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国际贸易的论文范文(通用11篇)

国际贸易的论文范文(通用11篇)【篇一】国际贸易的论文摘要：基于区域经济一体化的发展趋势，完善中国-东盟贸易发展模式，有助于推动实现贸易自由化和资源有效配置，提升中国与东盟国家在世界经济发展中的地位。

中国-东盟自由贸易区自2010年正式成立以来历经10年发展成为继北美自由贸易区与欧盟之后的世界第三个自由贸易区。

中国与东盟双方经济联系，在不断的贸易合作中双方机制不断完善，经济实力与区域整体的效率和竞争力也不断提升，促进成员国乃至世界经济的发展。

本文以中国-东盟贸易发展为背景，首先介绍构建自由贸易区的理论基础，从经济和政治两个立场探析中国-东盟贸易合作的必要性，通过当前中国-东盟贸易数据分析指出其特点和发展存在的问题，并就如何加快中国与东盟贸易合作提出对策，以促进实现双方贸易利益的最大化，实现中国-东盟自由贸易区的健康发展。

关键词：中国-东盟;贸易数据分析;贸易利益;研究在世界经济全球一体化的发展背景下，中国-东盟经济贸易发展通过利用双方经济的互补性和不断增强国家的经济实力，提高经济效益，增强区域整体活力，加快东亚区域经济一体化的迅速发展。

在日益频繁的贸易合作中，双方发展机制不断健全完善，各自经济实力、区域整体竞争力也不断提升。

通过双方贸易、投资及其他领域的密切合作，有助于推动中国和东盟的经济贸易发展。

不过，在存在机遇的同时也面临着严峻的挑战亟需我们解决。

一、中国-东盟自由贸易区构建的理论基础区域经济一体化是指不同国家就经济发展、某一经济领域、经济地区进行联合发展。

在达成经济联盟的过程中，经济生产要素在国家区域范围中实现自由化流动，促使生产资源配置的优化发展，促进生产效率的提升。

关于中国-东盟自由贸易区构建的理论基础我们主要从关税同盟理论和一国模型与两国模型两个方面探讨。

1.关税同盟理论关于区域经济一体化发展，其理论基础就是关税同盟理论。

在1950年，《关税同盟问题》这本书的出版标志着关税同盟理论的形成。

国际经济与贸易专业文献综述范本

FDI影响出口竞争力的因素分析与研究综述王雪珂［内容提要］本文在系统疏理国内外学者对FT）T与出口竞争力关系的研究文献的基础上，深入地探讨了FDI影响东道国出口竞争力的主要因素及其作用机理，并采用1999—2005年中国第二产业的行业面板数据，构建了ECI指数计量模型，对FDI影响行业出口竞争力的各因素研发挥的作用进行了实证研究。

［关键词］FDI出口竞争力因素分析作用机理一、文献回顾FDI的理论研究，基本上围绕两大主题而展开，一是什么因素引起FDI，即FDT产生和发展的动因问题；二是FUT的效应问题。

近年来，随着经济全球化、国际竞争的加剧和跨国公司的发展，有关FDI与贸易关系研究的重点正在发生转移，FDT对出口竞争力的影响问题开始受到国内外学者的高度关注,并日渐成为该领域研究的热点。

下面就这一问题的研究进展做一简要综述.（一)FDI与出口竞争力的理论研究进展早期的研究受传统贸易理论影响，普遍认为FDI与母国出口贸易之间存在替代或互补效应，但是,20世纪80年代以来，很多学者放松了H—O模型中的假设条件,将不完全竞争、规模经济、"干中学”、外部性以及国家之间的技术差别等传统国际贸易理论忽视的因素，51人这一研究领域,得出了FDI对母国出口具有正面效应的结论.马库森、斯文森、马库森和斯文森认为国际要素流动的增加会促进国际商品贸易增长，从而得出了FDI具有促进母国出口增长的结论。

赫尔普曼、赫尔普曼和克鲁格曼构建了基于水平差异化商品的一般均衡模型，证明了在要素禀赋不对称和规模报酬递增的条件下，由于跨国公司的专有资产很难通过外部市场达成交易，因而产生大量的公司内贸易和中间产品的需求，由此带动了母国的出口贸易.格罗斯曼和赫尔普曼把产品的成长内生化，证明在一个动态的模型中FDI和贸易可以是同时扩大的.该模型还表明，随着FDI的增加，人力资本丰富的国家将会逐步增加总部服务(如研究与开发等)和中间产品的出口。

