托福TPO2综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
托福TPO2口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO2口语Task3阅读文本： Bus Service Elimination Planned The university has decided to discontinue its free bus service for students. The reason given for this decision is that few students ride the buses and the buses are expensive to operate. Currently, the buses run from the center of campus past university buildings and through some of the neighborhoods surrounding the campus. The money saved by eliminating the bus service will be used to expand the overcrowded student parking lots. 托福TPO2口语Task3听力文本： (Man): I don't like the university's plan. (Woman): Really? I've ridden those buses and sometimes there were only a few people on the bus. It did seem like a kind of a waste. (Man): I see your point, but I think the problem is that the route is out of date. It only goes to the neighborhood that have gotten too expensive for students to live in. It is ridiculous that they have not already changed route, you know, so it goes where most off-campus students live now. I bet if they did that, they'd get plenty of students riding those buses. (Woman): Well, at least they are adding more parking, it has gotten really tough to find a space. (Man): That is the other part I do not like, actually. Cutting back the bus service and adding parking just encourage more students to drive on campus and that just adds to noise around campus and create more traffic. And that 'II increase the need for more parking spaces. (Woman): Yeah, I guess I can see your point. Maybe it would be better if more students use the buses instead of driving. (Man): Right. And the university should make it easier to do that, not harder. 托福TPO2口语Task3题目： The man expresses his opinion of the university’s plan to eliminate the bus service. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO2口语Task3满分范文： Well, the man disagrees with the plan for two main reasons. First of all, he believes that the route is out-of-date since it only goes through the neighborhoods that are too expensive for students to live in. If they change the bus route making it go through areas where most off-campus students live now, they will have plenty of students riding those buses. On top of that, the man thinks that the plan will encourage students to drive on campus, which will cause not only more traffic and noise but also deficient parking spaces on campus. So the man disagrees with the plan for the reasons stated above. (110 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO2口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
tpo2综合写作
TPO作文2综合写作The reading material is mainly about the advantage of putting a people into a group of to work. The speaker, however ,totally contradicts with the author’s opinion by providing evidence, efficiency, and personal aptitude.First of all, teamwork does not give everyone in the group the equal right to get recognized. The speaker demonstrates that some people in the group may get “free ride”, although they do not contribute something to the final success, they may also be praised like anyone else. However, the real contributors, would not receive the recognition they deserve because the success is recognized as a whole. The passage asserts that since the group as wider range of knowledge, it would definitely reach success. Therefore , the author is challenged by the speaker.Second, the efficiency of the work would be greatly reduced by the team. According to the lecturer, the members of the team hold different kind of view in many aspects, so it is rather difficult for them to reach an agreement without a lot of meetings, which would take a long time. The reading indicates that teamwork is quicker than individual work.Last but not least, teamwork does not give each member of the team the same opportunity to show their personal aptitude. As the speaker point out, some very important people in the group will cause other people to drop the ideas which they disagree with regardless of the fact that they are actually debatable. On the other hand, they may convince people that plenty of the ideas are perfect and needs to becarried on immediately, regardless of some people’s disagreement. But if the team do not accomplish the work successfully, it would be blamed as a whole. Therefore, the team does not give everyone the chance to show themselves, as it is point out in the passage. In addition, the author’s idea contradicts the professor’s.。
TPO2综合写作听力文本
先来看看托福综合写作地阅读材料：, . .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习中文：在很多机构里，恰当完成一个新项目地最好方法可能是把一组人组织成一个团队.一个团队来完成一个项目有几个优势.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习, , , . , , .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习翻译：首先，一组人员意味着有比任何一个个体拥有更为广泛地知识、技能以及技巧.同时，因为有更多数量人员地介入和更多资源地占有，团队工作可以以更快地速度对任务作出反应.同时，也能创造性地解决遇到地问题和争议.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习. .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习中文：由于在团队工作中个体无需承担风险，所以会倾向于作出冒险地决定.这就导致了团队工作有时候可以创造性地解决问题.这是因为团队把团队决策地责任分摊给所有地成员了，这样地话，即使决策最后证明是错地，也不会有任何个体需要对此负责.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习. . , “”, , ’ .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习翻译：加入一个团队对于个体成员来说是一个非常荣耀地.对于那些能够影响决策地成员来说，毫无疑问，他们在团队行为中得来地决策快感要优于他们被动地接受别人指派任务时候地感受.同时，团队中地个人有更多“闪耀”地机会，这些机会地实现是由于他们对团队地贡献不但被认可，而且是高度低认可.这种高度地认可是因为团队地成就和影响力是要要高于个体.团队可以实现个体所不完成地任务，达到个体所不能达到地高度.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习在这段阅读材料里考生需要抽取以下观点：、: .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习、: 文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习、: .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习、: .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习这些观点是怎么抽取出来地呢?首先，: 主观点抽取地时候，有些同学喜欢凭感觉.可是如果感觉可靠地话，就没有那么多人失恋了.感觉是靠不住地，我们要找到根据.这篇文章地主观点算是比较好找地.阅读部分从题材上是，这个跟我们独立写作地作文是一致地.对于独立写作我们对开头段地要求是什么呢?那就是一个简短地加上一个清晰地.同时如果时间不允许，那么开头直接说观点也是可以地，这篇文章呢，就是开门见山地说出了观点：.而后面地一句话是过渡句，是预告下文地.也就是说，我将在团队工作地优势方面来支持我地主观点.我们在独立写作地时候，也可以把整理之后提前到开头段，因为开头段存在地目地是：.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习其次，: 简单地找到之后，大家就在第一个上面折戟了，华丽丽地选择了开头句.是呀，我们都说前置地呀!!!但是这是考题呀，就是考我们怎么抽出观点地.同时，经过这个也可以看出来，不把前置是多么讨厌地事情呀.我们写文章一个要不能用废话去烦考官，另一个是不能去考考官，因为我们是弱势群体.那么，这个是怎么找出来地呢?显然不是凭感觉地.我们先厘清一下一个概念，就是一段里面和下面地内容是什么关系呢?唉，是解释地关系.是解释地，是支持地.因此，所有表原因地部分，都不会是，而会是和.因此“ ”这句就华丽丽地不会是观点.而跟着它地那个主句，这很有可能是观点，但目前还不能这么草率地确定.我们沿着这个句子往前看，有个词是“”.这个词，直译过来就是“也”.如果这样一句话：“ , 我也没吃饭，所以我们要一起去吃饭”，那么横线上地内容一定是“我也没吃饭”相平行地，要么张三，要么李四，共同组成“我们去吃饭”地原因.所以之前地内容也是原因，而不是结果，那么就不会是观点.好了，先说到这里，接着说第二个，然后回过头来这这一段结尾地那个句子.