沈阳工业大学本科生毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 谭海龙
工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献
工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Design Without DesignersI will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design.I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?"That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger.Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? T est. Web page layout? Test.This procedure is hardly unique to Google. /doc/f51636438.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise.Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data?Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New ConceptsIn design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is incremental improvement. In the manufacturing of products, companies assume that unit costs will continually decrease through continual, incremental improvements. A steady chain of incremental innovation enhances operations, the sourcing of parts and supply-chain management. The product design is continually tinkered with, adjusting the interface, adding new features, changing small things here and there. New products are announced yearly that are simply small modifications to the existing platform by a different constellation of features. Sometimes features are removed to enable a new, low-cost line. Sometimes features are enhanced or added. In incremental improvement, the basic platform is unchanged. Incremental design and innovation is less glamorous than the development of new concepts and ideas, but it is both far more frequent and far more important. Most of these innovations are small, but most are quite successful. This iswhat companies call "their cash cow": a product line that requires very little new development cost while being profitable year after year.The second form of design is what is generally taught in design, engineering and MBA courses on "breakthrough product innovation." Here is where new concepts get invented, new products defined, and new businesses formed. This is the fun part of innovation. As a result, it is the arena that most designers and inventors wish to inhabit. But the risks are great: most new innovations fail. Successful innovations can take decades to become accepted. As a result, the people who create the innovation are not necessarily the people who profit from it.In my Apple example, the designers were devising a new conception. In the case of Google and Amazon, the companies are practicing incremental enhancement. They are two different activities. Note that the Apple product, like most new innovations, failed. Why? I return to this example later.Both forms of innovation are necessary. The fight over data-driven design is misleading in that it uses the power of one method to deny the importance of the second. Data-driven design through testing is indeed effective at improving existing products. But where did the idea for the product come from in the first place? From someone's creative mind. Testing is effective at enhancing an idea, but creative designers and inventors are required to come up with the idea.Why Testing Is Both Essential and IncompleteData-driven design is "hill-climbing," a well-known algorithm for optimization. Imagine standing in the dark in an unknown, hilly terrain. How do you get to the top of the hill when you can't see? Test the immediate surroundings to determine whichdirection goes up the most steeply and take a step that way. Repeat until every direction leads to a lower level.But what if the terrain has many hills? How would you know whether you are on the highest? Answer: you can't know. This is called the "local maximum" problem: you can't tell if you are on highest hill (a global maximum) or just at the top of a small one.When a computer does hill climbing on a mathematical space, it tries to avoid the problem of local maxima by initiating climbs from numerous, different parts of the space being explored, selecting the highest of the separate attempts. This doesn't guarantee the very highest peak, but it can avoid being stuck on a low-ranking one. This strategy is seldom available to a designer: it is difficult enough to come up with a single starting point, let alone multiple, different ones. So, refinement through testing in the world of design is usually only capable of reaching the local maximum. Is there a far better solution (that is, is there a different hill which yields far superior results)? Testing will never tell us.Here is where creative people come in. Breakthroughs occur when a person restructures the problem, thereby recognizing that one is exploring the wrong space. This is the creative side of design and invention. Incremental enhancements will not get us there.Barriers to Great InnovationDramatic new innovation has some fundamental characteristics that make it inappropriate for judgment through testing. People resist novelty. Behavior tends to be conservative. New technologies and new methods of doing things usually take decades to be accepted - sometimes multiple decades. But the testing methods allassume that one can make a change, try it out, and immediately determine if it is better than what is currently available.There is no known way to tell if a radical new idea will eventually be successful. Here is where great leadership and courage is required. History tells us of many people who persevered for long periods in the face of repeated rejection before their idea was accepted, often to the point that after success, people could not imagine how they got along without it before. History also tells us of many people who persevered yet never were able to succeed. It is proper to be skeptical of radical new ideas.In the early years of an idea, it might not be accepted because the technology isn't ready, or because there is a lot more optimization still to be done, or because the audience isn't ready. Or because it is a bad idea. It is difficult to determine which of those reasons dominates. The task only becomes easy in hindsight, long after it becomes established.These long periods between formation and initial implementation of a novel idea and its eventual determination of success or failure in the marketplace is what defeats those who wish to use evidence as a decision criterion for following a new direction. Even if a superior way of doing something has been found, the automated test process will probably reject it, not because the idea is inferior, but because it cannot wait decades for the answer. Those who look only at test results will miss the large payoff.Of course there are sound business reasons why ignoring potentially superior approaches might be a wise decision. After all, if the audience is not ready for the new approach, it wouldinitially fail in the marketplace. That is true, in the short run. But to prosper in the future, the best approach would be to develop and commercialize the new idea to get marketplace experience, to begin the optimization process, and to develop the customer base. At the same time one is preparing the company for the day when the method takes off. Sure, keep doing the old, but get ready for the new. If the company fails to recognize the newly emerging method, its competitors will take over. Quite often these competitors will be a startup that existing companies ignored because what they were doing was not well accepted, and in any event did not appear to challenge the existing business: see "The innovator's dilemma."Gestural, multi-touch interfaces for screen-driven devices and computer games are good examples. Are these a brilliant new innovation? Brilliant? Yes. New? Absolutely not. Multi-touch devices were in research labs for almost three decades before the first successful mass-produced products. I saw gestures demonstrated over two decades ago. New ideas take considerable time to reach success in the marketplace. If an idea is commercialized too soon, the result is usually failure (and a large loss of money).This is precisely what the Apple designer of my opening paragraph had done. What I was shown was a portable computer designed for schoolchildren with a form factor unlike anything I had ever seen before. It was wonderful, and even to my normally critical eye, it looked like a perfect fit for the purpose and audience. Alas, the product got caught in a political fight between warring Apple divisions. Although it was eventually released into the marketplace, the fight crippled its