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HND商法导论outcome1(仅供参考)

HND商法导论outcome1(仅供参考)

1.刑法和民法的定义。

Civil Law and Criminal Law ★Criminal Law is stipulated which behaviors are commit a crime, and what punish Proper suitable for the criminals. The punishment includes imprisonment and fine and so on.Civil Law is concerned with non-criminal disputes and situations, including:The dispose of legal disputes between personal and other bodies or organizationThe payment of compensation form one party to another for loss or injuryThe setting of process to manage financial and other matters2.举出6个民事纠纷例子☆ civil dispute caseLand disputes 土地纠纷Winding up of a corporate body 公司解体纠纷Personal injury claims 人身伤害纠纷Succession disputes 遗嘱纠纷Contractual disputes 合同关系纠纷Debt recovery actions 债务清偿纠纷3.犯罪的定义。

☆ What is a crime?Crime is Social ideology identify with that is Crime is antisocial, because it is antisocial, so threatens or undermines the security of society. Criminal behavior should be punished by the State by the imposition of a prison sentence and /or fine or other sanction on the man who is convicted of guiltExamples of criminal conduct include murder, Hi jack, kidnap, fire-raising, theft and fraud4.民法和刑法的区别。

商法__ outcome1 答案

商法__ outcome1 答案

1.The main resources of the modern Scots Law are Statute Law, European Law, andCommon Law.2.a: It is the process that a judge develops a rule of the law by making a decision ina test case. After listening to the opposite legal arguments, the judge makes thedecision about which view of law is correct. After the decision is made, other or future judges and courts will be expected to follow the kind of decision that is made previously in the similar situation or the case. But not every judge can make the new decision, it is commonly made by the superior courts, and the other lower or inferior courts will follow the step. It needs the authority of the judge or the court to make the new decision.b: Donoghue V Stevenson 19323.a: The superior legislative body is the Westminster Parliamentb: Because the Scottish Parliament obtains the authority from the Westminster Parliament to pass the laws for Scotland. The Scottish Parliament’s legislations are valued as the secondary legislations. The Westminster Parliament can also abolish Scottish Parliament.4.Act of the Parliament is referred to as legislation or statute law.5.Abolition of Feudal Tenure Act, The Health and Safety at Work Act, Sale ofGoods Act, Employment Rights Act, Divorce Act.6.Criminal Law is, used to punish individuals who behaved criminally, formaintaining safety and effect of the law. Civil Law is resolve the cases which is not anything about crime but legal disputes between individuals.7.Crime is an illegal action for which an individual can be punished by law. Forexample: drug dealing, theft, child abuse, murder.8.Family Law Dispute, Debt recovery actions, Tenor or authenticity of a lostdocument.9.If there is a conflict between Scottish and European law, the court should obey thelaws under European law. The European Union is an organization of 25 member states. The members must obey the rules or laws in order to enjoy the benefits of membership. Britain has been a member of the European Union since1973. The passing of the European Communities Act 1972 by the Westminster Parliament recognizes the supremacy of European Law over the domestic law. By the time Britain became a member of European Union 1973. Many of the important law were already in place and Britain had to accept this as a price of membership of European Union.10. a: The Council of Minister, the European Parliament, the European Court ofJustice, the European Commissionb: The Council of Minister with the advice of the European Parliament, makes the law for European peole.。