国际贸易毕业论文参考文献（2）

国际贸易毕业论文参考文献(2)国际贸易毕业论文篇1浅谈电子商务下的国际贸易创新1 电子商务的概念及其特点电子商务主要是指利用开放的互联网网络环境，打破商业贸易时空界限，促成交易双方在不相谋面的状态下达成合作交易的新型商业运作方式。

因互联网本身具有较强的开放性和全球性，以其为依托的电子商务运营成本也相对较低，交易效率高。

随着商业经济全球一体化深度显著提高，电子商务已成为了全球各国进行商业贸易往来的重要手段。

就电子商务运营结果而言，电子商务的存在不仅为商业往来提供了更多的贸易机会，减少了交易双方的贸易成本，提高了交易双方乃至各国的经济效益，还变革了传统的国际贸易方式，使得国际贸易得到更多的创新契机。

目前，电子商务主要呈现出以下三个主要特点：1.1 电子商务能提供较丰富的现代信息技术服务随着互联网技术更新换代速度加快，电子商务赖以发展的现代信息技术服务功能也越来越丰富，如计算机软件程序设计多样化、信息处理速度明显加快、信息传输质量高、整个计算机系统得到优质建设与服务等。

就整体现代信息技术服务体系而言，其充当着连接交易双方的桥梁作用，有利于交易双方打破时空限制，更快达成自身的交易目的。

1.2 电子虚拟市场形成电子商务以开放式的互联网环境为载体，可直接实现不同地域交易双方的合作，这也促成了电子虚拟市场的形成。

相对于当下普遍流行的实体贸易而言，电子商务促成的电子虚拟市场，无疑为商品、服务销售提供了更畅通的交易渠道。

1.3 全球化市场形成传统的经济贸易市场是实体交易市场，其低速交易决定了企业商品、服务交易难以无限扩大其市场贸易规模。

而电子商务的出现使商品以数字化信息的形态得以迅速传输给需求者，大大打破了实体交易的时空限制。

加之电子商务具有开放性和全球性，促使利用电子商务开展贸易的交易主体也能轻易地将交易范围由原来的本国经济市场扩大到全球化大市场中，全球化市场正式形成。

2 电子商务对国际贸易的影响2.1 国际贸易公司虚拟化电子商务贸易突破全球贸易地域限制，大大方便了国际贸易公司的国际贸易服务往来。

国际贸易学术论文范文

国际贸易学术论文范文国际贸易的发展趋势和挑战摘要:本论文探讨了国际贸易的发展趋势和挑战。

首先分析了全球化对国际贸易的影响，指出全球化趋势下的自由贸易带来了更加开放的市场和更多的机会。

其次，讨论了技术进步对国际贸易的影响，以及数字贸易的兴起对传统贸易方式的颠覆。

然后，分析了贸易保护主义对国际贸易的挑战，包括关税壁垒和贸易争端的加剧。

最后，提出了面对这些挑战的应对策略，包括加强多边贸易体制、推动经济合作和技术创新等。

一、引言国际贸易作为国家经济发展的重要组成部分，不仅对国家经济增长起着积极作用，而且对全球经济稳定和繁荣具有重要影响。

然而，在全球化和技术进步的背景下，国际贸易也面临着一些新的发展趋势和挑战。

本论文旨在分析这些趋势和挑战，并提出相应的应对策略。

二、全球化对国际贸易的影响三、技术进步和数字贸易的影响技术进步对国际贸易产生了深远的影响。

一方面，技术进步促进了生产力的提高和贸易成本的降低，推动了国际贸易的快速增长。

另一方面，数字化和互联网的兴起也带来了新的贸易形式，如电子商务和数字贸易。

这些新形式的贸易不仅加速了贸易速度，降低了贸易成本，而且还推动了产业结构的转型和升级。

四、贸易保护主义的挑战贸易保护主义作为一种限制自由贸易的政策手段，对国际贸易产生了重要影响。

一方面，贸易保护主义加剧了国际贸易的不确定性和风险，阻碍了国际贸易的正常发展。

另一方面，国家之间的贸易争端也逐渐增多，给国际贸易带来了不小的冲击。

五、应对策略面对国际贸易发展的趋势和挑战，国际社会应采取相应的应对策略。

首先，应加强多边贸易体制，推动全球贸易自由化和便利化。

其次，各国应加强经济合作，构建区域性和区域经济一体化，以更好地应对全球贸易风险。

