英语高级知识点整理

合集下载

高端的英语语法知识点总结

高端的英语语法知识点总结IntroductionEnglish grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in the English language. It encompasses various elements, such as syntax, morphology, phonetics, and semantics. This comprehensive guide aims to provide an in-depth understanding of English grammar, covering its different aspects, rules, and usage.1. Parts of SpeechThe English language consists of eight fundamental parts of speech, each serving a distinct purpose in the formation of sentences and phrases. These parts of speech are:1. Noun: A noun is a word that denotes a person, place, thing, or idea. It can be singular or plural and can function as the subject or object of a sentence.2. Pronoun: A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun to avoid repetition. It includes personal pronouns (e.g., he, she, it), demonstrative pronouns (e.g., this, that), and possessive pronouns (e.g., mine, yours).3. Verb: A verb expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being. It inflects for tense, person, and number and is essential for forming sentences.4. Adjective: An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun by providing information about its qualities, characteristics, or attributes (e.g., big, beautiful, intelligent).5. Adverb: An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb by conveying information about time, place, manner, degree, or frequency (e.g., quickly, here, very).6. Preposition: A preposition establishes a relationship between its object and another word in the sentence. It indicates location, direction, time, or other relationships (e.g., in, on, at, during).7. Conjunction: A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence. It can be coordinating (e.g., and, but, or), subordinating (e.g., because, while, although), or correlative (e.g., either...or, neither...nor).8. Interjection: An interjection expresses emotion, surprise, or exclamatory sentiment (e.g., wow, oops, hooray).Understanding the functions and roles of each part of speech is crucial for constructing grammatically correct sentences and conveying clear and coherent meaning.2. Sentence StructureIn English grammar, sentences are composed of various elements, including subjects, predicates, objects, complements, and modifiers. Understanding their roles and relationships is essential for constructing well-formed sentences.1. Subject: The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that performs the action or is described in the predicate. It is typically followed by the verb and answers the question "who" or "what" the sentence is about.Example: John (subject) enjoys (verb) playing tennis.2. Predicate: The predicate of a sentence is the part that conveys the action, state, or occurrence related to the subject. It includes the verb and may also contain objects, complements, or modifiers.Example: John enjoys (predicate) playing tennis.3. Object: The object of a sentence is the noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that receives the action of the verb. It can be a direct object (receives the action directly) or an indirect object (indirectly affected by the action).Example: John (subject) gave (verb) Mary (indirect object) a gift (direct object).4. Complement: A complement is a word or phrase that completes the meaning of a verb, linking verb, or preposition. It can be a subject complement (completes the subject) or an object complement (completes the object).Example: She is (linking verb) a doctor (subject complement).5. Modifier: A modifier is a word or phrase that provides additional information about another element in the sentence, such as an adjective modifying a noun or an adverb modifying a verb.Example: The (adjective) beautiful (adjective) flowers (noun) bloomed (verb) in the garden. By understanding how these elements interact and contribute to sentence structure, individuals can construct grammatically correct and coherent sentences.3. Syntax and Sentence TypesSyntax refers to the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-structured sentences and phrases. In English grammar, sentences can be classified into different types based on their structure and purpose.1. Simple Sentence: A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause, containing a subject and a predicate.Example: The cat (subject) meowed (predicate).2. Compound Sentence: A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon.Example: The sun was shining, and the birds were singing.3. Complex Sentence: A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause, which cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. Example: Although she was tired, she continued working.4. Compound-Complex Sentence: A compound-complex sentence consists of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.Example: I will go to the store (independent clause) if you need anything (dependent clause), or you can come with me (independent