微观经济学英语
微观经济学原理(第七版)-曼昆-名词解释(带英文)
微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释稀缺性(scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。
经济学（economics）：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
效率（efficiency)：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。
平等（equality）：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
机会成本（opportunity cost）：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
理性人（rational people）：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。
边际变动(marginal change):对行动计划微小的增量调整。
激励(incentive)：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
市场经济（market economy）：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。
产权（property rights)：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。
市场失灵（market failure）:市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。
外部性(externality）：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。
市场势力（market power)：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团)对市场价格有显著影响的能力。
生产率（productivity）：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量.通货膨胀（inflation)：经济中物价总水平的上升。
经济周期（business cycle)：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。
)循环流向图(circular-flow diagram）：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。
生产可能性边界（production possibilities frontier）：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形.微观经济学（microeconomics）：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易.宏观经济学(macroeconomics）：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
(完整版)微观经济学(英文版)名词解释.doc
微观经济名词解释CHAPTER 1Scarcity : the limited nature of society ’ s resources.Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society.Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Rational : systematically and purposefully doing the best you can to achieve your objectives.Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Incentive : something that induces a person to act.Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.Property rights : the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources.Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.Externality : the impact of one person ’ s actions on the well-being of a bystander.Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices.Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker ’ s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production.CHAPTER 2Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.Production possibilities frontier : a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.Microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economicgrowth.Positive statements Positive statements :claims that attempt to describe the world as it is. :claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.CHAPTER 4Quantity demanded : the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.Law of demand : the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.Demand schedule : a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. Demand curve : a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.Normal good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand. Inferior good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.Substitutes : two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.Complements : two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand forthe other.quantity supplied : the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.Law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of thegood rises.Supply schedule : a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Supply curve : a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Equilibrium : a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.Equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded.Equilibrium quantit y : the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price.Surplus : a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.Shortage : a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.Law of supply and demand : the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.CHAPTER 5Elasticity a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants.Price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change inthe price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.Total revenue : the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold.Income lasticity of demand : a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a changein consumers ’income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.Crossprice elasticity of demand : a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good.Price elasticity of supply : a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage changein price.CHAPTER 6Price ceiling : a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.Price floor : a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.Tax incidence: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market.CHAPTER 7Welfare economics : the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.Willingness to pay : the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good.Consumer surplus : a buyer’ s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays. Cost： the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good.Producer surplus : the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller Eficiency : the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total society.Euity :fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society.’ s cost. surplus received by all members ofCHAPTER 8Deadweight loss :the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax. CHAPTER 10Externality : the uncompensated impact of one person Internalizing an externality : altering incentives so that’ s actions on-beingthe wellofabystander. people take account of the external effects of theiractions.Coase theorem : the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources,they can solve the problem of externalities on their own.Transaction costs : the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain.CHAPTER11Excludability: the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it.Rivalry in consumption : the property of a good whereby one person’ s use diminishes other people’ s Private goods : goods that are both excludable and rival.Public goods : goods that are neither excludable nor rival.Common resources : goods that are rival but not excludable.Free rider : a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.Costbenefit analysis : a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good. Tragedyof the commons : a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from thestandpoint of society as a whole.CHAPTER 13Total revenue : the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.Total cost : the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.profit : total revenue minus total cost.explicit costs : input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm.Implicit costs : input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.Economic profit : total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs.Accounting profit : total revenue minus total explicit cost.Production function : the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output ofthat good.Marginal product : the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input.Diminishing marginal product : the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantityof the input increases.Fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced.Variable costs : costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced.Average total cost : total cost divided by the quantity of output.Average fixed cost : fixed costs divided by the quantity of output.Average variable cost : variable costs divided by the quantity of output.Marginal cost : the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production.Efficient scale : the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost.Economies of scale : the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases. Diseconomies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases.Constant returns to scale : the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes.CHAPTER 14Competitive market : a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer andseller is a price taker.Average revenue : total revenue divided by the quantity sold.Marginal revenue : the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold.Sunk cost: a cost that has been committed and cannot be recovered.CHAPTER 15Monopoly a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes.Natural monopoly : a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire marketat a smaller cost than could two or more firms.Price discrimination : the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers.CHAPTER 16Oligopoly : a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products.Monopolistic competition : a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.Collusion : an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge.Carte : a group of firms acting in unison.Nash equilibrium : a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen.Game theory : the study of how people behave in strategic situations.Prisoners ’dilemma : a particular "game" between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial.Dominant strategy : a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players.CHAPTER 17Monopolistic competition : a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical.。
微观经济学英文课件
Edited by Yong, E.L.