最后，应加大对技术创新的支持力度，不断提升国家的技术竞争力，以适应全球贸易发展的新要求。

六、结论国际贸易的发展趋势和挑战是不可忽视的，但也给国家带来了更多的机遇。

通过加强多边贸易体制、推动经济合作和技术创新等应对策略，国际社会可以更好地适应这些趋势和挑战，推动国际贸易的持续发展。

国际贸易毕业论文参考文献

国际贸易毕业论文参考文献在写作国际贸易论文过程中，适当的引用参考文献是可以反映出作者对文献信息获取、吸收、利用的能力和研究创新水平。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于国际贸易毕业论文参考文献的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!国际贸易毕业论文参考文献(一)1. 秦熠群,金哲松.中韩产业内贸易实证分析[J].中央财经大学学报，2005(3):62-65.2. 张宏，丛静.影响中韩产业内贸易发展因素的实证分析[J].东北亚论坛,2006，15(2):43-48.3. 刘嘉.中日与中美产业内贸易及影响因素比较研究[J].亚太经济，2013(2):92-97.4. 李准晔,金洪起.中韩贸易结构分析[J].中国工业经济，2002(2):47-54.5. 马剑飞，朱红磊，许罗丹,对中国产业内贸易决定因素的经验研究[J].世界经济，2002(9):22-26+80.6. 赵志刚.中国制造业对不同类型经济体的行业贸易[J].中国软科学，2003(3):45-50+121.7. 王云飞.我国与主要贸易伙伴产业内贸易的相关性分析[J].世界经济研究，2005(10):47-55.8. 徐娅玮.中国产业内贸易的现状与成因分析.国际贸易问题，2001(12):36-39.9. 宋全成.加工贸易带动的提升——我国产业内贸易实证分析[J].国际贸易,2003(12):10-13.10. 崔日明,陈付愉.中日服务业产业内研宄[J].区域经济,2008,24(8):51-55.11. 李季.中韩机电产品产业内贸易实证研究[J].国际贸易问题,2010(6):54-59.12. 汪斌，邓艳梅.中日贸易中工业制品比较优势及国际分工类型[J].世界经济，2003,⑷：21-25.13. 石静，王鹏.水平和垂直产业内贸易的实证研究：基于国家特征的视角[J].世界经济研究，2008(4):39-43.14. 张彬,孙孟.中澳两国产业内贸易的实证研究——基于1997-2007年进出口贸易数据[J].国际贸易问题，2009(05):41-48.15. 周茂荣,吕婕.中美产业内贸易的影响因素研究——以资本和技术密集型产品贸易为例.国际贸易问题，2010(2):32-37.16. 贺骁.我国高新技术产品进出口实证分析[J].商讯.商业经济文荟，2005(3):62-67.17. 廖长友.中国制造业产业内贸易影响因素的实证分析[J].西华大学学报：哲学社会科学版,2004(4):45-47.18. 杜莉.中国与美国高技术产品产业内贸易的实证研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2005(8):90-97.19. 佟家栋，刘钧霆.中日制造业产业内贸易发展态势的实证研究[J].国际贸易问题，2006(1):5-9.20.Wells,L.T.Jr.ThirdWorldMultinationals,Cambridge,Massachusetts: MITPress,1983.国际贸易毕业论文参考文献(二)1. 卜伟.我国产业外资控制与对策研究[J].管理世界，2011:180-181.2. 陈丽丽，林花.我国对外直接投资区位选择：制度因素重要吗[J].经济经纬,2011(1):20-25.3. 陈文彬.我国对外直接投资的动因分析和模式选择——以福建省为例[J].