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习然后，: 这个就好找多了，开头第一句嘛.但是这样就可以了吗?显然不行，我们这样地判断方法是没有普适性地，下一次不放在第一句怎么办?好吧，我们找一个很伟大地词：.这是一个原因状语从句，在主从复合句中，如果从句放在后半部分，那么就不需要用逗号隔开，这就让我们这个不那么明显，但是，如果我们每次看综合写作地时候都先把念一遍，就找到了.紧接着地这句就更和谐了，“ ”开头了.那么这句也是表原因啦.里面有个词，可能会给大家带来一些困扰：这不是因此吗?这不是于是吗?但是在前面还有一个神一样地词，是，好吧，这表示地时候前后地东东是并列地，所以能，前后都是表原因地.这个地存在表示后面这个原因，其实是前面地这个原因衍生出来地，然后共同充当地原因.好了，这一段就只剩下第一句话地主句了，就是了.这时候，我们再回过头看第一段地最后一句，好像也提到了了，但同时也看到了.前后地东西是并列地，那么是一个，则前面地句子也是地，验证了我们前边地推论.至于这里提到地是对下面地预告.我们总是就接用是用好还是好，但是很多时候，地道地表达会用句子来做.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习最后，: 这段地观点也是出现在了开头，.好了，我们再也不要用感觉去判断了.我们找到一个叫地词，它会告诉我们前后地两句是同等地位地，鉴于每段之后一个，那么这两句都被排除了.那么除了第一句我们好像也没有更好地选择了.可能有地同学会找到，然后认为前面地那半句是.但是，因为地存在粉碎了这样地观点，同时我们要知道，在使用推理论证地过程中，因果是可以不止一层地，很可能是ààà地过程.我们不能，就误认为是.其实独立写作和综合写作时互通地，在独立写作中学到地论证方法可以帮住我们阅读，而阅读中学到地表达方式和行文风格也可以借鉴到独立写作之中.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习那么观点找到了，怎样找分论点呢?三个分别是：, , .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习那么反驳地时候，就是不、不和不.第一个和第三个是没有问题地，但是对于和地反驳却有三个角度，一个是不，一个是不，一个是两个都反驳.就这篇文章地听力部分来说，是既反驳地，又反驳了.如果在听力部分听不到这个点，那就是一定会丢点地.很多学生都觉得自己听懂了，觉得这个无论是语速还是词汇都远小于单独地听力部分测试.但是，这两者之间是很有很大区别地，听力测试是有题目和选项地，更多地是要求大家抓到主干即可，如果要考细节，那么就会有重听.但是综合写作却考地是精听，要你听到观点和分论点之后，还有写出.有地学生说听懂之后，我让他来复述，都会漏掉很多地细节，因为听地时候要么不记笔记，要么记句子，这些都是不可取地.这部分应该和文章阅读一起单独跟大家说一说.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习以下这段材料是综合写作地听力部分：, . , .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习中文：现在我要给大家讲讲在一个公司考虑以团队工作地形式进行项目时候地发现吧.这几个项目是以团队地形式负责和完成地.六个月之后，公司来验收项目进行地如何.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习, “ ” . . . ’ , , . ? . . . , . ’ , .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习中文：实际上，在每个团队都会有一些成员选择“搭便车”.这些成员并没有对团队地工作有任何贡献，但是如果整个团队很好地完成了任务，他们也会从团队所获得地认可中获利.那么对于那些在团队中努力工作，为团队所面临地问题和正义提供很多简介地人呢?没有人知道他们地名字.当这些真正地贡献者被问及团队工作地感受是，他们地态度则是和阅读部分所预计地相反地.你应该不会对这样地态度感到意外地.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习’ . ? ; , .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习中文：另一个发现就是，一些项目进行地速度不是很快.为什么呢?这是因为团队需要很长地时间达成一致意见，他们需要开很多会才能在成员之间对于如何进行项目达成共识.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习, . “ ” , . “ .” , . ? , .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习中文：在另一方面，有些证据表明在团队中会有一到两个人会对整个团队非常有影响力.有时候，当他们对团队中正在运行地想法说了一句“这是行不通”地时候，这个想法就会在没有进行深入谈讨论之前就被放弃了.同时，还会存在这样一种情况：这些有影响力地人笃定他们相处地方法是“非常有创造性地”.这时候，即便有些成员会试图提醒其他成员项目现在正在沿着一个错误地方向进行，甚至有可能失败地.但是他们地声音会被其他地成员所忽略.你能猜到这个故事地结局吗?结局就是，当这个项目失败地时候，责备会被所有团队成员一同承担.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习如何抽取听力部分地观点：听力部分地观点顺序不一定跟阅读部分是完全一致地，这一点还是比较常见地.在篇文章里，听力部分地第二段，反驳地就是这个点，第三段反驳地是，而第四段则分别反驳了和.先说好地可能不经深入讨论就了，这样就无从实现了，接着说在地影响下可能在错误地方向上进行，进而失败，以驳斥了.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习教您记笔记：、需要注意地标志词：, , , 文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习在听力部分，后面地话可就变得重要了.、笔记上地重点词：记笔记是一定要地，因为考地是精听，细节记不下来就会失分.但是不要记句子，而是记单词.就这篇文章来讲，你地笔记上需要出现以下词：文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习) ’ , , , 文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习) ’ , , 文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习) , – , – , – , , .文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习在实际记笔记地过程中，你可以选择自己特有地简写方法，那么你地笔记将会更加简洁.听地时候不要因为一个两个词地纠结影响大片信息地提取.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习文章结构：第一段：要表达地内容有：部分地主观点，部分地主观点，以及两者之间地关系.第二段：部分地，部分对应地，里面相对应地和.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习第三段：部分地，部分对应地，里面相对应地和.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习第四段：部分地，部分对应地，里面相对应地和.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习小贴士：没有必要在文章中出现部分地和，或者说不能出现.。
托福TPO2口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO2口语Task4阅读文本： Social Interaction People deal with each other every day. This interaction is at the heart of social life. The study of social interaction is concerned with the influence people have over one another's behavior. People take each other into account in their daily behavior and in fact, the very presence of others can affect behavior. For example, one principle of social interaction, audience effects, suggests that individuals' work is affected by their knowledge that they are visible to others, that the presence of others tends to alter the way people behave or perform an activity. 托福TPO2口语Task4听力文本： Okay, so we said that the way we interact others has an impact on our behavior. In fact, there is some interesting research to suggest that in one type of interaction, when we are being observed, specifically, when we know we are being watched as we performed some activity, we tend to increase the speed at which we perform that activity. In one study, college students were asked to each put on a pair of shoes, shoes with laces they would have to tie. Now, one group of students was told that they would be observed. The second group, however, didn't know they were being observed. The students who were aware that they were being watched, actually tied their shoes much faster than the students who thought they were alone. Other studies confirm the same is true, even when we are learning new activities. Let's say someone is learning a new task, for example, learning how to type. When they are conscious of being observed, they'11 likely begin typing at a much faster rate than they would if they were alone. But and this is interesting, the study also showed that certain common behavior, things people typically do like making mistakes when you're learning something new. That behavior pattern will also increase. So in other words, when we are learning to type, and we know we are being watched, we all type faster but we 'II also make more mistakes. 托福TPO2口语Task4题目： Explain how the examples of tying shoes and learning to type demonstrate the principle of audience effects. 托福TPO2口语Task4满分范文： Audience effects suggest that with the knowledge that they're being watched while working, people usually alter their behavior during their work. And the professorillustrates the principle with two studies that suggest this. In the first study, two groups of students were asked to put on shoes that they had to tie, one group being told later that they would be observed, while the other group being kept in dark. So when the researchers began to observe, they found that the group aware of the observation tied faster than the other group. This study shows how audience effects speed up people's action. While the second study suggests that when people are learning new things, with the awareness of being observed, they will not only accelerate, but also increase certain behavior pattern. For instance, when they learn to type, they'll type faster, but meanwhile make more mistakes. (141 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO2口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
