机械工程英语第十四单元[40P][238KB]
Dimensioning 标注尺寸 The design of a machine includes many factors other than those of determining the loads and stresses and selecting the proper materials. 机械设计除了计算载荷和应力、选择合适的 材料外，还包括许多其它因素。
Dimensions given close tolerances mean that the part must fit properly with some other part. Both must be given tolerances in keeping with the allowance desired, the manufacturing processes available, and the minimum cost of production and assembly that will maximize profit. 具有紧密公差的尺寸表示该零件必须恰 当地与某些其它零件配合。所采用的制造 工艺和使利润最大化的最小生产及装配成 本都要求给定公差以保持所需允差。
Before construction or manufacture can begin, it is necessary to have complete assembly and detail drawings to convey all necessary information to the shop men. The designer frequently is called upon to check the drawings before they are sent to the shop. Much experience and familiarity with manufacturing processes are needed before one can become conversant with all phases of production drawings. 在建造或制造开始前，完成装配图和零件图以把 必要信息传达给车间工人是必须的。在送往车间 前设计者常常被召集来检查图纸。而在精通生产 图纸的所有情况之前，需要有许多经验并熟悉制 造工艺。
Generally speaking, the cost of a part goes up as the tolerance is decreased. If a part has several or more surfaces to be machined, the cost can be excessive when little deviation is allowed from the nominal size. 一般而言，零件的成本随着公差的减小而 上升。如果一个零件有若干或较多表面要 机加工，且几乎不允许偏离名义尺寸，则 成本会超过正常合理的界限。
A shaft might have a nominal size of 2.5in.(63.5mm), but for practical reasons this figure could not be maintained in manufacturing without great cost. Hence, a certain tolerance would be added and, if a variation of±0.003in.(±0.08mm) could be permitted, the dimension would be stated 2.500±0.003(63.5±0.08mm). 一根轴可能的名义尺寸为2.5in.(63.5mm)，但由 于实际原因不用大成本是不能在制造中保持这个 数字的，因此要增加确定的公差。如果允许有 ±0.003in.(±0.08mm)的变化，则此尺寸可表达 为2.500±0.003(63.5±0.08mm)。
Tolerances must be placed on the dimensions of a drawing to limit the permissible variations in size because it is impossible to manufacture a part exactly to加工到正好为给定尺寸是 不可能的，因此图纸的尺寸必须加上公差 以限制其可允许的变化。
Dimension and Tolerance 尺寸和公差 In dimensioning a drawing, the numbers placed in the dimension lines represent dimension that are only approximate and do not represent any degree of accuracy unless so stated by the designer. 在图纸标注尺寸时，除非设计者有意标 明，注在尺寸线上的数字代表的尺寸仅仅 是近似的，并不代表任何精度等级。
The manner of placing tolerances on drawings depends somewhat on the kind of product or type of manufacturing process. If the tolerance on a dimension is not specifically stated, the drawing should contain a blanket note which gives the value of the tolerance for such dimensions. 在图纸上标注公差的方法相当程度上依赖 于产品的性质或制造工艺的类型。如果尺 寸公差没有特别注明，图纸应该包含一个 给出这些尺寸公差值的普遍适用注释。
However, some companies do not use blanket notes on the supposition that if each dimension is considered individually, wider tolerances than those called for in the note could probably be specified. In any event it is very important that a drawing be free from ambiguities and be subject only to a single interpretation. 然而有些公司不采用普遍适用注释，假定 每个尺寸是单独被考虑的，可能会规定出 比注释中要求的更宽的公差。在任何情况 下图纸不模棱两可并只服从于单一的解释 是十分重要的。
The development of production processes for large-volume manufacture at low cost has been largely dependent upon interchangeability of component parts. Thus the designer must determine both the proper tolerances for the individual parts, and the correct amount of clearance or interference to permit assembly with the mating parts. 大规模低成本制造生产工艺的发展很大 程度取决于组成零件的互换性。因此设计 者必须确定单个零件的合适公差以及配合 零件装配允许的正确间隙或过盈量。
If a shaft, size 1.498-0.003, is to fit a hole of size 1.500+0.003, the minimum size hole is 1.500 and the maximum size shaft is 1.498. Thus the allowance is 0.002 and the maximum clearance is 0.008 as based on the minimum shaft size and maximum hole dimension. 如果一根尺寸为1.498-0.003的轴与尺寸为 1.500+0.003的孔配合，孔的最小尺寸为 1.500而轴的最大尺寸为1.498。这样允差 就是0.002，而由最小轴尺寸和最大孔尺寸 形成的最大间隙为0.008。
Allowance, which is sometimes confused with tolerance, has an altogether different meaning. It is the minimum clearance space intended between mating parts and represents the condition of tightest permissible fit. 允差，有时会跟公差混淆，但其具有完 全不同的含义。它是配合零件之间最小的 预期间隙空间，代表着允许的最紧配合条 件。
Although small tolerances give higher quality work and a better operating mechanism, the cost of manufacture increases rapidly as the tolerances are reduced, as indicated by the typical curve of Fig14.1. It is therefore important that the tolerances be specified at the largest values that the operating or functional considerations permit.