integrity and it was badly executed, badly supported, and badly marketed.The resistance of a company to new innovations is well founded. It is expensive to develop a new product line with unknown profitability. Moreover, existing product divisions will be concerned that the new product will disrupt existing sales (this is called "cannibalization"). These fears are often correct. This is a classic case of what is good for the company being bad for an existing division, which means bad for the promotion and reward opportunities for the existing division. Is it a wonder companies resist? The data clearly show that although a few new innovations are dramatically successful, most fail, often at great expense. It is no wonder that companies are hesitant - resistant - to innovation no matter what their press releases and annual reports claim. To be conservative is to be sensible.The FutureAutomated data-driven processes will slowly make more and more inroads into the space now occupied by human designers. New approaches to computer-generated creativity such as genetic algorithms, knowledge-intensive systems, and others will start taking over the creative aspect of design. This is happening in many other fields, whether it be medical diagnosis or engineering design.We will get more design without designers, but primarily of the enhancement, refinement, and optimization of existing concepts. Even where new creative artificial systems are developed, whether by neural networks, genetic algorithms, or some yet undiscovered method, any new concept will still face the hurdle of overcoming the slow adoption rate of people and of overcoming the complex psychological, social, and political needs of people. T o do this, we need creative designers, creative business people, and risk takers willing to push the boundaries.New ideas will be resisted. Great innovations will come at the cost of multiple great failures.Design without designers? Those who dislike the ambiguity and uncertainty of human judgments, with its uncertain track record and contradictory statements will try to abolish the human element in favor of the certainty that numbers and data appear to offer. But those who want the big gains that creative judgment can produce will follow their own judgment. The first case will bring about the small, continual improvements that have contributed greatly to the increased productivity and lowering of costs of our technologies. The second case will be rewarded with greatfailures and occasional great success. But those great successes will transform the world.不需要设计师的设计唐·诺曼我永远也不会忘记我第一次向人们介绍优秀产品设计的魅力的经历，那时候我刚刚到苹果公司，还在逐渐的学习工作上的事务。
毕业设计外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别：专业：班级：姓名：学号：外文出处：附件： 1. 原文； 2. 译文2013年03月附件一：A Rapidly Deployable Manipulator SystemChristiaan J.J. Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown, Pradeep K. KhoslaAbstract:A rapidly deployable manipulator system combines the flexibility of reconfigurable modular hardware with modular programming tools, allowing the user to rapidly create a manipulator which is custom-tailored for a given task. This article describes two main aspects of such a system, namely, the Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System (RMMS)hardware and the corresponding control software.1 IntroductionRobot manipulators can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks, yet the range of tasks that can be performed by a manipulator is limited by mechanicalstructure.Forexample, a manipulator well-suited for precise movement across the top of a table would probably no be capable of lifting heavy objects in the vertical direction. Therefore, to perform a given task,one needs to choose a manipulator with an appropriate mechanical structure.We propose the concept of a rapidly deployable manipulator system to address the above mentioned shortcomings of fixed configuration manipulators. As is illustrated in Figure 1, a rapidly deployable manipulator system consists of software and hardware that allow the user to rapidly build and program a manipulator which is customtailored for a given task.The central building block of a rapidly deployable system is a Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System (RMMS). The RMMS utilizes a stock of interchangeable link and joint modules of various sizes and performance specifications. One such module is shown in Figure 2. By combining these general purpose modules, a wide range of special purpose manipulators can be assembled. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the idea of modular manipulators [2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 14], for research applications as well as for industrial applications. However, most of these systems lack the property of reconfigurability, which is key to the concept of rapidly deployable systems. The RMMS is particularly easy toreconfigure thanks to its integrated quick-coupling connectors described in Section 3.Effective use of the RMMS requires, Task Based Design software. This software takes as input descriptions of the task and of the available manipulator modules; it generates as output a modular assembly configuration optimally suited to perform the given task. Several different approaches have been used successfully to solve simpli-fied instances of this complicated problem.A third important building block of a rapidly deployable manipulator system is a framework for the generation of control software. To reduce the complexity of softwaregeneration for real-time sensor-based control systems, a software paradigm called software assembly has been proposed in the Advanced Manipulators Laboratory at CMU.This paradigm combines the concept of reusable and reconfigurable software components, as is supported by the Chimera real-time operating system [15], with a graphical user interface and a visual programming language, implemented in OnikaA lthough the software assembly paradigm provides thesoftware infrastructure for rapidly programming manipulator systems, it does not solve the programming problem itself. Explicit programming of sensor-based manipulator systems is cumbersome due to the extensive amount of detail which must be specified for the robot to perform the task. The software synthesis problem for sensor-based robots can be simplified dramatically, by providing robust robotic skills, that is, encapsulated strategies for accomplishing common tasks in the robots task domain [11]. Such robotic skills can then be used at the task level planning stage without having to consider any of the low-level detailsAs an example of the use of a rapidly deployable system,consider a manipulator in a nuclear environment where it must inspect material and space for radioactive contamination, or assemble and repair equipment. In such an environment, widely varied kinematic (e.g., workspace) and dynamic (e.g., speed, payload) performance is required, and these requirements may not be known a priori. Instead of preparing a large set of different manipulators to accomplish these tasks—an expensive solution—one can use a rapidly deployable manipulator system. Consider the following scenario: as soon as a specific task is identified, the task based design software determinesthe task. This optimal configuration is thenassembled from the RMMS modules by a human or, in the future, possibly by anothermanipulator. The resulting manipulator is rapidly programmed by using the software assembly paradigm and our library of robotic skills. Finally,the manipulator is deployed to perform its task.Although such a scenario is still futuristic, the development of the reconfigurable modular manipulator system, described in this paper, is a major step forward towards our goal of a rapidly deployable manipulator system.Our approach could form the basis for the next generation of autonomous manipulators, in which the traditional notion of sensor-based autonomy is extended to configuration-based autonomy. Indeed, although a deployed system can have all the sensory and planning information it needs, it may still not be able to accomplish its task because the task is beyond the system’s physical capabilities. A rapidly deployable system, on the other hand, could adapt its physical capabilities based on task specifications and, with advanced sensing, control, and planning strategies, accomplish the task autonomously.2 Design of self-contained hardware modulesIn most industrial manipulators, the controller is a separate unit housing the sensor