2011秋跨文化交际备考宝典
跨文化交际复习资料
《跨文化交际》复习资料Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical piano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike! Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture, especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received thenews that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations. Paper 3 TranslationTranslate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC"? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication. Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world asone in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Take the word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee?' Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'postman’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak English! Answer the following questions according to the above text:15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph?Passage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to which earnings havesurprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-ScouterMark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG) according to the information provided in the text.Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。
跨文化交际复习
跨文化交际复习1、A new broom sweeps clean、新官上任三把火。
2、Many hands make light work、人多好办事。
3、Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today、今日事，今日毕。
4、Kill two birds with one stone、一箭双雕/一石二鸟。
5、Haste makes waste、欲速则不达。
6、Where there’s smoke there’s fire、无风不起浪。
7、The grass is always greener on the other side of the stone、这山望着那山高。
8、Beauty is only skin deep、美貌就是肤浅得。
9、Spare the rod and spoil the child、玉不琢，不成器。
10、Give a person a dose of his own medicine、以其人之道还治其人之身。
11、Frank’s advice is like good herbal medicine: hard to take, but ultimately beneficial、良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。
12、Even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor、一人得道，鸡犬升天。
13、You can’t have your cake and eat it too、鱼与熊掌不可兼得。
14、Speak the devil (and he will appear)、说曹操，曹操到。
15、The same knife cuts bread and fingers、水能载舟，亦能覆舟。
16、Teach fish to swim、班门弄斧。
17、Beat the dog before the lion、杀鸡儆猴。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨⽂化交际复习资料U1Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration迁移；移民；移动, and the spread of technology.Global village: all the different parts of the world from one community linked together by electronic communication, especially the internet.Melting pot: a social cultural assimilation同化作⽤of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Cultural Diversity: refers to the mix cultures and sub-cultures of a group or organization or region. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? (P8-9)The concept of culture:a learned set of shared interpretations解释about beliefs, values and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts: the material and spiritual精神的，⼼灵的products people produce.Behavior: what they doConcepts;beliefs,values,world views…what they think⽂化冰⼭（Cultural iceberg）P7Characteristics of cultural:Culture is shared: All communications take place by means of symbols.Cultural is learned: Culture is learned, not inherited. It drives from one?s social communication, not one?s genes. Enculturation(⽂化习得):All the activi ties of learning one?s culture are called enculturation.Culture is dynamic (P6): Culture is subject to change. It?s dynamic动态；动⼒rather than static静态的, constantly不断地；时常地changing and evolving进化；展开under the impact of events and through contract with other cultures.Acculturation(⽂化适应):The process which one adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnocentric(⽂化中⼼主义):Ethnocentric is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Communication: meaning to share with or to make commotion, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural presumptions假定推定and symbol systems distinct enough to alter the communication event. (P9-10)Components of communication:Source: the source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message: the term message identifies the encoded thoughts.Channel: the term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted.Noise: the term noise technically refers to anything that distorts曲解the message the source encodes. Receiver: the receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding: the receiver is actually involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received. Receiver response: it refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback: it refers to that portion of the receiver responds of the resource has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context: Generally context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.Characters of communication:Communication is dynamic, symbolic, irreversible可逆的, systematic, transactional, and contextual. Unit 2-4 verbal communicationPragmatics⽤学；语⽤论: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics语义学；语义论: the study of the meaning of words.Denotation符号；表⽰；意义；指⽰: the literal of meaning or definition of a word—theexplicit明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述,particular特别的；详细的；独有的；挑剔的,defined meaning. Connotation暗⽰，隐含意义: the suggestive meaning of a word —all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion增加物of the unspoken significance意义；重要性；意思behind the literal meaning.Taboo: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism委婉语: the act of substituting取代a mild温和的, indirect间接的, or vague模糊的term for one considered harsh严厉的, blunt⽣硬的, or offensive.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? (P22-23)Addressing by names Name order:Surname + given name/He Xiangu Given name + surname (AE)/Linda Smith Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time.