HND商法导论Outcome2 案例+答案

HND商法导论Outcome2 案例+答案

Case study 1Samir sees a set of golf clubs displayed in a shop window for £500. He enters the shop and states he will take the clubs. The shopkeeper however says the clubs are no longer for sale. Samir is demanding that he be sold the clubs and at the price displayed.Identify the essential requirements of a contract and discuss whether a contract exists here.A contract is an agreement between parties having the capacity to make it, in the form demanded by the law, to perform, on one side or both, acts which are not trifling, indeterminate, impossible or illegal, creating an obligation enforceable in a court of law. A valid contract has three essential features: there must be a agreement on all material aspects; at least two contracting parties and legal obligations.A contract consists of an offer and an acceptance. If there is no offer in the first place then there can be no contract. The basic elements of a contract include an offer and an acceptance.In the case Samir sees a set of golf clubs displayed in a shop window for £500. He enters the shop and states he will take the clubs. But shopkeeper says the clubs are no longer for sale. Samir is demanding that he be sold the clubs and at the price displayed.According to this case we can say that these is not exist a contract. In the case that a set of golf clubs are exhibited in a shop window, thus it is not an offer. Because the goods displayed in a shop window as a invitation to treat, we can know that goods displayed in a shop window (even when priced) are classed as a willingness to negotiate on the shops part. Invitations to treat also is considered to inquiry the price of goods, means a party to invite the other person to make offers. Different an offer, a willingness to negotiate only as prepared to make a contract of behavior on the issue who is not legally binding. The customer will make the offer to buy the goods which the shop are perfectly within their rights to refuse. The invitations to treat are not legally classed as offers and therefore cannot be accepted.Before the party who gave off the invitations to treat could not accept the other people’s offers they can revocation, and then the contract is not build. When Samir asked to buy the golf clubs the shopkeeper refused hin, and there was no acceptance. So when the shopkeeper refused Samir which is a set of golf clubs are not the good for sale, it just be used as ornament, and attracted the consumers interested. So an offer in this case is not found, either nor acceptance.A contract consists of an offer and an acceptance, we can know that there is on offer and there is on contract.Case study 2Tom is the top salesman for ABC Motors. He has been offered a job by a rivalcompany but is concerned because there is a clause in his contract which prevents him from working for any other car company for five years.Tom is the top salesman because he regularly tells potential customers what they like to hear rather than the facts. He has done this in relation to ages of vehicles, odometer readings and vehicle service histories.Tom recently completed a deal to buy a vintage sports car for ABC Motors from Barry.ABC now discover that Barry (not his real name) had stolen the vehicle. Question 1What is a restrictive covenant? Advise Tom as to the legality of the clause in his contract.You can refer to Bluebell Apparel Ltd v Dickinson (1980) on page 146Question 2How would you classify Tom’s statements to the customers and what are the possible consequences for Tom and ABC motors in relation to these statements?You can refer to Smith v Sim(1954) on page 161Question 3What is the legal position with regard to the vehicle which Tom has purchased from Barry?You can refer to Morrison v Robertson(1908) on page 1531 Restrictive covenant is a agreement which restrict the party liberty to work and trade. Such contracts are VOID unless the restriction can be shown to be reasonable to both parties involved and to the general public. There are three types of restrictive covenants: contracts between employer and employee, contracts between sellers and purchaser of a business and ‘solus’agreements. For all three types, the party attempting to enforce the agreement must prove that it is reasonable to both parties concerned and to the general public. If they are unable to do this then the contract will be considered void and unenforceable. (from the text bookP142-142) This contract are legality, and the restriction was fair in this contract. Because the relationship of Tom and ABC motor is employer and employee, when enter employment and employee may agree to some restriction being placed on his future employment or trade. Later the employee may feel the restriction is unfair and therefore he may break it. In such circumstances it would be up to the employer take him to court and seek an ‘interdict’ forbidding the employee to break the agreement. They will consider the factor the nature of the job the employee was doing(from the text book P142). If Tom worked for any other company within the validity period of the contract that he would be in a position to harm his ex employers.2 The 4 main causes of error are: innocent misrepresentation, fraudulent misrepresentation, negligent misrepresentation and concealment of facts. And Tom’s statements to customers classify fraudulent misrepresentation,A false and material statement which induces a party to enter into a contract this is