2019年TPO2托福听力Lecture4原文文本
2019年TPO2托福听力Lecture4原文文本TPO2托福听力Lecture4原文文本Bode’s LawProfessor: OK, let’s get going. Today I’m going to talk about how the asteroid belt was discovered. And ...I’m going to start by writing some numbers on the board. Here they are: We’ll start with zero, then 3, ...6, ...12. Uh, tell me what I’m doing.Female student: Multiplying by 2?Professor: Right, I’m doubling the numbers, so 2 times 12 is 24, and the next one I’m going to write after 24 would be…Female student: 48.Professor: 48, then 96. We’ll stop there for now. Uh, now I’ll write another row of numbers under that. Tell me what I’m doing. 4, 7, 10 …How am I getting this second row?Male Student: Adding 4 to the numbers in the first row.Professor: I’m adding 4 to each number in the first row to give you a second row. So the last two will be 52, 100, and now tell me what I’m doing.Female Student: Putting in a decimal?Professor: Yes, I divided all those numbers by 10 by putting in a decimal point. Now I’m going to write the names of the planets under the numbers. Mercury...Venus...Earth...Mars. So, what do the numbersmean? Do you remember from the reading?Male Student: Is it the distance of the planets from the Sun?Professor: Right, in astronomical units—not perfect, but tantalizingly close. The value for Mars is off by ...6 or 7 percent or so. It’s ...but it’s within 10 percent of the average distance to Mars from the Sun. But I kind of have to skip the one after Mars for now. Then Jupiter’s right there at 5-point something, and then Saturn is about 10 astronomical units from the Sun. Um, well, this pattern is known as Bode’s Law.Um, it isn’t really a scientific law, not in the sense of predicting gravitation mathematically or something, but it’s attempting a pattern in the spacing of the planets, and it was noticed by Bode hundreds of years ago. Well, you can imagine that there was some interest in why the 2. 8 spot in the pattern was skipped, and um ...but there wasn’t anything obvious there, in the early telescopes. Then what happened in the late 1700s? The discovery of ...?Female Student: Another planet?Professor: The next planet out, Uranus—after Saturn. And look, Uranus fits in the next spot in the pattern pretty nicely, um, not perfectly, but close. And so then people got really excited about the validity of this thing and finding the missing object between Mars and Jupiter. And telescopes, remember, were getting better. So people went to work onfinding objects that would be at that missing distance from the Sun, and then in 1801, the object Ceres was discovered.And Ceres was in the right place—the missing spot. Uh, but it was way too faint to be a planet. It looked like a little star. Uh, and because of its starlike appearance, um, it was called an “asteroid. ”OK? “Aster”is Greek for “star,”as in “astronomy. ”Um, and so, Ceres was the first and is the largest of what became many objects discovered at that same distance. Not just one thing, but all the objects found at that distance from the asteroid belt. So the asteroid belt is the most famous success of this Bode’s Law. That’s how the asteroid belt was discovered.TPO2托福听力Lecture4题目文本1.What is Bode's law?a) A law of gravitationb) An estimate of the distance between Mars and Jupiterc) A prediction of how many asteroids there ared) A pattern in the spacing of the planets2.Why does the professor explain Bode's Law to the class?a) To describe the size of the asteroidsb) To explain how the asteroids belt was discoveredc) To explain how gravitational forces influence the planetsd) To describe the impact of telescopes on astronomy3.How does the professor introduce Bode's Law?a) By demonstrating how it is derived mathematicallyb) By describing the discovery of Uranusc) By drawing attention to the inaccuracy of a certain patternd) By telling the names of several of the asteroids4.According to the professor, what two factors contributed to the discovery of the asteroid Ceres?a) Improved telescopesb) Advances in mathematicsc) The discovery of a new stard) The position of Uranus in a pattern5.What does the professor imply about the asteroid belt?a) It is farther from the Sun than Uranus.b) Bode believed it was made up of small stars.c) It is located where people expected to find a planet.d) Ceres is the only one of the asteroids that can be seen without a telescope.6.Why does the professor say this?a) To introduce an alternative application of Bode's Lawb) To give an example of what Bode's law cannot explainc) To describe the limitations of gravitational theoryd) To contrast Bode's Law with a real scientific lawTPO2托福听力Lecture4答案解析第1题：细节题正确答案：D对应原文：2'23"-2'30"...but it’s attempting a pattern in the spacing of the planets, and it was noticed by Bode hundreds of years ago.解析：原文中教授直接提到pattern in the spacing ofo the planets,和选项D直接呼应，表达也基本没变。
tpo2综合写作
TPO 作文 2综合写作The reading material is mainly about the advantage of putting a people into a group of to work. The speaker, however ,totally contradicts with the author ’s opinion by providing evidence, efficiency, and personal aptitude.First of all, teamwork does not give everyone inthe group the equal right toget recognized.The speaker demonstrates that some people inthe groupmay get“free ride ”, although they do not contribute something to the final success, they may also be praised like anyone else. However, the real contributors, would not receive the recognitionthey deserve because the success is recognizedas a whole.The passage asserts that since the group as wider range of knowledge, it would definitely reach success. Therefore , the author is challenged by the speaker.Second, the efficiency of the work would be greatly reduced by the team. According to the lecturer, the members of the team hold different kind of view in many aspects, so it is rather difficult for them to reach an agreement without a lot of meetings, whichwouldtake a longtime. The readingindicates that teamwork isquicker than individual work.Lastbutnotleast, teamwork does notgiveeachmember of theteamthesameopportunity to show their personal aptitude. As the speaker point out, some very important people in the group will cause other people to drop the ideas whichthey disagree withregardless of the fact that they are actually debatable. Ontheother hand,they may convince people that plenty of the ideas are perfect and needs to be carried on immediately, regardless of some people ’s disagreement. But if the team do not accomplish the work successfully, it would be blamed as a whole. Therefore, the teamdoes notgive everyone the chance toshow themselves,as it is point out in the passage. Inaddition, the author ’s idea contradicts the professor ’s.。
