Lecture3
Lecture 3语用学课件--北外课件
Reasoning:
Example 6:
A: I do think Mrs Jenkins is an old windbag, don’t you? B: Huh, lovely weather for March, isn’t it?
Implicature:
Mrs. Jenkins is coming, watch out! B’s answer seems to be irrelevant. But B might want to provide some relevant information, relevant in some other sense. So, the implicature.
Some other well-known Oxford philosophers:
Grice’s theory
The Co-operative Principle (合作原理):
Make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged
The letter explicitly said something about Mr. Jones’s punctuality and his handwriting. But it also implicitly said that the student is not good.
The professor did not say that the student is intelligent, hardworking etc., which are normally required for a recommendation letter. What he said about the student seems to be irrelevant. This cannot be a good reference letter.
Lecture3心理物理方法中文版(精)
非线性差异阈值
• 差异阈值不是恒定的 (随强度而变化) 非线性物理方程 函数是非线性的 • 韦伯法则: 差异阈值与 初始刺激值的比例是恒 定的 ΔI / I = c • 韦伯法则 斜率随强度而变化 只是大约!
感 觉 大 小
刺激强度
阈值测量
• 费克纳的3种方法：
• 恒定刺激法 • 极限法 • 调整法 • 阶梯法 • 恒定刺激法的修正(适应的, 没有标准）
绝对阈值: 观察者可以只是勉强检测的强度
• 绝对阈值以下的强度：检测不到 • 绝对阈值以上的强度：检测
• 差异阈值（又名 最小可觉差（JND ）： 观察者注意到的最小强度差
• 强度变化比差异阈值小：察觉不到 • 强度变化比差异阈值大：察觉得到
阈值
如果假定一个线性关系， 两个值确定一个函数 :
线性物理方程
心理测量函数：差异阈值
Percentage “stronger”
100%
75% 50% 25%
0% PSE
比较刺激的光照强度
•
当观察者看不到差异时，他/她在“更强”或“更弱” 中随机选择;心理测量函数中这对应于50%的主观的对 等点（PSE）
心理测量函数：差异阈值
Percentage “stronger”
测量阈值相当于于50% 的心理测量函数(恒定 刺激法)
+ •
•
测量绝对阈值的限制法
+ 比较刺激的光强 + + + 阈值估计 + 试验 + 比较明朗 - 比较暗 + + + + + + +
• 直到反应比较刺激 的变化强度下降或 者上升 • 阈值估计 : 用标准和 比较刺激之间的强 度差来反应变化 • 取两个方向上的多 个系列求平均结果
Lecture 3 翻译的标准
Lecture 3 翻译的标准翻译标准：目前翻译界普遍接受的，也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握的标准，简而言之是两条：忠实(Faithfulness) 和流畅(Smoothness)。
外语腔是初学翻译者不知不觉地会在汉语译文中表现出来的一种不当倾向。
翻译时所要表达的内容来自外语原文，原文的词语和结构形式随着内容一起进入到我们的大脑，于是原文的语言形式被带入译文，造成了译文的外语腔。
The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.【译文】气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。
翻译标准：忠实和流畅好的译文还必须保持原文的风格包括民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。
即：译者不能破坏或改变原文的风格，不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格。
课堂练习：•She couldn't have come at a better time.•She has been a widow only six months.•I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn.•The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.•From a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths.•As a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting others for who they are -- instead of rejecting them for who/what they are not.1. 她来得正是时候。
【托福听力资料】托福tpo15听力文本-lecture3
【托福听力资料】托福TPO15 听力文本-Lecture 3众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO 15 Lecture 3 Art HistoryNarrator: Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.Professor:Now in Europe in the Middle Ages before the invention of printing and theprinting press, all books, all manuscripts were hand-made. And the materialtypically used for the pages was parchment, which is animal skin that’sstretched and dried under tension, so it become s really flat and can be writtenon . During the 1400s, when printing was being developed, paper became thepredominant material for books in Europe, but prior to that, it was parchment.Parchment is durable, much more so than paper, and it could be reused which camein handy since it was a costly material and in short supply, so it wasn ’ tuncommon for the scribes or monks who produced the manuscripts .Ah, remember before printing books were made