2018年高考真题之城市专题
2018年高考真题之城市专题
2018年高考真题之城市专题一、单选题城市(浙江省普通高校2018年4月招生选考科目考试试题)是一定地域的社会、经济、文化中心。
衡量城市发展水平可以用人口与经济规模、交通枢纽等级、创新带动能力、文化辐射能力四个指标来测量，指数越高相应的实力越强。
右图为我国四个中心城市发展水平图。
完成9、10题。
1．综合衡量，城市发展水平最高的是A．①? ? ? ? B．②C．③? ? ? ? D．④答案: D2．在高新科技发展方面，更具优势的城市是A．①②? ? ? B．②③C．③④? ? ? D．①④答案: C近年(浙江省普通高校2018年4月招生选考科目考试试题)来，浙江省鼓励建设多层厂房代替单层厂房。
完成15、16题。
3．用多层厂房代替单层厂房，土地利用变化最显着的是A．用地规模? ? ? B．用地类型? ? ? C．功能分区? ? ? D．自然属性答案: A4．浙江省鼓励建设多层厂房代替单层厂房的主要理由有①环保标准提高? ②土地供应紧张? ③工业集聚发展? ④重化工业发展A．①②? ? ? ? ?B．①④? ? ? ?C．②③? ? ? ? ?D．③④答案: C城市(2018年高考真题北京卷)某区域土地利用强度，可以用建设用地面积占该区城土地面积的比值表示。
读图，回答10、11题。
5．该城市A．I区高档写字楼密度大B．II区适宜建垃圾填埋场C．Ⅲ区商业网点最为密集D．IV区城市热岛效应最强答案: A【解析】据图可知，I区位于市中心，为中心商务区，地价较高，因此建筑物高大稠密，A正确，C错误；II区离市中心较近，不适宜建垃圾填埋场，B错误；IV区位于郊区，远离市中心，城市热岛效应较弱，D 错误。
故选A。
6．甲处土地利用强度增大，最可能的原因是A．建设民俗博物馆B．划定耕地保护区C．增加种植业投入D．扩大卫星城规模答案: D【解析】据题干知，区域土地利用强度，可以用建设用地面积占该区域土地面积的比值表示。
2018年高考地理真题及答案(海南卷)
2018年高考地理真题（海南卷）煤炭占我国能源生产和消费的比例长期在60%以上。
近年来，为化解煤炭产能过剩和石油主要依赖进口等问题，我国大力发展煤制油技术和产业，成功解决了煤制油过程中高耗水、高污染和转换效率低等问题。
目前已在内蒙古、山西、宁夏、陕西、新疆、贵州等地布局了一批煤制油企业，规划2020年之前形成3 000万吨/年的产能。
据此完成1～3题。
1．我国煤制油企业布局的区位指向是A．市场 B．原料C．交通 D．劳动力2．在地表水匮乏地区，煤制油企业长期用水宜采用的方式是A．循环用水 B．开发地下水C．远程调水 D．建地下水窖3．发展煤制油产业，可以A．解决我国能源不足的问题B．减少我国对新能源开发的压力C．促进我国煤炭产业的绿色转型升级D．增强我国主导国际石油市场的能力某单中心城市，各方向发展比较均衡，城市中心附近人口和产业分布过于集中，交通拥堵，人居环境较差。
图1示意该城市某个方向的土地价格（P）变化。
据此完成4～5题。
4．为优化城市中心附近的功能布局，在城市更新改造过程中，甲地宜增建A．公园 B．工业园区C．住宅 D．物流园区5．乙地附近比例最大的用地类型可能是A．仓储用地 B．公共绿地C．工业用地 D．居住用地江西省赣州市南康区地处我国南方重要的生态安全屏障区，森林覆盖率高，是传统的“木匠之乡”。
2008年后，大批在沿海务工的南康木匠返乡开办家具企业，木材从东南亚进口，产品面向中低端市场，销往全国各地。
2016年，南康已有家具企业7 500多家，从业人员40多万人，产值达1 010亿元。
据此完成6～7题。
6．南康木匠大批返乡开办家具企业的主要原因是A．南康资金雄厚 B．沿海地区产业转型升级C．南康木材丰富 D．沿海地区家具需求上升7．目前，南康家具产业提高市场竞争力的最有效措施是A．增加木材进口 B．挖掘本地市场C．加大宣传力度 D．组建企业集团荷兰位于欧洲西部，利用温室无土栽培方式种植花卉、蔬菜，技术先进。
2018年高考真题——文综(浙江卷)word版
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试文科综合能力测试本试卷卷分选择题和非选择题两部分。
全卷共12页，选择题部分1至7页，非选择题部分8至12页。
满分300分，考试时间150分钟。
b5E2RGbCAP请考生按规定用笔将所有试卷的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
选择题部分<共140分）注意事项：1.答题前，考试务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔分别填写在试卷和答题纸规定的位置上。
p1EanqFDPw2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试卷卷上。
DXDiTa9E3d选择题部分共35小题，每小题4分，共140分。
在每题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
2018年11月28日至12月9日，联合国气候变化大会在南非东部海滨城市德班召开，大会重点关注了二氧化碳排放。
完成1-2题。
RTCrpUDGiT1.2009年我国政府提出，到2020年单位GDP二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%-45%。
下列措施中有助于实现该目标的有5PCzVD7HxA①推广太阳能、核能②降低非化石能源占一次性能源消费的比重③增加森林面积④提高单位GDP能耗A.①②B.①③C.②③D.②④2.根据下表分析，德班的气候类型是A.热带雨林气候B.热带草原气候C.热带季风气候D.地中海气候专家认为，欣赏旅游景观，尤其需要的是提升感受力和理解力。
完成3-4题。
“马穿山径菊初黄，信马悠悠野兴长。
万壑有声含晚籁，数峰无语立斜阳。
棠梨叶落胭脂色，荞麦花开白雪香。
何事吟余忽惆怅，村桥原树似吾乡。
”这是宋朝诗人王禹偁谪居陕西时，描述山村风景的《村行》。
jLBHrnAILg3.下面是四位同学对《村行》的评论，哪些同学的说法是正确的？甲：“马穿山径菊初黄”中的“菊初黄”同时包含了由视觉、听觉感受到的景象；乙：“万壑有声含晚籁”中“万壑”指的是遍布的黄土沟壑；丙：“荞麦花开白雪香”指的是由视觉、嗅觉感受到的春天景象；丁：“春桥原树似吾乡”是由视觉看到的景物，并引发的移情想象欣赏。
2018年全国高考文科综合真题（天津卷）地理试题（解析版）
2018年全国⾼考⽂科综合真题（天津卷）地理试题（解析版）2018年全国⾼考⽂科综合真题（天津卷）地理试题（解析版）⽂科综合共300分，考试⽤时150分钟。
地理试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（⾮选择题）两部分，共100分。
答卷前，考⽣务必将⾃⼰的姓名、准考号填写在答题卡上，并在规定位置粘贴考试⽤条形码。
答卷时，考⽣务必将答案涂写在答题卡上，答在试卷上⽆效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡⼀并交回。
第Ⅰ卷注意事项：1．每题选出答案后，⽤铅笔将答题卡上对应题⽬的答案标号涂⿊。
如需改动，⽤橡⽪擦⼲净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
2．本卷共11题，每题4分，共44分。
在每题给出的四个选项中，只有⼀项是最符合题⽬要求的。
结合如图和如图中的信息，回答1—2题。
1. 最有可能观察到如图中景观的地点，是如图中的A. 甲地B. ⼄地C. 丙地D. 丁地2. 在如图所⽰地区，年降⽔量最多的地带应位于A. 终年积雪区B. ⾼⼭草甸带C. 云杉林带D. ⼭麓草原【答案】1. A 2. C【解析】1. 图⽰区域为天⼭，云杉林出现在⼭体2000⽶左右，⼭麓为草原，可知位于降⽔较多的伊犁河⾕地带；根据右图显⽰的天⼭全貌可知，天⼭向西敞开⼀个豁⼝，可以接收到来⾃⼤西洋、北冰洋的⽔汽，因此，伊犁河⾕地带⽓候较为湿润；图2显⽰甲地符合要求，⽽⼄、丁附近降⽔较少，丙地海拔较⾼，不到图⽰景观，选A。
2. 图⽰区域位于中国西北地区，⼤部分地区降⽔稀少，只有⽔汽量⼤的地⽅才可能形成森林。
天⼭北坡因位于⼤西洋、北冰洋湿润⽔汽的迎风坡，降⽔丰富，形成云杉林，据此选C。
【点睛】本题组考查学⽣区域综合能⼒，判断出云杉林是天⼭⾕地降⽔多⽽形成的，再根据图⽰信息及问题解答即可。
读图⽂材料，回答3—4题。
3. 依据如图中信息判断，造成甲、⼄、丙三地地貌类型不同的最主要原因是A. 年降⽔量的差异B. 地质构造部位不同C. 植被覆盖率不同D. 地表岩⽯种类不同4. 这反映了⾃古河床形成以来，该地区地壳经历过A. 间歇性抬升B. 持续性抬升C. 间歇性沉降D. 持续性沉降【答案】3. D 4. A【解析】本题组考查河流地貌的发育及综合应⽤。
2018年天津高考数学真题(附答案解析)
2018年天津高考数学真题（附答案解析）1.选择题(每小题5分，满分40分)：在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的.A.B.C.D.2.A. 6B. 19C. 21D. 453.阅读如图的程序框图，运行相应的程序，若输入N的值为20，则输出T的值为A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 44.A. 充分而不必要条件B. 必要而不充分条件C. 充要条件D. 既不充分也不必要条件5.A.B.C.D.6.7.A. AB. BC. CD. D8.A. AB. BC. CD. D填空题（本大题共6小题，每小题____分，共____分。
）9.. 填空题：本大题共6小题，每小题5分，共30分。
10.11. 已知正方体的棱长为1，除面外，该正方体其余各面的中心分别为点E，F，G，H，M(如图)，则四棱锥的体积为____.12.已知圆的圆心为C，直线(为参数)与该圆相交于A，B两点，则的面积为____.13.已知，且，则的最小值为____.14.已知，函数若关于的方程恰有2个互异的实数解，则的取值范围是____.简答题（综合题）（本大题共6小题，每小题____分，共____分。