托福综合写作练习及听力原文
托福综合写作练习及听力原文Exercise 1Soon there will be something new for the tourist who has been everywhere and seen everything on Earth. Spacecraft being developed by private commercial companies will soon enable private citizens to buy their own tickets to travel into space, thereby creating a space tourism industry. So far, space travel has been undertaken only by governments, but the new, privatized spaceflight industry will bring great benefits to both science and the public. First, private space travel will benefit serious space exploration by making spaceflight cheaper. Privatization of space technology will bring technological costs down very fast because it will allow competition—and competition is one of the strongest motivators to cut costs. Thus, lowering the cost of space travel will benefit not only space tourists but also scientists, who will be able to use private space flights for research purposes. Furthermore, privatization of space travel will accelerate the rate at which important scientific discoveries occur. The aerospace industry already sponsors a lot of groundbreaking scientific research, and adding private spaceflight companies to it will make the industry as a whole grow in size, thereby employing more scientists than it does now. That increased number of working scientists means not only that more discoveries are likely to be made but also that those discoveries are likely to be made more quickly than in the past. Finally, when governments are the sole providers of space travel, the costs are paid for by the whole taxpaying public, but with privatization, the expenses of space travel will be borne by the customers of the industry. The fact that private spaceflight operators will be able to raise funds through ticket sales means that the financial burden on taxpayers will be eased significantly.Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on the contents of the reading. You may refer to the passage as you write. 1Exercise 2Educators have long recognized that high school can be a difficult experience for many students. Along with the stress of challenging academic work, high school can also be a source of social, emotional, and even financial stress. One effective way of decreasing these nonacademic kinds of stress is to require students to wear a school uniform so that all students wear basically the same clothing. One of the most obvious benefits of such a policy is that it makes high school more affordable for both students and their parents. Clothing, especially trendy, fashionable clothing, is very expensive, and teenagers usually want to have several different outfits in their wardrobes—for some, the more the better. When there is no possibility of dressing fashionably at school, a student’s clothing bill will go down drastically. Furthermore, wearing the same school uniform as everyone else eliminates a significant source of discomfort and self-consciousness for many teenagers: the uncertainty that what they are wearing is “right.” Such anxiety interferes with a student’s ability to act in ways that show his or her personality to advantage. Finally, a mandatory school-uniform policy will reduce the amount of teasing and bullying among students. Currently, many students are teased or put down simply because they dress differently from everyone else or because they can’t afford to dress like the majority. Once all students wear the same uniform, there will be much less opportunity for these kinds of intimidating behaviors.Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on the contents of the reading. You may refer to the passage as you write. 2Exercises 3Donating part of one’s income to public causes, known as charitable giving, used to be a common practice. But, in the United States charitable giving has declined substantially in recent years, and, for several reasons, it is unlikely to increasein the future. One reason that charitable giving has fallen is simply that there is less need for charitable giving, because the United States government now provides most of the important public services. The government assumes much of the responsibility for feeding the poor, providing health care, and taking care of the victims of natural disasters—functions that charities used to perform. These government institutions of social welfare are permanent, and so the diminished need for private charitable giving will also be permanent. Another reason people are, and will be, giving less to charities is that in the past few years there have been highly publicized disclosures that the managers of some prominent national charities were receiving huge salaries and other benefits as large or larger than salaries of heads of major for-profit corporations. These salaries and expenses for travel, fancy offices, and advertising significantly reduce the percentage of donated money that went to charitable purposes. Naturally people have been turned off by these excesses and inefficiencies. Finally, beyond the shortcomings of legitimate charities, there has been an increasing number of fraudulent solicitations by organizations or individuals who merely pose as charities. As a result, people are now becoming skeptical even about what are in fact legitimate appeals for support. So potential donors are starting to give less and give less frequently. And since the incidence of charity fraud seems to be increasing, we can expect further declines in charitable giving as people become more concerned that they are being taken advantage of. Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on the contents of the reading. You may refer to the passage as you write. 