at once D) like traveling5. Swift was _________.A) clever B) stupid C) cruel（残忍的）D)often hungryDCBAAPassage 3Some people have very good memories, and can easily learn quite long poems by heart. 有些人有非常好的记忆，并能轻松地学习了相当长的诗。
There are other people who can only remember things when they have said them over and over again. 有些人想记住一些东西时，他们得一遍又一遍的说。
Charles Dickens, the famous English author, said that he could walk down any long street in London and then tell you the name of every shop he had passed. Many great men of the world have had wonderful memories. 查尔斯狄更斯，英国著名作家，他沿着伦敦的任何一条长街走过之后他可以告诉你他经过的每一个店铺的名称。
世界上许多伟人都有很好的记忆。
A good memory is a great help in learning a language. 一个好的记忆是在学习语言有很大的帮助。
Everybody learns his own language by remembering what he hears when he is a small child. 每个人当他们小的时候所听到的一些，就记为他们通过学习就记住了自己的语言。
Some children---like boys and girls who live in foreign countries with their parents---seem to learn two languages almost as easily as one.一些小孩，像和父母生活在国外的男孩和女孩，似乎学习两种语言较容易些。
In schools it is not easy to learn a second language because the pupils have so little time for it, and they are busy with other subjects as well. 在学校学生是不容易学习第二语言的，因为他们有那么一点时间，他们就忙碌于其他学科了。
2011年6月大学英语六级真题与答案详解完整版
2011年6月大学英语六级真题与答案详解完整版Part I Writing标准版My opinion on certificate crazeThe growing tendency among college students to get all kinds of certificates has now evolved into a craze. Just randomly ask a student what he or she is busily engaged in doing, quite possibly, you would get the answer that he or she is preparing for a certificate of some kind. So, why’s the craze? The reason behind this phenomenon is common — the enormous pressure of finding a job. Faced with a harsh job market, most students have no choice but to seek more certificates to parlay their qualifications. Another factor is that diploma and certificates still weighs heavily in terms of signifying one’s ability. For the sake of increasing their odds of landing a better job, the students ar e compelled to run from one exam to another.Though I have an open mind toward the craze on certificates, I suggest that students should be more rational when it comes to certificates, since they do not necessarily tell their ability. Instead, they should be more involved in learning and capability boosting, thus, opportunities would come quite naturally.文章点评：这是一篇“中等偏上”的学生作文。
2011灿烂六月翻译
1.说到红茶,我们会情不自禁地联想到英国的茶文化。
(associate)2.冰箱里的食品足够我们吃一个星期，今天没有必要去超市了。
(last)3.虽然奶奶年纪大了，耳朵也不太灵了，但她每天收看电视新闻了解最新时事。
(Although)4.这药对治感冒有效吗？(effect)5.机长再一次提醒乘客们飞机起飞时要系好安全带。
(remind)1.When we talk about black tea, we can’t help associating it with English tea culture.2.The food in the fridge should last us a week, so there is no need to go to thesupermarket today.3.Although Grandma is old and her hearing is no longer sharp, she still watches TVnews every day to keep informed of current affairs.4.Does this medicine have any effect on a heavy cold?5.The captain reminded the passengers again to fasten their seat belt when the planewas taking off.1.病人伤势不重，没有必要大惊小怪。
(panic)2.如果你对所购的东西不满意，可以凭发票退货。
(return)3.我们的新同事热情、能干、有责任心，很快赢得了大家的信任。
(so that)4.消防员用了几个小时才把大伙控制住。
(take)5.她为生活繁忙不能经常看望父母而感到内疚。
(guilty)1.There is no need to panic because the patient has only suffered minor injuries.2.If you are not satisfied with what you have bought, just return it with your receipt.3.Our new colleague is friendly, capable and responsible so that he has immediatelywon our trust.4.It took the firemen several hours to bring the big fire under control.5.She feels guilty about not visiting her parents more often because of her busylifestyle.1.近十年医学上的重大突破使人类的寿命比以前长了。
2011年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
但为君故系列
D 坚守传统规则更安全 30 下面那一项最符合本文的题目 A 首席执行官，路在何方 B 首席执行官，勇往直前 C 高管冒险跳槽 D 高级经理的唯一出路
4
Text 3