(P23)In Chinese seniority(资历) is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited by husband and wife, very closely friends, juniors by elders or superiors. Addressing by relationshipChinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to shoe politeness and respect. (P23)The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, American tends to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, professionAnother common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office or profession to indi cate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24 Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.Unit 5 nonverbal communicationChronemics: The study of how people perceive and use time.Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.Polychromic time: being involved in many things at once.Proxemics: the perception and use to space.Kinetics: the study of body language.Paralanguage: involving sounds but not words and lying verbal and nonverbal communication.Monochromic & Polychromic (P97)Monochromic time means paying attention to doing only one thing at a time.Monochromic time is structured and often rigid. Everything is scheduled down to the minute and precautions are taken to guard against interruption.Polychromic tim e means being involved in many things at once.People and cultures that run on polychromic time multitask well. These people focus on maintaining personal relationships more than completing tasks.Unit 6 cross-gender communicationHow is gender different from sex? (P120) Gender and sex are not synonymousSex: Biological; permanent; individual propertyGender: socially constructed; varied over time and across cultures; social and relational quality.What has influenced the gender socialization? (P121)There are two primary influences on gender socialization: Family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction between children.U 7 (P138) High-context culture Low-context culture Unit 9 P186A planetary cultur e: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with eastern science and relationlism. Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective and behavioral characteristics is not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological and parameters of his or her own culture. (P186) What are the Chinese/American cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it?s good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relationship of man to nature, they think mankind can live harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being and becoming attitude and activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefit of the group.Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the cases.Individualism vs. Collectivism Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity vs. Femininity 每单元练习ABCD(Unit 5 E.Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English. )复习例题1.American parents would ask their children?s opinion in family decision-making because__C__.A.American parents like being told by their children what to do.B.American children have much power in the family.C.American parents take their children as an equal.D.American parents are unable to make decisions themselves.2. What is the best expression of the following you can use when you meet an American friend at the airport? B (P26)A.You must tired.B.Did you have a good trip.B.It is raining, isn?t it?C.Thank you for coming.3. What is a proper response of the following to “Thank you .”? D P57A.It is my duty to do so.B.It doesn?t matter at all.C.I quite understand i t.D.Don?t mention it.4. Which of the following is not one of the characteristic of culture? C P5-11A. It is shared.B. It is learned.C. It is static.D. It is ethnocentric.5. When a British friend is sick, you?d better say “___” to your friend to show your concern.BA.Drink plenty of water. B I do hope you?ll be feeling better soon.C Put on more clothes.D Take medicine on time.6. What is the Chinese equivalent of “landscaper engineer”? D P13A.导游B.伐⽊⼯⼈C.⼯程师D.园林⼯⼈7. What does “call your carriage for you” mean? CA. Ask you for a favorB. Ask you to buy a carriageC. Ask you to go awayD. Ask you to join a party8. Which of the following does not have the sa me function that “副” fulfills in Chinese?D P73A. AssociateB. DeputyC. LieutenantD. Underline9. Which of the following is not included in kinesics? C P95A.PostureB. StanceC. Body distanceD. gesture10. Individualism has the following features except______. AA. strong family tiesB. Self-relianceC. FreedomD. Respect for individual rights11. M-time culture has the following features except______. D P97A. Cutting time into bitsB. Taking deadlines seriouslyC. Scheduling one thing at a timeD. More human-centered12. ____ __culture are typical P-time cultures. A P97A. Latin AmericanB. Northern AmericanC. Western EuropeanD. Northern European13. In American culture, silence may be interpreted as______.D P110A. AssertivenessB. ThoughtfulnessC. EnthusiasmD. Apathy14. Which of the following is not a feature of masculine talk?B P123A. Using talk to assert oneself and one?s ideasB. Being tentative so that others feel free to add their ideasC. Using talk to establish one?s status and powerD. Avoiding personal disclosures15. Which is the following is of the invisible part of cultural iceberg? A P7A. religious beliefsB. gesturesC. eating habitsD. Style of dress16. According to the cultural orientations put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, which of the following does not describe the Chinese cultural values? BA.Chinese culture holds that human nature is good but corruptible.B.They have a Linear time concept and are future-oriented.C.They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity.D.They are quite collective and focus on the benefits of the group.17. In English-speaking countries, people tend to use all the greetings except______. C P25A.How are you gett ing on?B.How are things?C.Where have you been?D.How?s life?18. What is a proper topic when you are talking with an American? D P26(不确定)A.the price of an itemB. ReligionC. Marital statusD. Hobbies19. Which is the following is of the visible part of the cultural iceberg? B P7A. Religious beliefsB. LiteratureC. ValuesD. Worldviews20. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of communication? CA. It is symbolicB. It is contextualC. It is staticD. It is systematic21. Which of the following is not one of the social functions of compliments? C P50A. greeting peopleB. starting a conversationC. criticizing peopleD. overcoming embarrassment22. Which of the following is not a feature of sex? B P120A. It is biologicalB.It is dynamicC.It is permanentD.It has an individual property23. What is the Chinese equivalent of sanitation engineer? D P13A. 导游B.伐⽊⼯⼈C.⼯程师D.清洁⼯24. What does the “a lady of the town mean”? C P67(不确定)A. A fashionable girlB. A graceful ladyC. A prostitudeD. An urban girl25. What is the acceptable addressing of “Tom Smith ” in American cuture?D P24A. Teacher SmithB. Mr.TomC. Director TomD.Professor Tom26. The word “dragon” is a word?A P70-71 ( 不确定)A. with different associated meanings in ChineseB. without a counterpart in ChineseC. with the same primary meaning in ChineseD. with many more terms in Chinese27. When making an appointment with an American friend, which of the following expressions is the most appropriate one?D P29A. I?m coming to see you this afternoonB. you must stay at home waiting for me this afternoonC. could you come directly to my house this afternoonD. I was wondering whether I could come round to visit you sometime28. What is the Chinese equivalent of “reckless disregard for the truth”? DA. 躁动不安B.为⾮作⽍C.实事求是D.信⼝雌黄29. Which of the following is not one of the features of gender? C P119-120A. It?s socially-constrictedB. It?s dynamicC. It?s permanentD. It has a relational quality30. Which culture tends to envelop each other in breath when talking? A P101A. Arabian cultureB. American cultureC. British cultureD. Chinese culture31. Which of the following is not included in chronemics? C P95A. punctualityB. time orientationC. silenceD. promptness32. Collectivism emphasizes the following values except BA. strong family tiesB. self-relianceC. harmonyD. group-orientation33. in Japanese culture, silence may be interpreted as evidence of C P110A. passivityB. apathyC. wisdomD. hesitation34. According to the cultural orientations put Forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, American culture values have the following features except? CA. American culture holds that human nature evil but perfectibleB. They have a linear time concept and are future-orientedC. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activiityD. They are quite individualistic35. In English-speaking countries, people tend to use all the greeting except They have a linear time concept and are future-oriented CA. How are you getting on?B. How are things?C. Where are you going?D. How?s life?Cultural Puzzles （3道）1. Katherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began, she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching and quite a few of them avoided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang, for help. One day, she came to the Director and told him that she would like to talk to him about her problem. The director looked at his timetable and asked if they could meet at ten o?clock on Thursday morning and she agreed.P87This is a typical cultural clash between the Chinese and Westerners, which was caused by their difference regarding_____C .A.Clollectivism vs. IndividualismB. Past-orientation vs. Future-orientationC.P-time vs. M-time Ｄ．High-context vs. Low-context2. When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and his quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.The Chinese onlooker?s laugh may convey the following meaning except____C .A. Don?t take it so seriously.B. It?s nothing.C. You are really clumsy.D. Such things can happen to any of us.3. A Canadian colleague and I traveled to Guilin with our admirable guide Heping Liu in very hot weather. Sight-seeing is thirsty business, we did not trust the water, and delighted in the excellent beer which we politely offered Heping. Heping refused, we said nothing and drank our beer, while poor Heping watched.Q: Why did Heping rufuse the beer on the first offer?A：Because he was being modest and polite.Case Introduction（2道）1. Eric’s different situations in opening the shop in China:He had relatively little difficulty in locating his first shop after several weeks of paperwork, and he was open for business sonner than he had thought possible. The local bureaucrats with whom he dealt had seemed favorably impressed.As Eric began applying for the necessary permits with the local government agencies he was met with responses such as “we …ve never encountered this request”, or” this Procedure requires additional information”.2. Eric’s different attitude:Eric was optimistic about the prospect of his business. His business was quite successful in first few months. People were eager to buy his “unique” product.After several rounds of trying to understand the official rules, Eric beacame increasingly frustrated. After all he had been able to acquire the permits to open shop. Moreover, his attempts to secure additional supply channels were as yet unfruitful. It seemed that all suppliers were “already at full capacity”, or “unsure of future resources”.Case Analysis1.“Doing” orientation: seek to change and control what is happeningEg: He had heard much about the red tape involved in doing business in China but felt he could handle it.2.Collectivisim:A.great readiness to cooperation with in-group membersEg: Chinese are unsure of future resources, and local businessman was announcing the opening of several shops around town.B.collectivists tend to give a higher priority to relationshipsEg: The owners of local businessman had worked through the same government agencies.4. Individualism cultures emphasize competition among individual members to increase productivitywhile collectivist culture stress group harmony and cooperation to chieve efficiencyEg: He wanted to get a jump on his new competition.5. Decision making in a collective culture may be a slower process than in an individualist culture, butthe implementation of the dicision may it be a change in policy.Eg: This procedure requires additional information.Q&A：1.How is Eric?s home culture influence his behavior and his business strategy?A.