3Exercises 4It used to be that parents took their children on vacation during the summer, when school was out of session. But today, much more often than in the past, many parents take their children on vacation during the school year. Although these children areaway from school, sometimes for several weeks, traveling itself serves a valuable educational function. The most important educational benefit of taking children on vacation is that traveling exposes children to new places and cultures. It is good for children to read about distant countries, but it is even better to take them there. What students learn by meeting the people and absorbing the culture of these places is something they could not learn in their classrooms. Moreover, the benefits to the children who have been away from the classroom for several weeks traveling continue after they have returned to their classes. Students who are in school every day of the school year can easily lose enthusiasm for their studies. But students invigorated by time away return with heightened excitement. The trend of students taking vacations during the school year also has benefits for teachers. When these students return to school, their knowledge and enthusiasm contribute positively to the entire class. Teachers can ask the children to share stories of their travels with their peers and can incorporate what they have learned from traveling into writing and reading projects. This makes lesson development easier for teachers because the returning students’ experiences provide a ready basis for classroom discussions and projects. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they oppose points made in the reading passage.4Exercises 5Easter Island, a small, remote island in the Pacific Ocean, was once home to a flourishing culture. But about 500 years ago (A. D. 1500), its society went into a steep decline. History teaches us that events like this are often caused by outside influences. So it is not unreasonable to consider whether there are facts about the decline of Easter Island’s society that would be explained by a hypothesis of an invasion. One such fact has to do with trees. Most Pacific island societies have managed to find an ecologically balanced way of living by using—but notoverexploiting—natural resources such as trees. Most Pacific islands, therefore, remain lush—but not Easter Island. Although it was once densely forested, most of its trees had disappeared by about 500 years ago. Environmental destruction of this sort has often been caused by invaders who deplete an area’s natural resources without any concern for the future. Facts about the large stone statues on Easter Island could also support the idea of an invasion. There are about 900 of these statues on the island; the largest is over 20 meters tall. The native society clearly placed a great deal of importance on their production. Yet about the same time that the island became deforested, islanders stopped making these huge statues. An invasion would help explain why this traditional practice came to a sudden end. Furthermore, we know that around the time these other changes were taking place, a new religion developed on Easter Island: the “Birdman” worship. There is no convincing evidence that the Birdman religion existed before 1500, which suggests that this new religious practice may have been introduced by outsiders. Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically indicate how they challenge explanations offered in the reading passage.5Exercises 6When a company needs to hire someone for a managerial position, there is often a choice between promoting an employee who is already working inside the company or bringing in a person from outside. Hiring a qualified outsider is often to a company’s advantage for several reasons. An important reason for hiring outsiders as managers is that they bring a new perspective. This contributes to the diversity of ideas and allows company practices to be seen in a new light. Often, an outside hire will ask, “What’s the reason for doing things this way?” This question may lead to a reevaluation of practices that are actually inefficient but have become so much a part of the routine that it’s difficult for insiders to question them. Another major factor to beconsidered is the cost of on-the-job training. Hiring outsiders allows a company to look for people who already have the particular skills and experience required for the job. The company will not have to spend time and money training an internal employee for the new job—something that has to be done when, for example, an employee is promoted from a technical position to a managerial one. In such a case, usually the employee would be sent to classes to help learn needed managerial skills. Finally, managers hired from the outside will often have business contacts with suppliers, customers, and technicians that they have developed in their previous job. Clearly these contacts can be a valuable asset for the company that hires managers from the outside.Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on the contents of the reading. You may refer to the passage as you write. 6 Exercises 7Scant physical evidence remains of the first human domestication of grain. Still, there is enough to conclude that ancient peoples, motivated by the nutritional value of bread or cakes made of wild wheat, looked for controlled ways to grow it to provide a consistent food supply. Three related discoveries are likely to have led to the introduction of bread as the first grain-based food. The first discovery was that wheat could be prepared for use by grinding. People probably began consuming wheat by chewing it raw. Because wheat is very hard, they gradually discovered that it was less trouble to eat if crushed to paste between two stones—the result would have been the ancestor of the drier, more powdery wheat flour we use today. From there, it was a short step to the next breakthrough: baking the simplest bread, which requires no technology but fire. Loaves of wheat paste, when baked into bread, could be stored for long periods, certainly longer than raw seeds. This kept the food value of wheat available for an extended period after it had been harvested. Finally, ancient peoplesfound that, if the paste was allowed to sit in the open, yeast spores from the air settled on it and began fermenting the wheat. This natural process of fermentation caused bubbles to from in the wheat paste that suggested it would be lighter in texture and even easier to eat when baked.Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on the contents of the reading. You may refer to the passage as you write. 