销售成功的粗略指导方针过去常常是你得到的就是你付了钱的东西。 现在不 再是这样了。虽然传统的“付费”媒介仍然起着重要的作用，例如电视商业广告 和印刷广告，但如今公司还利用许多替代的媒介形式。热衷于某种产品的消费者 乐意把它向朋友宣传促销，从而为公司创造了“免费”媒介。公司可以利用“自 有”媒介向注册其网站的消费者发送有关产品和销售的提醒短信。消费者现在做 出购买决定这一过程的处理方式表明， 市场营销的影响力除了来自传统的付费媒 介，还来自一系列范围广泛的因素。 付费的和自有的媒介由推销自己产品的市场营销商控制。对于免费媒介而 言，这些营销商充当了用户反应的发起人。但是在有些情况下，一个市场营销商 的自有媒介成了另一个营销商的付费媒介，例如，当电子商务零售商出售他的网 站上的广告空间时。我们把这样的售出的媒介称作自有媒介，它的访问流量如此 巨大，以致其它机构也希望把它们的内容或电子商务引擎放置在那样的环境中。 我们认为这种趋势还处于初始阶段，但它从零售商和旅游服务提供商（如航空公 司和旅馆）有效地开始并无疑将得到进一步的发展。例如，强生公司（Johnson & Johnson）已经创立了宝宝中心网（BabyCenter） ，这是一个无与伦比的媒介产业， 它被用于宣传促销配套性的、甚至竞争性的产品。其他市场营销商的存在除了产 生收益以外，还使得该网站看上去似乎很客观，这就给公司许多机遇去了解其它 公司营销魅力的宝贵信息并且有助于为所有相关公司扩大用户的流量。 已经给市场营销商提供更多的（更多样化的）通讯工具选择的同样振奋人心 的技术变革也增加了这样的风险：热情的消费者将以更快捷的、更明显的、更有 破坏性的方式来发表他们的看法。这种劫持媒介的作用与免费媒介正好相反：一 项资产或一个活动会成为消费者、 其他利益相关者或对一种品牌或产品发表负面 指控的活动分子手中的“人质” 。例如，社交网络的成员正在了解到，他们能够 劫持媒介以便对原来创造这些媒介的公司施加压力。 如果发生那样的事情，激情的消费者会劝说其他消费者去抵制这些产品，从 而危害这家目标公司的声誉。在这样的情况下，公司的回应可能不会很快或考虑 不周，并且一直处于了解情况的阶段。相反的例子是，丰田汽车公司利用相对快 2016 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 但为君故
2011.6月大学英语六级仔细阅读真题答案解析
以下是为⼤家搜索整理的2011.6⽉⼤学英语六级仔细阅读真题答案解析，供⼤家参考。
Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in depth) Section A Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage。
答案： 47. what is in your boss's mind 48. challenging our boss's authority 49. possible consequences 50. be proposed and reviewed 51. confrontations 47-51解析： 50题讲的是“为了保证公平性，有必要对_______的故事设⽴⼀个系统”；回答本题，我们可以回到原⽂倒数第⼆段First, you need a system for how stories are proposed and reviewed. 所以应填⼊be proposed and reviewed。
51题是针对⽂章的最后⼀段提问； By anticipating “what if …?” situations before they happen, you can reach understanding that will help ease you out of confrontations. 本句中ease out of和题⽬中的avoid异曲同⼯，所以，在这⾥填⼊confrontations即可。
总体来说，本篇⽂章难度适中，所有问题基本都可以从原⽂中找到答案；特别需要注意的是有个别地⽅需要考⽣注意⼀下格式的对应，⽐如说第50题的be proposed and reviewed。
Section B Passage One Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage。
2011年高考英语浙江卷阅读理解A篇翻译与精析
2011年高考英语浙江卷阅读理解A篇翻译与精析2011年高考英语浙江卷阅读理解A篇翻译与精析摘要：2011年高考英语浙江卷阅读理解A篇原文AOne evening in February 2007, a student named Paula Ceely brought her car to a stop on a remote road in Wales. She got out to open a metal gate that blocked her path .That's when she heard the whistle sounded by the driver of a train. Her Renault Clio was parked across a railway line. Seconds later, she watched the train drag her car almost a kilometre down the railway tracks.Ceely's near miss made the news because she blamed it on her GPS (导航仪). She had never driven the route before. It was dark and raining heavily. Ceely was relying on her GPS, but it made no mention of the crossing. "I put my complete trust in the device and it led me right into the path of a speeding train," she told the BBC.Who is to blame here? Rick Stevenson, who tells Ceely's story in his book When Machines Fail Us, points the finger at the limitations of technology. We put our faith in digital devices, he says, but our digital helpers are too often not up to the job. They are filled with small problems. And it's not just GPS devices: Stevenson takes us on a tour of digital disasters involving everything from mobile phones to wireless key-boards.The problem with his argument in the book is that it's not clear why he only focuses on digital technology, while there may be a number of other possible causes. A map-maker might have left the crossing off a paper map. Maybe we should blame Ceely for not paying attention. Perhaps the railway authorities are atfault for poor singalling system. Or maybe someone has studied the relative dangers and worked out that there really is something specific wrong with the GPS equipment. But Stevenson doesn't say.It's a problem that runs through the book. In a section on cars, Stevenson gives an account of the advanced techniques that criminals use to defeat computer-based locking systems for cars. He offers two independent sets of figures on car theft; both show a small rise in some parts of the country. He says that once again not all new locks