misrepresentation. Because he regularly tells potential customers what they like to hear rather than the facts and him without caring whether it is true or false. Fraudulent misrepresentation can lead a contract being made void if it involved these points,first is fraudulent misrepresentation causes error in the substantials. Second is the other party relied on the misrepresentation and it was a major influence on them entering the contract, third is the other party can offer restitutio in integrum. So the contracts between Tom and customers is void, he relied on the misrepresentation and it was a major influence on them entering the contract, thus customers can acquire compensation. Or cancel the contract or both of them.3 Tom brought a car from Barry,but Tom discovered that Barry had stolen the vehicle. And in this contract has a error which made the contract void, the Barry stolen the car but Tom did not know before him brought, so he can not get the car’s ownership. An error concerning the identity of the parties. Barry stolen the car so he haven’t ownership of this car and sold car, therefore, he can not give ownership to Tom, and Tom does not get the car’ ownership actually. And in this case Tom can only lodge a claim to Barry.Case study 3Martina recently attended an auction for the first time. She was very keen(渴望的) on a particular painting and when the bidding commenced(开始)she got so carried away that she bid much more than she intended. Martina won the auction but with fees(费用)and commissions(佣金)added on to the price, she cannot pay the full amount for the painting.Question 1What do you understand by the term ‘breach of contract’? Give two examples. Question 2List the main remedies available for breach of contract.Question 3What is the most appropriate remedy for the auctioneer(拍卖商)in this case?1、Where one party fails to fulfil his or her legal obligation under a contract.(from the text book P183)example1Tony and Jane have a contract where Tony will pay June $100 for her car and delivery. Tony pays the $100 but Jane fails to delivery.(from the text book P197)In this case study there has been a Breach of Contract by Jane as she has failed to delivery the car.Example2Shirley and Oliva have a contract where Shirley brought a cake from Oliva for her friend and asked Oliva sent the cake to her friend on 12th December 2012 , but on that day her friend did not receive the cake.In this case study there has been a breach od contract by Oliva as she failed to sent the cake.2、If there is a breach of contract then the innocent party will have the right to seek a remedy for the breach.(from the text book P184)Damages as a remedy for breach of contract. The object of awarding damages to someone is to place them in the position they would have been in had the contract been completed.So damages are really awarded as compensation- if the party has actually lost money as a result of the breach then he will be awarded ‘substantial’ or ‘compensatory’ damages.In some cases no actually loss may have been incurred as a result of the breach. If is still possible that damages may be awarded for trouble and inconvenience-these are know as ‘nominal’damages.(from the text book P185)Specific implement as a remedy for breach of contractSpecific implement is to stop someone for acting in breach of contract. So specific implement may be positive---forcing someone who has been in breach to fulfil their obligations or negative ---forcing someone who has been in breach to stop doing something. (from the text book P191-192)Rescission as remedy for breach of contract.Rescission means cancellation . With this remedy, the innocent party has the right to rescind(cancel) the contract if the other party has been guilty of a material breach of contract.The main factor to be considered is what is meant by a material of contract. If the breach is not material but only partial then the right of rescission does not exist.Many contracts contains a number of conditions, some of which are more important than others. If the contract specifically states that some are material then breach of these will mean that rescission can be taken as a remedy.(from the text book P193-194)The Defensive Remedies for breach od contractThere are two defensive remedies that can be taken by the party who is not in breach.①Lien:If a person has possession(占有) of an article(物品) on which he has been employed to do work then he can refuse to return the article to its owner until payment is made for the work done. Example of situations where lien could be used as a remedy for breach of contract include:②Retention:This is the right to refuse to pay a debt which is due(到期的).Retention can only be used under the following two circumstances:ⅰwhere compensation can be pleaded.(债权确定、到期)ⅱwhere both claims arise under the same contract.P195-197What is the most appropriate remedy for the auctioneer(拍卖商)in this case?3、in this case the defensive remedies in the most appropriate method for the auctioneer. The defensive remedies include lien and retention, the auctioneer should take lien measure. If a person has possession of an article on which he has been employed to do work then he can refuse to return the article to its owner until payment is made for the work done.As a result of Martina won the auction but with fees and commissions added on to the price, she cannot pay the full amount for the painting, the auctioneer can keep the painting until Martina paid off the rest of money.。