7Exercises 8Wilderness management has advanced greatly over the last century, due in part to such practices as the suppression of forest fired and limitations on the clear-cutting of trees. Monitoring forests for small brushfires is easier with aircraft, as is the use of large amounts of water and sophisticated chemical fire extinguishers to prevent fires from spreading. The goals decreasing the amount of destruction by fires and cutting are wide-ranging. One is simply the longer lives and improved health of trees. In some areas of hickory and oak forest on the Eastern Seaboard, fire suppression has allowed the maturation of so many trees that the treetops form a continuous canopy. There is evidence of the healthful effects of fire suppression closer to the ground as well. Vines and low bushes that would be burned out in a forest fire can flourish when fires are suppressed, of course, but there is a more indirect way fires harm plant life. Chemical tests on areas that have recently experienced forest fires demonstrate that burning decreases the overall amount of nutrients in the soil. Suppressing fires prevents such a decrease. Ferns, wildflowers and herbs grow without disturbance. Finally, wildlife can benefit. In the eastern hickory and oak forest, the suppression of fires has meant that forest animals---ranging from small insects and birds to large deer and bears—are not burned to death. Deer populations, in particular, have increased notably.Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they challengespecific plans made in the reading passage. You may refer to the passage as you write. 8Listening Scripts Exercise 1Professor: Well, it looks as though we’ll soon see private spaceships carrying tourists into space. But will it really provide great benefits for serious science and for the public? I don’t think so. First, privatized space travel, which is extraordinarily expensive, is likely to stay that way. For one thing, commercial space travel will require an elaborate space traffic-control system to prevent collisions —and the development and operation of such a system won’t come cheap either. Another thing that’ll keep costs high is tested and retested—and that also tends to be a very expensive process. Both of those costs will be reflected in the prices of the spaceflight tickets, so no one should expect the cost of space flights to go down fast. Second, if commercial spaceflight has any effect at all on the rate of scientific discovery and innovation, it will be to delay or even prevent such discovery and innovation. If the best and the brightest engineers get lured away from government space programs by the high salaries offered by private, for-profit companies, they might end up working on commercial stuff that doesn't have much scientific value. And as a result, serious space research might actually suffer. And finally, will the taxpaying public get off the hook financially? No chance! The fact is that so-called private space tourism isn’t possible without huge public tax subsidies. It will take billions and billions of dollars to build space stations, space airports, and so on, and private investors simply cannot raise such huge amounts. So the burden on taxpayers won’t be significantly eased with the development of the private spaceflight industry. In fact, all taxpayers’ll be paying more to subsidize the vacations of the space tourists.Exercise 2Professor: What you’ve just read really is way too optimistic. It’s rather easyto poke holes in the reasoning. First off, school uniforms are themselves often quite costly—usually they are only available from certain select stores. Plus, what kind of clothes will students put on after school when they go meet their friends? Well, if you can’t dress trendy at school, it's even more likely you’ll want to do that after school. So kids will still demand a full wardrobe of fashionable after-school clothes in addition to their uniforms. To take up another point, doing away with differences in dress can affect some students quite negatively. Many students may feel very uncomfortable—might even feel self-conscious—about how they look when they are not allowed to select the clothes that they wear. For many, choosing clothing is not a matter of making a fashion statement; it is simply a way of presenting themselves in ways they feel will call attention to what they consider their attractive features—plus they feel they can also select clothing to de-emphasize other features they perhaps like less about themselves. So school uniforms can actually end up increasing self-consciousness and discomfort among students. Finally, students will always pick on other students. Dividing into groups, teasing and bullying other for being different—these are things teenagers everywhere do because they are at that particular stage of life. If students cannot pick on differences in dress, they will surely find other things to pick on—things like choice in music or the kind of backpack brought to school—any of these can easily take on as much importance as clothing. 9Exercise 3Professor: There’s no doubt that giving to charities has declined in recent years, but there are good reasons to think it’ll soon begin to go up. Consider, for example, the fact that the number of elderly and retired people in our society keeps growing. Right now, elderly citizens who can’t afford health care often rely on government programs to pay for it. But as the elderly population grows, government programs probably won’t be able to cover the health assistance, Americans respond to thatneed. And since the need will be increasing, we should expect to see charitable giving rise accordingly. There’s another reason to be optimistic about the future of charitable giving. The disclosures of waste and bad management at major charities, and people’s anger at this waste, are producing significant reforms. Overpaid managers have been forced to resign by the bad publicity. Charities are reducing their expenses and are now subject to closer public scrutiny. As a result, people are regaining confidence that the money they donate will support the causes they care about. People’s reaction to charity fraud is also evolving. In the short run, people don’t want to donate because they’re concerned with whether charities are honest. But in the long run, such skepticism makes people careful, not stingy. For example, many people now refuse to give money when they’re asked to do so over the telephone. They insist on receiving proof and documentation before they donate. Just as people learn how to be careful consumers, most people are acquiring the skills needed to guard against charity fraud without stopping their support for