have proved reliable. Perhaps, but maybe it's also due to the shortage of policemen on the streets. Or changing social circumstances. Or some combination of these factors.The game between humans and their smart devices is amusing and complex. It is shaped by economics and psychology and the cultures we live in. Somewhere in the mix of those forces there may be a way for a wiser use of technology.If there is such a way, it should involve more than just an awareness of the shortcomings of our machines. After all, we have lived with them for thousands of years. They have probably been fooling us for just as long.41.What did Paula Ceely think was the cause of her accident?A. She was not familiar with the road.B. It was dark and raining heavily then.C. The railway workers failed to give the signal.D. Her GPS device didn't tell her about the crossing.42.The phrase "near miss" (Paragraph 2) can best be replaced by______.A. close hitB. heavy lossC. narrow escapeD. big mistake43. Which of the following would Rick Stevenson most probably agree with?A. Modern technology is what we can't live without.B. Digital technology often falls short of our expectation.C. Digital devices are more reliable than they used to be.D. GPS error is not the only cause for Ceely's accident.44. In the writer's opinion, Stevenson's argument is _______.A. one-sidedB. reasonableC. puzzlingD. well-based45. What is the real concern of the writer of this article?A. The major causes of traffic accidents and car thefts.B. The relationship between human and technology.C. The shortcomings of digital devices we use.D. The human unawareness of technical problems.2011年高考英语浙江卷阅读理解A篇翻译2011年高考英语浙江卷阅读理解A篇答案精析2007年2月的一个晚上，一个名叫保罗·塞利的学生将她的车停在威尔士偏僻的路边。
2011年6月CET6真题阅读部分及参考答案(3)
2011年6月CET6真题阅读部分及参考答案（3）Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.At the heart of the debate over illegal immigration lies one key question: are immigrants good or bad for the economy? The American public overwhelmingly thinks they’re bad. Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small net boost to the economy. Immigrants provide cheap labor, lower the prices of everything from farm produce to new homes, and leave consumers with a little more money in their pockets. So why is there such a discrepancy between the perception of immigrants’ impact on the economy and the reality?There are a number of familiar theories. Some argue that people are anxious and feel threatened by an inflow of new workers. Others highlight the strain that undocumented immigrants place on publicservices, like schools, hospitals, and jails. Still others emphasize the role of race, arguing that foreigners add to the nation’s fears and insecurities. There’s some truth to all these explanations, but they aren’t quite sufficient.To get a better understanding of what’s going on, consider the way immigration’s impact is felt. Though its overall effect may be positive, its costs and benefits are distributed unevenly. David Card, an economist at UC Berkeley, notes that the ones who profit most directly from immigrants’ low-cost labor are businesses and employers meatpacking plants in Nebraska, for instance, or agricultural businesses in California. Granted, these producers’ savings probably translate into lower prices at the grocery store, but how many consumers make that mental connection at the checkout counter? As for the drawbacks of illegal immigration, these, too, are concentrated. Native low-skilled workers suffer most from the competition of foreign labor. According to a study by George Borjas, a Harvard economist, immigration reduced the wages of American high-school dropouts by 9% between 1980-2000.Among high-skilled, better-educated employees, however, opposition was strongest in states with both high numbers of immigrants and relatively generous social services. What worried them