mainly in monasteries . Well,the scribes often recycled the parchment that’d been used for earliermanuscripts. They simply erased the ink off the parchment and wrote somethingnew in its place A manuscript page that was written on, erased and then usedagain is called a palimpsest.Palimpsests were created, well, we know about two methods that were used forremoving ink from parchment. In the late Middle Ages, it was customary to scrapeaway the surface of the parchment with an abrasive, which completely wiped outany writing that was there. But earlier in the Middle Ages, the original ink was usually removed by washing the used parchment with milk. That removed the ink.But with the passing of time, the original writing might reappear. In fact , it might reappear to the extent that scholars could make out and even decipher the original text.Perhaps, the most famous example is the Archimedes’ palimpsest.Archimedes lived in Greece around 200 BCE, and as you probably know, he’s considered one of the greatest Mathematicians who ever lived, even though many of his writings had been lost , including what many now think to be his most important work called The Method .But in 1998, a book of prayers from the Middle Ages sold in an art auction for a lot of money, more money than anyone would pay for a damaged book from the12th century. Beautiful or not, why? It had been discovered that the book was apalimpsest, and beneath the surface writing of the manuscript laid, guess what?Mathematical theorems and diagrams from Archimedes.Archimedes’ writings were originally done on papyrus scrolls. Then in the 10 th century, a scribe made a copy on parchment of some of his texts and diagrams including, as it turns out, The Method . This was extremely fortunate, since later on, the original papyrus scrolls disappeared. About 200 years later in the12 th century, this parchment manuscript became a palimpsest when a scribe usedthe parchment to make a prayer book. So the pages, the pieces of parchmentthemselves, had been preserved. But the Archimedes’ text was erased and written over, and no one knew it existed.It wasn’t until 1906 that a scholar came across the prayer book in a library and realized it was a palimpsest, and that the underlying layer of texts could only have come from Archimedes. That was when his work The Method was discovered for the first time.Um... the palimpsest then went through some more tough times, but eventually it ended up in an art auction where was bought and then donated to an art museum in Baltimore, for conservation and study. To avoid further damage to the manuscript, the research team at the art museum has had to be extremely selective in the techniques they used to see the original writing. They’ve used ultraviolet light and some other techniques, and if you’re interested in that sort of thing, you can learn more about it in an art conservation class.But actually, it was a physicist who came up with a method that was a breakthrough. He realized that the iron in the ancient ink would display if exposed to a certain X-ray imaging method, and except for small portions of the text that couldn’t be deciphered, this technique’s been very helpful in seeing Archimedes’ texts and drawings through the medieval overwriting.。
Lecture3
Lecture 3外汇市场和汇率国际交易、外汇与汇率•国际交易产生了以货币表示的国与国之间的债权、债务关系，其清偿需要外汇；•外汇（foreign exchange）是以外币表示的支付手段，如银行存款、银行汇票；•例：机械进出口公司从英国某出口商买进一台机器，双方约定以美元支付（实际中，只有机器的跨国境流动，无美元跨国境流动）。