interfaces, power amplifiers, and control processors for all the joints of the manipulator.A large number of wires is necessary to connect this control unit with the sensors, actuators and brakes located in each of the joints of the manipulator. The large number of electrical connections and the non-extensible nature of such a system layout make it infeasible for modular manipulators. The solution we propose is to distribute the control hardware to each individual module of the manipulator. These modules then become self-contained units which include sensors, an actuator, a brake, a transmission, a sensor interface, a motor amplifier, and a communication interface, as is illustrated in Figure 3. As a result, only six wires are requiredfor power distribution and data communication.2.1 Mechanical designThe goal of the RMMS project is to have a wide variety of hardware modules available. So far, we have built four kinds of modules: the manipulator base, a link module, three pivot joint modules (one of which is shown in Figure 2), and one rotate joint module. The base module and the link module have no degrees-of-freedom; the joint modules have onedegree-of-freedom each. The mechanical design of the joint modules compactly fits aDC-motor, a fail-safe brake, a tachometer, a harmonic drive and a resolver.The pivot and rotate joint modules use different outside housings to provide the right-angle or in-line configuration respectively, but are identical internally. Figure 4 shows in cross-section the internal structure of a pivot joint. Each joint module includes a DC torque motor and 100:1 harmonic-drive speed reducer, and is rated at a maximum speed of 1.5rad/s and maximum torque of 270Nm. Each module has a mass of approximately 10.7kg. A single, compact, X-type bearing connects the two joint halves and provides the needed overturning rigidity. A hollow motor shaft passes through all the rotary components, and provides achannel for passage of cabling with minimal flexing.2.2 Electronic designThe custom-designed on-board electronics are also designed according to the principle of modularity. Each RMMS module contains a motherboard which provides the basic functionality and onto which daughtercards can be stacked to add module specific functionality.The motherboard consists of a Siemens 80C166 microcontroller, 64K of ROM, 64K of RAM, an SMC COM20020 universal local area network controller with an RS-485 driver, and an RS-232 driver. The function of the motherboard is to establish communication with the host interface via an RS-485 bus and to perform the lowlevel control of the module, as is explained in more detail in Section 4. The RS-232 serial bus driver allows for simple diagnostics and software prototyping.A stacking connector permits the addition of an indefinite number of daughtercards with various functions, such as sensor interfaces, motor controllers, RAM expansion etc. In our current implementation, only modules with actuators include a daughtercard. This card contains a 16 bit resolver to digital converter, a 12 bit A/D converter to interface with the tachometer, and a 12 bit D/A converter to control the motor amplifier; we have used an ofthe-shelf motor amplifier (Galil Motion Control model SSA-8/80) to drive the DC-motor. For modules with more than one degree-of-freedom, for instance a wrist module, more than one such daughtercard can be stacked onto the same motherboard.3 Integrated quick-coupling connectorsTo make a modular manipulator be reconfigurable, it is necessary that the modules can be easily connected with each other. We have developed a quick-coupling mechanism with which a secure mechanical connection between modules can be achieved by simply turning a ring handtight; no tools are required. As shown in Figure 5, keyed flanges provide precise registration of the two modules. Turning of the locking collar on the male end produces two distinct motions: first the fingers of the locking ring rotate (with the collar) about 22.5 degrees and capture the fingers on the flanges; second, the collar rotates relative to the locking ring, while a cam mechanism forces the fingers inward to securely grip the mating flanges. A ball- transfer mechanism between the collar and locking ring automatically produces this sequence of motions.At the same time the mechanical connection is made,pneumatic and electronic connections are also established. Inside the locking ring is a modular connector that has 30 male electrical pins plus a pneumatic coupler in the middle. These correspond to matching female components on the mating connector. Sets of pins are wired in parallel to carry the 72V-25A power for motors and brakes, and 48V–6A power for the electronics. Additional pins carry signals for two RS-485 serial communication busses and four video busses. A plastic guide collar plus six alignment pins prevent damage to the connector pins and assure proper alignment. The plastic block holding the female pins can rotate in the housing to accommodate the eight different possible connection orientations (8@45 degrees). The relative orientation is automatically registered by means of an infrared LED in the female connector and eight photodetectors in the male connector.4 ARMbus communication systemEach of the modules of the RMMS communicates with a VME-based host interface over a local area network called the ARMbus; each module is a node of the network. The communication is done in a serial fashion over an RS-485 bus which runs through the length of the manipulator. We use the ARCNET protocol [1] implemented on a dedicated IC (SMC COM20020). ARCNET is a deterministic token-passing network scheme which avoids network collisions and guarantees each node its time to access the network. Blocks ofinformation called packets may be sent from any node on the network to any one of the other nodes, or to all nodes simultaneously (broadcast). Each node may send one packet each time it gets the token. The maximum network throughput is 5Mb/s.The first node of the network resides on the host interface card, as is depicted in Figure 6. In addition to a VME address decoder, this card contains essentially the same hardware one can find on a module motherboard. The communication between the VME side of the card and the ARCNET side occurs through dual-port RAM.There are two kinds of data passed over the local area network. During the manipulator initialization phase, the modules connect to the network one by one, starting at the base and ending at the end-effector. On joining the network, each module sends a data-packet to the host interface containing its serial number and its relative orientation with respect to the previous module. This information allows us to automatically determine the current manipulator configuration.During the operation phase, the host interface communicates with each of the nodes at 400Hz. The data that is exchanged depends on the control mode—centralized or distributed. In centralized control mode, the torques for all the joints are computed on the VME-based real-time processing unit (RTPU), assembled into a data-packet by the microcontroller on the host interface card and broadcast over the ARMbus to all the nodes of the network. Each node extracts its torque value from the packet and replies by sending a data-packet containing the resolver and tachometer readings. In distributed control mode, on the other hand, the host computer broadcasts the desired joint values and feed-forward torques. Locally, in each module, the control loop can then be closed at a frequency much higher than 400Hz. The modules still send sensor readings back to the host interface to be used in the computation of the subsequent feed-forward torque.5 Modular and reconfigurable control softwareThe control software for the RMMS has been developed using the Chimera real-time operating system, which supports reconfigurable and reusable software components [15]. The software components used to control the RMMS are listed in Table 1. The trjjline, dls, and grav_comp components require the knowledge of certain configuration dependent parametersof the RMMS, such as the number of degrees-of-freedom, the Denavit-Hartenberg parameters etc. During the initialization phase, the RMMS interface establishes contact with each of the hardware modules to determine automatically which modules are being used and in which order and orientation they have been assembled. For each module, a data file with a parametric model is read. By combining this