时代金融,2008(7):170-171.4. 陈岩，张桃.积极推进以“技术+品牌”为核心的“走出去”战略——中国髙新技术产业的必然选择[J].国际贸易，2007(3):14-17.5. 崔家玉.中国对外直接投资的动因[J].大连海事大学学报[J].2010(6):12-14.6. 代中强.中国企业对外直接投资动因研宄——基于省际面板数据的分析[J].山西财经大学学报,2008(11):29-35.7. 邓明.制度距离，“示范效应"与中国OFDI的区位分布[J].国际贸易问题,2012(2):123-135.8. 董莉军.中国对外直接投资的政策动因个新的实证研究[J].技术经济与管理研究，2011(11):73-76.9. 冯华.我国对外直接投资的回顾与展望[J].山东社会科学，2014(1):117-121.10. 官建成，王晓静.中国对外直接投资决定因素研究[J].中国软科学,2007(2):59-65.11. 郭苏文，黄汉民.制度距离对我国外向FDI的影响一基于动态面板模型的实证研究[J].国际经贸探索,2010(11):21-26.12. 何骏.全球化背景下我国企业对外直接投资的动因研究[J].经济经纬，2007(2):57-59.13. 贺书锋，郭羽诞.中国对外直接投资区位分析：政治因素重要吗?[J].上海经济研究，2009(3):3-10.14. 黄静波，张安民.中国对外直接投资主要动因类型的实证研究一基于1982—2007年得外向投资流向分析[J].国际经贸探索,2009(7):4-10.15. 李洪江.中国对外直接投资的发展及未来趋势[J].商业研究,2004(5):143-145.16. 林季红，胡雯婷.中国国际投资发展阶段研宄[J].厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)2011(2):52-59.17. 凌丹，赵春丽.政府在企业对外直接投资中的职能作用及实现途径[J].经济纵横，2002(6):43-36.国际贸易毕业论文参考文献(三)1. 丁青艳，王喜富.供应链上核心企业评价指标体系研究[J].物流技术，2010,7(20)：52-53.2. 李金玉，阮平南.核心企业在战略网络演化中的影响[J].北京工业大学学报(社会科学版)，2010,10(4)：19-21.3. 李欣，刘湘宁.电子商务生态系统构建之领导种群研究--以阿里巴巴为例[J].企业研究，2010(8)：40-41.4. 韩福荣，徐艳梅.企业仿生学[M].北京：企业管理出版社，2002:12-25.5. 胡斌.企业生态系统健康的基本内涵及评价指标体系研究[J].科技管理研究，2006,26(1)：14-15.6. 刘学理.电子商务生态系统风险评价研究[J].商业时代，2011,(30)：33-35.7. 陆玲.企业生态学原理初探，中日管理比较[M].广州：中山大学出版社，1995:254-268.8. 梁运文等.商业生态系统价值结构、企业角色与战略选择[J].南开管理评论，2005,8(1)：57- 59.9. 刘根.电子商务生态系统的构成及培育[J].江苏商论，2010,(9)：15- 18.10. 刘雷.电子商务生态系统演进的影响因素探析[J].现代商贸工业，2010,5(6)： 23-24.11. 任今方.电子商务生态系统及其发展环境[J].闽江9 院学报，2010,31(4)：22-24.12. 杨艳萍，李琪.电子商务生态系统中企业竞争策略研究[J].科技和产业，2008，8(9)：10-11.13. 陈劲，李飞宇.社会资本对技术创新的社会学检释[J].科学学研究，2001,19(3)：103-107.14. 吴联生.盈余管理、政治关联与公司税负[J].会计论坛.2010,17(1)：3-17.15. 吴灵玲.政治关联的公司治理效应研究一一基于中国民营上市公司样本分析[D].浙江工商大学.2012.。