worthwhile causes. Exercise 4Professor: Now, let’s consider how taking children on vacation when school is in session impacts their education. I believe the impact on children and their teachers can be quite negative. While students have been traveling, their fellow students have been working. What do you think happens when they return to school? Well, they have to spend a lot of time “playing catch-up,” you know, doing work that fellow students have already done. It’s one thing to miss a day or two of school, but many parents take their children on vacation for weeks on end, and it’s very difficult for any child to make up that much missed time. So, the missed learning has to be weighed against the benefits of traveling and learning about other cultures. On balance, what is lost is greater than what is gained. When children come back to class after a long trip, they’re excited about their recent adventures. Sounds good, but this enthusiasm can have a downside. Their excitement can make it difficult for them to fit back into the routine of the school day. School seems a little boring to them, so they’re notattentive to their studies, and their restlessness can distract other students. When a student is distracted or has to catch up on missed work, there’s a negative effect on the teacher too. Teachers have lesson plans that detail, day by day, what they are going to teach. When a student is absent from the classroom, this interferes with a teacher’s plan for that student. And if teachers spend time helping a few students catch up, they have less time for other students… so they suffer too.10Exercise 5Professor: The idea considered in the reading is not unreasonable in the abstract, but all the concrete evidence points to internal causes for the decline of Easter Island’s culture 500 years ago. It’s a sad story of a native culture that did not have the foresight to sustain itself. In the centuries before 1500, the inhabitants of Easter Island were prosperous… so prosperous that they were able to invest extra time and energy in building giant statues, which became important signs of status. Different island communities began competing as to who could erect the most statues. Now here’s where the problem for trees comes in: archaeological evidence shows that the islanders used tree logs to move the statues into position. So, as the number of statues increased, more and more trees had to be cut, until finally, 500 years ago, there were no more left. Of course, once the trees were gone, the islander could no longer build rafts to fish at sea, and so they could no longer catch big fish. As the necessities of life became harder and harder to get, the islanders no longer had the time and energy to create big statues. Without logs, of course, they couldn't move the statues anyway, so naturally the interest in making the statues declined. Finally, it would not be surprising if the islanders lost confidence in their old gods when life on the island became a struggle for survival. I mean, the old gods wouldn’t seem to be protecting them any more. So it would be natural for the islanders to have developed a different religious idea, hoping that the new god would ensurethem a better life.Exercise 6Professor: For some of the reasons presented in the reading, many companies have a policy of hiring outsiders to fill managerial positions. However, a closer examination will show that the policy is misguided. First of all, the new perspective an outsider brings into the company’s corporate structure often leads to conflict in the managerial team. Companies often have specific corporate philosophies… (for example, about how decisions are to be reached and how work is to be organized). So when outsiders bring with them a significantly different philosophy, this can create serious disagreement and conflict… and make it difficult for the managerial team as a whole to function smoothly and efficiently. An internal employee, by contrast, is more likely to know company tradition. Another point to note is that hiring outsiders may entail an additional cost that perhaps isn’t obvious. It’s true that outside hires may come with required managerial skills and experience. But to become effective as managers in a new company, they also have to establish personal relationships with their new colleagues—get to know them and win their trust. This can often take more time than one would expect, and an uncomfortable settling-in period between a new boss and workers can also be more costly in lost productivity than on-the-job training for an internal employee. Finally, suppose a company makes a point of hiring outsiders as managers instead of promoting insiders. Well, that company will soon find that its own best employees will have not choice but to look to advance their own careers outside the company. And when these key employees leave, they will also take their valuable business contacts away with them to their new employer.11Exercise 7Conventional wisdom says that a very primitive kind of bread was the first grain food that human societies ate. But, you know, for the last few decades, there’s been analternative hypothesis that quite a few anthropologists are starting to give a closer look. That hypotheses says that is was, in fact, beer—not bread—that was the first again food. Sound strange? Consider a couple of things. For one thing, you don’t have to grind wheat to make it easier to eat. If you keep it in a moist environment, it naturally starts sprouting, with a new baby plant splitting the hard seed case in half. Sprouted wheat is sweeter, softer, and actually more nutritious than whole wheat seeds—and it would have developed without human bright idea of crushing it. In order to discover the usefulness of ground wheat, someone gad to get the bright idea of crushing it. To discover the usefulness of sprouted wheat, people just had to do nothing and let it sit. Which do you think happened first? Another thing: what turns grain into beer is fermentation, and wheat begins to ferment almost as soon as it’s stored—from water and yeasts in the air. After the wheat sprouted, it would have started to ferment. The process would have been obvious because of the bubbles and foam that formed. People could have experimented by tasting it and discovering the first beer. And even if you assume that people were already grinding wheat to paste, think about it. The paste ferments and bubbles. Is it likely that early peoples would have thought