clause).Understanding the different sentence types and their structures is essential for conveying varying degrees of complexity and meaning in written and spoken communication.4. Verb Tenses and AspectsVerbs play a crucial role in expressing the time, duration, and completion of actions in English grammar. Verb tenses and aspects convey different temporal, aspectual, and modal meanings, allowing for precise and effective communication.1. Present Tense: The present tense is used to describe actions that are currently happening, habitual actions, general truths, or scheduled future events.Example: She writes (simple present) articles for the magazine.2. Past Tense: The past tense is used to portray actions that occurred and were completed in the past.Example: They visited (simple past) the museum yesterday.3. Future Tense: The future tense is used to express actions that will occur at a later time. Example: We will explore (simple future) the new city next week.4. Present Perfect Tense: The present perfect tense indicates actions that were completed in the past but have relevance to the present moment.Example: She has written (present perfect) three books this year.5. Past Perfect Tense: The past perfect tense denotes actions that were completed before a certain point in the past.Example: They had finished (past perfect) dinner when the guests arrived.6. Future Perfect Tense: The future perfect tense conveys actions that will be completed before a specific time in the future.Example: By next year, she will have graduated (future perfect) from university.7. Continuous (Progressive) Aspect: The continuous aspect conveys actions that are ongoing, in progress, or temporary at a certain time.Example: They are playing (present continuous) a game in the park.8. Perfect Continuous Aspect: The perfect continuous aspect indicates actions that started in the past, continued up to the present, and are likely to continue into the future. Example: I have been waiting (present perfect continuous) for over an hour.Mastering the various verb tenses and aspects enables individuals to express actions, events, and states with precision and accuracy in different contexts.5. Modifiers and PhrasesModifiers play a crucial role in providing additional information, description, or detail within a sentence. They can be adjectives, adverbs, or phrases that modify nouns, pronouns, verbs, or other adjectives and adverbs.1. Adjective Phrase: An adjective phrase is a group of words that functions as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun.Example: The book on the table (adjective phrase) is mine.2. Adverbial Phrase: An adverbial phrase is a group of words that functions as an adverb to modify a verb, adjective, or adverb.Example: They ran as fast as they could (adverbial phrase) to catch the bus.3. Participial Phrase: A participial phrase consists of a present or past participle and its modifiers and complements, serving as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun. Example: The girl, crying uncontrollably (participial phrase), was comforted by her mother.4. Gerund Phrase: A gerund phrase consists of a gerund (verb form ending in -ing) and its modifiers and complements, functioning as a noun in a sentence.Example: Swimming in the ocean (gerund phrase) is her favorite activity.5. Infinitive Phrase: An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive verb form (to + base form) and its modifiers and complements, serving as a noun, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Example: He wanted (infinitive phrase) to learn the piano.Understanding and using modifiers and phrases effectively enriches the language and provides detailed information about the actions, objects, and qualities described in a sentence.6. Clauses and Sentence TypesClauses are groups of words that contain a subject and a predicate, representing complete thoughts that can function as sentences or as part of larger sentences. They are classified into independent and dependent (subordinate) clauses, each serving different grammatical functions and roles.1. Independent Clause: An independent clause is a group of words that forms a complete sentence, expressing a standalone thought or idea.Example: The sun was shining, and the birds were singing.2. Dependent (Subordinate) Clause: A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. It depends on an independent clause to form a complete thought.Example: Although she was tired, she continued working.Based on the presence and combination of independent and dependent clauses, sentences can be categorized into different types, including simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences, as discussed earlier.7. Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-verb agreement refers to the correspondence between the subject and the verb in a sentence, ensuring that they agree in number and person. Maintaining this agreement is essential for grammatical accuracy and clarity.1. Singular Subjects and Verbs: A singular subject requires a singular verb, which ends in -s or -es in the present tense.Example: The cat (singular subject) sleeps (singular verb) on the bed.2. Plural Subjects and Verbs: A plural subject requires a plural verb, which does not end in -s or -es in the present tense.Example: The cats (plural subject) sleep (plural verb) on the bed.3. Collective Nouns: Collective nouns, such as team, group, or family, can be singular or plural depending on context and meaning.Example: The team (collective noun) is (singular verb) in the lead.4. Indefinite Pronouns: Indefinite pronouns, such as anyone, everybody, or no one, typically take singular verbs.Example: Everybody (indefinite pronoun) wants (singular verb) to succeed.Maintaining subject-verb agreement is crucial for ensuring that sentences are grammatically correct and convey the intended meaning accurately.8. Pronouns and AntecedentsPronouns are words that replace nouns to avoid repetition and enhance the flow and clarity of sentences. They must agree with their antecedents in gender, number, and person to avoid confusion or ambiguity.1. Gender Agreement: Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in gender, usinghe/him/his for masculine antecedents, she/her/her for feminine antecedents, andthey/them/their for neutral or plural antecedents.Example: John (masculine antecedent) enjoys playing basketball. He (pronoun) is a talented player.2. Number Agreement: Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in number, using singular pronouns for singular antecedents and plural pronouns for plural antecedents.Example: The students (plural antecedent) completed their (plural pronoun) assignments on time.3. Person Agreement: Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in person, using first-person pronouns (I, me, my, mine), second-person pronouns (you, your, yours), and third-person pronouns (he, she, it, they, him, her, them) based on the subject's perspective. Understanding the relationship between pronouns and their antecedents is essential for maintaining coherence and clarity in written and spoken communication.9. Active and Passive VoiceIn English grammar, sentences can be structured in either active or passive voice, which impacts the focus, clarity, and style of the message conveyed.1. Active Voice: In active voice, the subject performs the action expressed by the verb, producing clear and direct sentences.Example: The cat (subject) chased (verb) the mouse (object).2. Passive Voice: In passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed by the verb, often resulting in less direct and more indirect sentences.Example: The mouse (subject), was chased (passive verb) by the cat.Understanding the difference between active and passive voice enables individuals to choose the appropriate voice for conveying information effectively and engaging the audience.10. Sentence PunctuationPunctuation plays a crucial role in clarifying the structure, meaning, and flow of sentences, guiding readers to interpret the text accurately. Key punctuation marks, rules, and usage include:1. Period (full stop): A period is used to end declarative and imperative sentences and to abbreviate words or titles.Example: She loves reading. Please bring the book to the library.2. Comma: A comma is used to separate items in a list, set off introductory or nonrestrictive elements, and join independent clauses with coordinating conjunctions.Example: I like apples, oranges, and grapes. However, I don't like bananas.3. Semicolon: A semicolon is used to join closely related independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction or to separate items in a list when the items contain commas. Example: She enjoys reading; he prefers watching movies.4. Colon: A colon is used to introduce a list, explanation, or example and to precede a quotation, title, or subtitle.Example: Please bring the following items: pen, paper, and ruler.5. Apostrophe: An apostrophe is used to indicate possession, form contractions, and show omission in contractions or abbreviations.Example: The book's title is "The Great Gatsby." She's (she is) going to the party. Mastering the rules and usage of punctuation marks allows writers to express their ideas clearly, convey proper emphasis, and create well-structured and engaging sentences. ConclusionEnglish grammar encompasses a wide range of rules, structures, and elements that form the foundation of clear and effective communication. From understanding parts of speech and sentence structure to mastering verb tenses, clauses, and punctuation, a comprehensive knowledge of grammar empowers individuals to articulate their thoughts, convey meaning accurately, and engage their audience effectively. By consistently applying these grammar principles and rules, individuals can communicate with confidence, coherence, and precision in both written and spoken language.。