国际贸易的论文范文(通用12篇)

国际贸易的论文范文(通用12篇)论文一：国际贸易的发展与趋势随着全球化的加速和科技的不断进步，国际贸易的发展已成为全球经济发展的重要推进因素。

国际贸易涉及到多个领域和行业，包括物流、金融、技术和知识产权等方面。

本文从国际贸易的发展历程和趋势两方面进行探讨。

首先，国际贸易的发展可以追溯到数百年前，当时的贸易主要是以航海为主要方式进行的。

而在当今时代，科技的进步和全球化的加速使得国际贸易更加便捷和高效。

网络技术和物流系统的进步，使得国际贸易的全球化程度不断提高，也为中小企业占据市场提供了机会。

其次，国际贸易的趋势也呈现出多种新特点。

首先是多元化贸易市场的出现。

近年来，发展中国家的出现使得贸易市场的格局发生了变化，亚太地区和拉丁美洲等地成为了新兴的贸易市场。

其次是贸易的自由化和规范化。

自由贸易区的建立促进了国际贸易的自由化，而贸易规则的制定也为国际贸易的有序进行提供了保障。

但是，国际贸易在发展中面临着挑战和风险。

比如全球化的进一步加速可能导致信息和技术差距的扩大，发展中国家可能因此面临贸易壁垒的困境；金融危机和贸易保护主义的出现也会对国际贸易造成不利影响。

因此，在国际贸易发展的过程中，要加强合作和规范，积极应对风险和挑战，创造更加公平、和谐的国际贸易环境，助力全球经济的健康发展。

论文二：国际贸易中的贸易壁垒问题及解决措施在当今世界，贸易自由化成为了国际贸易发展的主流趋势。

然而，由于国家间的不同经济实力和国别文化差异，贸易壁垒也难以避免。

本文将分析国际贸易中的贸易壁垒问题及解决措施。

一、贸易壁垒的种类贸易壁垒包括贸易限制和贸易刺激措施。

前者主要包括关税、非关税壁垒、配额等，后者主要包括出口补贴和关税偏低等。

二、贸易壁垒的影响贸易壁垒不仅影响到贸易水平和贸易结构，还可能对经济产业的发展产生深远影响。

贸易壁垒对进口商品的价格影响明显，会导致国家的生产成本升高，同时影响到贸易伙伴的利益。

而贸易刺激措施则可能导致贸易伙伴的损失，也会影响到全球市场的公平竞争。

国际贸易的参考文献.doc

国际贸易的参考文献
[1] 金实.一本书读懂经济学[M].九州出版社,2010 年1月.
[2] 李毅.中国纺织服装产品可能遭遇的保障措施和几种特保措施比较研究[J].国际贸易问题,2005年,第4期:第105-108页.
[3] 乔生. 特保条款及其对我国出口贸易的负面评析[J].国际贸易问题,2005年,第5期,第102页.
[4] 钱磊.论特保条款中几个主要问题[J].广西政法管理干部学院学报,2005 年,第1期,第58页.
[5] 华民.西方混合体制[M].上海：复旦大学出版社，1995.
[6] 郑秉文.公司治理：美国模式之谜[N].经济观察报，2002-08-12.
[7] 李俊江.论代国际贸易方式创新及对我国的经济影响，2003-9-28
[8] 还有许多纸和电视上的新闻，因看的时候没有仔细记录，故现在不能详尽的罗列。

指导教师签名：
年月日。

有关国际贸易论文的范文

有关国际贸易论文的范文国际贸易论文的范文篇1浅谈中国对外贸易的发展战略摘要：当前中国外贸发展面临的环境是很有利的。

世界经济贸易开始持续温和复苏，发达国家的经济贸易低速增长，而发展中国家经济贸易增速较快，远远快于发达国家。

从国内经济形势来看，我国经济持续高速增长，固定资产投资加快增长，外商投资规模不断扩大，经济结构的升级不断加快，我国的综合经济实力不断上升，特别是党的十六大提出要全面建立小康社会，为我国经济的持续发展增加了动力。