HND商法导论outcome3

HND商法导论outcome3
❖ If the sole trader becomes insolvent(无力偿 还的), his personal assets(资产) can be used to satisfy the creditors(债权人) .He∕She has unlimited liability(无限责任).
又称“有限责任公司”。指由法律规定的一定人数的股
东所组成,股东以其出资额为限对公司债务承担责任, 公司以其全部资产对其债务承担责任的企业法人。
► 有限责任公司是企业法人,公司的股东以其出资额对公 司承担责任,公司以其全部资产对公司的债务承担责任。
► 有限责任公司的股东人数是有严格限制的。各国对有限 责任公司股东数的规定不尽相同。
➢ The shareholders of a public limited company are free to sell their shares at any time, this does not require the permission of the board of directors.18
Outcome 3
1. Legal Differences between Sole Traders, Partnerships and Incorporated Bodies
1
Legal Differences between Sole Traders, Partnerships and
Incorporated Bodies
List and explain the key advantages and
disadvantages of Mary’s businesl authority Mary has in taking

SQA-HND-商法-OUTCOME2 题目outcome 2

SQA-HND-商法-OUTCOME2 题目outcome 2

1.Does Samir have a legally enforceable contract with Fairways for the purchase for the Matsumoto golf clubs for 150?首先,Smair并没有与Fairways公司就购买Matsumoto golf成立合同,假使他想要购买那套高尔夫球具,那么他必须支付1,500,这是因为橱窗展示仅仅是一个要约邀请而不是要约。

Carlill v Carbolic Smokeball Co (1893)Harvey v Facey (1893)Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (1953)Fisher v Bell (1961)First, Smair has not purchased Matsumoto with Fairways Corporation the golf establishment contract, if he wants to purchase that set of golf to have, then he must pay 1,500, this is because the display window demonstration is an important contract invitation merely, but is not the important contract. Carlill v Carbolic Smokeball Co (1893) Harvey v Facey (1893) Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (1953) Fisher v Bell (1961)2.What are the chances of Susan being successful if she goes ahead and sues Samir for the cost of her new designer outfit, the cost of her taxi fare and the disappointment caused? Susan 假使决定要起诉Samir并要求赔偿他的服装费用,乘坐出租车的费用以及精神损失费用的话,那么Susan将不可能获得胜诉。

hnd商法导论outcome2

hnd商法导论outcome2

商法导论outcome21.s看见橱窗展示了一套高尔夫球具,他走进店要求购买该球具,店主不卖,a坚持要以展示的价格来买。

问:合同要素是什么,该案中合同存在吗?A valid contract has three essential features.Firstly,the parties must agree on the terms of the contract. For all aspects of the content of contract,the parties reach a consensus through consultation. Sencondly, the conclusion of the contract shall be attended by at least two parties, only one of the parties does not exist the problem of conclusion of the contract.Thirdly,observation of law. In concluding and performing a contract,the parties shall observe tha law and administrative regulations, respect social ethics and they disrupt public and economic order or impair public interests.In case,the contract is not established.Because the essential of contract is not incomplete. The display window demonstration is an important contract invitation merely,the n the customer could be able to walk in and demand the goods.F or example,Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots The Chemists(1952). A sales of a listed poisons must have a registered pharmacist to supervision. If the goods on the shelf is an offer,then the goods in the basket is completed by sales and this behavior is illegal. The judgment of the court is not breaking. The goods on the shelfis an invitation to offer but not an offer.2.t是汽车公司的销售员,竞争公司挖墙角,要他跳槽,但是雇佣合同中有一个条款禁止他为其他任何汽车公司工作在离职后的五年内。

HND商法导论OUTCOME1答案

Outcome Covered 1Assessment task instructionsCandidates will be given one closed-book exercise consisting of ten restricted response questions for the assessment of Outcome 1. This exercise should take candidates approximately 30-45 minutes to complete.考生将获得1闭卷行使十个评估的结果1限制反应的问题组成。

这项工作应采取的候选人约30-45分钟才能完成。

分钟才能完成。

1 List the main sources of modern Scots Law.1名单现代苏格兰法律的主要来源。

名单现代苏格兰法律的主要来源。

Statute law, common law and European Union law2(a) What is meant by the doctrine of judicial precedent?2(一)什么是司法先例原则?(一)什么是司法先例原则?2(b) Give an example of a judicial precedent.2(b )给出了一个司法先例的例子。

)给出了一个司法先例的例子。

3(a) Which is the superior legislative body: the Westminster Parliament or the Scottish Parliament?3(一),这是上级立法机构:威斯敏斯特议会或苏格兰,这是上级立法机构:威斯敏斯特议会或苏格兰议会?议会?3(b) Explain your choice of answer in part (a) above.3(b )解释第(一)项的选择你的答案。