information for all the modules, kinematic and dynamic models of the entire manipulator are built.After the initialization, the rmms software component operates in a distributed control mode in which the microcontrollers of each of the RMMS modules perform PID control locally at 1900Hz. The communication between the modules and the host interface is at 400Hz, which can differ from the cycle frequency of the rmms software component. Since we use a triple buffer mechanism [16] for the communication through the dual-port RAM on the ARMbus host interface, no synchronization or handshaking is necessary.Because closed form inverse kinematics do not exist for all possible RMMS configurations, we use a damped least-squares kinematic controller to do the inverse kinematics computation numerically..6 Seamless integration of simulationTo assist the user in evaluating whether an RMMS con- figuration can successfully complete a given task, we have built a simulator. The simulator is based on the TeleGrip robot simulation software from Deneb Inc., and runs on an SGI Crimson which is connected with the real-time processing unit through a Bit3 VME-to-VME adaptor, as is shown in Figure 6.A graphical user interface allows the user to assemble simulated RMMS configurations very much like assembling the real hardware. Completed configurations can be tested and programmed using the TeleGrip functions for robot devices. The configurations can also be interfaced with the Chimera real-time softwarerunning on the same RTPUs used to control the actual hardware. As a result, it is possible to evaluate not only the movements of the manipulator but also the realtime CPU usage and load balancing. Figure 7 shows an RMMS simulation compared with the actual task execution.7 SummaryWe have developed a Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System which currently consists of six hardware modules, with a total of four degrees-of-freedom. These modules can be assembled in a large number of different configurations to tailor the kinematic and dynamic properties of the manipulator to the task at hand. The control software for the RMMS automatically adapts to the assembly configuration by building kinematic and dynamic models of the manipulator; this is totally transparent to the user. To assist the user in evaluating whether a manipulator configuration is well suited for a given task, we have also built a simulator.AcknowledgmentThis research was funded in part by DOE under grant DE-F902-89ER14042, by Sandia National Laboratories under contract AL-3020, by the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and by The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University.The authors would also like to thank Randy Casciola, Mark DeLouis, Eric Hoffman, and Jim Moody for their valuable contributions to the design of the RMMS system.附件二：可迅速布置的机械手系统作者：Christiaan J.J. Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown, Pradeep K. Khosla摘要：一个迅速可部署的机械手系统，可以使再组合的标准化的硬件的灵活性用标准化的编程工具结合，允许用户迅速建立为一项规定的任务来通常地控制机械手。
2009_毕业设计外文资料翻译
河北工业大学毕业设计外文资料翻译专业及方向：土木工程专业建筑工程方向学生姓名:李康学号: 051405 班级：土木054外文出处（用外文写）:Journal of Earthquake Engineering Vol. 9, Special Issue 2 (2005) 415–438 _c Imperial College Press指导教师：王贵君职称：教授附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
提交日期： 2009 年 4 月 21 日地震引起的钢刚架弯矩对柱基上的影响仓田先生，中岛先生和K.防灾研究所，京都宇治大学，京都611-0011 ，日本塑性变形嵌入式型柱的基础实验研究的主要是测试宽度的厚度比和轴压比等参数，结果明显恶化引起的强度局部屈曲成为了受影响的测试参数。
分析的模型试验标本，发达国家模型采用了非线性动力学分析的低压及中高层钢框架的方法。
分析结果表明，必须考虑行为的恶化栏基，因为它极大地影响的结构的稳定和崩溃限制。
从分析中认识到除了本身的内力，崩溃限制宽厚比。
关键词：嵌入式型柱基;循环荷载试验;崩溃边缘;钢时刻帧;非线性动态分析。
1 、导言抗震设计的钢建筑结构已大大发展在过去几年里，针对严重危害钢结构，在1994年和1995年北岭Hyogoken -南部地震。
然而，更多的改善当前的结构设计仍然是必要的。
原因是地面摇晃，这和许多地方相比，就目前的设计来说，重新评价的强度强地震动的设计考虑对规范未来抗震设计规范的规定是必要的。
最近公布的设计准则[联邦紧急事务管理局，2000年;联合开展活动，2001年; Krawinkler等。
2004 ]考虑变形，在这些地震中要求钢结构和框架结构利用各种手段以确保其变形能力。
即使在最新的设计准则，真正崩溃限制建筑框架还没有明确的界定。
这是由于缺乏数据，这一限制以及缺乏可靠的分析程序来预测这个极限状态。
以往的研究通常认为安全限制点后的瞬间恶化既是真正崩溃限制[例如，大井等人。
毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计外文资料翻译设计题目: 译文题目: 太阳能蒸笼学生姓名：学号：专业班级：指导教师：正文：外文资料译文附件：外文资料原文太阳能蒸笼罗达.斯坦塔食品和营养学助理许多不同的系统介绍了太阳能炊具。
不同的设计有不同的优势。
它也表明太阳能灶还处于初级阶段,将有希望有个美好的未来,不仅有助于解决气候变化问题,而且在做一件重要的事,服务许多人的生命。
大部份太阳能炊具有某种形式的反光罩的集中太阳的能量。
太阳轮使用不反光但集中太阳能通过创造蒸汽从相对较大的收集器区域,并将其用于一个较小的烹饪区。
随着太阳能轮使用蒸汽作为传热媒介,它是一种间接的烹饪系统。
这允许一个分裂的烹饪系统,其热太阳能集热器可以放置在某个距离(如在屋顶上)除了烹饪的地方(例如在厨房里)。
厨师正在不接触阳光的并且可以用蒸汽,无论高低都方便,可接受的区域。
这使它成为一个非常方便的炊具为大量的食物。
使用简单叠加可以蒸煮几样菜，可以煮熟的同时进行。
那热气腾腾的过程是非常相似与传统蒸煮过程，应该容易得到各种文化的认可。
太阳所产生的蒸汽也可以被用来热量大的罐炖肉或汤通过引导蒸汽直接进入了液体在它凝聚和释放的热凝。
这就引起我做一个温柔的风潮的食品烤干。
在其设计技术,利用太阳船的有效性标准疏散管太阳能集热器可降低成本。
配料系统可以看出从素描以上基本的想法是很简单的。
太阳能收集器里装满了水。
因为它具有极高的效率和良好的保温玻璃管的撤离开始沸腾的水会暴露在阳光下时。
蒸汽会被引导到蒸笼以灵活的、蒸汽抗性软管。
连续系统最后更复杂的,因为它必须确信,玻璃管永远不会变干的。
一滴滴喂料系统集成式换热器提供了一条连续的淡水来代替水流失为蒸汽。
这也防止了重建的盐和污染的太阳能集热器。
因为这个系统包含了大量的沸腾的水在玻璃管,它具有使绝对肯定,没有压力,建立该体系。
成本为了保持成本低，Sun2Steam正在出售一转换工具包可以很容易地安装在一个标准的低成本太阳能集热器。
此套将直接来自澳大利亚,而太阳能收集器可直接来源于一个低成本的供应商。
机械类毕业设计外文文献翻译
沈阳工业大学工程学院毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目：工具盒盖注塑模具设计外文题目：Friction , Lubrication of Bearing 译文题目：轴承的摩擦与润滑系（部）：机械系专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化0801学生姓名：王宝帅指导教师：魏晓波2010年10 月15 日外文文献原文：Friction , Lubrication of BearingIn many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement.Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary.The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt.There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. To produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement .Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. As shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction .Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the added energy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction.The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcomepartly by the precision machining of the surfaces. However, even these smooth surfaces may require the use of a substance between them to reduce the friction still more. This substance is usually a lubricant which provides a fine, thin oil film. The film keeps the surfaces apart and prevents the cohesive forces of the surfaces from coming in close contact and producing heat .Another way to reduce friction is to use different materials for the bearing surfaces and rotating parts. This explains why bronze bearings, soft alloys, and copper and tin iolite bearings are used with both soft and hardened steel shaft. The iolite bearing is porous. Thus, when the bearing is dipped in oil, capillary action carries the oil through the spaces of the bearing. This type of bearing carries its own lubricant to the points where the pressures are the greatest.Moving parts are lubricated to reduce friction, wear, and heat. The most commonly used lubricants are oils, greases, and graphite compounds. Each lubricant serves a different purpose. The conditions under which two moving surfaces are to work determine the type of lubricant to be used and the system selected for distributing the lubricant.On slow moving parts with a minimum of pressure, an oil groove is usually sufficient to distribute the required quantity of lubricant to the surfaces moving on each other .A second common method of lubrication is the splash system in which parts moving in a reservoir of lubricant pick up sufficient oil which is then distributed to all moving parts during each cycle. This system is used in the crankcase of lawn-mower engines to lubricate the crankshaft, connecting rod ,and parts of the piston.A lubrication system commonly used in industrial plants is the pressure system. In this system, a pump on a machine carries the lubricant to all of the bearing surfaces at a constant rate and quantity.There are numerous other systems of lubrication and a considerable number of lubricants available for any given set of operating conditions. Modern industry pays greater attention to the use of the proper lubricants than at previous time because of the increased speeds, pressures, and operating demands placed on equipment and devices.Although one of the main purposes of lubrication is reduce friction, any substance-liquid , solid , or gaseous-capable of controlling friction and wear between sliding surfaces can be classed as a lubricant.Varieties of lubricationUnlubricated sliding. Metals that have been carefully treated to remove all foreign materials seize and weld to one another when slid together. In the absence of such a highdegree of cleanliness, adsorbed gases, water vapor ,oxides, and contaminants reduce frictio9n and the tendency to seize but usually result in severe wear; this