在这种形势下我国对外贸易发展呈现了一些新的特点。

关键词：对外贸易发展战略一、中国对外贸易特点当前中国外贸发展面临的环境是很有利的。

世界经济贸易开始持续温和复苏，发达国家的经济贸易低速增长，而发展中国家经济贸易增速较快，远远快于发达国家。

在这种形势下我国对外贸易发展呈现了一些新的特点。

(一)中国对外贸易持续快速增长，成为世界经济贸易发展的一大亮点。

中国加入世贸组织后，对外经济贸易的环境有了很大的改善，产生了积极的效应。

(二)我国加工贸易的发展，推动我国经济结构的升级。

改革开放以来加工贸易一直是我国吸引外资、发展经济、提升经济结构、提高我国国际竞争力的一种主要方式。

(三)我国进出口商品结构进一步优化，工业制成品进出口规模不断扩大，推动了我国经济向工业化社会的转变，我国工业制成品出口的贸易比较优势也越来越明显。

近年来，随着我国经济向工业化社会转变，我国工业制成品出口大幅增长，占出口的比重不断增加，成为带动出口增长主要因素。

(四)我国进出口贸易方式向多样化发展。

(五)我国的出口市场呈现多元化发展趋势。

由于我加入了世界贸易组织，充分利用世贸规则，在世界贸易组织中积极发挥作用并积极的推进区域和世界经济一体化，我国的出口市场多元化战略取得了明显的成果。

国际贸易专业文献选读 WORD版

Lesson 1Multinational CorporationsTEXTOne of the most significant international economic developments of the postwar period is the proliferation of multinational corporations (MNCs). These are firms that own, control, or manage production facilities in several countries. Today MNCs account for over 20 percent of world output, and intrafirm trade (i.e., trade among the parent firm and its foreign affiliates) is more than 25 percent of world trade in manufacturing. Some MNCs, such as Exxon and General Motors, are truly giants with yearly sales in the tens of billions of dollars and exceeding the total national income of all but a handful of nations. Furthermore, most international direct investments today are undertaken by MNCs. In the process, the parent firm usually provides its foreign affiliates with managerial expertise, technology, parts, and a marketing organization in return for some of the affiliates' output and earnings.The basic reason for the existence of MNCs is the competitive advantage of a global network of production and distribution. This competitive advantage arises in part from vertical and horizontal integration with foreign affiliates. By vertical integration, most MNCs can ensure their supply of foreign raw materials and intermediate products and circumvent (with more efficient intrafirm trade )the imperfections often found in foreign markets. They can also provide better distribution and service networks. By horizontal integration through foreign, affiliates, MNCs can better protect and exploit their monopoly power, adapt their products to local conditions and tastes, and ensure consistent product quality.The competitive advantage of MNCs is also based on economies of scale in production, financing, research and development(R & D), and the gathering of market information. The large output of MNCs allows them to carry division of labor and specialization in production much further than smaller national firms. Product components requiring only unskilled labor can be produced inlow-wage nations and shipped elsewhere for assembly. Furthermore, MNCs and their affiliates usually have greater access at better terms to international capital markets than do purely national firms, and this puts MNCs in a better position to finance large projects. They can also concentrate R&D in one or a few advanced nations best suited for these purposes because of the greater availability of technical personnel and facilities.Finally, foreign affiliates funnel information from around the world to the parent firm, placing it in a better position than national firms to evaluate,anticipate, and take advantage of changes in comparative costs, consumers' tastes and market conditions generally.The large corporation invests abroad when expected profits on additional investments in its industry are higher abroad. Since the corporation usually has a competitive advantage in and knows its industry best, it does not consider the possibility of higher returns in every other domestic industry before it decides to invest abroad. That is, it is differences in expected rates of profits domestically and broad in the particular industry that is of crucial importance in a large corporation's decision to invest abroad. This explains, for example, Toyota automotive investments in the United States and IBM computer investments in Japan. Indeed, it also explains investments of several Japanese electronics MNCs in the United States as an attempt to invade the latter's computer market.MNCs are also in a much better position to control or change to their advantage the environment in which they operate than are purely national firms. Form example, in determining where to set up a plant to produce component, an MNC can and usually does "shop around" for the low-wage nation that offers the most incentives in the form of tax holidays, subsidies, and other tax and trade benefits. The sheer size of most MNCs in relation to most host nations also means the MNCs are in a better position than purely national firms to influence the policies of local governments and extract benefits. Furthermore, MNCs can buy up promising local firms to avoid future competition and are in a much better position than purely domestic firms to engage in other practices that restrict local trade and increase their profits. MNCs, through greater diversification, face lower risks and generally earn higher profits than purely national firms.Finally, by artificially overpricing components shipped to an affiliate in a higher-tax nation and underpricing products shipped from the affiliate in the high-tax nation, an MNC can minimize its tax bill. This is called transfer pricing and can arise in intrafirm trade as opposed to trade among independent firms or at "arm's length."In the final analysis, it is a combination of all or most of these factors that gives MNCs their competitive advantage vis-à-vis purely national firms and explains the proliferation and great importance of MNCs today. That is ,by vertical and horizontal integration with foreing affiliates, by taking advantage of economies of scale, and by being in a better position than purely national firms to control the environment in which they operate, MNCs have grown to become the most prominent form of private international economic organization in existence today.While MNCs, by efficiently organizing production and distribution on a world wide basis, can increase world output and welfare, they also create serious problems in both the home and host countries. The most controversial of the alleged harmful effects of MNCs on the home nation is the loss of domestic jobs resulting from foreign direct investments. That some domestic jobs are so lost is beyond doubt. These are likely to be unskilled and semiskilled production jobs in which the home nation has a comparative disadvantage.However, some clerical, managerial, and technical jobs are also likely to be created in the headquarters of the MNC in the home nation as a result of direct foreign investments.A related problem is the export of advanced technology to be combined with other cheaper foreign factors to maximize corporate profits. It is claimed that this may undermine the technological superiority and future of the home nation. However, against