高一英语必考知识点全部

高一英语必考知识点全部英语学习对于高中生来说，是一项必修课程，也是重要的考试内容。

下面就是为大家总结的高一英语必考知识点。

一、语法知识点1. 动词时态与语态英语中有多种时态，例如一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时等。

了解各个时态的构成和用法，以及被动语态的形式与应用。

2. 从句结构与用法了解主从复合句的构成和关系，包括定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句等。

掌握从句引导词的用法和位置。

3. 并列连词与关联词熟悉常用的并列连词如and、but、or以及关联词如because、although等。

掌握它们的用法和连接不同句子成分的能力。

4. 句型转换与句子结构调整学会对句子进行转换和调整，如同义句转换、被动语态转换、间接引语转换等。

二、词汇知识点1. 常用词汇掌握常用的英语单词和短语，包括名词、动词、形容词和副词等。

积累词汇的同时，了解它们的词性和用法。

2. 同义词和反义词学会识别和运用同义词和反义词，提高语言的表达能力。

注意它们的用法和搭配。

3. 词组与固定搭配了解一些常见的词组、习语和固定搭配，并能正确运用于实际语境中。

三、阅读理解知识点1. 阅读技巧掌握阅读理解的技巧，包括略读、扫读和精读。

了解如何根据问题和选项进行有针对性的阅读。

2. 理解文章结构学会分析文章的结构，包括段落的顺序、主题句和支持句的关系等。

能够准确地找到文章的主旨和关键信息。

3. 掌握常见题型熟悉并掌握常见的阅读理解题型，如选择题、填空题、判断题和配对题等。

了解不同题型的解题思路和答题技巧。

四、写作技巧知识点1. 作文结构掌握作文的结构，包括引言、正文和结论。

确保文中的段落有机衔接，逻辑清晰。

2. 表达思想能够清晰地表达自己的思想和观点，运用适当的词汇和句子结构。

写作时要注意语法和拼写错误。

3. 文章连贯性写作时注意段落和句子之间的连贯性，使用适当的过渡词和连接词，使文章更易读懂，逻辑更清晰。

五、听力技巧知识点1. 听力细节在听力理解中，要注意捕捉细节信息，如数字、日期、时间等。

最高级语法知识点总结

最高级语法知识点总结高级语法是指在语言学习中更加复杂和深入的语法知识。

掌握高级语法可以让我们更准确、更自然地表达意思。

本文将总结几个常见的高级语法知识点。

1.虚拟语气虚拟语气是用来表示非事实、假设或愿望的语气。

它通常出现在条件句中，使用动词的过去式或过去分词形式。

例如：- If I were you, I would study harder.（如果我是你，我会更努力学习。

）- I wish I had a million dollars.（我希望我有一百万美元。

）2.倒装语序倒装语序是指将主语和谓语动词的位置颠倒过来。

常见的倒装情况有：- 在以副词开头的句子中，如：Never have I seen such abeautiful sunset.（我从未见过如此美丽的日落。

）- 在表示地点的介词短语中，如：Over the hill came a group of children.（一群孩子从山上走过来。

）3.强调句强调句是用来强调句子中一些词或短语的句子。

常用的结构是"Itis/was...that..."。

例如：- It was Tom who broke the window.（是汤姆打破了窗户。

）- It is in this city that I met my wife.（我是在这个城市里遇到我妻子的。

）4.分词和动名词分词和动名词是非谓语动词形式，可以用作形容词或名词。

分词有现在分词和过去分词两种形式，动名词则以-ing结尾。

例如：- The running water is very clean.（流动的水很干净。

）- I saw a man injured in the accident.（我看到一个在事故中受伤的人。

）5.原因状语从句原因状语从句用来表示一些动作或事件的原因，常使用连词because 或since引导。

例如：- I couldn't go to the party because I was sick.（我因为生病不能去参加聚会。

高中英语必背知识点总结归纳

高中英语必背知识点总结归纳高中英语是学生备考重点科目之一，掌握必背知识点是取得好成绩的关键。

本文将对高中英语必背知识点进行总结归纳，帮助学生更好地复习和备考。

一、词汇与短语1. 动词时态与语态：包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时等。

2. 重要动词短语：如give up, look forward to, take place, be fond of等。

3. 同义词与反义词：学习同义词与反义词的用法和辨析，有效提升词汇量。

二、语法知识点1. 五种句子基本结构：声明句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句和条件句。