SQA HND 商法 Outcome 3 答题思路.doc

Case Study 11List the main business organizations recognized by Scots Law.知识点:商务组织的分类思路:先说出商务组织分为三大类:sole trader, partnership, company然后partnership具体说有三种:Ordinary/traditional/unlimited partnership 最后说company 具体分为private limited company 和public limited company来源:B5小本资料P272~2732Given the fact that Lisa will be running the business herself and, for the time being, she is unlikely to be employing anyone, how would you classify her business?知识点:sole trader的特点思路:回答问题说Lisa应该建立sole trader,然后解释原因:建立sole trader不需要double taxation、启动资金少、不需要政府相关部门审批等原因打乱写3Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of the type of business organization run by Lisa.知识点:Sole trader的优点和缺点最好是四个优点加四个缺点来源:B5小本资料P272或者A4材料1 P1〜P3推荐用这个材料答案更清晰一下每个优缺点下面有三句解释随机选择一个来写解释上面的小标题Case Study 21What are the main differences between a traditional partnership and a limited liability partnership?知识点:无限合伙人(Unlimited partnership UP & limited liability partnership LLP)和有限责任合伙人之间的区别思路:1,法案不同UP: the Partnership Act 1890 (在A4 材料 1 P287) LLP: The limited liability partnership Act 20002.责任不同UP: Unlimited liability LLP: limited liability3.合伙人名称不同UP: Partners LLP: members4.设立条件不同:UP: there are no formal legal requirements for setting up a partnership LLP: forming an LLP is more expensive and complicated than setting up a unlimited partnership (书上原话记得更改语序等)5.UP: partnership agreement is no necessary to have. LLP: LLP agreement is necessary/must.6.UP: not necessary to reveal LLP: have to/must reveal financial information来源:2版书P198〜P201、3版书P209〜P213;再加上课堂笔记;B5小本资料P290以上6个不同点,随机选四个去答打乱顺序改变语序2What is the main advantage for an existing partnership when it changes to a limited liability partnership?知识点:从无限责任更改成有限责任的最主要的好处是责任的改变思路:回答问题说明最主要的好处是责任的不同然后具体说明两个partnership的责任上有什么不同之处UP:责任是unlimited liability并且是无限连带责任(2版书P199第二段第四行到第六行;3版书P210倒数第三行到P211第一行)LLP:责任是limited liability是因投资额为限(2版书P200倒数第四段全部;3版书P212 第三段全部)3What is the nature of the legal relationship between partners in a firm and members of a limited liability partnership?知识点:法律关系是诚心关系fiduciary relationship思路:回答问题the nature of the legal relationship is fiduciary relationship,然后说partner 代表的是公司和合伙人member代表的是只是公司先例:(A4 资料1P9 中间部分)Law v Law [1905] 1 Ch 140来源:A4资料1P9Case Study 31What is a company9s objects clause?知识点:公司备忘思objects clause的概念(A4资料2 P2总共有两个概念2选1或者写书上的2版P229 倒数第三段3版P241倒数第四段)然后写ultra vires (和公司备忘的概念在同一处)来源:A4资料2 P2、2版书P229倒数第三段3版P241倒数第四段2Does MacGregor have the right to withdraw from the project with Construct it?知识点:Ultra vires rule思路:回答问题:没有权利取消;在现代条款,在不违反法律的前提下,公司经营范围是无限制的;法案是the Company Act 1989&2006; ultra vires rule没意义没有权限限制;Macgregor很难胜诉协议继续履行在历史上有一个old ultra vires rule越权无效原则;写出这个的概念(A4资料2 P3或2版P229 3版P241);如果法官参照这个原则那么这个project可以被withdraw;但是这是案例法成文法优先于案例法所以法官需要参照成文法MacGregor很难诉赢先例:A4 资料 2 P3-----------------------------------Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co. V. Riche (1875)来源:A4资料2P3; 2版P229、3版P2413Will the legal action by MacGregor shareholders be successful so that the company will be forced to pay out the expected bonuses?知识点:公司章程思路:回答问题:股东不能要求公司进行分红;根据公司章程,股东没有绝对的权利分红; 公司章程的性质是合同,是公司和股东之间&股东和股东之间的合同;股东没有绝对权利要求分红,公司可以不分红,并没有违约先例:Wood v Odessa Waterworks Co (1889)或者Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep Breeders Association [1915]二选一(2 版P237> 3 版P250)来源:2版P237、3版P250Case Study 41List three differences between a private company and a public company知识点:两种公司的区别思路:最好列出4个区别至少3个随机选择来源:A4资料2 P1~P2; B5小本资料P309-P3102Can people simply decide to set up any kind of company and begin to trade immediately?知识点:公司设立的条件思路:回答问题:不能自己决定成立公司并且立刻交易;公司不能自己成立,公司成立需要进行注册;公司成立的5步骤;来源:2版P226, 3版P2383What kind of legal status is a company said to have?知识点:公司的法律地位思路:公司的法律地位是legal entity加上legal personality;公司是一个与其股东相分离的独立的法人;先例:Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd 1897 (2 版P217~P218、3 版P229-P230)(判决部分从第二段的第六行“However,^后面写到这段结束)来源:2 版P216~P218、3 版P228-P2304What management body is responsible for the day-to-day running of a company?知识点:公司谁responsible思路:Ltd 是所有股东responsible; Pic 是all employee responsible; employee 其中分为managers 和directors5What is the most common type of liability for company members?知识点:公司股东的责任思路:普遍的责任类型是有限责任;限于股东的出资额和股数;来源:2 版P200+P230, 3 版P212+P242注:1. 2版书和3版书得区别在封皮右上角2.A4材料1指材料开头有四行加粗的标题3.A4 材料2 指材料开头为Private limited company vs. Public limited company。