most, in other words, was the fiscal (财政的) burden of immigration. That conclusion was reinforced by another finding: that their opposition appeared tosoften when that fiscal burden decreased, as occurred with welfare reform in the 1990s, which curbed immigrants’ access to certain benefits.The irony is that for all the overexcited debate, the net effect of immigration is minimal. Even for those most acutely affected say, low-skilled workers, or California residents the impact isn’t all that dramatic. The unpleasant voices have tended to dominate our perceptions, says Daniel Tichenor, a political science professor at the University of Oregon. But when all those factors are put together and the economists calculate the numbers, it ends up being a net positive, but a small one. Too bad most people don’t realize it.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
最新 2011年6月英语六级翻译答案及解析汇总-精品
2011年6月英语六级翻译答案及解析汇总【试题】【答案】【下载】【访谈】【估分】87.Cultural invasion is likely to have a negative effect on the diversity of culture. (多样性产生消极的影响).点评：本题根据题目给出的部分可以提炼出一个短语：be likely to do sth. 那么根据句意我们可以划线部分的中心词是产生消极影响，have a negative effect on sth. 综合句意和短语用法可得出答案为have a negative effect on the diversity of culture。
88.Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used to students’being late for class(学生上课迟到).点评：根据句意和题干的类型可以得出此处要填的是一个独立主格结构。
迟到的固定结构式：be late for 结合句意和题干类型可得出答案students’being late for class89.If only the committee made some regulations(做些规定)and put them into effect as soon as possible.点评：根据提供的汉语意思和句式结构可得出此处要填的是句子的谓语部分，再看句式If only 引导的应该是虚拟语气，时态用过去时，再结合句意可得出答案是made some regulations90 Color and sex are not relevant to whether someone is suitable for the job or not_(一个人是否适合这份工作).点评：根据题干类型和汉语意思可得知这里要填的是介词to 的宾语从句，且是由whether or not 引导宾语从句，再结合句意可得知答案是whether someone is suitable for the job or not_。
2011年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
2011年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译真题译文+题目翻译但为君故但为君故 整理组Text 12009年纽约交响乐团决定聘请Alan Gilbert担任下一任音乐指挥，这是自从突然宣布他的任命以来古典派音乐界一直谈论的话题。
大体上说，这种反应至少可以说是称赞性的。
连严肃认真的古典音乐评论家Anthony Tommasini 也写道，“很好哇！终于有结果啦！”然而，这次任命出人意料的原因之一是Gilbert相对来说，知名度不大。
甚至连在《时代》周刊上支持对Gilbert任命的Tommasini都把他称作为“一位不张扬的音乐家，他没有音乐指挥家那种令人生畏的傲气”。
作为对至今一直由Mahler和Pierre这样的音乐家指挥过的乐队的下一任音乐指挥的描述，上述说法似乎很可能使得至少一些《时代》的读者认为是一种菲薄的赞扬。
至于我，我不知道Gilbert是否是一位很棒的指挥家或者甚至是一位优秀的指挥家。
确实，他指挥了许多感人肺腑的、引人入胜的乐曲。
而我就不必访问Avery Fisher Hall，或者到任何其他地方去听令人感兴趣的管弦乐。
我要做的一切就是去我的CD架处，或打开我的计算机并从iTunes下载更多的录制的音乐。
那些听音乐会的发烧友回答说，录音音乐无法替代实况表演，但他们说错了。
就热爱艺术的公众的时间、精力和财力而论，古典乐器演奏家们必须不仅与歌剧院、舞蹈文工团、戏剧公司和博物馆竞争，而且与20世纪的伟大古典音乐家的录音表演竞争。
这些录音唱片廉价、随处可以买到，而且常常在艺术质量上比当今的实况表演高得多；此外，听者可以在任意选择的时间和地点来“消费享受”这些音乐唱片。
而且到处都能买到，因而造成了传统古典音乐会的体制危机。
一个可能的应对办法是，古典音乐表演家去设计有魅力的新的音乐，而这种音乐还没有被录制成唱片，所以买不到。
Gilbert 自己对新音乐的兴趣一直得到大家广泛的注意：古典音乐评论家Alex Ross认为他是一位能夠把纽约交响乐团转变成“一个明显不同的、更有生气的组织”。
2011年6月英语四级翻译答案及解析
2011年6月英语四级翻译答案及解析Part VI Translation87. The university authorities did not approve the regulation, nor did they make any explanation / nor did they give the reason for doing so (也没有解释为什么).解析：本题考察了两个知识点。
① nor的倒装句用法，后半句表示“也不”的否定意义，注意助动词的时态与上半句保持一致；② 对某事做出解释的表达，考察了汉译英中动词转名词的技巧，explain → explanation，或者nor did they give the reason for doing so同样可以。
88. Jane is tired of dealing with customer complaints and wishes that she could be assigned (to) another job（能被分配做另一项工作）解析：本题考察了wish从句的虚拟语气用法（can→co uld）和“分配某人做某事”的词组搭配，assign sb. to sth. 或者assign sb. sth.89. John rescued the drowning childat the risk of his own life (冒着自己生命危险).解析：本题考察了“冒着…的危险/风险做某事”的词组搭配，可以用at the risk / expense of one’s own life（冒着某人的生命危险做某事）90. George called his boss from the airport but it ①was his assistant who answered / picked up the phone；②turned out that his assistant answered / picked up the phone（接电话的却是他的助手）解析：该句比较灵活，在句法上，既可以使用强调句结构，也可以采用turn out的惯用搭配；在“接电话”的表达上，可以用pick up / answer the phone。
2011年6月大学英语六级真题与答案详解完整版