to fire it before eating? We’re used to cooking our food, but in prehistoric times, the idea that you would take fire to food to improve it for eating was not obvious.Exercise 8For years, forest fires were regarded as uniformly destructive, and forest managers put alout of effort into preventing them. But it turns out that fire suppression may have destructive long-term effects on the forests it’s supposed to protect. For instance, mature oaks have grown so thickly in some places that little light reaches the forest floor. But young oak trees need light in order to grow properly. The lack of light has meant that new oaks aren’t maturing rapidly enough to replace the older oaks. It also means that other tree species that don’t need so much light, such as maples, are invading oak and hickory forests and competing for resource. There arecompetition problems at ground level too. What forest fires, both natural and13 artificial, used to do is burn off some of the plants on the forest floor before theycould grow into huge thickets. Now they run wild over the ground—and again, thatmeans it’s hard for young trees and other native plants to grow. Then there’s theincrease in the deer population—this partially results from the lack of forest firesand partially from limitations on hunting—but the thing is, deer like to eat theleaves off oak saplings. So if one of those oak seedlings somehow does manage to geta good start, despite the shade and all the other plants competing for nutrients,it’s likely to be killed by having its leaves eaten. Oh, and one other thing: Scientistsare now finding that forest fires release nutrients from the plants and animals thatare burned. That means that, even though the total amount of nutrients is decreased,there can actually be more nutrients available on the soil surface for plants thatare trying to grow back afterward.12。
托福综合写作TPOExtra2
托福综合写作TPOExtra2The reading and the listening both discuss whether the smart cars will bring benefits for people or not. The author presents several plausible merits of this sort of new technology. However, what the lecturer states rejects most of the main ideas in the reading.To begin with, the author points out that smart cars which are equipped with a variety of sensors will prevent many accidents, thereby saving lives. Whereas, the lecturer demonstrates a different idea that even smart cars can cause serious accidents. The reason is that technologically advanced devices may fail occasionally. Despite the smart cars are able to pack tightly, accidents might pile up and invlove more cars which proves to be even worse. Thus there is little reason to believe that smart cars are effective to save lives and deminish injures in automobile accidents.Furthermore, the author holds the opinion that with the wide use of smart cars, traffic problems will disappear and commuting time will be diminished as well. On the contrary, the lecturer confuts it by saying that smart cars are not helpful in saving more commuting time, resulting from the fact that history has shown that the introduction of driving convenience will only result in more car uses, since drivers expect the easier driving experience. Hence, more traffic conjection resulted from the additional smart cars are sure to eliminate the advatange of high speed of smart cars.Finally, the author maintains that smart cars will bring a reduction in the costs of driving, since they are directed to opt the most direct routes, and require less repairs and replacement. In contrast, the lecturer opposes it by raising that smarts cars in fact cost more. The truth is that the global positioning system which help to determine the smart cars' destination are far more expensive. Other technological costs such as sensors, the device to control the distance between two cars cost more to repair. As a result, these new expense might offset the savings from the repairing and replacement of traditonal cars.。
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为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO2综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO2综合写作阅读原文文本： First of all, a group of people has a wider range of knowledge，expertise, and skills than any single individual is likely to possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues. Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong. Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others. Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant, because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone. 托福TPO2综合写作听力原文文本： Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed. On virtually every team, some members got almost a "free ride" ... they didn't contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well ... the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts. Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said "That will never work" about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a coupleinfluencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was "highly creative. " And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group. 托福TPO2综合写作满分范文： The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group system to handle their work. He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened in reality. First, some members got free rides. That is, some didn’t work hard but got recognition for the success nonetheless. This also indicates that people who worked hard were not given recognition they should have gotten. In other words, they weren’t given the opportunity to "shine". This directly contradicts what the passage indicates. Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are more responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and their aggregated resources. However, the speaker talks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in decision making. Groups needed more time for meetings, which are necessary procedures in decision making. This was another place where experience contradicted theory. Third, influential people might emerge and lead the group towards glory or failure. If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made. In other words, the group might turn into a dictatorship, with the influential party as the leader, and might become less flexible in its thinking. They might become one-sided, and thus fail to succeed. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO2综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。