）15..解答题：本大题共6小题，共80分. 解答应写出文字说明，证明过程或演算步骤. （本小题满分13分）在中，内角A，B，C所对的边分别为a，b，c.已知. （I）求角B的大小；（II）设a=2，c=3，求b和的值.16. (本小题满分13分)已知某单位甲、乙、丙三个部门的员工人数分别为24，16，16. 现采用分层抽样的方法从中抽取7人，进行睡眠时间的调查.（I）应从甲、乙、丙三个部门的员工中分别抽取多少人？（II）若抽出的7人中有4人睡眠不足，3人睡眠充足，现从这7人中随机抽取3人做进一步的身体检查.（i）用X表示抽取的3人中睡眠不足的员工人数，求随机变量X的分布列与数学期望；（ii）设A为事件“抽取的3人中，既有睡眠充足的员工，也有睡眠不足的员工”，求事件A发生的概率.17.(本小题满分13分)如图，且AD=2BC，,且EG=AD，且CD=2FG，，DA=DC=DG=2.（I）若M为CF的中点，N为EG的中点，求证：；（II）求二面角的正弦值；（III）若点P在线段DG上，且直线BP与平面ADGE所成的角为60°，求线段DP的长.18.(本小题满分13分)设是等比数列，公比大于0，其前n项和为，是等差数列. 已知，，，.（I）求和的通项公式；（II）设数列的前n项和为，（i）求；（ii）证明.19.(本小题满分14分)设椭圆(a>b>0)的左焦点为F，上顶点为B. 已知椭圆的离心率为，点A的坐标为，且.（I）求椭圆的方程；（II）设直线l：与椭圆在第一象限的交点为P，且l与直线AB交于点Q.若(O为原点) ，求k的值.20.(本小题满分14分)已知函数，，其中a>1.（I）求函数的单调区间；（II）若曲线在点处的切线与曲线在点处的切线平行，证明；（III）证明当时，存在直线l，使l是曲线的切线，也是曲线的切线.答案单选题1. B2. C3. B4. A5. D6. A7. C8. A填空题9.4-i10.11.12.13.14.(4,8)简答题15.（15）本小题主要考查同角三角函数的基本关系，两角差的正弦与余弦公式，二倍角的正弦与余弦公式，以及正弦定理、余弦定理等基础知识，考查运算求解能力．满分13分．（Ⅰ）解：在△ABC中，由正弦定理，可得，又由，得，即，可得．又因为，可得B=．（Ⅱ）解：在△ABC中，由余弦定理及a=2，c=3，B=，有，故b=．由，可得．因为a<c，故．因此，所以，16.（16）本小题主要考查随机抽样、离散型随机变量的分布列与数学期望、互斥事件的概率加法公式等基础知识．考查运用概率知识解决简单实际问题的能力．满分13分．（Ⅰ）解：由已知，甲、乙、丙三个部门的员工人数之比为3∶2∶2，由于采用分层抽样的方法从中抽取7人，因此应从甲、乙、丙三个部门的员工中分别抽取3人，2人，2人．（Ⅱ）（i）解：随机变量X的所有可能取值为0，1，2，3．P（X=k）=（k=0，1，2，3）．所以，随机变量X的分布列为随机变量X的数学期望．（ii）解：设事件B为“抽取的3人中，睡眠充足的员工有1人，睡眠不足的员工有2人”；事件C为“抽取的3人中，睡眠充足的员工有2人，睡眠不足的员工有1人”，则A=B∪C，且B与C互斥，由（i）知，P(B)=P(X=2)，P(C)=P(X=1)，故P(A)=P(B∪C)=P(X=2)+P(X=1)=．所以，事件A发生的概率为．17.（17）本小题主要考查直线与平面平行、二面角、直线与平面所成的角等基础知识．考查用空间向量解决立体几何问题的方法．考查空间想象能力、运算求解能力和推理论证能力．满分13分．依题意，可以建立以D为原点，分别以，，的方向为x轴，y轴，z轴的正方向的空间直角坐标系（如图），可得D（0，0，0），A（2，0，0），B（1，2，0），C（0，2，0），E（2，0，2），F（0，1，2），G（0，0，2），M（0，，1），N（1，0，2）．（Ⅰ）证明：依题意=（0，2，0），=（2，0，2）．设n0=(x，y，z)为平面CDE的法向量，则即不妨令z=–1，可得n0=（1，0，–1）．又=（1，，1），可得，又因为直线MN平面CDE，所以MN∥平面CDE．（Ⅱ）解：依题意，可得=（–1，0，0），，=（0，–1，2）．设n=（x，y，z）为平面BCE的法向量，则即不妨令z=1，可得n=（0，1，1）．设m=（x，y，z）为平面BCF的法向量，则即不妨令z=1，可得m=（0，2，1）．因此有cos<m，n>=，于是sin<m，n>=．所以，二面角E–BC–F的正弦值为．（Ⅲ）解：设线段DP的长为h（h∈［0，2］），则点P的坐标为（0，0，h），可得．易知，=（0，2，0）为平面ADGE的一个法向量，故，由题意，可得=sin60°=，解得h=∈［0，2］．所以线段的长为.18.（18）本小题主要考查等差数列的通项公式，等比数列的通项公式及前n项和公式等基础知识.考查等差数列求和的基本方法和运算求解能力.满分13分.（I）解：设等比数列的公比为q.由可得.因为，可得，故.设等差数列的公差为d，由，可得由，可得从而故所以数列的通项公式为，数列的通项公式为（II）（i）由（I），有，故.（ii）证明：因为，所以，.19.（19）本小题主要考查椭圆的标准方程和几何性质、直线方程等基础知识．考查用代数方法研究圆锥曲线的性质．考查运算求解能力，以及用方程思想解决问题的能力．满分14分．（Ⅰ）解：设椭圆的焦距为2c，由已知知，又由a2=b2+c2，可得2a=3b．由已知可得，，，由，可得ab=6，从而a=3，b=2．所以，椭圆的方程为．（Ⅱ）解：设点P的坐标为（x1，y1），点Q的坐标为（x2，y2）．由已知有y1>y2>0，故．又因为，而∠OAB=，故．由，可得5y1=9y2．由方程组消去x，可得．易知直线AB的方程为x+y–2=0，由方程组消去x，可得．由5y1=9y2，可得5（k+1）=，两边平方，整理得，解得，或．所以，k的值为20.（20）本小题主要考查导数的运算、导数的几何意义、运用导数研究指数函数与对数函数的性质等基础知识和方法.考查函数与方程思想、化归思想.考查抽象概括能力、综合分析问题和解决问题的能力.满分14分.（I）解：由已知，，有.令，解得x=0.由a>1，可知当x变化时，，的变化情况如下表：所以函数的单调递减区间，单调递增区间为.（II）证明：由，可得曲线在点处的切线斜率为.由，可得曲线在点处的切线斜率为.因为这两条切线平行，故有，即.两边取以a为底的对数，得，所以. （III）证明：曲线在点处的切线l1：.曲线在点处的切线l2：.要证明当时，存在直线l，使l是曲线的切线，也是曲线的切线，只需证明当时，存在，，使得l1和l2重合.即只需证明当时，方程组有解，由①得，代入②，得. ③因此，只需证明当时，关于x1的方程③有实数解.设函数，即要证明当时，函数存在零点.，可知时，；时，单调递减，又，，故存在唯一的x0，且x0>0，使得，即.由此可得在上单调递增，在上单调递减. 在处取得极大值.因为，故，所以.下面证明存在实数t，使得.由（I）可得，当时，有，所以存在实数t，使得因此，当时，存在，使得.所以，当时，存在直线l，使l是曲线的切线，也是曲线的切线.。
2018年上海高考英语真题试卷
绝密★启用前2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）英语试卷（满分140分，考试时间120分钟）考生注意：答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。
I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.（）1. A. In a grocery B. In a cafe.C. At a tailor’s.D. At a toy shop（）2. A. He is pleased with his job.B. He is not satisfied with his work.C. He finds the huge workload unbearable.D. He finds his office much too big for him.（）3.A. He is most probably checking whether everything is OK.B. He is most probably jumping from the desk.C. He is most probably repairing the desk.D. He is most probably changing the bulb.（）4. A. £200. B. £300. C. £600. D. £700.（）5. A. It's difficult for the woman to get the job if she takes the interview.B. The woman can get the job if she takes the interview.C. The woman has less chance to get the job than others.D. The woman should work harder from now on if she wants to get the job.（）6. A. The man drinks too much wine.B. The man drinks little wine.C. The bed is too soft.D. The bed is too hard.（）7. A. He may change the shirt because it's too large.B. He may change the shirt because it's too small.C. He doesn't like the color of the shirt.D. He likes the shirt.（）8. A. To put him to another flight.B. To arrange the next flight.C. To take him to somewhere.D. To arrange his accommodation.（）9. A. The news on TV.B. Many people came to the new hotel.C. It is difficult for people to find a job.D. The man still has got a job.（）10. A. The woman thinks it easy to learn physics.B. The woman is good at physics.C. The man thinks Professor Smith explained the physics problem very clearly.D. The man can't understand the physics problem.Section BDirections:In Section B you will hear two short passages, and one longer conversation ,after each passage. The passages or conversation you will be asked several questions, the passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.（）11. A. Spain. B. France C. America D. England. （）12. A. Visitors shouldn't overlook it because it suffered a lot in history.B. Saint Augustine is the oldest city in the nation.C. Florida was ruled by Spanish until the United States took over it.D. Many visitors support the Florida’s coast recovery for its beauty.