机械英语综合教程Lesson 14 Engineering Materials
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Other classification of engineering materials: Engineering materials can also be classified as below: Metals & Alloys Ceramic Materials Organic Materials Metals & Alloys: Metals are polycrystalline bodies which are have number of differentially oriented fine crystals. Normally major metals are in solid states at normal temperature. However, some metals such as mercury are also in liquid state at normal temperature. Pure metals are having very low mechanical strength, which sometimes does not match with the mechanical strength required for certain applications. To overcome this draw back alloys are used. Alloys are the composition of two or more metals or metal & non-metals together. Alloys are having good mechanical strength, low temperature coefficient of resistance. Example: Steels, Brass, Bronze, Gunmetal, Invar. Super Alloys etc.
机械工程英语整理后各单元单词
Unit1Significant 有意义的，重要的Stipulation n 约定，约束，契约Stipulate vt 规定Superconductor n 超导（电）体thermal a. 由热造成的；热的；热量的Variation n. 偏差，误差Toughness n. 韧性，刚度，粘稠度Valence n. （化合）价，原子价Valence shell 价电子层conductivity n . 传导性，传导率corrosion n. 侵蚀，腐蚀状态covalent bond n 共价键crumple v 皱折crystalline n 晶体beverage can 饮料罐bond n 黏合break n 决裂chromium n 铬Cladding n 覆层；cobalt n 钴chromium n 铬Cladding n 覆层；cobalt n 钴C＆F(Cost and freight) 运费在内价CAD/CAM vendor CADCAM供应商CAD(Computer Aided Design) 计算机辅助设计Cam ring （叶片泵）定子Cantilever n. 支架Cantilever guide 悬臂Permeability 渗透性Periphery 周边，圆柱表面，外围Perpendicular 垂直的，垂直线Photoresist 光刻胶，光阻材料Piezoelectric 压电晶体Polyisobutylene 聚异丁烯normal a. 垂直的Optical fiber 光导纤维engineer vt 提高，增强Flaw n 裂纹Unit 1 elastomeric a 弹性体的Fracture toughness 断裂韧性Free v 释放Fully dense article 充分致密的物件graphite n.. 石墨hob n. 齿轮滚刀，轮毂vt.滚齿hydrophobic a. 恐水的insulator n. 绝缘体，绝热器intermetallic a 金属间的jacket n. 护套intermetallic compounds 金属间化合物Magnesium n. 镁Magnetic a. 有磁性的refractive n. 折射的variation n .偏差，误差dopant n. 掺杂物drawback n. 缺点，障碍ductility n. 韧性，展延性Unit2abrasion n. 磨耗磨损agglomeration n. 结块，凝聚，块alkali n. 碱approximate a. 近似的，大概的critical range 临界范围austempering n 奥氏体回火，等温淬火austenite n 奥氏体brine n 盐水Coalesce v 熔合Coalescence n 合并，接合，联合Cementite n. 渗碳体，炭素体Charcoal n. 木炭Pearlite 珠光体molybdenum n. 【化】泪nicarbing n. 渗碳氮化nitric a. 【化】氮的nitriding v. 渗氮normalizing n. 正火，常化nucleate v. 成核，集结Ore extraction 矿石提炼Single-phase n 【物】单相的Austenite n 【】体spray vt 喷涂resemblance n. 类似，与……相似（to）tempering v. 回火tensile strength 抗拉强度tension n. 张力，弹力Warp v. 变形Whereas conj. 而，其实Trace n. 轨迹，痕迹Full annealing 完全退火immerse vt. 侵入in essence 大体上，本（实）质上key transition 主要的转换quench v./n. 急冷，淬火regardless of 不管，不论warp v. 变形whereas conj .而，其实Resemblance n. 类似，与……相似Scale vt . 改变比例cyanide n. [化]氰化[物] vt. 用氰化物处Decomposition n. 分解还原分析Delta n. 三角形drastically ad. 严重地，猛烈地，急剧地；严格地draw (drew, drawn) v. 扎制Unit3Scrap 残余物，废料nShrinkage 皱缩nSilica 硅石，硅土nSilicate 硅酸脂，硅酸盐n Sillimanite 硅线n Slag 熔渣n Slurry 悬浮液，膏剂n sprue 浇注口n scrap n. 碎片，废料robust a. 结实的Stereo n 立体声音响设备Vendor n. 出售商Vent n. 通气孔v.扎通气孔Verification n. 验证Undercut n. 下挖，凹割：铸件侧面凹部Vaporize v. 汽化align v. 排成一线alignment n. 校直，对准，定心allow for 考虑到，为。
《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念1、词汇：statics [stætiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [mæɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇tə:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇mæɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [kəu＇insidənt]不重合；parallel [＇pærəlel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [prə＇pɔ:ʃənəl]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestjəl]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇læstik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇lɔsiti]速度；scalar[＇skeilə]标量；vector[＇vektə]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [məu＇mentəm]动量；2、词组make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然；Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果1、词汇：machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇mʌskjulə]]力臂；gravity[ɡrævti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇zə:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹；2、词组a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散；3、译文：任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。