“Doing” orientatio n—seek to change and control what is happeningEg: He was optimistic./ He heard much about the red tape, but he still felt he could handle it.B.Individualism—coopertate with people who are not members of one?s group plus group membersEg: He had indicated his desire to use local workers and even train local managers.C.Individualism cultures emphasize competition among individual members to increaseproductivity while collectivist culture stress group harmony and cooperation to achieve efficiencyEg: He wanted to get a jump on his new competition.2.What should Eric do to meet his business goals?●He should have an in-depth knowledge of China?s red tape and adapt it gradually.●He should increase the chance of cooperation with Chinese businessmen to coexist peace●When in Rome, do as the Romans do. He can use some Chinese etiquette to expand his network in Chinese society.。
跨文化交际复习资料(推荐文档)
跨文化交际复习资料第一章跨文化交际概述1 在文化学研究领域，通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。
2 文化的特征：交际的符号性、民族的选择性。
观念的整合性和动态的可变性。
3.交际的本质属性：有意识行为和无意识行为、编码过程和解码过程以及语法规则和语用规则。
4.除语言之外，人类在长期的社会实践中还创造了许多交际工具，主要有以下三大类：文字、盲文和手语、旗语、灯语和号语。
5.跨文化交际的概念和要点：跨文化交际是指在特定的交际环境中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
主要包括四个要点：A.双方必须来自不同的文化背景B.双方必须使用同一种语言交际C.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际D.交际双方进行的是直接的语言交际第二章文化背景与跨文化交际6.从跨文化交际的现实情况来看，影响交际的制约因素主要集中在三个方面：价值观念（文化特质的深层结构）、民族性格（文化特质的外化表现）、自然环境（文化特质的历史缘由）态度7.态度由认知、情感和意动三个范畴构成。
8.态度具有四个功能：功力实现功能、自我防御功能、价值表现功能和课题认知功能9.直觉的整体性是整体思维的第一个特点，东方人以直觉的整体性和和谐的辩证性著称于世。
10.民族中心主义：某个民族把自己当做世界的中心，把本民族的文化当做对待其他民族的参照系，它以自己的文化标准来衡量其他民族的行为，并把自己的文化与其他文化对立起来。
第三章社会环境与跨文化交际11.有效的环境不仅依赖于对文化背景的认识，也依赖于对社会环境的认识，而社会环境对交际来说实际上是广义的“交际背景”12.交际背景主要包括三个要素：交际者：社会地位是决定交际的重要情景因素交际目的：可分为文化型、职业型专业型普通型交际场景：最重要的是物理场景（分时间场景和空间场景）13.社会角色就是某一特定社会群体对某一特定社会身份的行为的期望，人们社会交往从方式到内容都在不同程度上取决于人们的角色关系。
跨文化交际复习资料
第一章跨文化交际交际：往来应酬跨文化交际：具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程第二章文化的定义与特性1.文化的定义：1)人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和2)考古学用语，指同一历史时期的不依分布地点为转移的遗迹、遗物的综合体。
3)所谓文化和文明乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及包括社会成员的个人而获得的其他任何能力、习惯在内的一种综合体。
4)历史上创造的所有的生活样式，包括显型的和隐型的，包括合理的、不合理的以及谈不上是合理的或是不合理的一切，他们在某一时期作为人们的潜在指南而存在。
2.文化的特性1)文化是人类所独有的，是区分人类和动物的主要标志。
文化是社会遗产，而不是生理的遗传。
2)文化不是先天所有，而是通过后天习得的。
3)文化中的大部分是不自觉的。
4)文化是人们行动的指南。
5)文化是动态的，文化的形态与一定的历史时期相联系。
第五章语言交际1.语言与文化的关系语言与文化有着密切的关系。
由于语言的产生和发展，人类文化才得以产生和传承。
文化影响语言，使语言为了适应文化发展变化的需要而变得更加精确而缜密。
语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的写照。
2.词义与文化1)语言要素：语音、语法、词汇语音与文化关系最不密切，语法次之，而关系最密切关系最直接的是词汇。
2)有的学者将词汇分为一般词汇和文化词汇（判断区分两种词汇）3.语用规则与文化1)语用规则语用规则就是讲话规则，指根据一定的交际对象、交际场合、交际目的等，对言语形式进行正确选择的规则，是语言的外部规则。
2)语用原则［1］会话合作原则量的准则质的准则相关准则方式准则［2］会话礼貌原则得体准则慷慨准则赞誉准则谦逊准则一致准则同情准则第六章非语言交际1.非语言交际，包括在交际的环境中人为的和环境产生的对于传播者和受传者含有潜在信息的所有的刺激。
2.体态语，是非语言交际的重要组成成分。
3.非语言交际还包括副语言、对时间与空间的利用、味道、颜色等。
跨文化交际复习资料.docx
1 .monochronic time (M Time) : It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time isperceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.2.polychronic time (P Time) : schedules several activities at the same time. In theseculture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.3.intercultural communication : is a face-to-face communication between people fromdifferent cultural backgrounds4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation tothe host culture.6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture.7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country^ cultural and ethnic diversity.8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentativesof business,government and professional groups from different cultures.9・ high-context culture : a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. 10.low-context culture : a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in theexplicit code.11.perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us/^the processby which an individual selects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli from the externalworld” In other words, perception is an internal process whereby we convert thephysical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each othe匚• IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence, individual expression, and even privacy.13> ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.12.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interactingexclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messagesspecifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from (hem•指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。
跨文化交际复习资料
第一章跨文化交际概述第一节文化、交际和语言1.“文化”的定义这个概念的内涵、外延差异很大，所以文化有广义和狭义之分。
①广义文化的内部结构包括物态文化、制度文化、行为文化、心态文化四个层次。
物态文化层是人类的物质生产活动方式和产品的总和，是可触知的具有物质实体的文化事物。
饮食、服饰、建筑、交通、生产工具以及乡村、城市等。
制度文化层是人类在社会实践中组建的各种社会行为规范构成，行为文化层是人际交往中约定俗成的以礼俗、民俗、风俗等形态表现出来的行为模式。
以民风民俗形态出现，见之于日常起居动作之中，具有鲜明的民族、地域特色。
心态文化是人类在社会意识活动中孕育出来的价值观念、审美情趣、思维方式等主观因素，②狭义文化指意识形态所创造的精神财富，包括宗教、信仰、风俗习惯、道德情操、学术思想、文学艺术、科学技术、各种制度等。
专注于精神创造活动，所以又被称作“小文化”。
2.定势（文化定势）的定义、分类及成因（1）定义：定势指不同社会群体“在人们头脑中的形象。
定势概念应用到跨文化交际上后，称为文化定势。
文化定势指人们在跨文化交际研究或跨文化实际交往中对不同文化背景的民族和国家成员的笼统的，简单的看法，或指一个群体对另一群体成员按某种先入为主的标准或尺度的概括的、形象化的认知。
这些标准或尺度带有较大的主观性，是一种思维方式，一种无视群体内部存在差异、无视普遍性还存在特殊性的思维方式。
（2）分类文化定势可分为“自定势”和“他定势”两类。
前者是指某一个社会和文化群体对本群体共同认可的价值和行为特征普遍性、概括性的表述，这些价值在跨文化交际研究中也常常被称为“自我图像”。
本群体成员往往会不加反思地对这些价值观和行为特征做出简单的认同。
后者是指某一社会和文化群体对另一社会和文化群体的价值观和行为特征的共同认定，也常常被称作“他者图像”。
（3）成因社会和个体。
从孩子出生开始便不断经历着各种各样的教育。
家庭教育,孩子关于世界的认知里就自然而然地打上了父母文化定势的烙印。
跨文化交际复习题和答案解析
跨文化交际复习题和答案解析(总8页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--判断题T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。
然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有大约五十年。
F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科F 3 Culture is a static entity 静态的实体 while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一个静态的实体而沟通是一个动态的过程T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes toa person’s cultural cognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化认知。