this possible harmful effect is the tendency of MNCs to concentrate their R&D in the home nation, thus allowing it to maintain its technological lead. Whether or not MNCs, on balance, undermine the technological superiority of the home country is a hotly debated question to which no clear-cut answer is yet possible.In addition, through transfer pricing and simila practices, and by shifting their operations to lower-tax nations, MNCs reduce tax revenues and erode the tax base of the home country. This results from common international taxing practice. Specifically, the host country taxes the subsidiary's profits first. To avoid double taxation of foreign subsidiaries, the home country then usually taxes only repatriated profits (if its tax rate if higher than in the host country), and only by the difference in the tax rates.Finally, because of their access to international capital market, MNCs can circumvent domestic monetary policies and make government control over the economy in the home nation more difficult. These alleged harmful effects of MNCs are of crucial importance to the United States, since it is home for more than half of the largest MNCs. In general ,home nations do impose some restrictions on the activities of MNCs, either for balance of payments reasons, or more recently, for employment reasons.Host countries have even more serious complaints against MNCs. First and foremost is the allegation that MNCs dominate their economies. This is certainly true for Canada, where almost 60 percent of the total capital in manufacturing is owned or controlled by foreigners (40 percent by Americans). It is also true for some of the smaller developing nations. Foreign domination is felt inmany different ways in host countries, including (1) the unwillingness of a local affiliate of an MNC to export to a nation deemed unfriendly to the home nation or the requirement to comply with a home-nation law prohibiting such exports; (2) the borrowing of funds abroad to circumvent tight domestic credit conditions and the lending of funds abroad when interest rates are low at home; (3) the effect on national tastes of large-scale advertising for such products as Coca Cola, jeans and so on.Another harmful effect of MNCs on the host country is the siphoning off of R&D funds to the home nation. While this may be more efficient for the MNC and the world as a whole, it also keeps the host country technologically dependent. This is overexploitation of natural resources, and creating highly dualistic "enclave" economies.(From Dominick Salvatore: "International Economics”)2. International Migration of Labour 国际劳动力的转移TEXTThe movement of labour across national boundaries has assumed very large proportions in the last decade. The large-scale migration of unskilled and semi-skilled labour, and of professional manpower, which has taken place in the last two decades has been a reflection of imbalances in the income and employment opportunities and, to some extent, of constraints on the international flow of capital and trade.The rich countries which have imported workers have controlled the number and character of the manpower and the duration of its stay; most of the movement has been temporary. Much of the demand has been structural, coming from industries which cannot keep or attract national workers. And although there has been a demand for more permanent workers, migrant labour in many countries is treated as a temporary workforce. This has created friction and hardship. The movement of migrant workers involves human beings, and its social aspects have understandably made it a sensitive and visible issue.At present there are about 20 million migrant workers in the world, about 12 million of them from developing countries. An estimated 6 million are in the United States, most of them coming from Mexico -- many illegally. Western Europe's share went up from about 2 million in the early 1960s to 6 million in the 1970s but fell by one million with the post-1973 recession. More than a million of the migrant workers in Europe come from developing countries, mainly Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey and Yugoslavia. Since the early 1970s, large numbers of workers have also gone to the oil-exporting countries of the Middle East: about 3 million at present, two-thirds of them from the region itself and the rest from South and South East Asia. South Africa has for many years attracted mine labor -- around 400000 at present--from the neighboring countries of Botswana, Mozambique, Swaziland and Lesotho. Migrant labor is also of importance within East European countries, and there are labor flows among developing countries in parts of Latin America and in West Africa.In all parts of the world the presence of migrant workers has raised sensitive political issues. In the United States, the regularization of non-legal migration has become an important question. In Western Europe, the situation of migrant workers and their families and their housing, schooling, and political status have attracted much public attention and caused lively debate. Uncertaintiessurround the future pattern and permanence of migration in the Middle East. The apartheid system in South Africa, which is a source of outrage in itself, is inflicted on workers who migrate there from neighboring countries.A second and very different stream of migration is the "brain drain". In the early 1960s and 1970s well over 400,000 physicians and surgeons, engineers, scientists and other skilled people have moved from developing countries to more developed ones. The principal sending countries have been India, Pakistan, the Philippines and Sri Lanka. Most of the migrants have gone to the United States, Canada and Britain, others to the rest Western Europe, Australia and the Middle East. Like migration in general, this kind of movement has had a long history-dating back at least as far as the drain of Greek brains to Alexandria around 300 BC. But never before has it been so extensive, nor based so largely on economic incentives. The brain drain has occurred in part because many students and professionals trained in developed countries have chosen not to return home.Migration has given benefits to all parties. The sending countries have gained from the jobs provided to their nationals and often from the training and skills acquired by workers who later return. They have also benefited from the money sent back by migrants, currently about $7 billion annually from Western Europe and about $7 billion from the Middle East. These remittances have become a big foreign exchange earner for many developing countries where they sometimes match or surpass export earnings from commodities and manufactures.Receiving countries have also derived many benefits from migrant labor which has contributed to their domestic