（）13. A. Florida's Atlantic coast.B. St. Augustine's history.C. Spanish control over Florida.D. Spanish history.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following talk.（）14. A. A lost property office in Europe.B. A lost property office in London.C. A lost property office in Tokyo.D. Paul Cowan's office.（）15. A. Lost items become the property of transport for London.B. Lost items are taken good care of by Cowan's team.C. Almost all of the lost items were returned to their owners.D. Twenty per cent of the lost items are claimed in three months’ time.（）16. A. Because they think their lost shoes are useless.B. Because they have already bought new shoes.C. Because they would like to get a new pair.D. Because they can't find their lost shoes.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.（）17. A. She is most probably bargaining for a house.B. She is most probably visiting one of her friends.C. She is most probably looking for a house.D. She is most probably contacting her bank for a house.（）18. A. The kitchen attached bathroom.B. A wine storage area.C. The floor covering.D. The relaxing colors of the wall.（）19. A. The price is reasonable. B. The price is too high.C. The price is low.D. The offer is unfair.（）20. A. The woman will buy the house because the price is reasonable.B. The house is really good because the bathroom is attached to the bedroom.C. The inside of the house is better than the outside.D. The woman likes the house so much that she will buy it.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.A comprehensive study of 4, 500 children conducted by the National Institutes of Health in 2018 shows that children who spent more than seven hours a day staring at screens showed evidence of premature thinning of their brain's cortex-the outer layer that processes sensory information. “We don't know if it ___21___ (cause) by the screen time. We don't know yet if it's bad thing. It won't be until we follow them over time ___22___ we will see if there are outcomes that are associated with the differences that we're seeing in this single snapshot,” Dr. Gaya Dowling. “What we can say is that this is ___23___ the brains look like of kids who spen d a lot of time on screens. And it's not just one pattern.”The problem isn't just screens ___24___, but also the way screens tempt kids (and adults) away from something far more important: physical activity. More than 23 percent of adults and 80 percent of adolescents don't get enough physical activity, and according to a 2019 report from the World Health Organization. (WHO), these patterns of activity and rest arise ___25___ habits we develop early in life, “What we really need to do is ___26___ (bring) back play for children,” says Dr. Juana Williamson, a WHO specialist in childhood obesity and physical activity, in a statement about new WHO guidelines issued in April 2019. This is about making the shift from sedentary time to playtime, while ___27___ (pr otect) sleep. Of course, children aren’t completely to blame for their screen addiction.Sometimes, the parents ___28___ complain about the role of screens in family life are just as guilty of spending too much time in front of one. A 2016 study ___29___ (conduct) by Common Sense Media found that parents spend up to nine hours a day in front of screens, mostly not for work-related reasons. While 78 percent of parents said they believed they were good screen time role models, the study found a disconnect between their behavior and their perception of their behavior. Parents need to limit screen time for themselves and especially for their kids- ___30___ it means playing the bad guy. Our mental and physical health depends on it.21. _________ 22. ________ 23. _______ 24. _________ 25. _________ 26. _________ 27. _________ 28. _________ 29. _________ 30. _________ Section BDirections:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be usedonly once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Some Very “American” Words Come from ChineseOn a recent program, we told you the stories of English words borrowed from other languages. Today, we will tell you about words that English has taken from Chinese.Many of the Chinese words that are now part of English were borrowed long ago. They are most often from Cantonese or other Chinese languages rather than Mandarin.Let’s start with kowtow.kowtowThe English word kowtow is a verb that means to agree too easily to do what someone else wants you to do, or to obey someone with power in a way that seems ___31___. It comes from the Cantonese word kau tau, which means “knock your head.” It refers to the act of kneeling and lowering one's head as a sign of respect to ___32___— such as emperors, elders and