T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。
《跨文化交际》复习材料
《跨文化交际》复习材料跨文化交际是在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交流的能力和技巧。
随着全球化的发展，跨文化交际能力变得越来越重要。
下面是一些跨文化交际的复习材料，供参考。
一、了解跨文化交际的基本概念1.跨文化交际的定义和重要性-跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和交往的过程。
-跨文化交际能力是现代社会中不可或缺的一项重要能力，对于成功开展国际业务、扩大国际影响力等都具有很大的意义。
2.跨文化交际的特点和挑战-文化差异：不同国家、地区的文化差异会影响人们的行为习惯、价值观念等方面。
-语言障碍：不同语言的存在会给跨文化交际带来困难。
-礼仪和习俗：不同国家有各自的礼仪和习俗，不同的行为方式可能会因为文化差异而引起误解。
二、了解不同文化的差异和特点1.文化的定义和特点-文化是指一定时期和地区内人们的集体创造的一种总体性且复杂的社会文明现象。
-文化具有包括价值观念、思维方式、行为习惯等在内的多个方面。
2.不同文化的差异和特点-价值观念：不同文化对价值观念的看法和重视程度存在差异。
-社会习俗：不同文化在社会交往、庆祝活动等方面的习俗也存在较大差异。
-沟通方式：不同文化在沟通方式、语言使用等方面也会出现差异。
-时间观念：不同文化对时间观念的重视程度存在较大差异。
三、学习有效的跨文化交际技巧1.尊重对方文化-学习关于对方文化的基本知识，尊重对方的价值观念和习俗。
-避免对对方文化的偏见和刻板印象，保持开放的心态。
2.提升跨文化沟通能力-学习对方语言，尽量使用对方语言进行交流。
-学习不同文化的非语言沟通方式，如手势、面部表情等。
-长辈尊重：在跨文化交际中，尊重长辈是一种常见的礼节。
3.进行有效的文化调适-了解对方文化的特点，根据对方的文化习俗和行为准则进行调适。
-注意语言和行为的表达方式，避免因文化差异造成的误解。
4.增加跨文化交际的意识-了解跨文化交际的重要性，积极寻求跨文化交流的机会。
-提高自身的文化敏感度，增加对不同文化的了解和尊重。
2011英语跨文化试题及其解析
Part 1: Questions 1--5 are based on Ibis part. (10 points)You are going to listen to an interview. Choose fhe best answer from A, B, C and D to answe each question. Write year answers on Ibc Answer Sheet.1. Who is Stanley Coren?A. a philosophy professorB, a Biology professorC. a psychology professorD. a physiology professor2, How long has Coren been studying canine behaviors?A. thirty monthsB. thirty yearsC. three yearsD. thirteen years3, Which statemem is right?.A. When it comes to communication, dogs are often smarter than their owners.B. The responsibility [or communicating lies with both the dogs and the humans.C. For the most part, people can understand dogs better than dogs understand hunans.D. Dogs are no doubt smarter than the humans in communication.4. Dogs areA. less intelligent than we give them credit for.13. the same intelligent as we give them credit for,C. much more intelligent than we give them credit for.D. None of the above.5. A dog has the intellect o[ a two-year-old child, and it canA. understand 250 words,B. understand a lot more than it says,C. do what a two-year-old baby does.D. understand the humana better than the two-year old baby.Part 2: Questions 6- 15 are based on this part. (10 points)You are going to listen to a lecture on how to get rid of your negative thoughts when applying fora job. As you listen, fill in the blanks to complete Sentences 6--15.Note: Only one word is necessary for each blank.6. Your recently passed away. You think you"re too old, fat or stupid to find a job,7. thinking and speaking can derail your job search.8. Most employers want to happy people not people who are down on tbamaelve and the world.9. Picture two job .i0. Maybe you wouldn"t complain about directions or the rain, but the way you viewyourself can ~ your job search.11. So how can you sound happy when you"re really feeling the ?12. Tell yourself out loud that you have a tendency to be pessimistic and that you are going tolook for the13. You don"t need to totally revise your personality, But you have to ~ that it"s nota lot of fun to be around someone who"s cranky and negative, ""14. Next, set up .~ daily goals and reward yourself when you accomplish them.15. Next, you have to tell yourself that job __ is a numbers game.This is the end of the Listening TestSection li: Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [30 points]Instructions: There are altogether 15 statements below. You are offered four choices marked with A, B, C, and D for each statement. Choose the most appropriate one and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.16. He"ll face the music when his parents find out.A. be in troubleB. listen to the musicC. go to a concertD. be beaten17. Peter and his friends decide to go out and enjoy themselves by drinkinga lot on the 2004,"s West Lake Beer Festival this weekend.A. paint the town eolourfulB. paint themselves redC. paint the town redD. paint the city red18. A: "Wow! Carl has done some really amazing Ihings!"B: "Don"t believe everything he tells you. He was probab!y pulling your leg."A. exaggeratingB. stopping youC. holding youD. teasing you19. The cake that Susan made tasted terrible, but I knew that she made it because she wantedto please me, so when she asked if I liked it, I said it was good so as not to hurt her.A. I told a white lie.B. I told a kind lie.C. I told a grey lie.D. I told a green lie.20. He"s a guy you don"t feel you can trust. You can never get a straight answer out of hirrA. as conning as a monkeyB. as slippery as an eelC. as slippery as a snakeD. as clever as a fox21. "Quit beating around the bush! If you don"t want to go with me, just tell me!"A. hitting around the treesB. cheating meC. telling a lieD. avoiding giving me the direct answer22. He decided to get out of the competition for success, and went to work on a farm.A. horse raceB. rat raceC. wolf raceD. human race23.If all of us try to do the same thing at the same time, chaos will .reign. So let"s ask Sarmantha to make thc plan first.A. Too many cooks spoil the dish.B. Too many cooks spoil the broth.C. Too many cooks spoil the soup.D. Too many cooks spoil thc meal.24. The Fnglish equivalent of the Chinese proverb "种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”isA, Grow a melon, you get a melons grow a bean, you get a bean.B. As you grow, so you get.C. As you sow, so you have.D. As you sow, so you reap.25. When Eliot came back home with his clothes soaking, his young Chinese wife who knew s little English laughed and said, "Look at you, you are just like a drowned chicken,t" Itscorrect English equivalent is:A. a drowned ratB, a drowned catC. a drowned dogD. a drowned mouse26. Oh, my God! I always think I"m a lucky dog. But this deal has turned out to be a complete failure.A. a dead ratB. a dead chickC. a dead duck.D. a dead goose27. "If l keep my nose to the grindstone, I should be finished by theend of the