2. 名词性从句：包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。

3. 宾语从句的种类与用法：包括宾语从句、宾语补足语和宾语语气等。

4. 各类状语从句：时间状语从句、条件状语从句、地点状语从句、方式状语从句等。

5. 并列连词与复合句：常用的并列连词有and, but, or, so等。

6. 特殊句型：倒装句、强调句、感叹句等。

三、阅读理解技巧1. 找出主题句与支持细节：通读全文，抓住文章的主题句与重要支持细节，帮助理解文章主旨。

2. 推理与判断：通过上下文推理出词义、句义或作者意图，提高阅读理解能力。

3. 理解文体与修辞手法：了解不同文体的特点以及修辞手法的使用，帮助正确解答问题。

4. 阅读速度与细节把握：培养快速阅读的技巧，同时注意细节把握，避免漏读或误读。

四、写作技巧与范文模板1. 书信写作：包括个人信函、申请信、投诉信等。

应掌握书信的格式、礼貌用语和写作技巧。

2. 短文写作：常见的短文类型包括记叙文、说明文、议论文等。

理解各种短文写作要求，掌握范文模板和写作技巧。

3. 写作注意事项：书写清晰、逻辑清楚、用词准确、语法正确。

注意段落结构、句子多样性和过渡词的使用。

五、口语交际技巧1. 日常交际用语：包括问候、感谢、道歉、邀请等基本交际用语。

2. 语音语调和语速：正确发音、抑扬顿挫和语速适中，提高口语表达的流利度。

高级英语课程知识点归纳总结

高级英语课程知识点归纳总结
高级英语课程主要包括以下几个知识点：
1. 文学与作品分析：这个知识点涉及到对英语文学作品的分析
和解读。

学生需要学会阅读、理解和分析英语文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等。

还需掌握基本的文学批评方法和术语。

2. 文化和历史背景：了解英语国家的文化和历史背景对学生提
高英语综合能力非常重要。

学生需要熟悉英语国家的传统、价值观、俗以及历史事件，以便更好地理解相关的英语文本。

3. 语言运用与语法：高级英语课程要求学生对英语语言的运用
和语法规则有更深入的理解和掌握。

除了基本的语法知识，学生还
需要学会运用不同的语气、语言风格和修辞手法来丰富自己的表达。

4. 阅读与写作技巧：提高阅读和写作能力是高级英语课程的重点。

学生需要通过大量的阅读来拓展词汇量和理解能力，并学会运
用阅读策略来解决理解难题。

同时，他们还需要学会写各种类型的
英语作文，包括议论文、说明文和书评等。

5. 口语与听力训练：在高级英语课程中，口语和听力的训练也占据重要地位。

学生需要通过大量的听力材料和口语练来提高自己的听力理解和口语表达能力，包括准确发音、流利对话和有效表达观点等。

总结起来，高级英语课程要求学生在文学分析、文化历史、语言运用、阅读写作和口语听力等方面有更深入的理解和能力。

通过系统学习和练习，学生可以提高自己的英语综合能力，为将来的英语应用打下坚实的基础。

高中英语知识点总结归纳

高中英语知识点总结归纳一、语法知识点1. 时态- 一般现在时- 用法：表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或客观事实、真理等。

例如：The earth moves around the sun.（客观真理）He often goes to school by bike.（经常发生的动作）- 结构：主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数形式为动词 + s / es）。

例如：I play football every day. She studies hard.- 一般过去时- 用法：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

例如：I saw him yesterday.- 结构：主语 + 动词的过去式。

规则动词的过去式变化有一定规律，如直接加 -ed（work - worked），以e结尾加 -d（live - lived）等；不规则动词需要单独记忆（如go - went，see - saw）。

- 一般将来时- 用法：表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。

例如：I will go to Beijing next week.- 结构：will + 动词原形或be going to + 动词原形。

be going to结构更强调计划、打算。

例如：He is going to study abroad.- 现在进行时- 用法：表示此时此刻正在进行的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作。

例如：Look! She is dancing.（此时此刻）He is writing a book these days.（现阶段）- 结构：主语 + be动词（am/is/are）+ 动词的 -ing形式。

- 过去进行时- 用法：表示过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。

例如：At that time, I was reading a book.- 结构：主语 + was / were + 动词的 -ing形式。

- 现在完成时- 用法：表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。

高中英语高考必考知识点整理汇总(共40个)

高考英语必考知识点一、动词短语搭配1.be fond of “喜爱，爱好”接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式[1] He’s fond of swimming.他喜欢游泳。

[2] Are you fond of fresh vegetables.你喜欢新鲜蔬菜吗?[3] He is fond of his research work.他喜爱他的研究工作。