leaders. In the case of emperors, the act required the person to touch their head to the ground. In 1793, Britain's King George III sent Lord George Macartney and other trade ambassadors to China to ___33___ a trade agreement. The Chinese asked them to kowtow to the Qianlong Emperor. As the story goes, Lord Macartney refused for his ___34___ to do more than bend their knees. He said that was all they were required to do for their own king.It is not surprising, then, that Macartney left China without negotiating the trade agreement. After that, critics used the word kowtow when anyone was too submissive to China. Today, the usage has no connection to China, nor any specific political connection.gung-hoAnother borrowed word that came about through ___35___ between two nations is gung-ho. In English, the word gung-ho is an adjective that means extremely excited about doing something. The Chinese characters “gōng” and “hé” together mean “work together, cooperate.” The original term — gõngyèhézuòshè— means Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. The organizations were established in the 1930s by Westerners in China to promote industrial and economic development.Lt. Colonel Evans Carlson of the United States Marine3 Corps4 observed these cooperatives while he was in China. He was impressed, saying “.... all the soldiers ___36___ themselves to one idea and worked together to put that idea over.” He then began using the term gung-ho in the Marine Corps to try to create the same spirit he had ___37___. In 1942, he used the word as a training slogan for the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion during World War II. The men were often called the “Gung Ho Battalion.” From then, the word gung-ho spread as a slogan the Marine Corps. Today, its meaning has no relation to the military.typhoonIn English, a typhoon is a very powerful and ___38___ storm that occurs around the China Sea and in the South Pacific. The word history of typhoon had a far less direct path to the English language than gung-ho. And not all historical accounts are the same. But, according to the Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories, the first typhoons reported in the Englishlanguage were in India and were called “touffons” or “tufans,” The word tufan or al-tufan is Arabic and means violent storm or flood. The English came across this word in India and borrowed it as touffon.Later, when English ships encountered violent storms in the China Sea, Englishmen learned the Cantonese word tai fung, which means “great wind.” The word's ___39___ to touffon is only by chance. The modern form of the word —typhoon —was influenced by the Cantonese but ___40___ to make it appear more Greek.31. _________ 32. ________ 33. _______ 34. _________ 35. _________ 36. _________ 37. _________ 38. _________ 39. _________ 40. _________III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context .When 17-year-old Quattro Musser hangs out with friends, they don't drink beer or cruise around in cars with their dates. ___41___, they stick to G-rated activities such as rock-climbing or talking about books.They are in good company, according to a new study showing that teenagers are increasingly delaying activities that had long been seen as rites of passage into ___42___.The study, published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, found that the percentage of adolescents in the U. S. who have a driver's license, who have tried alcohol, who date, and who work for pay has plummeted since 1976, with the most precipitous ___43___ in the past decade. The declines appeared across race, geographic, and socioeconomic lines, and in rural, urban, and suburban areas.To be sure, more than half of teens still engage in these activities, but the ___44___ have slimmed considerably, Between 1976 and 1979, 86 percent of high school seniors had gone on a date; between 2010 and 2015 only 63 percent People say, Oh, it's because teenagers are more responsible, or more lazy, or more boring, “but they're ___45___ the larger trend,” said Jean Twenge, lead author of the study, which drew on seven large time-lag surveys of Americans. Rather, she said, kids may be less ___46___ in activities such as dating, driving or getting jobs because in today' s society.According to an evolutionary psychology theory that a person's “life strategy” slows down or speeds up depending on his or her ___47___, exposure to a “harsh and unpredictable” environment leads to faster development, while a more resource-rich and secure environment has the ___48___ effect, the study said. In the first ___49___, “You'd have a lot of kids and be in survival mode, start having kids young, expect your kids will have kids young, and expect that there will be more ___50___ and fewer