is called “unlubricated ”or dry sliding.Fluid-film lubrication. Interposing a fluid film that completely separates the sliding surfaces results in fluid-film lubrication. The fluid may be introduced intentionally as the oil in the main bearing of an automobile, or unintentionally, as in the case of water between a smooth tuber tire and a wet pavement. Although the fluid is usually a liquid such as oil, water, and a wide range of other materials, it may also be a gas. The gas most commonly employed is air.Boundary lubrication. A condition that lies between unlubricated sliding and fluid-film lubrication is referred to as boundary lubrication, also defined as that condition of lubrication in which the friction between surfaces is determined by the properties of the surfaces and properties of the lubricant other than viscosity. Boundary lubrication encompasses a significant portion of lubrication phenomena and commonly occurs during the starting and stopping off machines.Solid lubrication. Solid such as graphite and molybdenum disulfide are widely used when normal lubricants do not possess sufficient resistance to load or temperature extremes. But lubricants need not take only such familiar forms as fats, powders, and gases; even some metals commonly serve as sliding surfaces in some sophisticated machines.Function of lubricantsAlthough a lubricant primarily controls friction and ordinarily does perform numerous other functions, which vary with the application and usually are interrelated .Friction control. The amount and character of the lubricant made available to sliding surfaces have a profound effect upon the friction that is encountered. For example, disregarding such related factors as heat and wear but considering friction alone between the same surfaces with on lubricant. Under fluid-film conditions, friction is encountered. In a great range of viscosities and thus can satisfy a broad spectrum of functional requirements. Under boundary lubrication conditions , the effect of viscosity on friction becomes less significant than the chemical nature of the lubricant.Wear control. wear occurs on lubricated surfaces by abrasion, corrosion ,and solid-to-solid contact wear by providing a film that increases the distance between the sliding surfaces ,thereby lessening the damage by abrasive contaminants and surfaceasperities.Temperature control. Lubricants assist in controlling corrosion of the surfaces themselves is twofold. When machinery is idle, the lubricant acts as a preservative. When machinery is in use, the lubricant controls corrosion by coating lubricated parts with a protective film that may contain additives to neutralize corrosive materials. The ability of a lubricant to control corrosion is directly relatly to the thickness of the lubricant film remaining on the metal surfaces and the chermical composition of the lubricant.Other functionsLubrication are frequently used for purposes other than the reduction of friction. Some of these applications are described below.Power transmission. Lubricants are widely employed as hydraulic fluids in fluid transmission devices.Insulation. In specialized applications such as transformers and switchgear , lubricants with high dielectric constants acts as electrical insulators. For maximum insulating properties, a lubricant must be kept free of contaminants and water.Shock dampening. Lubricants act as shock-dampening fluids in energy transferring devices such as shock absorbers and around machine parts such as gears that are subjected to high intermittent loads.Sealing. Lubricating grease frequently performs the special function of forming a seal to retain lubricants or to exclude contaminants.The object of lubrication is to reduce friction ,wear , and heating of machine pars which move relative to each other. A lubricant is any substance which, when inserted between the moving surfaces, accomplishes these purposes. Most lubricants areliquids(such as mineral oil, silicone fluids, and water),but they may be solid for use in dry bearings, greases for use in rolling element bearing, or gases(such as air) for use in gas bearings. The physical and chemical interaction between the lubricant and lubricating surfaces must be understood in order to provide the machine elements with satisfactory life.The understanding of boundary lubrication is normally attributed to hardy and doubleday , who found the extrememly thin films adhering to surfaces were often sufficient to assist relative sliding. They concluded that under such circumstances the chemical。
英文翻译
南湖学院毕业设计（论文）外文翻译资料作者张雄届别2011系别机械与电子工程系专业机械设计及其自动化指导老师刘伟香职称副教授完成时间2011年5月18日Automated surface finishing of plastic injection mold steel with spherical grinding and ball burnishing processesAbstractThis study investigates the possibilities of automated spherical grinding and ball burnishing surface finishing processes in a freeform surface plastic injection mold steel PDS5 on a CNC machining center. The design and manufacture of a grinding tool holder has been accomplished in this study. The optimal surface grinding parameters were determined using Taguchi’s orthogonal array method for plastic injection molding steel PDS5 on a machining center. The optimal surface grinding parameters for the plastic injection mold steel PDS5 were the combination of an abrasive material of PA Al2O3, a grinding speed of 18 000 rpm, a grinding depth of 20 μm, and a feed of 50 mm/min. The surface roughness Ra of the specimen can be improved from about 1.60 μm to 0.35 μm by usin g the optimal parameters for surface grinding. Surface roughness Ra can be further improved from about 0.343 μm to 0.06 μm by using the ball burnishing process with the optimal burnishing parameters. Applying the optimal surface grinding and burnishing parameters sequentially to a fine-milled freeform surface mold insert, the surface roughness Ra of freeform surface region on the tested part can be improved from about 2.15 μm to 0.07 μm.Keywords Automated surface finishing; Ball burnishing process; Grinding process; Surface roughness; Taguchi’s method1 IntroductionPlastics are important engineering materials due to their specific characteristics, such as corrosion resistance, resistance to chemicals, low density, and ease of manufacture, and have increasingly replaced metallic components in industrial applications. Injection molding is one of the important forming processes for plastic products. The surface finish quality of the plastic injection mold is an essential requirement due to its direct effects on the appearance of the plastic product. Finishing processes such as grinding, polishing and lapping are commonly used to improve the surface finish.The mounted grinding tools (wheels) have been widely used in conventional mold and die finishing industries. The geometric model of mounted grinding tools forFig.1. Schematic diagram of the spherical grinding processautomated surface finishing processes was introduced in. A finishing process mode of spherical grinding tools for automated surface finishing systems was developed in. Grinding speed, depth of cut, feed rate, and wheel properties such asabrasive material and abrasive grain size, are the dominant parameters for the spherical grinding process, as shown in Fig. 1. The optimal spherical grinding parameters for the injection mold steel have not yet been investigated based in the literature.In recent years, some research has been carried out in determining the optimal parameters of the ball burnishing process (Fig. 2). For instance, it has been found that plastic deformation on the workpiece surface can be reduced by using a tungsten carbide ball or a roller, thus improving the surface roughness, surface hardness, and fatigue resistance. The burnishing process is accomplished by machining centers and lathes. The main burnishing parameters having significant effects on the surface roughness are ball or roller material, burnishing force, feed rate, burnishing speed, lubrication, and number of burnishing passes, among others. The optimal surface burnishing parameters for the plastic injection mold steel PDS5 were a combination of grease lubricant, the tungsten carbide ball, a burnishing speed of 200 mm/min, a burnishing force of 300 N, and a feed of 40 μm. The depth of penetration of the burnished surface using the optimal ball burnishing parameters was about 2.5 microns. The improvement of the surface roughness through burnishing process generally ranged between 40% and 90%.Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the ball-burnishing processThe aim of this study was to develop spherical grinding and ball burnishing surface finish processes of a freeform surface plastic injection mold on a machiningcenter. The flowchart of automated surface finish using spherical grinding and ball burnishing processes is shown in Fig. 3. We began by designing and manufacturing the spherical grinding tool and its alignment device for use on a machining center. The optimal surface spherical grinding parameters were determined by utilizing a Taguchi’s orthogonal array method. Four factors and three corresponding levels were then chosen for the Taguchi’s L18 matrix experiment. The optimal mounted spherical grinding parameters for surface grinding were then applied to the surface finish of a freeform surface carrier. To improve the surface roughness, the ground surface was further burnished, using the optimal ball burnishing parameters.Fig. 3. Flow chart of automated surface finish using spherical grinding and ball burnishing processes2 Design of the spherical grinding tool and its alignmentdeviceTo carry out the possible spherical grinding process of a freeform surface, the center of the ball grinder should coincide with the z-axis of the machining center. The mounted spherical grinding tool and its adjustment device was designed, as shown in Fig. 4. The electric grinder was mounted in a tool holder with two adjustable pivot screws. The center of the grinder ball was well aligned with the help of the conic groove of the alignment components. Having aligned the grinder ball, two adjustable pivot screws were tightened; after which, the alignment components could be removed. The deviation between the center coordinates of the ball grinder and that of the shank was about 5 μm, which was measured by a CNC coordinate measuring machine. The force induced by the vibration of the machine bed is absorbed by a helical spring. The manufactured spherical grinding tool and ball-burnishing tool were mounted, as shown in Fig. 5. The spindle was locked for both the spherical grinding process and the ball burnishing process by a spindle-locking mechanism.Fig.4. Schematic illustration of the spherical grinding tool and its adjustment deviceFig.5. (a) Photo of the spherical grinding tool (b) Photo of the ball burnishing tool3 Planning of the matrix experiment3.1 Configuration of Taguchi’s orthogonal arrayThe effects of several parameters can be determined efficiently by conducting matrix experiments using Taguchi’s orthogonal array. To match the aforementioned spherical grinding parameters, the abrasive material of the grinder ball (with the diameter of 10 mm), the feed rate, the depth of grinding, and the revolution of the electric grinder were selected as the four experimental factors (parameters) and designated as factor A to D (see Table 1) in this research. Three levels (settings) for each factor were configured to cover the range of interest, and were identified by the digits 1, 2, and 3. Three types of abrasive materials, namely silicon carbide (SiC), white aluminum oxide (Al2O3, WA), and pink aluminum oxide (Al2O3, PA), were selected and studied. Three numerical values of each factor were determined based on the pre-study results. The L18 orthogonal array was selected to conduct the matrix experiment for four 3-level factors of the spherical grinding process.Table1 The experimental factors and their levels3.2 Definition of the data analysisEngineering design problems can be divided into smaller-the better types, nominal-the-best types, larger-the-better types, signed-target types, among others [8]. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio is used as the objective function for optimizing a product or process design. The surface roughness value of the ground surface via an adequate combination of grinding parameters should be smaller than that of the original surface. Consequently, the spherical grinding process is an example of a smaller-the-better type problem. The S/N ratio, η, is defined by the following equation:η=−10 log10(mean square quality characteristic)=−10 log10⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡∑=niiy n12 1where:yi : observations of the quality characteristic under different noise conditionsn: number of experimentAfter the S/N ratio from the experimental data of each L18 orthogonal array is calculated, the main effect of each factor was determined by using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique and an F-ratio test. The optimization strategy of the smaller-the better problem is to maximize η, as defined by Eq. 1. Levels that maximize ηwill be selected for the factors that have a significant effect on η. The optimal conditions for spherical grinding can then be determined.4 Experimental work and resultsThe material used in this study was PDS5 tool steel (equivalent to AISI P20), which is commonly used for the molds of large plastic injection products in the field of automobile components and domestic appliances. The hardness of this material is about HRC33 (HS46). One specific advantage of this material is that after machining, the mold can be directly used for further finishing processes without heat treatment due to its special pre-treatment. The specimens were designed and manufactured so that they could be mounted on a dynamometer to measure the reaction force. The PDS5 specimen was roughly machined and then mounted on the dynamometer to carry out the fine milling on a three-axis machining center made by Yang-Iron Company (type MV-3A), equipped with a FUNUC Company NC-controller (type 0M). The pre-machined surface roughness was measured, using Hommelwerke T4000 equipment, to be about 1.6 μm. Figure 6 shows the experimental set-up of the spherical grinding process. A MP10 touch-trigger probe made by the Renishaw Company was also integrated with the machining center tool magazine to measure and determine the coordinated origin of the specimen to be ground. The NC codes needed for the ball-burnishing path were generated by PowerMILL CAM software. These codes can be transmitted to the CNC controller of the machining center via RS232 serial interface.Table 2 summarizes the measured ground surface roughness alue R a and the calculated S/N ratio of each L18 orthogonal array sing Eq. 1, after having executed the 18 matrix experiments. The average S/N ratio for each level of the four actors is shown graphically in Fig. 7.Fig.7. Plots of control factor effectsThe goal in the spherical grinding process is to minimize the surface roughness value of the ground specimen by determining the optimal level of each factor. Since −log is a monotone decreasing function, we should maximize the S/N ratio. Consequently, we can determine the optimal level for each factor as being the level that has the highest value of η. Therefore, based on the matrix experiment, the optimal abrasive material was pink aluminum oxide; the optimal feed was 50 mm/min; the optimal depth of grinding was 20 μm; and the optimal revolution was 18 000 rpm, as shown in Table 3.The optimal parameters for surface spherical grinding obtained from the Taguchi’s matrix experiments were applied to the surface finish of the freeform surface mold insert to evaluate the surface roughness improvement. A perfume bottle was selected as the tested carrier. The CNC machining of the mold insert for the tested object was simulated with Power MILL CAM software. After fine milling, the mold insert was further ground with the optimal spherical grinding parameters obtained from the Taguchi’s matrix experiment. Shortly afterwards, the groundsurface was burnished with the optimal ball burnishing parameters to further improve the surface roughness of the tested object (see Fig. 8). The surface roughness of the mold insert was measured with Hommelwerke T4000 equipment. The average surface roughness value R a on a fine-milled surface of the mold insert was 2.15 μm on average; that on the ground surface was 0.45 μm on average; and that on burnished surface was 0.07 μm on average. The surface roughness improvement of the tested object on ground surface was about (2.15−0.45)/2.15 = 79.1%, and that on the burnished surface was about (2.15−0.07)/2.15 = 96.7%.Fig.8. Fine-milled, ground and burnished mold insert of a perfume bottle5 ConclusionIn this work, the optimal parameters of automated spherical grinding and ball-burnishing surface finishing processes in a freeform surface plastic injection mold were developed successfully on a machining center. The mounted spherical grinding tool (and its alignment components) was designed and manufactured. The optimal spherical grinding parameters for surface grinding were determined by conducting a Taguchi L18 matrix experiments. The optimal spherical grinding parameters for the plastic injection mold steel PDS5 were the combination of the abrasive material of pink aluminum oxide (Al2O3, PA), a feed of 50 mm/min, a depth of grinding 20 μm, and a revolution of 18 000 rpm. The surface roughness R a of the specimen can be improved from about 1.6 μm to 0.35 μm by using the optimal spherical grinding conditions for surface grinding. By applying the optimal surface grinding and burnishing parameters to the surface finish of the freeform surface mold insert, the surface roughness improvements were measured to be ground surface was about 79.1% in terms of ground surfaces, and about 96.7% in terms of burnished surfaces.基于注塑模具钢研磨和抛光工序的自动化表面处理摘要本文研究了注塑模具钢自动研磨与球面抛光加工工序的可能性，这种注塑模具钢PDS5的塑性曲面是在数控加工中心完成的。