2.hunt for = look for 寻找hunt for a job 找工作3.in order to/so as to两个词组都可引导不定式作目的状语, in order to可放于句首, so as to则不能, 其否定形式为in order not to / so as not to.[1] He went to Beijing in order to/so as to attend an important meeting.[2] In order to be noticed, he shouted and waved to us.为了让我们注意他, 他朝我们又是叫喊又是挥手。

4.care about[1] 喜欢，对……有兴趣 = care forShe doesn’t care about money.她不喜欢钱。

[2] 关心 = care forShe thinks only of herself.She doesn’t care about other people.她只考虑自己。

不关心别人。

[3] 在乎，在意（接从句或不接任何成分）These young people care nothing about what old people might say.这些年轻人根本不在乎老人说的话。

5.such as 意为“诸如……”，“像……”，是用来列举人或事物的。

She teaches three subjects, such as physics and chemistry.她教三门科目,像物理、化学。

英语语法高级知识总结

英语语法高级知识总结
本文对英语语法中的高级知识进行总结，以帮助读者提高英语
语法水平。

以下是几个英语语法的高级知识点：
1. 子句：
- 定语从句：由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，用于修饰名
词或代词。

- 状语从句：由连词引导的从句，用于表示时间、原因、条件、目的等。

- 名词性从句：由连词引导的从句，可以在句中扮演名词的角色。

2. 时态和语态：
- 时态：英语中有多种时态，包括一般现在时、过去时、将来
时等，用于表示动作的时间。

- 语态：英语中有被动语态和主动语态，用于表示谓语动作的
执行者和接受者。

3. 虚拟语气：
- 条件句的虚拟语气：表示与事实相反的假设或未实现的愿望。

- 表示建议、要求、命令的虚拟语气：表示与现实相反或不确
定的情况。

4. 倒装句：
- 完全倒装：将谓语动词放在主语之前，用来表示强调、置疑
或表示条件等。

- 部分倒装：将助动词、情态动词或系动词提到主语之前，用
来表示强调或修饰。

5. 语气和口语化表达：
- 祈使句：表示请求、命令、建议等，常用于口语和书面语中。

- 口语化表达：包括省略、俚语、口语词汇等，使语句更加简洁、地道。

这些是英语语法中的一些高级知识点，掌握它们可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用英语。

继续研究和实践，不断提高语法水平！
注意：本文总结的内容仅供参考，具体语法用法仍需根据实际语境和相关资料进行确认。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