resources,” said Twenge, a psychology professor at San Diego State University who is the author of “iGen; Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy —and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood.A century ago, when life expectancy was lower and college education less prevalent, “the goal back then was survival, not violin lessons by 5,” Twenge said. In that model a teenage boy might be thinking more ___51___ about marriage, and driving a car and working for pay would be important for “establishing mate value based on procurement of resources,” the study said.But America is shifting more toward the ___52___ model, and the change is apparent across the socioeconomic spectrum, Twenge said. “Even in families whose parents didn't have a college education... families are smaller, and the idea that children need to be carefully ___53___ has really sunk in.” The ___54___ of “adult activities” could not be attributed to more homework or extracurricular activities, the study said, noting that teens today spend fewer hours on homework and the same amount of time on extracurricular as they did in the 1990s ( with the exception of community service, which has risen slightly). Nor could the use of smartphones and the Internet be entirely the ___55___, the report said, since the decline began before they were widely available. If the delay is to make room for creative exploration and forming better social and emotional connections, it is a good thing, he said.（）41. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Moreover D. Besides（）42. A. childhood B. neighborhoodC. adolescentsD. adulthood（）43. A. escapes B. ends C. decreases D. changes（）44. A. minorities B. majorities C. masses D. amounts（）45. A. taking B. avoiding C. sending D. missing（）46. A. interested B. envied C. relieved D. realized（）47. A. emotions B. surroundings C. customs D. habits（）48. A. wrong B. same C. opposite D. similar（）49. A. event B. issue C. case D. occasion（）50. A. trouble B. questions C. benefits D. diseases（）51. A. respectively B. delicatelyC. seriouslyD. considerably（）52. A. slower B. better C. smaller D. faster（）53. A. emphasized B. related C. organized D. educated（）54. A. implement B. postponementC. achievementD. payment（）55. A. cause B. impact C. fact D. resultSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Bitcoin and other so called crypt currencies have been all over the news lately. Apparently, the idea of money that's not tied to a specific bank — or a specific country — is appealing to many. But it's worth remembering that the banking system that we now all live with is just that: A modern invention. Not so long ago, money was almost always created and used locally, and bartering was common. (In fact, it still is common among many online local networks, like the Buy Nothing Project.).In the past, money's makeup varied from place to place, depending on what was considered valuable there. So while some of the world's first coins were made from a naturally occurring hybrid of gold and silver called electrum, objects other than coins have served as currency, including beads, ivory, livestock, and cowrie shells. In West Africa, bracelets of bronze or copperwere used as cash, especially if the transaction was associated with the slave trade there. Throughout the colonial period, tobacco was used in lieu of coins or paper bills in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina, even though it was used elsewhere in the colonies and extensively throughout Europe and the U.K.Today, on an island in the Pacific, a specific type of shell still serves as currency — and some people there are even hoarding it, just like Bitcoin moguls, convinced that one day, it will make them wealthy beyond imagination. On Malaita, the most- popu lated island that’s part of the Solomon Islands, shells are accepted at most places in “How much tuna you can get for your shells depends on their color and shape,” Mary Bruno, a shop owner from the small town of Auki, on Malaita, told Vice. “One strip of darker shells might get you about two cans of smaller tuna, but the red ones are worth more, For the red ones, one strip might get enough tuna to feed a big family for a long time.Just like a mint that creates coins, there' s only one place on the island where the shells, which are polished and strung together to form 3-foot-long ropes, are made. (You can see how that works in the video above.) The strips of red, white, and black shells all come from Langa Langa Lagoon, where artificial islands were long-ago built by locals to escape from the island-dwelling cannibals. Once marooned out on their islands, locals needed a currency to use among themselves, and so the shell currency was born.Using shells for money was common throughout the Pacific islands as late as the early 1900s, but Malaita is unique in that they are still used today. And just like crypto currencies, there are those who think the islanders are smart to invest in this type of money, which is reported to have risen in value over the last three decades. It might seem strange to hoard a bunch of processed, strung-together shells, but what is a pile of dollars? Just a specially printed piece of paper and hemp that we've assigned value to — and probably less durable over time than those shells.