day. "A. continue to work hardB. watch the grindstoneC, keep moving the grindstoneD. slay awake25, Jim is a guy who is as strong asA. a bullB. a horseC. a tigerD, a lion29. We know that the dog is regarded as people"s best friend in the west,but sometimesdogs also have negative associations, such asA. a top dogB. get the dogC. he worked like a dogD. treat someone like a dog30. "! understand you have a job interview tomorrow. Break a leg !"A. Crossing fingers!B. Watch out !C. Be careful for your leg!D. Good luck!Section Ⅲ: Reading Cnmprehension [20 point s]Part 1: Questions 31--35 are based on this part. (10 points)Read Passage 1 and then answer Questions 31--35 briefly. Write your answers on the AnswerSheet.PassagePeople in Iow and high* context cultures tend to communicate differently with words. To Americans and Germans, words are very important, especially in contracts and negotiations.Peoplc in high--context cultures, on the other hand, place more emphasis on the surrounding context than on the words describing a negotiation. A Greek sees a contract as a formal statement announcing the intention to build a business for the future. The Japanese treat contracts as statements of intention, and they assume changes will be made as a project develops. The Mexican treat contracts as artistic exercises of what might be accomp/isbed in an ideal world. They do not expect contracts to apply consistently in the real world. AnArab may be insulted by merely mentioning a contract; a man"s word is more binding.Americans tend to take words literally, while Latins enjoy playing on wordst and Arabs sometimes speak with extravagant or poetic figures of speech that may be misinterpreted iftaken literally. Nigerians prefer a quiet, clear form of expression; and Germans tend to be direct but understated.In communication style, Americans value straightforwardness, are suspicious of evasiveness, and distrust people who might have a "hidden agenda" or who "play their cards too close to the chest." Amcricans also tend to be uncOmfortable with silence and impatient with delays. Some Asian businesSpcOple have learned that the longer they drag out negotiations, the more concessions impatient Americans are likely to make.Western cultures have developed languages that use letters describing the sounds of words. But Asian languages are based on pictographical characters representing the meanings of words. Asian language characters are much more complex than the Western alphabet; therefore, Asians are said to have a higher cOmpetence in thedise~minatiors of visual patterns.North Americans consider time a precious commodity to be cOnserved. They correlate time with productivity, efficiency, and money. Keeping people waiting for business appointments wastes time and is also rude.In other cultures time may be perceived as an unlimited and never-ending resource to be enjoyed. An American businesswoman, for example, was kept waiting two hours past a scheduled appointment time in South America. She wasn"t nffended, though, because she was familiar with Hispanics" more relaxed concept of time.Although Asians are punctual, their need for deliberation and contemplation sometimes clashes with our desire for speedy decisions. They do not like to rush. A Japanese husinessperson considering the purchase of American appliances, for example, asked for five minutes to consider the seller"s proposal. Thc potential buyer -- the Japanese, resumed his arms, sat back, and closed his eyes in concentration. A scant 18 seconds later, the American resumed his sales pitch to the obvious bewilderment of the Japancse buyer.31. Is American culture low context or high context?32. [Iow are words used differently by people in low and high-context cultures?33. What kind of communication style do people in !ow context culture value?34. What have some Asian businesspeople learned about their American negotiation partner?35. How do people in high-context culture treat time?Part 2: Questions 36-40 are based on this part. (10 points)Read Passage 2 and then decide whether Statements 36--40 are True or False according to theinformation given in the passage. Write "T" for true and "F" for false on the Answer Sheet.Passage 2There seems to be growing evidence to suggest that women and men do pursue different interactive style. In mixed-sex conversations this means that inert tend to interrupt women they use this strategy t9 control topics of conversation and their interruptions tend to induce silence in women. Women make greater use of minimal reposes to indicate support for the speaker. It also seems that women ask more questions, while men talk more, swear more and use imperative forms to Rea things done. Women use more linguistic forms associated with politeness.Underlying this felt sense o[ difference, and the growing body of evidence to support it, is a recurrent concern with power. Studies of language and gender have returned repeatedly to the question oif how the language used by men and women rein[orcea their respective positions in society. Women are maintained in a subordinate position, it has been argued, because they find themselves adopting powerless patterns ofspeech; and, conversely, men maintain their dominance by the use ofverbal slrategies associated with power, for example, the propensityof men to interrupt ,*"omen more than women interrupt men may be seenin these terms.However, an equally important theme that has emerged more recentlyis the focus on differences between men" s and women" s speech in two different sub-cultures with contrasting orientations towards relationships. In effect, women and men, it is claimed, grow up within different social world, as a result of which women are inclined to see relationships in them in terms of intimacy, connection and disclosure whereas men are inclined to see them in terms of hierarchy, status and independence. These sub-cultural differences are enacted incontrasting communicative styles. If the contrasting sub-cultures ofmen and