毕业论文（设计）外文译文
毕业论文（设计）外文译文题目建筑剪力墙结构的地震反应与阻尼器学院土木工程学院专业土木工程 年级 11级学生姓名周磊学号 ********* 指导教师古巍建筑结构在剪力墙的地震反应与阻尼器L.P.B.马德森,D.P.山姆*,新泽西州佩蕾娜土木工程学院的基础设施中心,昆士兰科技大学,共和党的2434号房子,乔治街2号,布里斯班昆士兰4001,澳大利亚在2001年10月1日收到,在2002年11月1日接收摘要：建筑物遭受地震时,必须输入能量消散一些通过预先确定的和精心设计的机制。
本研究主要探讨机械控制结构的影响和系统通过战略位置的应用程序可以调节响应组件元素和可靠的阻尼和刚度属性。
安装此类阻尼元素的影响在两个特定位置进行了调查。
这些职位之间的耦合梁和附近的剪力墙内部分在多层结构墙的元素。
有限元时程分析用于研究和结果表明,该程序能够实现合理的地震响应的改善。
关键词:地震响应;建筑;被动阻尼器位移,加速度1、介绍当建筑物受地震或从爆炸冲击波,它提供至关重要这些建筑的能量吸收途径避免随机和造成的不利影响不可预测的负载,远远超过弹性力量结构元素的能力。
在最近的地震中人们已经发现,缺乏能量吸收机制是建筑表现不佳的原因之一。
它是越来越普遍的设计实践多层建筑细节的地方表单通常放置在塑料铰链梁柱节点附近梁(12，14)。
这些位置旨在消除大量的能量通过非弹性变形,从而保护主体结构从损伤和改善地震响应。
这一点,然而,导致必要性去修理损坏的地方结构成员后接受极限载荷的影响。
许多多层建筑包含剪力墙在电梯和楼梯间。
这些墙提供相当大的横向刚度的结构使它能够抵抗水平地震等载荷和风能。
通常会有几个空缺在这些剪力墙,如果两个这样的机会相反,深梁用于互连墙壁。
这些耦合梁通常用作为核心元素提供框架行动的手段。
他们为了在地震能量消散必须经过非弹性屈服,因此由于小跨度深比、需要高度复杂的和拥挤的强化来实现延性。
他们是很难构造由于这对角的必要性强化,以及服务的缝隙。
毕业设计(论文)译文格式参考
图4 ： ADAMS的柔性体模型
液压模型
考虑到流量 Q 和压力 Δp 分别相当于电流和电压， 因此可以在流体动力系统和电路系统中进 行类比模拟。关于电阻、电容和感应系数的定义可以参阅参考资料[5]。DSHplus软件使用这种方 式对流体动力系统进行动态仿真。流动阻力和流动体积是仿真模型的基本组成部分，它们的相 互结合可以创建简单的或更为精确的模型。程序的后台处理程式是基于一维流动理论辅以实证 考虑的。DSHplus不能对非定常不均匀管流动进行模拟，因为这样的问题需要使用计算流体动力 学（Computational Fluid Dynamics，CFD）仿真工具来解决。尽管建立的仿真模型是简化的，但 是像DSHplus这样的软件在流体技术的动态分析中还是广泛应用的。
ˆ
ˆ T )T ξ = ( x y zψ θ φ q
（5）
式中 x, y, z ,ψ , θ , ϕ , 是柔性体本身参考坐标系的坐标，用以描述六刚体模态。运动方程的最 终形式是：
3
+ M − 1 ∂M ξ Mξ 2 ∂ξ
式中， ξ —广义坐标，
∂VG T ξ ξ + K ξ + ∂ξ + Dξ +ψ ξ λ = Q
整体有限元模型60543个自由度 0.0HZ 113.8HZ 114.9HZ 157.6 HZ 161.8 HZ 200.4 HZ 211.0 HZ 284.4 HZ …
4
模态参数 q 29个自由度 0.0HZ 114.6HZ 116.2 HZ 161.9 HZ 165.4 HZ 202.6 HZ 211.1 HZ 288.8 HZ …
u i u = b = ui Φ C
0 qC = Φq ΦN qN
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本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目：射灯冲孔成型机设计外文题目：Utility of Technology for Rural Area- An Amla Punching Machine译文题目：农村地区-阿姆拉冲床技术实用学院：机械工程学院学号： 130101414专业班级：机自1304班学生姓名：谭海龙指导教师：孟新宇年月日译文农村地区的新兴前沿技术国际会议（efitra）2012发表在国际期刊（计算机应用®ijca）农村地区-阿姆拉冲床技术实用kakde Apoorva N.P.Awate助理教授，助理教授bapurao Deshmukh工程学院，raisoni工程学院，Sewagram（沃尔塔）（MS）印度那格浦尔印度（MS）摘要一个经济的生产解决方案是必要的，使产品价格负担得起的小工业和农村地区的人在家工作赚钱。
本研究的目的是投资IGATE克服冲洗而制造Murabba和提供一个既经济又产生更好的结果的而且能解决手动过程中出现的问题的操作员。
此外，人体工程学（健康）的经营是一个大问题，因为它可能会伤害工人手腕和手。
编写机器的Pro/E模型，以便根据需要进行修改过程。
没有机器或设备可冲洗头。
该模型将提供在提高生产率和劳动工作可以最小化。
逐步研究提出设计和制造的机器是可负担的，需要很少或根本没有培训的操作和维护。
这样可以提高生产率，减轻工人疲劳度。
关键词经济生产、农村地区，冲压机的设计。
1.介绍在印度，阿姆拉冲压机正在大规模用于各种用途，如制造murraba，泡菜等。
但手工制作方法采购方法效率较低，不适合生产者。
本文对冲孔机的设计与分析，在农村地区，这种类型的机器是非常有用和要求，手工方法消耗更多的腌汁和时间。
这台机器还没有制造或发明，所以我们打算设计和分析这台机器，这样可以减少时间，提高效率。
2.文献阿姆拉制作泡菜在印度和所采用的方法是基于祖母的传统知识。
此外，反洗钱法一直是Chavan的重要成分。
以前使用的方法是不卫生的和消耗时间的。
这些方法的营养损失较高。
我们还利用反洗钱法制造腌汁。
我们使用反洗钱法冲床而不用手动方法腌汁。
但是，问题是小事故也时有报道。
而手工制的生活ED 产品也较少，质量达不到要求。
1995年，BAIF实施了“jannothan项目”。
项目支持阿姆拉和芒果种植。
以帮助提升来自部落的家庭的经济。
在该项目下，Aonla Utpadak Samiti（委员会）的形成和发展帮助生产各种产品（如糖果、拉杜汁、南瓜粉、泡菜、等）。
这一举措现在帮助荒地复兴，也为部落生活提供机会机会。
农村社区可以受益于营销洗很多营销即通过集体形成生产者组织当地农民、妇女团体。
重要的是，农业社区和妇女的权利获得自然，生产和可再生资源，如土地，P 植物遗传资源、种子、水和森林。
Khadi Gramudyog一直在推动反洗钱法糖果有丰富的维他命C成分和变化的Amla（深色蜂蜜混合均匀的的混合物）在商标名称“亲爱的Amla”作为食品的一种良好的饮料时需要采取用温水冲制。
被认为是几年一个小森林产生之后，商业对反洗钱法专门培养大大加快主要是由于由反洗钱法印度阿育吠陀和保健产品的需求上升。
约122614亩，是印度醋栗栽培下产量150500吨。
Amla具有热储存稳定的维生素C人类已知的最高水平。
每日摄入新鲜或加工的形式降低血清胆固醇，管理控制酸度、肝脏疾病、须发早白、脱发、明目、净化血液。
在印度，各类产品正在由Amla生产，如：Amla murabba （PR 知道），Amla Amla ladoo，Amla burfi，Amla，泡菜、糖果、Amla果酱、醋栗酱，醋栗醋栗汁、南瓜粉、Amla。
3.机器要求我们已经决定准备阿姆拉冲孔机因为主要在农村地区的人们工作在Khadi gramaudyog和他们制造的各种产品在国内的销售。
本机的气缸此种针平台拳在其整个圆周amlas。
一个单一的反洗钱法冲的十倍以上，在其整个表面。
冲头的深度为10-15毫米。
打孔后，amlas从孔排出，可以收集在塑料盒里。
整机配有电机、起动机等。
当用手做为农村人运行Khadi Gramodyog。
在他们家里感觉很难冲洗。
因为它需要那么大的力气进行同样的过程。
同样，矿山机械化这个过程会减少耗力和简化过程，提高生产率和经济。
我们设计的阿姆拉冲孔机适合小规模的产业。
直到现在，大多数小规模工业应用手动制作可以证明对工人有害。
这个过程是非常耗费更多的时间，更少的生产率。
特别是在农村地区最多做的人的家庭经营或许多组织在农村地区如Mahila Bachat Gat做这个生意打amlas的所有操作引发用法手动导致更少的产量从而少赚钱。
我们的机器有能力克服这些问题，使生活更好的人做这项业务在农村地区。
3.1客观性这台机器成本低，生产率高。
它的危害更小，耗电更少，需要更少的监督和更少的人力.年轻人或没有培训任何人都可以很容易地操作机器，由于其成本低，农村地区的人很容易买到它。
4.冲孔机的工作及结构首先为冲洗头选择合适的编号。
将amlas倒在料斗。
通过对反洗法适合料斗，数量低于在圆柱形滚筒对之间。
Amalas进行冲孔是通过安装在滚筒的圆周上的冲针来进行的。
通过第一组后，再让amlas掉落在二双滚筒使amlas再打一次。
amlas挂在冲针上、用专用洗清除工具是用来去除挂amlas的结构。
最后把amlas 收集在收集器并将其用于制备morraba。
反洗法冲孔机是刚性结构，主要包括以下几个部分框架珀滚筒冲针轴轴承平带滑轮清除工具安全防板收集器图1 冲孔机装配视图图2所有的视图与冲孔机尺寸5.发展的需要在手动冲压过程中工人需要不断握拳。
这个过程是连续的，它可能会导致手腕疾病的工人在这个行业持续时间变长。
当你紧握，抓住，握紧，掐或拧的东西在你的手，你用两大筋在手腕和拇指下。
这些肌腱并肩运行从您的前臂通过到拇指腕侧。
他们通常通过肌腱的连接链接到末端的拇指使得手容易产生肌腱炎（任期腱鞘炎也称），肌腱的滑膜发炎，将会限制手部运动。
它是腱鞘的炎症，必须处理。
因此有必要减少使用这些类型的手动流程，从而减少疲劳的工人和提高生产力。
6.用pro/E进行设计图1和图2显示了冲孔机的Pro/E模型。
如果将在机器进行模拟，可以很容易的修改程序要求的任何变化。
该机实际上是虚拟制造的，它将耗资约15000 / -大约这样，任何人购买都将是可行的。
在实际制造的机器将使用和分析找出失败的原因而和在实际制造的领域如何进行必要的改变。
在针轴上有压力变化的可能性。
所以需要更多的考虑和设计。
7.总结这种为制备murraba而设计的阿姆拉冲孔机是非常高效的。
这是对阿姆拉的murrba的制作中最大程度保留营养成分，减少消耗时间和保证安全卫生的研究设计。
这种冲孔机所使用的材料被证明是对食物制作有益的材料，这对在农村地区做家务的人来说将会大有益处。
8.参考文献Amulas对当地人生活的帮助，bhagpura（乌代布尔）和Ghatol（班斯瓦拉县）、拉贾斯坦（Raj Ganguly，联合国粮农组织（FAO）、新德里*）A. Thimmaiah Sudhir，荷兰发展组织，廷布/aboutus/index.html CFTRI：。
S. J. Ojolo和B. S. Ogunsina。
“一个腰果裂解装置的研制”。
农业工程国际：CIGR电子期刊。
手稿PM 06 030。
第九、六月、2007。
PP 2-4Gupta、G.K.和bopaiah，该（1986）。
准备aonla腌汁与维生素C含量的简便方法。
Ind. Hort。
，31:15。
一个“对aonal采后技术研究论文报告（余甘子果实提取物中。
）”，园艺学系、农业山姆希金博特姆学院，科学与技术，2007年度在阿拉哈巴德–2009。
机械原理（货轮由Ratan）机械元件设计（B. D. Shiwalkar）产品设计（Kevin Wood）agrosaw /others.htmlm.g.i.r.i.沃尔塔International Conference on Emerging Frontiers in Technology for Rural Area (EFITRA) 2012Proceedings published in International Journal of ComputerApplications® (IJCA)Utility of Technology for Rural Area- An Amla Punching MachineApoorva M KakdeAssitant Professor,Bapurao Deshmukh College of Engineering, Sewagram (Wardha) (MS) IndiaABSTRACTAn economical manufacturing solution is necessary for making the product affordable to the small industries and rural area where people work at home for earning. The purpose of this study is to investigate and overcome the problems arising during the manual process of punching the Amla while manufacturing Murabba and provide a machine that is both economical and also yield better results to the operator. Also the ergonomics (health) of the operator is a big issue as it can cause harm to the workers wrist and hand. A Pro E model of the machine is prepared so as to modify it as per the need of process. There is no machine or equipment available for punching of Amla. The model is expected to provide in increase the productivity and laboring work can be minimized. Research presents step by step designing and manufacturing of a machine which is affordable and requires little or no training for operation and maintenance. Production rate can be improved and fatigue to the worker can be reduced. KeywordsEconomical manufacturing, Rural Area, Amla Punching machine, Design.1. INTRODUCTIONIn India, amlas are produced on a large scale which is used for various purposes such as making murraba, pickles,etc. But the method of making murabba by manual method is less efficient and not suitable to maker. This paper is on the design and analysis of amla punching machine. In rural areas, such type of machine is very useful and demanded. The making of amla’s murabba by manual method consumes more time. This machine is not yet manufactured or invented, so we are going to design and analyze this machine which will reduce the time and increase the efficiency.2. LITERATUREAmla has been in use for pickle and preserve since ages in India and the methods employed were based on traditional knowledge of grandmothers. Besides, amla has been an important ingredient for Chavanprash, Ayurvedic health tonic. The methods used previously were unhygienic in nature and time consuming. The nutrient loss in these methods was higher. We also use the amla for making murabba. We use the manual method to punch the amla for making murabba. But, the problem