（）56. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A. Money was created and was widely used in the world.B. Tobacco was used as coins or paper bills in American in the past.C. The ingredients of world's first coins may be the combination of gold and silver.D. Using shells for money has been out of date in the world.（）57. The word “mint” in paragraph 4 is closest in the meaning to“_______________”.A. a kind of money that can exchangeB. the leaves of a mint plant used fresh or candiedC. a place to produce and polish shellsD. a factory that produces currency（）58. What's opinion of the author towards shells for money?A. Reasonable.B. Imaginary.C. Convenient.D. Inventive.（）59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. The History of BitcoinB. Shells Still MoneyC. The Currency Is of Great UseD. Some Shells(B)How Do You Move a Giant Sequoia?The logistics of excavating（挖掘）and relocati ng town’s century-old, living sequoia(红杉) tree. Inhabitants of Boise, Idaho, watched with trepidation earlier this year as the city's oldest, tallest resident moved two blocks. The 105-year-old sequoia tree serves as a local landmark, not only for its longevity but also because renowned naturalist and Sierra Club cofounder John Muir provided the original seedling. So, when Saint Luke's Health System found that the 10-story-tall-conifer( 针叶树) stood in the way of its planned hospital called tree-moving firm Environmental Design.The Texas-based company has developed and patented scooping and lifting technology to move massive trees. Weighing in at more than 800, 000 pounds, the Boise sequoia is its largest undertaking yet. “I [had] lost enough sleep over this,” says David Cox, the company's Western region vice president — and that was before the hospital mentioned the tree's distinguished origin. Before the heavy lifting began, the team assessed the root system and dug a five-foot-deep cylinder , measuring 40 feet in diameter, around the trunk to protect all essential roots. After encapsulating the root ball in wire mesh, the movers allowed the tree to acclimate to its new situation for seven months before relocating it. The illustration details what followed. —Leslie Nemo1. Mark A. Merit and his team at Environmental Design installed underneath the root ball a platform of seven-inch-diameter,44-foot-long steelbars and, just below the rods, a first set of uninflated airbags ( shown in gray).The team also dug a shallow ramp.2. In roughly 15 minutes, the movers inflated the airbags to about three feet in diameter to raise the root ball to the surface of the hole.3. By underinflating the front bags, the team allowed the platform carrying the tree to roll up the ramp and out of the hole while staying level, A trailer hauled the tree along as team members removed the airbags from the back of the platform and replaced them in the front. They repeated the process until the tree arrived at the edge of its new home.4. There a second set of partially inflated bags (shown in white) waited inside the hole. Soil surrounding the sequoia in its original location was relocated as well, because trees are more likely to survive a transplant when they move with their original soil.5. Using the first set of airbags, the movers rolled the platform into the new hole.6. The bags waiting there were then inflated further to take the weight of the sequoia while the transportation bags were deflated and removed from under the tree.7. The white bags were then deflated in about half an hour to lower the sequoia's root ball to the bottom of its hole, The bags were removed, but the metal bars were left with the tree because they rust and degrade over a number of years.8. For the next five years the local park service will monitor and maintain the tree in its new home.（）60. Which of the following words can be used to replace the words underlined "stood in the way of"?A. ResistedB. BalancedC. Blocked.D. Promoted. （）61. What is the reason for the relocation of Sequoia trees?A. Because the Scooping and lifting technology should be put into use.B. Because it blocks local hospital expansion plans.C. Because it corresponds to government's plan of Environmental Design.D. Because sequoia trees are over a hundred years old.