Continuously,
Microeconomics is also used for evaluating broad question in regards to government policy (although this is more to macroeconomics).
Edited by Yong, E.L.
Continuously,
If the firm produces 6 units of apple and 12 units of apple pie wants to increase the production of apple pie by one unit to the 13th unit. It has to forgo 2 units of apple so that resources can be shifted to produce the additional apple pie; Opportunity Cost is thus 2.
Edited by Yong, E.L.
Continuously,
If the firm produces 10 units of apple and 6 units of apple pie wants to increase the production of apple pie by one unit to the 7th unit. It has to forgo 1 unit of apple so that resources can be shifted to produce the additional apple pie; Opportunity Cost is thus 1.
曼昆微观经济学术语表
曼昆微观经济学术语表经济学原理（微观经济学）Principles of Economics (Microeconomics) 支付能力原则 (ability-to-pay principle) 认为应该根据一个人可以承受的负担来对这个人征税的思想。
绝对优势 (absolute advantage) 用比另一个生产者更少的投入生产某种物品的能力。
会计利润 (accounting profit) 总收益减总显性成本。
逆向选择(adverse selection) 从无信息买者的角度看，无法观察到的特征混合变为不合意的倾向。
代理人(agent) 一个为另一个人（称为委托人）完成某种行为的人。
阿罗不可能性定理 (Arrow’s impossibility theorem)一个数学结论，它表明在某些假设条件之下，没有一种方案能把个人偏好加总为一组正确的社会偏好。
平均固定成本(average fixed cost) 固定成本除以产量。
平均收益 (average revenue) 总收益除以销售量。
平均税率 (average tax rate) 支付的总税收除以总收入。
平均总成本 (average total cost) 总成本除以产量。
平均可变成本 (average variable cost) 可变成本除以产量。
受益原则 (benefits principle) 认为人们应该根据他们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税的思想。
预算约束线 (budget constraint) 对消费者可以支付得起的消费组合的限制。
预算赤字( budget deficit) 政府支出大于政府收入。
预算盈余 (budget surplus) 政府收入大于政府支出。
经济周期 (business cycle) 就业和生产等经济活动的波动。
资本 (capital) 用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物。
卡特尔 (cartel) 联合起来行事的企业集团。
经济英语知识点总结
经济英语知识点总结一、经济学基础知识1. Microeconomics（微观经济学）Microeconomics focuses on the interactions between individual buyers and sellers and the factors that influence their decisions. It examines how individuals and businesses make choices regarding the allocation of resources, production, and consumption. Key concepts in microeconomics include supply and demand, elasticity, market structures, and externalities.（微观经济学侧重研究个体买卖双方之间的互动以及影响他们决策的因素。
它研究个人和企业如何在资源分配、生产和消费方面做出选择。
微观经济学的关键概念包括供求关系、弹性、市场结构和外部性。
）2. Macroeconomics（宏观经济学）Macroeconomics looks at the overall performance of a national or global economy and the factors that influence it. It examines the behavior of major economic aggregates such as GDP, unemployment, inflation, and national income. Key concepts in macroeconomics include monetary and fiscal policy, economic growth, and international trade.（宏观经济学研究国家或全球经济的总体表现以及影响它的因素。
微观经济学英文版PPT课件
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
微观经济学-(英文版)名词解释
微观经济名词解释CHAPTER 1Scarcity：the limited nature of society's resources。
Economics：the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Efficiency：the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources。
Equity：the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society。
Opportunity cost：whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Rational people：people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives. Marginal changes：small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Incentive：something that induces a person to act。
Market economy：an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services。
Property rights：the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources。
经济学专业术语(中英文对照)
经济学专业术语（中英文对照）目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。