2011年6月大学英语六级真题与答案详解完整版Part ⅠWriting (30minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Certificate Craze. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1．现在许多人热衷于各类证书考试2．其目的各不相同3．在我看来……The Certificate Craze注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the seen tenses with the information given in the passage.Minority ReportAmerican universities are accepting more minorities than ever. Graduating them is another matter.Barry Mills, the president of Bowdoin College, was justifiably proud of Bowdoin's efforts to recruit minority students. Since 2003 the small, elite liberal arts school in Brunswick, Maine, has boosted the proportion of so-called under-represented minority students in entering freshman classes from 8% to 13%. "It is our responsibility to reach out and attract students to come to our kinds of places," he told a NEWSWEEK reporter. But Bowdoin has not done quite as well when it comes to actually graduating minorities. While 9 out of 10 white students routinely get their diplomas within six years, only 7 out of10 black students made it to graduation day in several recent classes."If you look at who enters college, it now looks like America," says Hilary Pennington, director of postsecondary programs for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which has closely studied enrollment patterns in higher education. "But if you look at who walks across the stage for a diploma, it's still largely the white, upper-income population."The United States once had the highest graduation rate of any nation. Now it stands 10th. For the first time in American history, there is the risk that the rising generation will be less well educated than the previous one. The graduation rate among 25- to 34-year-olds is no better than the rate for the 55- to64-year-olds who were going to college more than 30 years ago. Studies show that more and more poor and non-white students want to graduate from college – but their graduation rates fall far short of their dreams. The graduation rates for blacks, Latinos, and Native Americans lag far behind the graduation rates for whites and Asians. As the minority population grows in the United States, low college graduation rates become a threat to national prosperity.The problem is pronounced at public universities. In 2007 the University of Wisconsin-Madison – one of the top five or so prestigious public universities – graduated 81% of its white students within six years, but only 56% of its blacks. At less-selective state schools, the numbers get worse. During the same time frame, the University of Northern Iowa graduated 67% of its white students, but only 39% of its blacks. Community colleges have low graduation rates generally – but rock-bottom rates for minorities. A recent review of California community colleges found that while a third of the Asian students picked up their degrees, only 15% of African-Americans did so as well.Private colleges and universities generally do better, partly because they offer smaller classes and more personal attention. But when it comes to a significant graduation gap, Bowdoin has company. Nearby Colby College logged an 18-point difference between white and black graduates in 2007 and 25 points in 2006. Middlebury College in Vermont, another top school, had a 19-point gap in 2007 and a 22-point gap in 2006. The most selective private schools – Harvard, Yale, and Princeton – show almost no gap between black and white graduation rates. But that may have more to do with their ability to select the best students. According to data gathered by Harvard Law School professor Lain Gainer, the most selective schools are more likely to choose blacks who have at least one immigrant parent from Africa or the Caribbean than black students who are descendants of American slaves."Higher education has been able to duck this issue for years, particularly the more selective schools, by