嗒廎涹冈䠉㾶䳐倐⃯㚱☨Copyright©2017 by ZhuYu【注】带➡的表⽰⾼级⽤法的替换genuine➡truepathetic可悲的inexpensive➡cheaprefreshed精神振奋的【e.g.】I feel refreshed.dynamic➡activeprecious➡valuablee ffi cient效率⾼高的e ff ective效果好的awkward➡embarrassingfancy新奇有趣的；有很多装饰的——<反义词>tacky俗⽓气的exquisite精美的，精致的desirable好的，值得拥有的➡goodencouraging／motivating给⼈人动⼒力力的appealing➡attractingintelligent思维能⼒力力极强的state-of-the-art（科技、设备）⾮非常先进的，很尖端的user-friendly⽅方便便⽤用户的gorgeous⾮非常漂亮的ﬂawless完美⽆无瑕的messy乱糟糟的fascinating迷⼈人的informative信息量量⼤大的authentic地道、正宗的posh / luxurious奢华、奢侈的atrocious➡terriblehideous极丑的➡extremely uglyexhausting精疲⼒力力竭的frustrating令⼈人沮丧的essentially从本质上看typically多半right away➡immediatelynormally➡usuallyas long as表示让步……and things(stu ff) like that. 表示举例例……or sth. like that表示举例例in terms of…… 在....⽅方⾯面⽽而⾔言，就.....⽽而⾔言tend to➡for the most part⼀一般会，多半会【e.g.】We tend to get freezing winters and dry summers in this part of the city. The gym tends to get very busy after 5 p.m.➡The gym gets very busy after 5 p.m. for the most part.As I see it / I see / I suppose我想，我认为as for / when it comes to / taking about(注意不不是talking)/ speaking of…… 说起，谈到a wealthy of⼤大量量的，可形容积极事物，如knowledge / information / booksthink of … as … 将…看作是...be more likely to …not necessarily不不⼀一定，未必【e.g.】Rich people are not necessarily happy.There is no sense in … ➡It doesn’t make any sense➡It’s pointless to …block封杀and stu ff like that➡and so on等等suspense movie悬疑⽚片… is the norm …是最普遍（常⻅见）的make sense➡be reasonable… is a luxury …是⼀一种奢望【e.g.】Having enough sleep is a luxury for me.… won’t hurt … 不不会有坏处have a hard time doing… 很难做…exterior外部的interior内部的open year round⼀一年年到头开放vacuum theﬂoor⽤用吸尘器器打扫do the laundry（在洗⾐衣店、⽤用洗⾐衣机）洗⾐衣服wash clothes by hand洗⾐衣服（⼿手洗）【BrE】rubbish【AmE】trashwater the plants给植物浇⽔水put up skyscrapers盖⾼高楼joint venture合资企业whereabout➡locationthe hustle and bustle城市⾥里里熙熙攘攘【e.g.】The park provides an escape from the hustle and bustle of Nanjing.a lively / vibrant city⼀一个有活⼒力力的城市have busy careers事务繁忙have little leisure time空闲时间少urban resident城市居⺠民active lifestyle充满活⼒力力的⽣生活⽅方式green space绿地nightlife夜⽣生活a cosmopolitan city⼀一个国际化都市a coastal city⼀一个沿海海城市a inland city⼀一个内陆城市high housing prices⾼高房价high transport costs交通费⽤用⾼高o ff er a wide variety of job opportunities提供多样的就业机会soak up吸收ride a roller coaster坐过⼭山⻋车go hiking徒步旅⾏行行achieve a work-life balance获得⼯工作和⽣生活的平衡lack a sense of community缺乏社区归属感have a strong sense of belonging归属感强a close-knit / tight-knit community凝聚⼒力力强的社区（注意不不是knot）a feeling of accomplishment成就感boost conﬁdence in ourselves增强⾃自信discover potential发掘潜能strenuous消耗体⼒力力的laid-back放松的ﬂexibility柔韧性rafting漂流a youthful heart⼀一颗年年轻有活⼒力力的⼼心recreation➡leisurebreeze微⻛风pedal a bike蹬⾃自⾏行行⻋车roadside vendors路路边⼩小商贩stayﬁt保持良好身体状态tra ffi c congestion交通堵塞➡tra ffi c jam (⼆二者区别：jam有复数，⽽而congestion没有) 【e.g.】Tra ffi c congestion has become a major problem because of the increasing number of cars.family bonds亲情【e.g.】Sharing meals together can really make family bonds stronger. regulations规章制度，常和rules连⽤用——rules and regulations【e.g.】It’s essential to know the rules and regulations of safe driving. the daily grind⽇日常的⾟辛劳【e.g.】I’m sick and tired of the daily grind and it’s time for a change. preference偏好【e.g.】His girl friend really changed his clothing preferences.an approach to…… 做某事的⽅方法或途径（to为prep.)