商法outcome2

1.Can Samir spend only 150 pounds to buy the golf set?首先Samir本没有与Fairways公司就购买Matsumoto golf成立合同,假使他想要购买那套高尔夫球具,那么他必须支付1500英镑,这是因为橱窗展示的仅仅是一个要约要请,而不是要约。

一下选一个案例来区分一下要约要请与要约的不同Carlill v Carbolic Smokeball co【1893】Harvey v Facey 【1893】Fisher v Bell 【1961】Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists 【1953】2.What are the chances of Susan being successful if she goes ahead and sues Samir for the cost of her new designer outfit, the cost of her taxi fare and the disappointment caused?Susan 假使决定要起诉Samir并要求赔偿他的服装费用,乘出租车的费用以及精神损失费的话,那么Susan 将不可能获得胜诉,这是因为Susan和Samir 的晚餐约定属于一个社会交往关系(social agreement)而不是合同关系合同关系事当双方要约与承诺结合的时候,便成立了一种对双方有效的并有约束力的关系,更因为Susan与Samir 的约定不属于合同关系,自然地,Susan 就不能从Samir 那边得到法律救济(legal remedy)类似Susan 与Samir 的约定的关系有Agreements binding in honor only (授予荣誉称号的约定)Domestic agreements (家庭协议)Gambling or wagering agreements (打赌或赌博的合同)Social agreements (社会交往的承诺)从以下案例中选一个来说明以上这些关系Jones v Vernon’s pools [1938]Robertson v Balfour 【1938】3.Is Dougie Campbell entitled to cancel its offer the build a conservatory and patio for Samir? Dougie Campbell 可以向Samir 取消这个要约,这是因为一个合同的成立必须是承诺人将承诺的通知有效的通知到要约人的手里才能成立,特别是当使用了instantaneous methods(瞬间)的方式通知对方的时候,例如使用了传真,电报,email 或者电话等方式发出承诺时,必须确认对方已收到了你的信息才能成立,本案中,Samir并没有将承诺的通知有效通知到Dougie Campbell,导致了要约人没有收到要约,双方因此并不成立的合同。