•汇率：以一种货币表示另一种货币的价格（即两种货币的交换比率）如：6.83 Ұ/$•汇率的两种表示方法–直接标价法：6.83 Ұ/$–间接标价法：0.15 $/Ұ•汇率与相对价格：汇率使我们可以计算以不同货币计价的商品的相对价格（？要~）•例：某学生要决定是购买一条国产牛仔裤还是一件美国产毛衣，其价格分别为150元人民币和75美元，设汇率为6.83Ұ/$，则美国产毛衣的相对价格为75* 6.83 /150=3.42（国际贸易中只有相对价格才是重要的）•汇率的变动：贬值与升值•例：如果人民币升值到6.00Ұ/$，则美国产毛衣的相对价格为3.00•普遍原则：其他条件不变时，一国货币升值使进口商品的相对价格（相对于？）下降；使出口商品的相对价格上升。
•因为汇率对净出口和其它宏观变量有重要影响，所以汇率是开放经济中最重要的变量之一。
汇率对进出口的重要性取决于它在多大程度上影响相对价格。
•基本汇率和套算汇率（152种货币、11476种汇率）例：SF/$=2.000JҰ/$=120.000JҰ/SF=60•电汇、信汇汇率；现汇价、现钞价.•汇率是在何处、如何决定的？外汇市场•外汇市场的参与者–商业银行–从事国际贸易的公司、个人–非银行金融机构–中央银行–外汇经纪人•外汇市场的组织–批发市场（银行间市场）–零售市场（店头市场）•通常所说的汇率是在批发市场上决定的。
•批发市场中的做市商与经纪人（后者自身不持有外汇头寸）。
•经纪人的特殊作用•外汇市场的特征–外汇市场为分散化的市场–外汇市场交易量巨大且主要是交易商间交易–外汇市场交易的透明度低•批发市场中的做市商（大型商业银行）不仅在国内银行间市场上进行外汇交易，而且通过其海外的代理、分支机构在海外的银行间市场上进行交易，形成全球一体化的外汇市场。
lecture3
Me
Wojtkowski, JOC 1971, 1790.
Shanghai, China
• Base-induced Reactions
Aldol-type reactions:
O R N2
LDA is the optimal base for lithiation
Shanghai, China
§ 4-1 Some Reactions of Nitro Compounds
Stabilized carbanion Transformation of the -NO2 group
NO2 R
Other reactions
-NO2 as a Leaving Group
Me O
Me O
Me
Smith, JACS, 1981, 2009.
Me
Rearrangement:
OO N2
BF3 OEt 2
O N2
N2
O
R
Mander, Aust. J. Chem. 1979, 1975.
OBF 3 R
R
O
Shanghai, China
• Ring Expansion Reactions:
Shanghai, China
• Nucleophilic Addition
OH O R NO 2 + H R R3N EtOH NO 2 R
+ n
R R
O
R NO 2
H2N(CH 2)2NMe 2 Benzene, 80oC
NO 2
n NO 2
+ H2N(CH 2)2NMe 2 Benzene, 80oC
lecture 3--跨文化交际
Similarities:
Meeting: shake hands Goodbye: waving hands Displeasure: frown Dislike, disgust, disapproval: wrinkling nose Yes: nodding No: shake heads Displeasure, bad humor, resentment: pouting Approval: a pat on the back of a man Anger, fury, determination: gritting one’s teeth
Exercise: 1. What may the OK sign mean
1. in Brazil 2. in Russia 3. in France 4. in Japan
a. something vulgar粗俗，下流 b. rudeness c. something worthless d. money
8
2. Importance of NC
Nonverbal behavior is significant area of
communication study. communication is NC. There’re three main reasons for its significance:
7
1.
Part 2 Nonverbal Communication
1. Definition of NC
Nonverbal communication is the interaction
that is carried out by our bodies, gestures, and tones of voices, in other words, everything except the actual words we apply in our communication, such as the look on our face, the way we speak, the movements of our hands, the wink of our eyes. They all send messages to those we are thinking to.
英语语言学lecture 3 Phonetics
fricatives
When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point.[f][v][s][z]…(p.53)
Classification of English speech sounds:
Vowels (20):
the sounds are produced when the air-streams meet no
obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the
Stops:or plosive consonants:
When the obstruction created by the speech organ is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive: [p][b][t][d][k][g]
There are two kinds of transcription: narrow transcription and broad transcription. A narrow transcription records as many features of an utterance as possible. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. A broad transcription omits many of the irrelevant and predictable details of pronunciation . This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and textbook for general purposes.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
English teaching
6-10 hours per week in addition to class
General Physics I
1
Today’s topics
My Laws of Motion!