（）62. How will the migrated sequoia trees be dealt with?A. They will be given new soil in the new living environment.B. Metal rods used to move sequoia trees will not be left on the trees.C. They will be kept in transport bags all the time.D. They will be managed by specialists in the next five years.(C)Understand the Economic Concept of a Budget LineThe term “budget line” has several related meanings, including a couple th at are self- evident and a third that is not.The budget line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingThe budget line is an elementary concept that most consumers understand intuitively without a need for graphs and equations — it's the household budget, for example.Taken informally, the budget line describes the boundary of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.Given a limited amount of money, a consumer can only spend that same amount buying goods. If the consumer has X amount of money and wants to buy two goods A and B, she can only purchase goods totaling X. If the consumer needs an amount of A costing 0.75, she can then spend only 0.25 X, the amount remaining, on her purchase of B.This seems almost too obvious to bother writing or reading about. As it turns out, however, this same concept-one that most consumers make many times each day with reflecting on it-is the basis of the more formal budget line concept in economics , which is explained below.Lines in a BudgetBefore turning to the economics definition of budget line, consider another concept: the line-item budget. This is effectively a map of future expenditures, with all the constituent expenditures individually noted and quantified. There' s nothing very complicated about this usage, a budget line is one of the lines in the budget, with the service or good to be purchased named and the cost quantified,The Budget Line as an Economics ConceptOne of the interesting ways the study of economics relates to human behavior generally is that a lot of economic theory is the formalization of the kind of simple concept outlined above —a consumer's informal understanding of the amount she has to spend and what that amount will buy.In the process of formalization, the concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation that can be applied generally.A Simple Budget Line GraphTo understand this, think of a graph where the vertical lines quantify how many movie tickets. you can buy and where the horizontal lines do the same for crime novels. You like going to the movies and reading crime novels and you have $ 150 to spend, In the example below, assume that each movie costs $10 and each crime novel costs $15. The more formal economics term for these two items is budget set.If movies cost $ 10 each, then the maximum number of movies you can see with the money available is 15. To note this you make a dot at the number 15 (for total movie tickets) at the extreme left-hand side of the chart. This same dot appears a t the extreme left above “0” on the horizontal axis because you have no money left for books — the number of books available in this example is 0. You can also graph the other extreme —all crime novels and no movies. Since crime novels in the example cost $15 and you have $150 available, if you spend all the available money crime novels, you can buy 10. So you put a dot on the horizontal axis at the number 10.You'll place the dot at the bottom of the vertical axis because in this instance you have $0 available for movie tickets.If you now draw a line from the highest, leftmost dot to the lowest, rightmost dot you'll have created a budget line. Any combination of movies and crime novels that falls below the budget line is affordable. Any combination above it is not.（）63. Which sentence about the budget line is NOT TRUE?A. It is limitation of affordability for a given budget and specific goods.B. Most costumers will be confused with this concept because of its complex.C. It is the effectively a map of future expenditures.D. It can be expressed as a mathematical. equation.（）64. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To tell us any concept can be expressed as a mathematical equation.B. To help us figure out the meaning Budget Line.C. To tell us we should budget before we buy goods.D. To give an instruction of drawing a budget Line.（）65. Assume that each movie costs 10 and each crime novel costs, $15, you have $150.Which is RIGHT according to this passage?A. The maximum number of movies you can see is 10.B. The maximum number of crime novels you can buy is 15.C. You can buy 7 crime novels and, see 5 movies.D. You can buy 7 crime novels and see 4 movies.