saying the responsibility is on the individual student," says Pennington of the Gates Foundation. "If they fail, it's their fault." Some critics blame affirmative action – students admitted with lower test scores and grades from shaky high schools often struggle at elite schools. But a bigger problem may be that poor high schools often send their students to colleges for which they are "under matched": they could get into more elite, richer schools, but instead go to community colleges and low-rated state schools that lack the resources to help them. Some schools out for profit cynically increase tuitions and count on student loans and federal aid to foot the bill – knowing full well that the students won't make it. "The school keeps the money, but the kid leaves with loads of debt and no degree and no ability to get a better job. Colleges are not holding up their end," says Amy Wilkins of the Education Trust.A college education is getting ever more expensive. Since 1982 tuitions have been rising at roughly twice the rate of inflation. In 2008 the net cost of attending a four-year public university –after financial aid –equaled 28% of median (中间的)family income, while a four-year private university cost 76% of median family income. More and more scholarships are based on merit, not need. Poorer students are not always the best-informed consumers. Often they wind up deeply in debt or simply unable to pay after a year or two and must drop out.There once was a time when universities took pride in their dropout rates. Professors would begin t he year by saying, "Look to the right and look to the left. One of you is not going to be here by the end of the year." But such a Darwinian spirit is beginning to give way as at least a few colleges face up to the graduation gap. At the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the gap has been roughly halved over the last three years. The university has poured resources into peer counseling to help students from inne r-city schools adjust to the rigor (严格要求)and faster pace of a university classroom –and also to help minority students overcome the stereotype that they are less qualified. Wisconsin has a "laser like focus" on building up student skills in the first three months, according to vice provost (教务长)Damon Williams.State and federal governments could sharpen that focus everywhere by broadly publishing minority graduation rates. For years private colleges such as Princeton and MIT have had success bringing minorities onto campus in the summer before freshman year to give them some prepare Tory courses. The newer trend is to start recruiting poor and non-white students as early as the seventh grade, using innovative tools to identify kids with sophisticated verbal skills. Such programs can be expensive, of course, but cheap compared with the millions already invested in scholarships and grants for kids who have little chance to graduate without special support.With effort and money, the graduation gap can be closed. Washington and Lee is a small, selective school in Lexington, Va. Its student body is less than 5% black and less than 2% Latino. While the school usually graduated about 90% of its whites, the graduation rate of its blacks and Latinos had dipped to 63% by 2007. "We went through a dramatic shift," says Dawn Watkins, the vice president for student affairs. The school aggressively pushed mentoring (辅导) of minorities by other students and "partnering" with parents at a special pre-enrollment session. The school had its first-ever black homecoming. Last spring the school graduated the same proportion of minorities as it did whites. If the United States wants to keep up in the global economic race, it will have to pay systematic attention to graduating minorities, not just enrolling them.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。