is that minor accidents have also been reported during manual punching, pricking and shredding. The life of the manually prepared products was also less and the quality not up to the mark.In 1995, BAIF implemented the "Jannothan Project." The project supported the plantation of Amla and Mango to uplift ("utthan)" economically families from tribal communities.N.P. AwateAssistant Professor,Raisoni College of Engineering,Nagpur (MS) IndiaUnder the project, the Aonla Utpadak Samiti (committee) was formed and process unit developed to produce various products (i.e. candy, Ladoo juice, Squash, powder, pickle, etc). This initiative is now helping in revival of wastelands and also providing livelihood opportunities for tribal communities. [1] The rural communities can benefit a lot by marketing amla through collective marketing i.e. by forming producer organizations of local armers/women’s groups. It is important that the rights of farming communities and women have access to natural, productive and renewable resources like land, plant genetic resource, seeds, water and forest. [2] Khadi Gramudyog has been promoting Amla candies having a rich Vitamin C composition and a variation of Honey mixed with Amla (dark colored homogenous mixture) under the trade name "Honey n Amla" that serves as a good drink for diabetics when taken in with lukewarm water. [3] After being considered a minor forest produce for several years, commercial cultivation of amla has picked up greatly mainly due to rising demand for ayurvedic and nutraceutical products made from amla in India. About 122,614 acres are under amla cultivation in India with an output of 150,500 tonnes. Amla possesses the highest level of heat and storage stable vitamin C known to man. Its daily intake as fresh or processed form decreases serum cholesterol, prevents indigestion, controls acidity, liver disorders, premature graying and hair loss, improves eyesight and purifies blood. In India, various types of products are being made by Amla, such as: Amla murabba (preserve), Amla pickle, Amla ladoo, Amla burfi, Amla candies, Amla jam, Amla chutney, Amla powder, Amla juice, Amla squash.3. REQUIREMENT OF THE MACHINE We have decided to prepare the amla punching machine because mainly in rural areas people work under Khadi gramaudyog and they manufacture various products at home to sale. In this machine, the cylindrical needle platform punches the amlas on its whole circumference. A single amla is punched more than ten times on its whole surface. The depths of the punches are 10-15 mm. After getting punched, the amlas are discharged from the machine and can be collected on plastic carats. The machine is complete with electric motor, starter, etc.The same process when done by hand as the people in rural areas who run Khadi Gramodyog at their home feels it difficult to punch the Amla so deeply because it needs so much effort to punch it. Therefore there is need to mechanize this process which will reduce the effort and the process easy and increase the productivity and economical. We are designing an AMLA PUNCHING MACHINE to make it affordable for small scale industry. Till now most of the small scale industries used to punch amlas manually which can prove harmful to the workers. This process is much more time consuming, less productivity. Especially in rural areas mostInternational Conference on Emerging Frontiers in Technology for Rural Area (EFITRA) 2012 Proceedings published in International Journal ofComputer Applications® (IJCA)of the people do household business or many organizations in rural areas such as Mahila Bachat Gat do this business of punching the amlas and all the operations done there are manual which result in less production and thus less earning. Our machine has the capability to overcome these problems and to make life better for the people doing this business in rural areas. ∙Shaft∙Bearings∙Flat Belt∙Pulley∙Amla Removal Tool ∙Safety Guard∙Amla Collector3.1 ObjectiveThe machine will be having low cost and will give high productivity. It will be less harmful and less power consuming machine and it will need less supervision and less man power required. With little or no training anyone can easily operate the machine and due its low cost it will be feasible to people of rural area to easily buy it.4. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF AMLA PUNCHING MACHINEFirst select the suitable numbers of amla for punching. Selected amlas are poured in to the hopper. Through the hopper, suitable numbers of amla are dropped below in between the pair of cylindrical drum. Amla are then punched with the help of punching needles which are mounted on the circumference of the drum. After passing through the first pair of drum, then the amlas are dropped on the second pair of cylindrical drum so that the amlas are punched again. In this way the numbers of holes are made on the amlas. If the amlas are hanged in the punching needles, a special purpose amla removal tool is used to remove the hanged amlas. At last the punched amlas are collected in the collector and then it is used to prepare the morraba.Amla punching machine is a rigid structure consist of following parts∙Frame∙Hooper∙Cylindrical DrumPunching Needles5. NEED FOR DEVELOPMENTIn manual punching process, the amlas are held in hand continuously to give grip to punch. This process is continuous and it may cause the wrist disease to the workers who are in this profession from long duration. When you grip, grasp, clench, pinch or wring anything in your hand, you use two major tendons in your wrist and lower thumb. These tendons run side-by-side from your forearm through the thumb side of your wrist. They normally glide unhampered through the small tunnel that connects them to the base of the thumb. InDe Quervain’s tendonitis (the term tenosynovitis is also used), the tendons’ slippery covering becomes inflamed, restricting movement of the tendons. It is the inflammation of the tendon sheath that must be treated. So it is necessary to mechanize these types of manual processes so as to reduce the fatigue to the worker and to increase the productivity.6. DESIGN BY USING PRO-EFigure 1 and Figure 2 shows the Pro E model of proposed amla punching machine. If there will be any change in the machine than that can be made and modified easily as per the requirement of the procedure. The machine is actually about to fabricated and it will cost 15000/- approximately so that it can be feasible for anyone to buy. Before actually fabricating the machine will be analyzed using ANSYS to find out the areas of failure while working and needed changes can be made before actual fabrication. There are chances of stress over the needle shaft. So it will need more consideration while designing.Fig 1 Assembly view of Amla Punching MachineInternational Conference on Emerging Frontiers in Technology for Rural Area (EFITRA) 2012 Proceedings published in International Journal of Computer Applications® (IJCA)Fig 2 All views with Dimensions of Amla Punching Machine7. CONCLUSIONAmla punching machine is efficient to punch the amlas which is used for preparing the murraba. This is the modern technology mentioned in the stu dy for preparation of amla’s murabba is hygienic, consume lesser time and provide maximum retention of nutrients. As the people in rural areas do household work under khadi gramudyog this machine will be beneficial for them as it is designed to make with material which is approved for food manufacturing.8. REFERENCES[1]Amla Plantations Help in Livelihood Opportunities,Bhagpura (Udaipur) and Ghatol (Banswara), Rajasthan (from Raj Ganguly, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), New Delhi*)[2] A. Thimmaiah Sudhir, Netherlands DevelopmentOrganization, Thimphu[3]cftri :/aboutus/index.html[4]. [5]S. J. Ojolo and B. S. Ogunsina. “Development of aCashew Nut Cracking Device”. Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Ejournal. Manuscript PM 06030. V ol. IX. June, 2007. pp 2-4[6]Gupta, G.K. and Bopaiah, M.G. (1986). An easy way toprepare aonla murabba with vitamin C content. Ind.Hort., 31:15.[7] A thesis report on “Studies on Post-Harvest Technology ofAonal (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) Fruits”,Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Allahabad during the year 2007 – 2009.[8]Theory of Machines (By S. S. RATAN)[9]Design of Machine Elements (By B. D. Shiwalkar)[10]Product Design (By Kevin Wood)[11]agrosaw /others.html[12]M.G.I.R.I. Wardha指导教师评语。