【e.g.】We’ve decided to take a di ff erent approach to the problem.There is a new approach to teaching Botany.status symbol身份的象征【e.g.】Fancy cars(⾼高档⻋车) are not just vehicles. They are status symbols in HongKong.cooperation / collaboration合作【e.g.】Thank you for your cooperation!gallery美术馆、画廊【e.g.】Art galleries are sprouting up over the CBD of Beijing.artworks➡works of art艺术品【e.g.】This museum is rich with(……⾮非常丰富) creative artworks. adorable可爱的（⼩小动物或⼩小朋友）disgusting令⼈人厌恶的boost促进、提升restrict制约motivating给⼈人动⼒力力的frusting令⼈人沮丧的deteriorate恶化spacious宽阔的cramped狭⼩小的gorgeous漂亮的ugly / hideous丑陋陋的（hideous语⽓气更更强）organized整⻬齐的，有秩序的messy混乱的mundane乏味的fun有趣的extravagant奢侈的economical省钱的（指物）frugal节俭的（⼈人）roller-skating溜溜旱冰skateboarding滑滑板do taichi打太极walk one’s dog遛狗jogging慢跑feel refreshed and energetic感觉焕然⼀一新、精⼒力力充沛open-minded开明的forward-looking有远⻅见的materialistic过于现实的classy很有品位的，有格调的sing karaoke唱卡拉OKdo taekwondo练跆拳道memorable值得回忆的thoughtful体贴别⼈人的lively / dynamic / vibrant很有活⼒力力的sociable喜欢社交的straightforward直率的approachable很好接近的reliable可靠的，靠谱的quick-witted反应快的proliﬁc（作品、农作物）多产的，丰富的carefree⽆无忧⽆无虑的vary widely差异很⼤大gather for annual reunion dinner⼀一起吃年年夜饭be widespread particularly during…… 在......时期特别流⾏行行enjoy the moment of dusk with full ease and freedom⾃自由⾃自在地享受⻩黄昏whereas表示转折holy／sacred神圣的（注意区别scared）world-renowned举世闻名的awesome特别棒的ambitious志向远⼤大的informative信息量量⼤大的level-headed遇事冷静的tough／tenacious顽强的eye-opening令⼈人⼤大开眼界的modest谦虚的snobbish势⼒力力的appearance市容a fortune⼀一⼤大笔钱（⽐比lots of money档次⾼高）spout up all over the city / country / world⼤大量量涌现（⽐比there are so many……档次⾼高）lots of➡loads of / tons ofplay➡hang out出去消遣ﬁnish➡wrap upprotect➡preserve (resources, old buildings, wild animals)relaxed➡refreshedtired➡wiped out / worn out / bushedhigh-quality➡high-caliber【e.g.】It’s not easy toﬁnd high-caliber employees.for a long time➡for agesalways➡constantlydelicious➡tasty / out of this worldsmells good➡aromatic (food) / fragrant (ﬂower)hot➡scorchingcloudy➡overcast阴天cold➡chilly(有些冷) ／freezing(很冷) ／frigid(严寒)【从⾮非常喜欢到极度嫌弃的地道表达】I’m really into……I like ……I’m not keen on ……I’m not very fond of ……It’s a drag(使⼈人⽣生厌的)I totally dislike ……I can’t stand ……I loathe …… (最不不喜欢；厌恶)【从最频繁到最偶然的地道表达】I …… all the timeI constantly ……I …… daily每天都......I …… almost everyday⼏几乎每天都……I …… every other day每隔⼀一天......I …… on a weekly basis每周都要……I often ……think eyebrows浓眉sparking eyes有神的眼睛pool⼈人造⽔水池pond天然池塘salt-and-pepper hair花⽩白的头发a bright smile灿烂的笑容shimmering water闪亮的湖⽔水wrinkle皱纹pavilion亭⼦子ﬂowerbed花坛fountain喷泉birds chirping in the trees⻦鸟语pleasing to the ear悦⽿耳的annoying恼⼈人的soothing music轻松的⾳音乐fragrance (ofﬂowers) 花⾹香aroma (of food) 饭菜飘⾹香ﬁerce凶猛的rectangular矩形的，成直⻆角的enchanting迷⼈人的（⽐比charming程度更更深）pattern花纹lawn绿地facilities设施equipment设备waterfall瀑布an inquiring mind强烈烈的好奇⼼心sculptures雕塑tidy / neat⼲干净整洁的ﬂu ff y⽑毛茸茸的well-organized整⻬齐有秩序的chubby胖乎乎的clumsy (⼈人)笨拙的solid坚固的bulky（物体）笨重的beat-up / worn-out破旧的agile敏敏捷的ultra-compact便便携的adorable可爱的enormous巨⼤大的durable耐⽤用的spectacular壮观的fashionable / stylish时尚的crystal-clear清澈的exquisite精美的oval椭圆形的gorgeous / breathtaking特别漂亮的。