（）66. What is the best title of this passage?A.Do we really know the economic concept of a budget line?B.The Budget Line as an Economics Concept.C.The Budget Line as an Informal Consumer UnderstandingD.The Complex Concept- Budget LineSection CDirections:Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Magazine Articles More Valuable Than You May Think Parents are often surprised when teachers suggest their children read magazines. Read on to learn about the benefits that reading magazines offers to young readers and how to introduce your children to the medium.Magazine BenefitsMagazine articles can provide reluctant readers with a lively, breezy writing style that can inspire them to read more.The articles in magazines are generally short, which allows a child to finish reading a feature article without losing interest due to short attention span. The writing in magazines also tends to be easy to read, especially if it is a children's publication.By allowing your child to read magazines at an early age, you are encouraging development of a useful skill. ___67___ Getting into the habit of reading periodicals as a child will foster the habit。
【地理】2018年高考真题——全国I卷(精校解析版)
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国Ⅰ卷）第Ⅰ卷近年来，世界上出现了将精密机械设备的组装或加工工厂建在地下的现象。
例如，日本岐阜某激光加工机组装企业和我国大连某数控机床加工企业，都将工厂建于地面10米以下。
据此完成1～3题。
1．将生产精密机械设备的工厂建在地下有利于()①保持恒温环境②储存原材料和产品③降低生产成本④减小地面振动影响A．①③B．②③C．①④D．②④2．与岐阜相比，大连地下工厂的设计与施工较少考虑的问题是()A．防渗水B．防噪声C．防坍塌D．防地震3．推断上述企业将工厂建在地下的直接目的是()A．增强保密程度B．保证产品品质C．满足战备需要D．集约利用土地答案 1.C 2.D 3.B解析第1题，C对：把工厂建在地下，是因为精密机械设备的组装或加工精度要求极高，对温度、湿度变化和振动都有着严格的要求。
地下空间可以提供一个稳定的温度和湿度环境，外界的振动也难传导到车间内部，非常适合这种高精度加工组装的要求，因此①④说法正确。
A、B、D错：储存原材料和产品的仓库完全可以建在地表，不用建于地面10米以下；与地面建设厂房相比，将工厂建于地面10米以下，非但不能降低生产成本，反而增加生产成本，故②③说法错误。
第2题，D对：与岐阜相比，大连远离太平洋板块和亚欧板块交界处，地壳相对稳定，因此大连地下工厂的设计与施工较少考虑的问题是防地震。
A、B、C错：将工厂建于地面10米以下，两地都会面临渗水、坍塌问题，而噪声是导致两地将工厂建在地下的另一个重要因素。
第3题，B对：由第1题可知，地下空间可以为精密机械设备的组装或加工提供一个稳定的温度和湿度环境，外界的振动也很难传导到车间内部，能够保证此类产品的质量。
A、C错：激光加工机组装企业和数控机床加工企业并不属于军工企业，所以不需要考虑保密和战略问题。
D错：土地集约利用实质上体现的是土地投入产出的关系，即在土地上用最少的投入获得最高产出，显然这不是将精密机械设备的组装或加工工厂建于地面10米以下的直接目的。
【真题】2018年上海市高考数学试题含答案解析
2018年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷） 一、填空题1.（2018•上海）行列式4125的值为 。
【答案】18 【解析】【解答】4125=45-21=18 【分析】a cb d=ad-bc 交叉相乘再相减。
【题型】填空题 【考查类型】中考真题 【试题级别】高三 【试题地区】上海【试题】2018年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷）2.（2018•上海）双曲线2214x y -=的渐近线方程为 。
【答案】12y x =±【解析】【解答】2214x y -=，a=2，b=1。
故渐近线方程为12y x =± 【分析】渐近线方程公式。
注意易错点焦点在轴上，渐近线直线方程为22221x y ba -=时，by x a=±。
【题型】填空题 【考查类型】中考真题 【试题级别】高三 【试题地区】上海【试题】2018年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷）3.（2018•上海）在（1+）7的二项展开式中，²项的系数为 。
（结果用数值表示） 【答案】21【解析】【解答】（1+）7中有T r+1=7r rC x ，故当r=2时，27C =762⨯=21【分析】注意二项式系数，与各项系数之间差别。
考点公式()na b +第r+1项为T r+1=r n r rn C ab-。
【题型】填空题 【考查类型】中考真题 【试题级别】高三 【试题地区】上海【试题】2018年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷）4.（2018•上海）设常数a R ∈，函数2()log ()f x x a =+，若f x （）的反函数的图像经过点31（，），则a= 。
【答案】7【解析】【解答】f x （）的反函数的图像经过点31（，），故()f x 过点3（1，），则()13f =，()2log 1a +=3，1+a=23所以a=23-1，故a=7.【分析】原函数()f x 与反函数图像关于y=对称，如：原函数上任意点()00,x y ，则反函数上点为()00,y x【题型】填空题 【考查类型】中考真题 【试题级别】高三 【试题地区】上海【试题】2018年高考数学真题试卷（上海卷）5.（2018•上海）已知复数满足117i z i +=-（）（i 是虚数单位），则∣∣= 。
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2018年高考真题之城市专题
一、单选题
城市(浙江省普通高校2018年4月招生选考科目考试试题)是一定地域的社会、经济、文化中心。
衡量城市发展水平可以用人口与经济规模、交通枢纽等级、创新带动能力、文化辐射能力四个指标来测量，指数越高相应的实力越强。
右图为我国四个中心城市发展水平图。
完成9、10题。
1．综合衡量，城市发展水平最高的是
A．① B．②
C．③ D．④
答案: D
2．在高新科技发展方面，更具优势的城市是
A．①② B．②③
C．③④ D．①④
答案: C
近年(浙江省普通高校2018年4月招生选考科目考试试题)来，浙江省鼓励建设多层厂房代替单层厂房。
完成15、16题。
3．用多层厂房代替单层厂房，土地利用变化最显著的是
A．用地规模 B．用地类型 C．功能分区 D．自然属性
答案: A
4．浙江省鼓励建设多层厂房代替单层厂房的主要理由有
①环保标准提高②土地供应紧张③工业集聚发展④重化工业发展
A．①②B．①④C．②③D．③④
答案: C
城市(2018年高考真题北京卷)某区域土地利用强度，可以用建设用地面积占该区城土地面积的比值表示。
读图，回答10、11题。
5．该城市
A．I区高档写字楼密度大B．II区适宜建垃圾填埋场
C．Ⅲ区商业网点最为密集D．IV区城市热岛效应最强
答案: A
【解析】据图可知，I区位于市中心，为中心商务区，地价较高，因此建筑物高大稠密，A正确，C错误；II区离市中心较近，不适宜建垃圾填埋场，B错误；IV区位于郊区，远离市中心，城市热岛效应较弱，D错误。
故选A。
6．甲处土地利用强度增大，最可能的原因是
A．建设民俗博物馆B．划定耕地保护区C．增加种植业投入D．扩大卫星城规模
答案: D
【解析】据题干知，区域土地利用强度，可以用建设用地面积占该区域土地面积的比值表示。
据图可知，甲地远离市区，但是土地利用强度增大，说明建设用地面积增多，最有可能是卫星城市的规模扩大，增加了建设用地面积，D正确，其它均不会增加建设用地面积，不会使土地利用强度增大，ABC均错误。
故选D。
(2018年高考真题海南卷)某单中心城市，各方向发展比较均衡，城市中心附近人口和产业分布过于集中，交通拥堵，人居环境较差。
下图示意该城市某个方向的土地价格（P）变化。
据此完成4～5题。
7．为优化城市中心附近的功能布局，在城市更新改造过程中，甲地宜增建
A．公园B．工业园区C．住宅D．物流园区
答案: A
考查城市功能分区的优化布局，容易题。
甲地位于城市中心附近且地价较低，如果增建公园绿地一方面可以缓解材料中所述“该城市中心附近人口和产业过分集中，交通拥堵，人居环境较差”的现状，而且征地成本也相对较低，故A 选项正确。
甲地增建工业园区、住宅、物流园区都会加剧市中心附近已存在的问题，排除B、C、D选项。
8．乙地附近比例最大的用地类型可能是
A．仓储用地B．公共绿地C．工业用地D．居住用地
答案: D
考查城市土地利用类型的判断和推理，容易题。
该城市为单中心城市，且各方向发展比较均衡，城市空间结构最可能为同心圆模式。
乙地附近地价仅次于市中心（从市中心到郊区方向），故该地附近最可能为住宅区，居住用地类型比例最大，D选项正确，排除A、B、C选项。
大别(2018年高考真题全国Ⅲ卷)山区某国家级贫国县农民可分为跨村种田大户农民、种植自家承包地农民、本地务工务农兼业农民和常年外出务工农民等类
型。
该县以当地优势资源为基础的加工企业在县城活力较弱，但在中心集镇活力较强，下图示意该县居民点的等级结构。
据此完成 3～5 题。
9．与县城相比，中心集镇以当地优势资源为基础的加工企业活力较强的主要原因是
A．基础设施较完善B．更接近消费市场
C．资金供应较充裕D．更易招募劳动力
答案: D
10．面向某类型农民的需求，有专家建议在该县推进“村—中心集镇双栖”居住模式，这种模式旨在方便该类型农民
A．从事商业活动B．留守子女上学
C．兼顾务工务农D．扩大种田规模
答案: C
11．为了实施乡村振兴战略，带领农民脱贫致富，该国家级贫困县可采取的有效措施是
①推广大规模机械化种植②鼓励外出务工农民回乡创业
③引导传统农民多种经营④推进中心集镇房地产开发A．①②B．②③C．③④D．①④
答案: B。