商法__ outcome1

1.List the main sources of modern Scot Law2.A. What is meant by the Doctrine of Judicial Precedent ? P43B. Give an example of a judicial precedent P443. a. Which is the superior legislative body? The Westminster Parliament or the Scottish Parliament P18b. Explain your choice of answer in part a4. What is a statute?5. Name five Act of Parliament6.What are the main difference between Civil and Criminal Law in ScotP16 +example murder +e.g.到渊源为止7. What is a crime? Four example of criminal behavior8. Provide three examples of a Civil dispute9. a. In a conflict between Scottish and European Union Law, which on the two systems are the Scottish Courts bound to follow?b. explain10. a. What are the four most important institutions of the European Union?b. Which of the European Union institutions has law-making power? 第一个Outcome 11. The two main areas of law are Criminal and Civil Law.- Criminal lawDefinition: deals with all types of offences过错 and crimes, concerns itself with the recognition of what amounts to a crime and the punishments suitable for these recognized crimes.Criminal conduct is the behavior which threatens the safety and security of the community. So the offender should be punished by imprisonment or fine or some other sanctions. Examples: murder, culpable homicide, piracy,treason, armed robbery, supplying illegal drugs, fire raising, assault, fraud, theft, house breaking, dangerous driving, and breach of the peace)- Civil lawDefinition: concerned with non-criminal disputes and situation, including the following:a) The settlement of legal disputes between individuals and other bodies (example: divorce case).b) The payment of compensation from one party to another for loss or injury (example: a case where someone was claiming damages after being injured by faulty machinery at work).c) The setting of procedures to govern financial and other matters (example: the legal procedures to be followed when buying or selling a house).2. Sources of Scots Law are Statute Law, European Union Law, and Common Law or Judicial Precedent.- Common LawDefinition: is a numerous legal rules that form the part of unwritten laws of Scotland which has been handed down to us as customs and practices over the centuries.A major source of Common Law is the practice whereby judges make new rules of law will be followed by other court, so that it is legally binding rules.3. Doctrine of Judicial PrecedentDefinition: is a process involves a process whereby a judge can develop a rule of law by making a decision in a test case. A test case refers to the one in which clarification of an important point of law is sought, and judges after listening to opposite legal arguments will have to make the decision about which view of the law is correct. Once this decision has been made, future judges and course will be expected to follow thereasoning in the test case, if they are dealing with a case with similar legal issues.It must be emphasized that not every judge can make a new binding legal rule. The authority of the judge or court should be considered here, if the judge is relatively junior, he/she will be unlikely to be able to create a new rule of law. But on the other hand, if the rule comes from superior courts, this decision will be followed by the lower or inferior courts.Judicial precedent or case law is parts of the unwritten law of Scotland.Donoghue v Stevneson (1932)4. Westminster Parliament and Scottish Parliament (legislative body)Unlike the previous Scottish Parliament which was abolished by the Act of Union in 1707, the new Scottish Parliament is not a completely independence body. The Scottish Parliament is clear and inferior body compared with the Westminster Parliament.It is the Westminster Parliament from which the Scottish Parliament obtains its authority to pass laws for Scotland. So any legislation of the Scottish Parliament is thought to be secondary legislation.It is also necessary to know that a simple Act of the Westminster Parliament is all that it would take to abolish Scottish Parliament. Westminster Parliament has already abolished a local assembly.Acts of Parliament are often referred to as legislation or statute law until the creation of Scottish Parliament, the Westminster Parliament alone made laws for Scotland. However Westminster has given the Scottish Parliament authority in many different areas of policy to make statute law.Abolition of feudal tenure act 2000The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974Sale of Goods Act 1979Employment Rights Act 1996Protection of Children Act 20035. Civil Law v Criminal Law- Criminal Law is primarily used by the state as a means of maintaining law and border by punishing certain individuals who have the behavior as criminally and antisocially. The State uses the Criminal Law to punish criminals on behalf of the community or sociality.- The Civil Law is to resolve legal disputes between private individuals in such areas as 民事纠纷Family Law, Company Law, Partnership Law, Banking and Finance Law, Sale of Goods and Services Law, Consumer Law, Personal Injury Claims Law, and Divorce.- Different courts and standers of evidence and procedures exist depending on whether we are talking about a criminal action or a civil dispute.Conflict between Scottish and european lawIf there is a conflict between Scottish and European law, the court should obey the rules or laws under European law.The European Union is an organization of 25 member states. The members must obey the rules or laws in order to enjoy the benefits of membership.Britain has been a member of the European Union since January 1, 1973. because of the passing of the European Communities Act 1972 by the Westminster Parliament. It is this legislation that recognizes the supremacy of European Law over the domestic law. By the time Britain became a member of European Union 1973. Many of the important law were already in place and Britain had to accept this as a price of membership of European Union. But if Britain decides to withdrawal from membership from European Union, then its national law will once again get supremacy.6. The Council of MinistersThe European ParliamentThe European Court of JusticeThe European CommissionThe first two have the power to make laws for the people of European.The third one enforces European Union Law.The forth one is effectively the unions civil service and it can propose law. It can also bring breaches of the varies European Union Treaties to the attention of the European courts of justice.The Commission is regarded as the EU Treaties guardian of the varies European Union Treaties.。