机械工程专业英语Unit 14
性。因此设计者必须确定单个零件的合适公差以及配合零件装配允许的 正确间隙或过盈量。
2. Dimension and Tolerance 尺寸和公差
➢ Tolerance is the amount of variation permitted in the part or the total variation allowed in a given dimension. 公差是零件允许的变动量或给定 尺寸允许的总变动。
Unit 14 Limits and Tolerances
极限与公差
1. Dimensioning 标注尺寸 2. Dimension and Tolerance 尺寸和公差 3. Tolerances Limits and Fits 公差、极限和配合 4. Type of Limits and Fits 极限和配合的类型
➢ Tolerances may be either unilateral [单边的] or bilateral [双边的].公差 可以是单向的也可以是双向的。
Unilateral tolerance means that any variation is made in only one direction from the nominal or basic dimension. 单向公差意味着任何变动都是 只ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้名义或基本尺寸出发向一 个方向变动的。
1.500 0.003
Bilateral tolerance means
that the tolerance would
vary both over and under the nominal dimension. 它 可以在名义尺寸之上或之下变 化。
机械工程专业英语精品PPT课件
专利检索资源荟萃（二）
8.美国专利检索： 9.欧洲专利检索： 10.从ESPACENET数据库提取世界各Байду номын сангаас专利文献的方法（国知局提供）： 11.欧洲专利局免费专利数据库（含欧洲各国家入口）： 12.欧洲专利局专利数据高级检索（含欧洲、PCT和世界范围三个数据库）： 13.欧洲专利法律状态查询： 14.PCT专利检索： 15.英国专利检索：
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机械工程专业信息检索
ASME-American Society of Mechanical Engineers美国机械工程师协 会 SAE-Society of Automobile Engineers美国汽车工程师协会 EI-Engineering Index工程索引 IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (美国)电机及 电子工程师学会 IET-The Institution of Engineering and Technology英国工程技术学 会（IET）系英国电气工程师学会（IEE）和英国企业工程师学会 （IIE）于2006年初合并组建而成 NTIS-National Technical Information Service美国国家技术情报服务 局 UMI-美国UMI公司，学位论文的信息服务（ProQuest ）。 ISO-International Organization for Standardization国际标准化组织。
(完整版)机械工程专业英语
Lesson11、the branch of scientific analysis, which deals with motions, time, and forces, is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics. Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i.e., those in which time is not a factor, and dynamics deals with systems, which change with time.对运动时间和作用力作出科学分析的分支成为力学。
他由静力学和动力学两部分组成。
静力学对静止系统进行分析，即在其中不考虑时间这个引述，动力学对事件而变化的系统进行分析。
2、Any two such forces acting on a body constitute a couple. The arm of the couple is the perpendicular distance between their lines of action, and the plane of the couple is the plane containing the two lines of action.作用在一个刚体上的两个这样的的里构成一个力偶。
力偶臂是这两个条作用线之间的垂直距离，力偶面是包含着两条作用线的平面。
3、Mechanics deal with two kinds of quantities: scalars and vectors. Scalar quantities are those with which a magnitude alone is associated. Examples of scalar quantities in mechanics are time, volume, density, speed, energy, and mass. Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude. Examples of vectors are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, moment, and momentum.力学涉及两种类型的量，标量和矢量。
机械工程专业英语1-14章
Functions of lubricants
• Paragraph 7: • Although a lubricant primarily controls frictions and wear, it can and ordinarily does perform numerous other functions, which vary with the application and usually are interrelated.
• Although one of the main purposes of lubrication is to reduce friction, any substance –liquid, solid, or gaseous— capable of controlling friction and wear between sliding surfaces(滑动表面) can be classed as (定义为)a lubricant.
Paragraph 3: Fluid-film(流体膜) lubrication.
• Interposing a fluid film that completely separates the sliding surfaces results in fluid-film lubrication.