women give rise to contrasting communicative styles, these very differences provide ample grounds for misunderstanding between men and women.36. Men interrupt women in order to contro| topics of conversation.37. Men support more and agree more when listening to others.38. Women are less direct and more polite in their speech than men.39. How men and women use language has nothing to do with their positionsin society.40. The contrasting sub-cuhural differences and different communicativestyles of men and women may lead to misunderstanding between them.Section IV: Communication Analysis [30 points]Instructions: The following are three different cases of cross-colturai communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improvedupon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding ia each case by answering Questions 41--43 respectively. Your analysis of each case should be about 1O0--15O words. Write your answers on the Answer ,Sheet. Note! Your writing ability will also be assessed in this section of the test. Case 1 (7 points)Jane, an American teacher, had just started teaching English to a group of Japanese students in the US. She wanted to get to know the students more itformally, so she invited them to her house for a party. The students arrived together at exactly 8:00 pm. They seemed to enjoy the party: they danced, sang, and ate moat of the food. At about 10:00 pm, one of the students said to the teacher, "1 think it"s time for me to leave. Thank you very much for the party. " Then all the students stoOd up and left at the same time. Jane decided she would never invite them again.Question 41 :Why did iii the students leave together? Why dM Jane decide never tn invite tihese students 1o her house again7Case 2 (1o points)Tom, an American, went to a Chinese home for the first time. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, mote tea was added. He drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then ... until he was quite full. Tom was totally confused by the way of entertaining.Question 42: Why was Tom totally confused"?Case 3 (13 points)Li Na, a famous Chinese actress, married a German. One day when she was acting, her husband was watching there, saying again and again that she was the best actress.or.试卷代号：1028中央广播电视大学2004—2005学年度第一学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨文化交际试题答案及评分标准(供参考)Section !: Listening [-20 points]Part 1. (10 points, 2 points each. )1 C 2. B 3. A 4, C 5. BPart 2. (I0 points, I point each. The exact words are required. )6. spouse7. Negative8. [lire9. applicsntslO. inf[uenee11, opposite12. positive13. recoguine14, reasonable15. huntingSection I1 : Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [30 pOints] (30 points, 2 points each. )16. A 17, C 18. D 19. A 20. B 21. D 22. B 23.B 24. D 2,5. A26. C 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. DSectionⅢ : Reading Comprehension [20 points]Part 1. (10 points, 2 points each. O. S polot off for each grammar/spelling mistake, but at most i point can be deducted for each item for the grammar/spelling mistakes. The exact wording is not required, but the meaning must be the same, )31. L,ow context.32. People in low context cultures think words are very important, especially in contracts and negotiations. People in high-context cultures, on the other hand, place more emphasis on the surrounding context than on the words describing a negotiation.33. A direct, straightforward style.34. The longer they drag out negotiations, the more concessions impatient Americans are likely to make..35. Time may be perceived as an unlimited and never-coding resource tobe enjoyed.Part 2. ( 10 points, 2 points each. )36. T 37. F 38. T 39. F 40. TSection Ⅳ Communication Analysis [30 points]Question 41.Case 1 (7 points, 5 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality. )1)Young people in Japan and many other countrics in Asia often arrive ina group at social events and leave in a group. This is a sign of collective cuhurc.2)Jane felt insulted, because they all left at once. In she US and other English-speaking countries, 10:00 pm is relatively early to leave a party.Question 42.Case 2 (10 points, 8 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality. )1)Tradiilional Chirnese custom requires that during the course of entertaining, the host has to always pour more wine or tea to the gues! "s glass or cup, and always adds more food to the gues! "s plate or bowl without asking whether it"s wanted.2)Chinese guests know how to respond to this type of hospitality. They simply leave the wine, tea, or food in the container and stop having any more. But Tom, the Ameclcsn guest in the case didn"t know this.3)He followed the politeness rule of his culture: it"s not good manners to leave food in one"s own plate at a dinner table. Therefore, without any knowledge of the differences between the two cultures, an American guest would very likely suffer from either drinking or eating too much in such a situstion.Question 43.Case 3 (15 pobtts, 1t points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language qality. )1) In either Western or Eastern culture, people compliment other people"s intelligence, talents, performance, manners, cio:bus, houses, furniture, cars, and good personal qualifies. However, cultural differences exist.2)The German was confused in the first situation because in Western culture it would be natural for family members to praise each other. And the one who is praised usually feelspleased. For example, it would not be unusual to hear a westerner talking about how hard his/her family members work and how much they have accomplished. But the Chinese rarely praise members of their family in public.3)In the second situation, Li Ns% husband was surprised because of the reason mentioned above, and also because in Western culture saying that someone (even a family member) is old is inappropriate. Complimenting the good looks of a friend"s wife by giving remarks as "You have s lovely wife" would be considered perfectly natural and even highly appreciated. But the same compliment would be regarded as indecent by many Chinese, especially by the older generation。