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Question 1Does Samir have a legally enforceable contract with Fairways for the purchase of the Matsumoto golf clubs for £150?No, it does not constitute an offer.The goods on display in shop windows, does not constitute an offer, it's just a willingness to engage in negotiations, part of the shop. If the customer wants the goods, he will buy merchandise store is completely their own rights, refused the offer.Is displayed in the window, Samir went to the shop goods. This description does not constitute an offer.Philip and Limited v Nob Locke 1907. The court held that the first letter is a binding contract, Nob Locke used the word "offer". This is very important, if it is not being used, then it may hare been classified as a willingness to negotiate.Question2What are the chances of Susan being successful if she goes ahead and sues Samir for the cost of her new designer outfit, the cost of her taxi fare and the disappointment caused?"No", you must also include some significant loss or obligation is a legal obligation.Susan went to the store to buy one for their own equipment. The contract will include both sides at least two or all of them will have obligations under the contract. Well, Susan can not succeed.The Morton Trust v elderly Christine friends learn to Scotland in 1989. Both offer this contract is legal. When Morton that the decision, only one of you want to terminate the contract, it is not legally binding. Therefore, the court held that the contract is binding.Question 3Is Dougie Campbell entitled to cancel its offer to build a conservatory and patio for Samir?Yes.If you do not offer period, it can withdraw at any time before it has been accepted.Samir input errors Campbell's e-mail address, so he accepted did not reach its intended target. This explains Cambell never received the e-mail. Therefore, he can cancel the offer.Thomson v. James in 1855. Thomson issued a letter of acceptance, beforethe entry into force of the exit. Therefore, the court agreed Tomson, the offer is valid.Question 4Can Samir insist that Stuart sell the car to him for £4,500?No.Counter-offer severed the original offer and make a new offer. Samir wanted buy the car for 4000, but Stuart refused. So the offer was canceled. Later Samir wanted buy the car for 4500, it is a new offer, Stuart can refuse it.Wolf & Wolf v Fortar Potato Co Ltd 1984. Dutch Co called an acceptance but which contained new conditions after the original offer. So the original offer was canceled. But the counter-offer was not accepted by Scottish. The court held that no contract was formed.Questions1 How would you classify Robert’s statement to Christine in relation to the condition of the car?It is a fraudulent misrepresentation.It leads wrong substantials, the party to make the statement not to do so led to the other contract. And the other party can provide restitution. Robert said, this car is only one previous owner, and the owner to get rid of the car is too old, but in fact, the car has suffered irreparable harm, and participation in the result of the collision.Smith 1945 V SIM. Shen Smith's contract, fraud, fraudulent misrepresentation, the court held that the contract can be revoked.2 What is the status of the contract between Christine and Marvellous Motors?The contract can be void or voidable. If the misrepresentation causes an error in the substantials the contract is void. If the misrepresentation only makes a minor detail the contract is voidable.Attwood v Small 1838. The purchasers of a mine were told exaggerated statements about its earning capacity by the vendors. Six months after the sale was complete the plaintiffs found the defendant's statement hand been inaccurate and they want to cancel the ground of misrepresentation. The court held that there was no misrepresentation because purchaser didn't rely on the representations, they relied on that of their experts.3 What legal remedies are available to Christine in this situation? Cancel the contract. Make the contract void ask for damage. The car is different from what Robert said to Christine. Robert's misrepresentation hand led to an error in the substantials. So Christine can make the contract void and ask for damage.Smith v Sim 1954. Sim fraud smith in the contract, it is Fraudulent Misrepresentation, so the court held that the contract could be rescinded.Questions1 List the legal remedies available to an innocent party who has suffereda breach of contract.Damages, Specific implement, Rescission, Defensive remedies.2 What is the most appropriate remedy that Alasdair should seek from the courts in this situation?Specific implement, this is the remedy of negative specific implement. It forcing someone who has been in breach to stop doing something. Anderson v Pringle of Scotland 1998. The statement did not refer to redundancy, so the employer argued that the collective agreement was incorporated only to the extent that one of its provisions was referred to in the statement.Courts will not grant injunctions if an employer has to take a positive step, but here there was no lack of trust between theemployer and the employee, and it was fair to hold the employer to its own agreement. The court held that The tribunal had decided that the combination of age and Lifo was unfair.Question 1What is the s tatus of Karen’s contract with her business customers?The contrat terminated. When the frustration of the contract, the accidental offense.A new legislative fine. It is illegal to sell or provide those products. Contract between Karen and her corporate clients.The Taylor v.Caidwell1862. Bishop Caldwell the Surrey Park Music Hall, and agree to rent out Taylor and Lewis for £ 100 a day. Then, on June 11, 1861, one week before the first concert, the music hall razed to the ground. The plaintiff sued the owner for breach of contract, not rent Concert Hall Concert Hall. The court held that both exempt obligations under their contract.。

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