• 处在无润滑滑动和流体膜润滑之间的状态被称为边界 润滑，也可以被定义为这样一种润滑状态，在这种状 态中，表面之间的摩擦力取决于表面性质和润滑剂中 除粘度以外的其他因素。
Paragraph 5
• Boundary lubrication encompasses(包含) a significant portion of lubrication phenomena(润滑现象) and commonly occurs during the starting and stopping of machines.
机械工程英语课文翻译9-14
第九章Lapping 研磨Lapping is a finishing operation used on flat and cylindrical surfaces. The lap, shown in Fig.9.1a, is usually made of cast iron, copper, leather, or cloth.研磨是一种用于平面和圆柱面的精加工作业。
研具，如图9.1a所示，通常用铸铁、铜、皮革或布制成。
The abrasive particles are embedded in the lap, or they may be carried through slurry. Depending on the hardness of the workpiece, lapping pressures range from 7kPa to 140kPa (1 to 20 psi).研磨微粒嵌入研具内，或者可以通过液体携带。
根据工件硬度，研磨压力可在7kPa到140kPa(1到20psi)范围中取。
Lapping has two main functions. Firstly, it produces a superior surface finish with all machining marks being removed from the surface. Secondly, it is used as a method of obtaining very close fits between mating parts such as pistons and cylinders.研磨有两个主要作用。
首先，它通过去除所有机加工痕迹能产生较好的表面光洁度。
其次，它能用作获得像活塞与气缸之类配件间过盈配合的方法。
The lapped workpiece surface may look smooth but it is actually filled with microscopic peaks, valleys, scratches and pits. Few surfaces are perfectly flat. Lapping minimizes the surface irregularities, thereby increasing the available contact area.研磨后的工件表面可能看似平滑，其实布满着微观峰、谷、划痕和凹陷。
机械专业英语(章跃版)课后英汉翻译(最全)
第一章：应力与应变1.That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics.研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一个分歧，被称作力学，力学由两大部分组成，静力学和动力学。
2.For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing.例如：如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话，会挤出油膜，引起金属和金属之间的相互接触，轴承将过热而迅速失效。
3.Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为力的三要素。
4.All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of deformation, in order to simplify the analysis.所有的物体既可以是弹性的也可以是塑性的，如果受到力的作用就产生变形。
机械工程专业英语教程课文翻译[整理版]
第三课Overview of Engineering Mechanics工程力学概述当我们观察我们周围就会发现世界充满“物品”：机器，设备，工具；我们已经设计，建造，并使用的物品；木头，金属，陶瓷和塑料制品。
根据我们使用的经验知道，有些物品比其它物品更好；他们使用寿命较长，费用较低，噪音更低，更好看，或者更方便我们使用。
然而，在理想的情况下，每一件产品都是设计人员工具其对某些“功能要求”的理解而设计出来的，也就是说，在设计过程中，应该回答这样的问题，即“它应该具有哪种确切的功能？”在工程领域，主要功能通常是承受由于重力，惯性力，压力等作用的一些类型的载荷。
从我们居住房屋的梁到飞机机翼，都必须有一个适当的材料，尺寸，在较合理的寿命基础上具有较合理的成本并能可靠地完成其功能的产品结构连接的组合。
在实践中，工程力学方法常被应用在两个完全不同领域：(1) 任何新装置的研发都需要对其结构，尺寸，材料，载荷，耐久性，安全和成本的反复考虑。
(2) 当一个装置（意外地）发生失效后，通常需要进行研究，找出失效的原因，并找出潜在的纠正措施。
最好的设计往往都是不断排除薄弱环节的演变过程。
对许多工程师来说，上述过程既可以令人非常的陶醉又可以使人非常的愉快，更何况（有时）对我们是有利的。
对于任何实际的问题，总是缺乏足够完整和有用的信息。
我们很少准确地知道实际荷载和工作状态，因此，所做的分析工作也很少是精确的。
虽然我们的数学可以准确，全面的分析一般只能近似，而且不同技术水平的人能得到不同的解。
在工程力学研究领域，大多数问题要想得到唯一解就要充分的理想化，但应该清楚，“现实世界”远不非理想化程度，因此为了得到问题的解决方案不得不进行一些理想化假设。
我们要考虑的技术领域通常被称为“静力学”和“材料力学”，“静力学”，指的是研究作用在固定装置上的作用力，“材料力学”指的是施加到结构的力（变形，载荷限制等）的影响。
但是，事实上很多设备都不是静态的，如果与动力学有关的额外负荷被考虑了的话，那么静力学的研究方法完全适用于动态的情况，只要动态力相对静态载荷较小，系统通常被认为是静态的。