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2011年秋季学期“跨文化交际”考前复习宝典Part I: General Information:This examination consists of FOUR sections. They are:Section I: Listening Test (20 points, 25 minutes)Section II: Communicative Competence (30 points, 25 minutes)Section III: Reading Comprehension (30 points, 40 minutes)Section IV: Communication Analysis (20 points, 30 minutes)Pat II: Focal points:Section I Listening T est (20 points)Part 1 Multiple choices (5 items, 2 points for each)Materials will be chosen from one of the following:1.Task2, Activity4, Unit52.Task1, Activity4, Unit43.Task4, Activity5, Unit2Part 2 Spot dictation. (10 items, 1 point for each, 0.5 point off for each misspelling.)Materials will be chosen from one of the following:1.Task2&3, Activity2, Unit52.Task2, Activity3, Unit3Section II Communicative Competence (30 points)Multiple choices (15 items, 2 points for each)Materials will be chosen from the following focal points:1. Basics of communication (P14-16, Task1&2, Activity2, Unit1 )communication models (model1&2)2. Individualism / Collectivism (P73-77, Task2&3, Activity4, Unit2)hospitalitypoliteness (addressing, making invitation/request/apology)privacy and autonomyintimacyassertiveness/harmony (directness/indirectness)s (P100, Task1, Activity1, Unit3; P104, Task1, Activity2, Unit3;)Naming nameRoot4. Invitation and reply (P141-144, Task3&4, Activity1, Unit4)5. Sub-theories (P202, Task4, Activity3, Unit5)sub-culture theory (man/woman)power theory6. Non-verbal communication (P230, Task4, Activity1, Unit6)7. Categories of distance ( P255-256, Task1, Activity5, Unit6)Intimate => personal => social => public8.Idioms, proverbs and euphemismsmeaning of the idioms: have a big mouth, a piece of cake, take a French leave etc.animal idioms (P282-284, Task3, Activity2, Unit7; Task4, Activity3, Unit7; )meaning of euphemisms: in the family way (P318, Task5, Activity5, Unit7)rhyming slang (P313, Task3, Activity5, Unit7)例题：1. When two people coming from the same culture are communicating with eachother, we can say this is a ________.A. cultural communicationB. mono-cultural communicationC. bi-cultural communicationD. multi-cultural communication2. In face-to-face communication, ________signals are just as important as verbalmessage. Sometimes they play a more decisive role than verbal message in determine communicative effects.A. culturalB. non-verbalC. bodyD. hand3. When people first arrive in a new cultural environment, they seem to go through aculture shock made up of four stages. They may experience an exciting honeymoon period at the beginning. This is referred to as a stage of ________.A. euphoriaB. euphoricC. euphemismD. optimism4. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Surnames were used to indicate family relationships.B. Surnames were used to indicate occupations.C. Surnames were used to indicate year of birth.D. Surnames were used to indicate location.5. Which of the following is NOT theoretically true of English female names?A. They tend to have more syllables.B. They tend to have longer names.C. They tend to have only one syllable.D. They tend to make more use of the /i/ sound.6. In Chinese families, ________ is the primary relationship.A. parent-and-children relationshipB. husband-and-wife relationshipC. family-and-society relationshipD. family-and-relatives relationship7. If something is taken “at its face value” it means ________.A. at its dollar valueB. it is taken literallyC. it is worthlessD. it is worth considering8. An artificial language is one which ________.A. is used for talking to babiesB. is created for blind people by computersC. is impossible for humans to understandD. is created by humans for special purposes9. Women tend to ask directions more than men because ________.A. they are more talkativeB. they are more friendlyC. they are inferior in societyD. they are superior in society10. A private goal in Cross Cultural Communication means ________ and may getacross or may not sometimes in the communication.A. an important goalB. a personal goalC. an implied meaningD. a received meaning11. That was “a white lie” which means ________.A. a harmless lieB. a shameless lieC. a worthless lieD. an interesting lie12. “Sidewalk” in American English means ________ in British English.A. subwayB. pavementC. tower blockD. snack13. “Kinesics ” means ________.A. Facial expressionB. Eye contactC. GestureD. all of the above14. Which of the following statement is NOT true?A. Shorter-than-average eye contact can indicate shyness, disinterest, orpreoccupation.B. Longer-than-average eye contact indicates a high level of interest in the U.S.C. The average length of eye contact varies in different cultures.D. A study shows that a person will change his patterns of eye contact when hegrows up.15. Spatial language is study of the way that people use _________ to conveymessagesA. literary wordsB. body languageC. signalsD. physical space参考答案：1. B2. B3. A4. C5. C6. A7. B8. D9. C 10. B11. A 12. B 13. D 14 A 15. DSection III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Part 1 True or false questions. (5 items, 2 points for each)Y ou should w rite “T” for true, “F” for false, and “NM” for not mentioned.Part 2 Multiple choices (5 items, 2 points for each)Part 3 Answer questions (5 items, 2 points for each)Materials will be chosen from one of the following:1. Individualism / Collectivism (P73-77, Task2&3, Activity4, Unit2)2.Child-rearing (P178-180, Task1, Activity1, Unit5)Section IV Communication Analysis (20 points, 2 items, 10 points for each)The cases will involve the following topics:1.Individualism / Collectivism (P73-77, Task2&3, Activity4, Unit2)2.Showing hospitality in different way (P153-154, Task1, Activity4, Unit4)3.Avoid western taboos (P66-67, Task2, Activity3, Unit2)4.Gifts (P151-152, Task1, Activity3, Unit4)。