product, made their manufacturing industries more competitive and held down costs in construction industries and service sectors. Skilled migrants have been particularly valuable as they have saved their host countries substantial costs in education and training. On the other hand, the status of migrant workers is often unsatisfactory and precarious. And while countries of immigration have been able to control migrant flows to suit their needs, countries of emigration have been buffeted by fluctuations in the demand for migrant labor and in remittances, and they have lost skilled and semi-skilled manpower which they badly need.National and international migration policies should protect and promote the interests of the migrant workers themselves, as well as those of their home and host countries.Receiving countries differ widely in their treatment of migrants. Some admit them to citizenship in due course and allow them in the meantime some of the rights that go with it. Manyothers treat them as temporary workers, ineligible for many social security benefits and economic and political rights. Within the European Community, workers from other member countries enjoy the same rights as domestic workers. Some tending countries, for their part, only allow their citizens to migrate on condition that they maintain their citizenship and plan to return. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has formulated norms which provide for the respect of the basic rights of all migrant workers and ensure that migrants and their families get fair treatment in living and working conditions, in social security, health and safety; that they are allowed to reunite their families, to preserve their ethnic identity, and to join trade unions. We regret that these conventions have not been ratified except by a very small number of countries. All governments should adopt them and implement them both in spirit and letter.Much migration takes place under illegal and abusive conditions. Traffickers in sending and receiving countries organize this trade for their own gain, and migrant workers are illegally employed in host country enterprises without health insurance, social security or proper housing. It is certainly in the mutual interest of all countries to take concerted measures to eliminate this trade in human beings, as the above-mentioned ILO norms prescribe.More generally, governments should reach agreements, both bilateral and multilateral, to regulate international migration. With better planned and more orderly policies, fluctuations could be evened out, remittances be made more predictable, and return migration assisted when it occurs. Steps in this direction have been taken within the OECD in Europe, similar measures are needed elsewhere. The World Employment Conference in 1976 has made valuable recommendations in this direction.When industrial countries suffer from economic recessions they frequently shift part of the burden on to developing countries by insisting on "return migration" which in effect means exporting their unemployment back to the home countries where unemployment led to migration in the first place. This has recently happened on a large scale to countries like Turkey and Yugoslavia, causing simultaneously a sudden increase in unemployment and a sharp decrease in remittances. Such events are outside the control of the sending countries, and they should be helped to adjust to them. The IMF Compensatory financing Facility has recently been extended to cover fluctuations in remittances as well as ordinary export earnings, which is an important step in the right direction. There is also room for more bilateral cooperation for meeting the adjustment problem.Migration can provide new opportunities for developing countries to cooperate among themselves, particularly in the Middle East where receiving countries are rich in resources and sending countries have a surplus of skilled workers. The two groups have complementary interests, but this kind of continuing interdependence has to be managed in the long-run interests of both sides and of the migrant workers themselves.The migration of people in search of better opportunities to make a living is all essential of development and change and has been so throughout history. We are still far from a shared understanding of the principles that should guide international migration. In the meantime, the objective must be to build, on the basis of the interests of the countries concerned, a framework that is more just and equitable than the present one.(From Willy Brandt: "North-South, A Program for Survival")After 15 long years of hard negotiations, China became a formal member of the World Trade Organization on Dec. 11, 2001. People may wonder whether it pays for China to devote such a lot of time and efforts for accession to the organization. So some knowledge about the WTO as well as the opportunities it provides and the challenges it poses to China is quite necessary.The origin of the WTO can be traced back to the early post World War II years. To guard against the threat of trade wars, major trading nations sent their representatives to Havana in 1947 to create an International Trade Organization for the promotion of international trade. That objective was, however, not realized for controversy over the extensiveness of the powers of the proposed ITO, mainly for the refusal by the United States to ratify the charter of the stillborn organization.•Nevertheless, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was formed as a conduit for multilateral negotiations on a variety of international trade issues.•Headquartered in Geneva, GATT provides a framework within which international negotiations are conducted toward creating global trade rules anda consultative mechanism for resolving differences and settling disputes underthose rules.•It also provides technical assistance to developing countries in the form of seminars and training courses on trade policy issues.•The general aims of GATT are the improvement of standards of living, full employment, a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand, the full use of the world’s resources, and the expansion of production and international trade.•It is the specific task of GATT to contribute to the attainment of these objectives through arrangements directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and to the elimination of discrimination.•Initially, GATT consisted of only three basic parts. In part 1 the basic obligations which are to be fulfilled by the contracting parties are laid down —the most-favored nation clause and the schedules of tariff concessions.。

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国际贸易参考文献范文
导语：随着我国产业转型升级和对外贸易的发展，国际贸易专业毕业生的要求也越来越高。

以下是小编搜索整理的国际贸易范文，欢迎大家阅读！
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