General Physics I
Force is exerted on an object by other objects, either physically touched or at a distance. Force is a vector with both a magnitude and a direction.
y x
a
General Physics I
11
Mass
The mass of a body is an intrinsic characteristic that relates a force exerted on the body to the resulting acceleration.
General Physics I
6
Newton’s Epitaph by Pope
“Nature and Nature’s laws lay hid in night: God said, Let Newton be! And all was light.”
---- Alexander Pope
Magnitude:
Fg mg
Direction: points towards the center of Earth Weight: The weight W of a body is equal to the magnitude of the gravitational force on the body.
a
General Physics I
10
Inertial Reference Frame
A reference frame at rest or with constant velocity is an inertial frame, or is it?
Ground is usually assumed as an inertial frame, neglecting Earth’s astronomical motion.
At very large speeds (an appreciable fraction of the speed of light c), Newtonian mechanics must be replaced by Einstein’s special theory of relativity. If objects under study are very small (at atomic scale, ~10-10 or 10-9 m), Newtonian mechanics must be replaced by quantum mechanics.
Mass is a scalar. It is a measurement of an object’s inertia. The greater an object’s mass, the more the object resists being accelerated.
General Physics I
General Physics I
16
Solution FA FB FC m(0) 0 FB FA FC
Force components in x-axis:
FBX FAX FCX FB cos( 90 ) FA cos133 FC cos 0 ( 220 N) (cos133 ) (170 N) cos
( 220 N ) (cos 133 ) 1 cos 28.04 170 N
General Physics I
17
Force components in y-axis:
FBy FAy FCy FB sin ( 90 ) FA sin 133 FC sin , FB (220 N) (sin133 ) (170 N) sin 28.04
When a body presses against a surface, the surface (even a seemingly rigid surface) deforms and pushes on the body with a normal force that is perpendicular to the surface.
General Physics I
8
Newton’s First Law: Law of Inertial
General Physics I
9
Inertial Reference Frame
An inertial reference frame is one in which Newton's laws hold. An accelerating train is a non-inertial frame.
General Physics I
13
Unit of Force
In SI, the force unit is newton.
1 N (1 kg) (1 m / s ) 1 kg m / s
2
2
General Physics I
14
Free-Body Diagram (F.B.D.)
25
General Physics I
Newton’s Third Law
When two bodies interact, the forces on the bodies from each other are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
General Physics I
27
Applying Newton’s Laws
Objects stuck together, Objects connected through cord over pulley, Objects on an inclined plane, Scale reading in an elevator, ...
12
Newton’s Second Law
The net force on a body is equal to the product of the body's mass and the acceleration of the body.
Fnet ma (Newton' s second law) .
General Physics I
15
Sample Problem
In a two-dimensional tug-of-war, Alex, Betty, and Charles pull horizontally on an automobile tire at the angles shown in the overhead view of the figure.
2
Force and Motion
Q: What is the cause for the change of motion status (acceleration) of an object?
A: Force
General Physics I
3
Force
Force causes acceleration of an object.
General Physics I
7
Newtonian Mechanics
Newtonian Mechanics describes the relation between force and motion based on the laws by Isaac Newton (16421727).
General Physics I
20
Einstein Asks…
General Physics I
21
The Gravitational Force
Newtonian Mechanics
General Physics I
Einstein’s General Relativity
22
The Normal Force
Third-law force pair:
FBC FCB
General Physics I
26
Conceptual Question
How dose a horse try to use physics to escape work!
A horse refuses to pull a cart. He reasons:“According to Newton’s third law, whatever force I exert on the cart, it will exert an equal and opposite force on me, so the net force will be zero and I will have no change of accelerating the cart.”
General Physics I
4
Force is Vector
principle of superposition fI
5
Net Force Net force is the sum of all forces on a body. It is an effect, NOT a real force. In the case Fnet = 0, the forces cancel one another. But each individual force still exists. Only the net effect on the body is like no forces on it at all.